Download RGUHS (Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences) B.Pharm Important Question Bank (Bachelor of Pharmacy) Pathophysiology QP Bank (Latest Important Questions Unit Wise)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
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Page 1 of 8
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
Page 2 of 8
8. What is metaplasia? Give example.
9. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
10. Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
11. Apoptosis.
12. Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
13. What is anaplasia?
14. Anaplasia and dysplasia.
15. Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
16. What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological
Hypertrophy?
Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
2. What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
3. Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
4. List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
6. Explain the process of wound healing.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
2. What is healing by Secondary Intention?
3. What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
4. Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
5. Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
6. Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
7. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
8. Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
9. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
10. Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
11. Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
12. Explain the process of phagocytosis
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. List out complications of wound healing
2. Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
3. What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
4. Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
5. List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
6. List the factors affecting wound healing.
7. Healing of wounds.
8. List the factors affecting wound healing.
9. What is regeneration and repair?
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Page 1 of 8
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
Page 2 of 8
8. What is metaplasia? Give example.
9. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
10. Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
11. Apoptosis.
12. Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
13. What is anaplasia?
14. Anaplasia and dysplasia.
15. Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
16. What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological
Hypertrophy?
Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
2. What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
3. Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
4. List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
6. Explain the process of wound healing.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
2. What is healing by Secondary Intention?
3. What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
4. Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
5. Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
6. Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
7. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
8. Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
9. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
10. Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
11. Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
12. Explain the process of phagocytosis
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. List out complications of wound healing
2. Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
3. What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
4. Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
5. List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
6. List the factors affecting wound healing.
7. Healing of wounds.
8. List the factors affecting wound healing.
9. What is regeneration and repair?
Page 3 of 8
Unit-3. Diseases of Immunity
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? Describe the Type 1
hypersensitivity reaction.
2. Define autoimmunity and Classify autoimmune disease and describe the mechanism
of autoimmunity.
3. What is allograft? What are the various mechanisms involved in the rejection of
allograft?
4. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Write a note on MHC antigens.
2. Briefly discuss components of immune systems.
3. Briefly explain the mechanism of immune tolerance.
4. Write a note Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
5. Write a note Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Write a note Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection.
8. Differentiate between cell mediated and humoral immunity
9. Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
10. Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
11. Describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define autoimmunity with examples.
2. Draw and label AIDS virus.
3. What is the biological significance of hypersensitivity?
4. Bring out the differences between B & T lymphocytes.
5. What is Autograft?
6. What is Isograft?
7. What is Allograft?
8. What is Xenograft?
9. What is Myasthenia gravis?
10. What is SLE?
11. What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
12. What is Sjogren?s syndrome
Unit-4. Cancer
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Write the mechanism of invasion of tumour.
2. Define metastasis; briefly discuss the routes of metastasis.
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of cancer.
4. What is carcinogenesis. Explain the various types of carcinogenesis.
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Page 1 of 8
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
Page 2 of 8
8. What is metaplasia? Give example.
9. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
10. Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
11. Apoptosis.
12. Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
13. What is anaplasia?
14. Anaplasia and dysplasia.
15. Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
16. What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological
Hypertrophy?
Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
2. What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
3. Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
4. List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
6. Explain the process of wound healing.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
2. What is healing by Secondary Intention?
3. What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
4. Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
5. Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
6. Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
7. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
8. Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
9. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
10. Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
11. Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
12. Explain the process of phagocytosis
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. List out complications of wound healing
2. Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
3. What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
4. Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
5. List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
6. List the factors affecting wound healing.
7. Healing of wounds.
8. List the factors affecting wound healing.
9. What is regeneration and repair?
Page 3 of 8
Unit-3. Diseases of Immunity
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? Describe the Type 1
hypersensitivity reaction.
2. Define autoimmunity and Classify autoimmune disease and describe the mechanism
of autoimmunity.
3. What is allograft? What are the various mechanisms involved in the rejection of
allograft?
4. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Write a note on MHC antigens.
2. Briefly discuss components of immune systems.
3. Briefly explain the mechanism of immune tolerance.
4. Write a note Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
5. Write a note Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Write a note Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection.
