Download RGUHS 3rd Sem Pharm D Question Bank Pharmaceutical Analysis

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Pharmaceutical Analysis

QUESTION BANK

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10 MARKS

1. Discuss the principle & development techniques used in column chromatography. Add a note on the adsorbents, mobile phase & detection systems in column chromatography.
2. Write a note on development techniques in column chromatography.
3. Describe the preparation, activation of plates & adsorbents used in the TLC & write its application.
4. Define paper chromatography? What are the modes of development of paper chromatography & Enumerate the application of paper chromatography.

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5. Give a detailed account of principle, classification of Ion-Exchange process in pharmaceutical analysis.
6. What are the Ion-Exchange resins? Explain Mechanism of Ion-Exchange process and application of Ion-Exchange chromatography.
7. Explain with a neat diagram any three detectors used in Gas Chromatography.
8. Describe the construction and working of a Gas Chromatography? Emphasize on the ideal characteristics of stationary phases and mobile phases used in Gas Liquid Chromatography.
9. Describe instrumentation and application of HPLC.

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10. Describe the principles and application of Electrophoresis.
11. Explain various methods of preparing TLC plates and its application.
12. How development is carried out in column chromatography, TLC & Paper chromatography.
13. Describe the principle of a Potentiometric titrations? Write the construction and working of a calomel electrode & glass electrode?
14. Give an account of the construction and working of glass electrode? Write the application of potentiometric titrations.

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15. Describe the construction and working, advantages, disadvantages & application of a Standard Hydrogen Electrode.
16. Explain the theory & the types of Conductometric Titrations.
17. Write the basic principle of a potentiometry. Describe in detail Dead Stop End point techniques.
18. Describe the construction and working of a Double- Beam Recording Dispersive IR Spectrophotometer with its advantages and disadvantages.
19. Outline the working of a double beam recording of UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Name each part of the system & its functioning.

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20. Describe the construction and working of Double-Beam UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Mention the advantages of double beam over single beam spectrophotometer.
21. a) Derive Beer’s & Lamberts Law. b) what are the applications, advantages and limitations of Beer’s law.
22. Describe the principle and Application of IR Spectroscopy for the following A) Detection of functional group (two example) B) Study of Hydrogen Bonding.
23. Explain the principal instrumentation and factors affecting fluorescence intensity.
24. Describe the Instrumentation and application of HPLC.

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25. Explain with the help of a neat diagram, the construction and working of UV/Visible spectrophotometer with special emphasis on the monochromators and detectors present in them.
26. Describe the instrumentation of I.R. Spectrometry.
27. How are different samples handled (Solid, liquid, and gaseous) in I.R. Spectroscopy.
28. List out the sources of UV, Visible spectrophotometers and I.R. Spectrometers.
29. What are pharmaceutical application of fluorimetry? How is fluorimetry more sensitive and specific than spectrophotometry.

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30. Discuss the phenomenon of fluorescence. Explain the working of fluorimeter with suitable diagram?

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QUESTION BANK FOR 05 Marks

1. Explain the term a) HETP b) Retention time c) Theoretical plate d) Retention volume
2. Define HPLC & write a note on detectors present in HPLC.

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3. Write a note on Guard Column and its significance.
4. What are the techniques of separation in HPLC based on a) Principle of separation b) Elution Techniques c) Types of analysis d) Scale of operation.
5. What is the principle in a) Normal-Phase Chromatography b) Reverse -Phase Chromatography c) Ion- Exchange Chromatography d) Ion-pair Chromatography.
6. Define chromatography? What are the principles of separations in chromatography.
7. Explain the different packing techniques in column chromatography which packing techniques is best and why?

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8. Classify adsorbents used in column chromatography with example.
9. Define partition chromatography and write a note on factors affecting column efficiency.
10. Write a note on Development Techniques in column chromatography.
11. Define Partition chromatography & write a note on Bonded Phase Chromatography.
12. Write a note on Frontal Analysis & Bonded Phase Chromatography.

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13. Describe the preparation activation of plates & adsorbents used in TLC.
14. Define paper chromatography? What are the modes of development in paper chromatography.
15. Explain two dimensional & Reverse-phase Chromatography.
16. Explain various development techniques used in paper chromatography.
17. Enumerate the application of paper chromatography a)alkaloid b) Cardiac glycoside c) Aldehydes or ketones d) proteins.

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18. How will you perform quantitative analysis in paper chromatography.
19. Compare the principle techniques limitations and application of paper chromatography with electrophoresis.
20. How does the following factors affect separation efficiency a) cross-linking of Resin b) Ion-Exchange Capacity.
21. Write a note on factors affecting the separation efficiency of Ion exchange resin.
22. What is regeneration of a resin? How will you regenerate cation and anion exchange resin.

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23. Explain with a neat diagram any two detectors used in G.C.
24. Explain the concept of pre-dervitization & post dervitization techniques in Gas Chromatography with relevant examples.
25. Write a note on paper electrophoresis.
26. What is electrophoresis? Mention their types.
27. Describe the principles and application of electrophoresis.

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28. Write a note on HPTLC.
29. Write a note on instrumentation and application of HPTLC.
30. Define Validation? Classify and explain each type in briefs.
31. Define & Explain (1) Accuracy (2) Precision (3) Significant figure.
32. Describe different steps involved in validation master plan.

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33. Explain the procedure to calibrate wavelength of UV Instrument.
34. Write a note on ICH Guidelines.
35. Describe the pharmaceutical water system Validation.
36. Define Validation? Explain types of “process Validation”?
37. What is the principle in potentiometric titration and How is the end point determined in Potentiometric titrations.

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38. Enumerate the different reference “electrodes & Indicators electrodes in potentiometric titrations.
39. Explain the principle underlying “Dead- Stop end point technique” and Null point potentiometry.
40. Explain with graphs the methods of potentiometric end point determination.
41. With titration curves, describe the principles of Conductometric titrations?
42. Explain with graph, the conductometric titration of a mixture of weak & strong acids with alkali.

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43. Explain the conductometric titration curve for strong acids against weak base?
44. What is quenching? Explain various types of quenching with suitable examples?
45. What is the number of Fundamental Vibration modes for linear and non-linear molecules containing ‘n’ atoms? Explain how these numbers are obtained.
46. What is nebulization? Write a note on types of Burner’s used in Atomic emission spectrometer.
47. Depict the different modes of fundamental vibrations in a tri-atomic group (stretching & deformation) by means of a neat sketch for each mode.

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48. Explain what is meant by allowed transition and forbidden transition of valence electron in absorption spectroscopy.
49. Describe the terms fluorescence & phosphorescence Depict both the phenomena by energy diagram.
50. What is flame emission & atomic Absorption spectrometry? How do you estimate the amount of sodium by the above techniques.
51. Explain the different modes of fundamental vibrations occurring in IR Spectroscopy.
52. What are the factors affecting the fluorescence.

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53. Write a note on spectrophotometric titration.
54. Explain deformation vibrations in IR Spectroscopy.
55. What are the effect of solvent & conjugation in UV Spectroscopy.
56. Write the structure and chemical name of BMR Reagent. Write the principle involved in the reaction of BMR with Sulphanilamide along with chemical reactions.
57. State & explain the mathematical expression for Beer’s & Lamberts Law.

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58. Explain the term- Red Shift, Blue Shift, hypochromic shift, hyperchromic shift giving suitable examples for each along with ?max and e values.
59. What is chromophore & auxochrome? Give two examples of each term.
60. What is the effect of polar& Non-polar solvent on n-p* transition of alkenes? Give one example of each case with ?max and e values.
61. Depict their energy diagram with respect to sigma bond, p-bond & non-bonding electrons on absorption of UV energy.
62. What are K bands, R-bands, B-bands & E-bands. Give their significance individually.

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63. Explain why UV/Visible Spectroscopy is widely applicable in pharmacy.
64. Give any four Important application of UV & Visible absorption spectroscopy.
65. How do you determine the amount of paracetamol in a given tablet according to IP by means of UV using 1cm cell (a=0.715 at 257nm).
66. Write a short note on ORD & give its applications.
67. Describe why UV/Visible spectrometry is widely used for assay of a drug sample than other methods.

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68. What is the minimum requirements for a molecules to show I.R bands. State selection rule for exhibiting IR Vibrations.
69. What are the different sampling techniques for mounting a sample in the form of a solid, thin film, liquid or gas in the beam of IR spectrometer.
70. Why carbon-di-oxide shows some IR bands though the molecule as a whole does not possess any dipole moment?
71. Give approximate stretching wave number values for the following groups C=0, C=N, C=C, C=N.
72. What is the basic requirement for a nucleus to exhibit NMR phenomenon?

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73. What are the main advantages of mass spectrometry.
74. Calculate (a) frequency (b) wave number) for the radiation of wavelength 530nm.(c=3x10⁸ m/s)
75. Calculate the wavelength corresponding to a radiation in which the energy of photon 5x10^-7J
76. Calculate the frequency of a radiation of wavelength 700nm.
77. Give reason why you will get absorption curve rather than peak in Ultraviolet region.

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78. What are the factors affecting fluorescence and phosphorescence?
79. What is Quenching? Explain various types of quenching with suitable examples?
80. What are self quenching and true quenching.
81. Show the relationship between fluorescence intensity and concentration. Describe any four factors that influence fluorescence intensity?