8. Differentiate between cell mediated and humoral immunity
9. Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
10. Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
11. Describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define autoimmunity with examples.
2. Draw and label AIDS virus.
3. What is the biological significance of hypersensitivity?
4. Bring out the differences between B & T lymphocytes.
5. What is Autograft?
6. What is Isograft?
7. What is Allograft?
8. What is Xenograft?
9. What is Myasthenia gravis?
10. What is SLE?
11. What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
12. What is Sjogren?s syndrome
Unit-4. Cancer
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Write the mechanism of invasion of tumour.
2. Define metastasis; briefly discuss the routes of metastasis.
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of cancer.
4. What is carcinogenesis. Explain the various types of carcinogenesis.
Page 4 of 8
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Characteristics of Tumor cells
2. Explain promotion of carcinogenesis.
3. Explain sequential stages in chemical carcinogenesis.
4. Discuss the pattern of spread of cancer.
5. Write the difference between benign and malignant tumour.
6. Briefly discuss the mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
7. Classify malignant tumours
8. Briefly outline the molecular mechanism of cancer.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. What is Neoplasia
2. How does Radiation causes carcinogenesis
3. Write four contrasting features of benign and malignant tumour.
4. Define Carcinogenicity.
5. What is Tumor? Classify
6. Give two examples each for direct and indirect acting carcinogens.
7. Mention any two human cancers and its associated viral infection in etiology.
Unit-5. Shock
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Discuss the various stages of Shock?
2. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of shock.
3. Discuss the mechanism involved in stages of shock.
4. Explain the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
5. Explain the mechanism of Hypovolemic shock and its management.
6. Explain the end organ changes involved in shock.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Define shock, Mention the types of shock.
2. Enlist the clinical features of decomopensated shock.
3. What is early or compensated shock?
4. What is progressive or decompensated shock?
5. What is Irreversible shock?
6. Write the mechanism of septic shock
7. Write the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
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Page 1 of 8
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
Page 2 of 8
8. What is metaplasia? Give example.
9. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
10. Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
11. Apoptosis.
12. Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
13. What is anaplasia?
14. Anaplasia and dysplasia.
15. Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
16. What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological
Hypertrophy?
Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
2. What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
3. Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
4. List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
6. Explain the process of wound healing.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
2. What is healing by Secondary Intention?
3. What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
4. Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
5. Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
6. Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
7. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
8. Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
9. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
10. Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
11. Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
12. Explain the process of phagocytosis
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. List out complications of wound healing
2. Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
3. What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
4. Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
5. List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
6. List the factors affecting wound healing.
7. Healing of wounds.
8. List the factors affecting wound healing.
9. What is regeneration and repair?
Page 3 of 8
Unit-3. Diseases of Immunity
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? Describe the Type 1
hypersensitivity reaction.
2. Define autoimmunity and Classify autoimmune disease and describe the mechanism
of autoimmunity.
3. What is allograft? What are the various mechanisms involved in the rejection of
allograft?
4. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Write a note on MHC antigens.
2. Briefly discuss components of immune systems.
3. Briefly explain the mechanism of immune tolerance.
4. Write a note Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
5. Write a note Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Write a note Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection.
8. Differentiate between cell mediated and humoral immunity
9. Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
10. Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
11. Describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define autoimmunity with examples.
2. Draw and label AIDS virus.
3. What is the biological significance of hypersensitivity?
4. Bring out the differences between B & T lymphocytes.
5. What is Autograft?
6. What is Isograft?
7. What is Allograft?
8. What is Xenograft?
9. What is Myasthenia gravis?
10. What is SLE?
11. What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
12. What is Sjogren?s syndrome
Unit-4. Cancer
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Write the mechanism of invasion of tumour.
2. Define metastasis; briefly discuss the routes of metastasis.
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of cancer.
4. What is carcinogenesis. Explain the various types of carcinogenesis.
Page 4 of 8
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Characteristics of Tumor cells
2. Explain promotion of carcinogenesis.
3. Explain sequential stages in chemical carcinogenesis.
4. Discuss the pattern of spread of cancer.
5. Write the difference between benign and malignant tumour.
6. Briefly discuss the mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
7. Classify malignant tumours
8. Briefly outline the molecular mechanism of cancer.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. What is Neoplasia
2. How does Radiation causes carcinogenesis
3. Write four contrasting features of benign and malignant tumour.
4. Define Carcinogenicity.
5. What is Tumor? Classify
6. Give two examples each for direct and indirect acting carcinogens.
7. Mention any two human cancers and its associated viral infection in etiology.
Unit-5. Shock
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Discuss the various stages of Shock?
2. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of shock.
3. Discuss the mechanism involved in stages of shock.
4. Explain the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
5. Explain the mechanism of Hypovolemic shock and its management.
6. Explain the end organ changes involved in shock.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Define shock, Mention the types of shock.
2. Enlist the clinical features of decomopensated shock.
3. What is early or compensated shock?
4. What is progressive or decompensated shock?
5. What is Irreversible shock?
6. Write the mechanism of septic shock
7. Write the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
Page 5 of 8
Unit-6. Biological effects of radiation
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What are various effects of Radiation?
2. How does UV radiations affect the biological system? Explain
3. Explain the biological effects of radiation
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Enlist types of Ionizing and Nonionizing radiations?
2. Mention the toxic effects of radiations.
3. What is Radiation sickness
4. Write the Therapeutic applications of Radiations.
5. Write the biological effects of radiation.
6.
Unit-7. Environment and Nutritional diseases
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the pathology of obesity.
2. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of water soluble vitamins.
3. Explain the causes and metabolic changes of starvation.
4. Explain the etiology and metabolic changes of obesity.
5. Explain the pathogenesis of protein calorie malnutrition.
6. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of fat soluble vitamins.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Name two fat soluble vitamins and their function.
2. Enlist Water soluble vitamins.
3. Enlist Vitamin-D deficiency disorders.
4. Differentiate between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
5. Write the Complication of obesity.
6. What is Scurvy?
7. Enlist Air pollutants and its effects.
8. Write the symptoms of Carbon monoxide poisoning.
9. Write the effects of cigarette smoking.
10. Explain Toxic effects produced by SO
2
?
11. Explain the Toxic effects produced by NO?
12. What is megaloblastic anemia
13. Write the causes, signs and symptoms of Rickets.
14. What are the effects of protein calorie malnutrition
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Page 1 of 8
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
Page 2 of 8
8. What is metaplasia? Give example.
9. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
10. Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
11. Apoptosis.
12. Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
13. What is anaplasia?
14. Anaplasia and dysplasia.
15. Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
16. What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological
Hypertrophy?
Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
2. What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
3. Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
4. List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
6. Explain the process of wound healing.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
2. What is healing by Secondary Intention?
3. What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
4. Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
5. Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
6. Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
7. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
8. Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
9. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
10. Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
11. Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
12. Explain the process of phagocytosis
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. List out complications of wound healing
2. Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
3. What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
4. Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
5. List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
6. List the factors affecting wound healing.
7. Healing of wounds.
8. List the factors affecting wound healing.
9. What is regeneration and repair?
Page 3 of 8
Unit-3. Diseases of Immunity
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? Describe the Type 1
hypersensitivity reaction.
2. Define autoimmunity and Classify autoimmune disease and describe the mechanism
of autoimmunity.
3. What is allograft? What are the various mechanisms involved in the rejection of
allograft?
4. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Write a note on MHC antigens.
2. Briefly discuss components of immune systems.
3. Briefly explain the mechanism of immune tolerance.
4. Write a note Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
5. Write a note Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Write a note Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection.
8. Differentiate between cell mediated and humoral immunity
9. Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
10. Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
11. Describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define autoimmunity with examples.
2. Draw and label AIDS virus.
3. What is the biological significance of hypersensitivity?
4. Bring out the differences between B & T lymphocytes.
5. What is Autograft?
6. What is Isograft?
7. What is Allograft?
8. What is Xenograft?
9. What is Myasthenia gravis?
10. What is SLE?
11. What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
12. What is Sjogren?s syndrome
Unit-4. Cancer
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Write the mechanism of invasion of tumour.
2. Define metastasis; briefly discuss the routes of metastasis.
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of cancer.
4. What is carcinogenesis. Explain the various types of carcinogenesis.
Page 4 of 8
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Characteristics of Tumor cells
2. Explain promotion of carcinogenesis.
3. Explain sequential stages in chemical carcinogenesis.
4. Discuss the pattern of spread of cancer.
5. Write the difference between benign and malignant tumour.
6. Briefly discuss the mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
7. Classify malignant tumours
8. Briefly outline the molecular mechanism of cancer.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. What is Neoplasia
2. How does Radiation causes carcinogenesis
3. Write four contrasting features of benign and malignant tumour.
4. Define Carcinogenicity.
5. What is Tumor? Classify
6. Give two examples each for direct and indirect acting carcinogens.
7. Mention any two human cancers and its associated viral infection in etiology.
Unit-5. Shock
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Discuss the various stages of Shock?
2. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of shock.
3. Discuss the mechanism involved in stages of shock.
4. Explain the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
5. Explain the mechanism of Hypovolemic shock and its management.
6. Explain the end organ changes involved in shock.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Define shock, Mention the types of shock.
2. Enlist the clinical features of decomopensated shock.
3. What is early or compensated shock?
4. What is progressive or decompensated shock?
5. What is Irreversible shock?
6. Write the mechanism of septic shock
7. Write the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
Page 5 of 8
Unit-6. Biological effects of radiation
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What are various effects of Radiation?
2. How does UV radiations affect the biological system? Explain
3. Explain the biological effects of radiation
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Enlist types of Ionizing and Nonionizing radiations?
2. Mention the toxic effects of radiations.
3. What is Radiation sickness
4. Write the Therapeutic applications of Radiations.
5. Write the biological effects of radiation.
6.
Unit-7. Environment and Nutritional diseases
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the pathology of obesity.
2. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of water soluble vitamins.
3. Explain the causes and metabolic changes of starvation.
4. Explain the etiology and metabolic changes of obesity.
5. Explain the pathogenesis of protein calorie malnutrition.
6. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of fat soluble vitamins.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Name two fat soluble vitamins and their function.
2. Enlist Water soluble vitamins.
3. Enlist Vitamin-D deficiency disorders.
4. Differentiate between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
5. Write the Complication of obesity.
6. What is Scurvy?
7. Enlist Air pollutants and its effects.
8. Write the symptoms of Carbon monoxide poisoning.
9. Write the effects of cigarette smoking.
10. Explain Toxic effects produced by SO
2
?
11. Explain the Toxic effects produced by NO?
12. What is megaloblastic anemia
13. Write the causes, signs and symptoms of Rickets.
14. What are the effects of protein calorie malnutrition
Page 6 of 8
Unit-8. Pathophysiology (etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms) of
common diseases/disorders
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Define hypertension. Discuss the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
2. Define angina pectoris. Briefly discuss types and pathogenesis of angina.
3. Write a note on myocardial infraction and its clinical diagnosis.
4. What is Atherosclerosis? Explain the pathogenesis involved in Atherosclerosis
5. Explain the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease.
6. What are metabolic disorders? Explain pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
7. Write in detail pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
8. Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of Asthma.
9. Explain the pathogenesis of Stroke.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain depression and mania.
2. Write a note on pneumonia.
3. Write the pathogenesis of Angina pectoris.
4. Write the cause and pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
5. Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of Asthma.
6. Write a note on risk factors of atherosclerosis.
7. Define infarction. Briefly write the morphology and clinical significance of
infarction.
8. Write about the development of irritating bowel syndrome.
9. Explain the development of alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis.
10. Explain Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.
11. Explain Pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
12. Describe the Pathophysiology of hypertension.
13. Describe the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
14. Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of CCF.
15. Describe the pathophysiology of chronic renal failure.
16. Explain the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure.
17. Explain the pathological role of renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
18. Describe the pathogenesis of type 2-diabetes mellitus.
19. With the clinical symptoms, explain the pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
20. Explain the pathogenesis of Asthma
21. Explain peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease.
22. What are the pathological changes in asthma?
23. Explain pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Parkinsonism.
24. Pathogenesis of acute renal failure.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Page 1 of 8
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
Page 2 of 8
8. What is metaplasia? Give example.
9. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
10. Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
11. Apoptosis.
12. Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
13. What is anaplasia?
14. Anaplasia and dysplasia.
15. Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
16. What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological
Hypertrophy?
Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
2. What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
3. Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
4. List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
6. Explain the process of wound healing.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
2. What is healing by Secondary Intention?
3. What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
4. Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
5. Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
6. Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
7. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
8. Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
9. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
10. Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
11. Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
12. Explain the process of phagocytosis
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. List out complications of wound healing
2. Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
3. What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
4. Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
5. List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
6. List the factors affecting wound healing.
7. Healing of wounds.
8. List the factors affecting wound healing.
9. What is regeneration and repair?
Page 3 of 8
Unit-3. Diseases of Immunity
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? Describe the Type 1
hypersensitivity reaction.
2. Define autoimmunity and Classify autoimmune disease and describe the mechanism
of autoimmunity.
3. What is allograft? What are the various mechanisms involved in the rejection of
allograft?
4. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Write a note on MHC antigens.
2. Briefly discuss components of immune systems.
3. Briefly explain the mechanism of immune tolerance.
4. Write a note Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
5. Write a note Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Write a note Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection.
8. Differentiate between cell mediated and humoral immunity
9. Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
10. Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
11. Describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define autoimmunity with examples.
2. Draw and label AIDS virus.
3. What is the biological significance of hypersensitivity?
4. Bring out the differences between B & T lymphocytes.
5. What is Autograft?
6. What is Isograft?
7. What is Allograft?
8. What is Xenograft?
9. What is Myasthenia gravis?
10. What is SLE?
11. What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
12. What is Sjogren?s syndrome
Unit-4. Cancer
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Write the mechanism of invasion of tumour.
2. Define metastasis; briefly discuss the routes of metastasis.
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of cancer.
4. What is carcinogenesis. Explain the various types of carcinogenesis.
Page 4 of 8
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Characteristics of Tumor cells
2. Explain promotion of carcinogenesis.
3. Explain sequential stages in chemical carcinogenesis.
4. Discuss the pattern of spread of cancer.
5. Write the difference between benign and malignant tumour.
6. Briefly discuss the mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
7. Classify malignant tumours
8. Briefly outline the molecular mechanism of cancer.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. What is Neoplasia
2. How does Radiation causes carcinogenesis
3. Write four contrasting features of benign and malignant tumour.
4. Define Carcinogenicity.
5. What is Tumor? Classify
6. Give two examples each for direct and indirect acting carcinogens.
7. Mention any two human cancers and its associated viral infection in etiology.
Unit-5. Shock
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Discuss the various stages of Shock?
2. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of shock.
3. Discuss the mechanism involved in stages of shock.
4. Explain the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
5. Explain the mechanism of Hypovolemic shock and its management.
6. Explain the end organ changes involved in shock.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Define shock, Mention the types of shock.
2. Enlist the clinical features of decomopensated shock.
3. What is early or compensated shock?
4. What is progressive or decompensated shock?
5. What is Irreversible shock?
6. Write the mechanism of septic shock
7. Write the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
Page 5 of 8
Unit-6. Biological effects of radiation
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What are various effects of Radiation?
2. How does UV radiations affect the biological system? Explain
3. Explain the biological effects of radiation
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Enlist types of Ionizing and Nonionizing radiations?
2. Mention the toxic effects of radiations.
3. What is Radiation sickness
4. Write the Therapeutic applications of Radiations.
5. Write the biological effects of radiation.
6.
Unit-7. Environment and Nutritional diseases
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the pathology of obesity.
2. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of water soluble vitamins.
3. Explain the causes and metabolic changes of starvation.
4. Explain the etiology and metabolic changes of obesity.
5. Explain the pathogenesis of protein calorie malnutrition.
6. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of fat soluble vitamins.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Name two fat soluble vitamins and their function.
2. Enlist Water soluble vitamins.
3. Enlist Vitamin-D deficiency disorders.
4. Differentiate between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
5. Write the Complication of obesity.
6. What is Scurvy?
7. Enlist Air pollutants and its effects.
8. Write the symptoms of Carbon monoxide poisoning.
9. Write the effects of cigarette smoking.
10. Explain Toxic effects produced by SO
2
?
11. Explain the Toxic effects produced by NO?
12. What is megaloblastic anemia
13. Write the causes, signs and symptoms of Rickets.
14. What are the effects of protein calorie malnutrition
Page 6 of 8
Unit-8. Pathophysiology (etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms) of
common diseases/disorders
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Define hypertension. Discuss the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
2. Define angina pectoris. Briefly discuss types and pathogenesis of angina.
3. Write a note on myocardial infraction and its clinical diagnosis.
4. What is Atherosclerosis? Explain the pathogenesis involved in Atherosclerosis
5. Explain the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease.
6. What are metabolic disorders? Explain pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
7. Write in detail pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
8. Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of Asthma.