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Question carrying two marks

1. What are the general requirements for doing a separation by column chromatography.
2. Enumerate various types of chromatography.
3. What is migration parameters.
4. What is TLC & Write the principles of separation in TLC.

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5. What are the general requirements in TLC techniques.
6. Define TLC & name the stationary phases used in TLC.
7. What is the difference between silica gel H, G, GF?
8. Define Chromatography & Rf values.
9. Name the different grades of alumina.

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10. Describe the preparation of plates & adsorbents used in TLC.
11. For silica gel G, in what ratio it is mixed with water for making slurry for use in TLC.
12. What is the thickness of adsorbents layer in a) analytical TLC b) preparative TLC.
13. How is activation of TLC plates done?
14. Why activation of TLC plates necessary. How TLC plates stored.

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15. What is edge effect in TLC? To avoid edge effect what must be done in TLC.
16. Enumerate four adsorbents and four mobile phases used in TLC.
17. Give a specific spray reagent to detect the following compounds by TLC a) sulphanilamide b) amino acids c) alkaloid d) phenols.
18. Define paper chromatography~? Which type of paper is normally used; Hydrophilic/hydrophobic.
19. Enumerate the application of paper chromatography.

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20. Explain Radial Chromatography.
21. What is an ion-exchange resin? Give an example of natural resin a) Cation b) Anion.
22. Which portion of resin contains exchangeable sites.
23. Which function group can be present in a) weak Cationic exchange resin b) Strong Cationic exchange resin c) weak and strong anionic exchange resins.
24. What is cross linking, rigidity & swelling of ion exchange resin?

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25. How is the efficiency of an ion-exchange resin measured?
26. What are the requirements for a compound to be analysed by Gas- Liquid Chromatography.
27. Give example of carrier gas used in G.L.C.
28. Under what conditions Gas-Solid Chromatography is preferred over Gas- Liquid Chromatography.
29. Write a note on Guard Column & its Significance.

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30. What is C₁₈ or ODS? What is its use in Chromatography.
31. How will you check the presence of impurities in HPLC & What is internal standard.
32. What is potentiometry? How is potential (emf) is measured.
33. What is Indicator electrode & reference electrode give examples.
34. What is the relationship between emf & pH.

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35. What are the advantages of glass electrode & saturated Calomel electrode.
36. Name the factors which affect potential of a solution.
37. What are auto titrimeters? What is the principle of operation?
38. What is dead stop end point techniques? How this techniques is applied in the determination of water.
39. What is null point potentiometry.

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40. Explain the significance of dead-stop end point potentiometry.
41. What is Conductometry, Resistance.
42. What is relationship between resistance & conductivity.
43. What is relationship between conductivity & Specific conductivity.
44. Define Specific Conductance & Equivalent conductance.

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45. What is the principle in Amperometric Titrations.
46. How is the potential selected in Amperometric titrations.
47. What are the advantages of Amperometric titrations over potentiometry/ conductometry?
48. What is the principle in polarographic analysis?
49. What is E_1/2 (Half Wave potential).

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50. What is diffusion current, residual current, migration current, polarographic maxima.
51. Why is DME used? What are the advantages?
52. What changes in the molecules occur when the following is passed a) UV/Visible radiation b) I.R radiation.
53. Principle involved in a grating & prism monochromators.
54. How are the primary & secondary filters selected in fluorimetry assay?

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55. How do you detect the aromaticity of an unknown sample by means of its UV absorption spectrum.
56. Explain why the intensity of n-p * transition is more than that of n- s * transitions.
57. Define transmittance & absorbance in spectrometry.
58. Reasons for Deviation of Beer’s law.
59. Principle involved in Grating & Prism monochromators.

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60. Write various ranges of electromagnetic spectrum.
61. Define Red & Blue Shift with example.
62. What are stepwise & Gradient elutions?
63. Importance of Finger prints region in IR Spectroscopy.
64. Define filters and monochromators.

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65. What is natural frequency of vibration & mention different types of vibrations.
66. What is the effect of conjugation & cross conjugation on ? max.
67. What is Stoke’s & Anti-stoke’s fluorescence.
68. A solution of P-nitro phenol in water is yellowish but its solution in dilute NaoH is intense yellow. Explain why the colors deepens in the latter case.
69. What is the source for UV & Visible radiations? How is monochromaticity obtained in both case.

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70. Which is the common detectors in UV absorption spectrometry & outline its functioning.
71. What are the three types of fundamental motions of a molecules?
72. What are the methods of solvent degassing.
73. Define & explain “Quality Assurance™.?

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