9. Explain the pathogenesis of Stroke.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain depression and mania.
2. Write a note on pneumonia.
3. Write the pathogenesis of Angina pectoris.
4. Write the cause and pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
5. Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of Asthma.
6. Write a note on risk factors of atherosclerosis.
7. Define infarction. Briefly write the morphology and clinical significance of
infarction.
8. Write about the development of irritating bowel syndrome.
9. Explain the development of alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis.
10. Explain Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.
11. Explain Pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
12. Describe the Pathophysiology of hypertension.
13. Describe the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
14. Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of CCF.
15. Describe the pathophysiology of chronic renal failure.
16. Explain the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure.
17. Explain the pathological role of renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
18. Describe the pathogenesis of type 2-diabetes mellitus.
19. With the clinical symptoms, explain the pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
20. Explain the pathogenesis of Asthma
21. Explain peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease.
22. What are the pathological changes in asthma?
23. Explain pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Parkinsonism.
24. Pathogenesis of acute renal failure.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Symptoms of schizophrenia.
Page 7 of 8
2. What is peptic ulcer?
3. Write the difference between depression and mania.
4. Define Angina. Mention the types.
5. Complications of Diabetes mellitus.
6. Define atherosclerosis give two major acquired risk factors.
7. Define IBD give two examples.
8. Symptoms of Parkinsonism.
9. What is CCF?
10. Name the cause for acute renal failure.
11. What are different stages of alcoholic liver disease?
12. What is COPD?
13. Write the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer?s disease.
14. Write the signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism.
15. Write the signs and symptoms of Hypothysroidism,
16. What is Goiter? Mention the clinical symptoms,
17. What is Thyroiditis?
Unit-9. Pathophysiology (causative organisms, mode of transmission,
pathogenesis, signs and symptoms) of infectious diseases
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Describe the pathology of sexually transmitted diseases.
2. With the clinical symptoms explain the pathogenesis of syphilis.
3. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Malaria.
4. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis.
5. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Leprosy.
6. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Pneumonia.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Name the causative organism for Amoebic and bacterial dysentery.
2. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for dengue.
3. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for
chikungunya.
4. Name the causative organism for Urinary tract infection.
5. Enlist the types of pneumonia.
6. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for Typhoid.
7. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for Gonorrhea.
8. Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of
Leprosy.
9. Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of
Pneumonia.
10. Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of
Malaria.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Page 1 of 8
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (RS 4)
QUESTION BANK
QP CODE- 2632
Unit-1.Introduction and Cell injury
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
2. Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell
injury.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
4. Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
5. Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
6. Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
7. Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
2. What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
3. What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological
Hyperplasia?
4. What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
5. Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
6. With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible
and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
7. Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
8. Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
9. Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury [Degeneration]
10. Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
11. Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
12. Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
13. Explain the process of apoptosis.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define atrophy with example?
2. Define Amyloidosis?
3. What is Ischemia?
4. What is Hypoxia?
5. Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
6. Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
7. What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological
hypertrophy.
Page 2 of 8
8. What is metaplasia? Give example.
9. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
10. Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
11. Apoptosis.
12. Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
13. What is anaplasia?
14. Anaplasia and dysplasia.
15. Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
16. What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological
Hypertrophy?
Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
2. What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
3. Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
4. List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
6. Explain the process of wound healing.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
2. What is healing by Secondary Intention?
3. What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
4. Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
5. Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
6. Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
7. Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
8. Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
9. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
10. Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
11. Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
12. Explain the process of phagocytosis
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. List out complications of wound healing
2. Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
3. What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
4. Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
5. List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
6. List the factors affecting wound healing.
7. Healing of wounds.
8. List the factors affecting wound healing.
9. What is regeneration and repair?
Page 3 of 8
Unit-3. Diseases of Immunity
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? Describe the Type 1
hypersensitivity reaction.
2. Define autoimmunity and Classify autoimmune disease and describe the mechanism
of autoimmunity.
3. What is allograft? What are the various mechanisms involved in the rejection of
allograft?
4. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Write a note on MHC antigens.
2. Briefly discuss components of immune systems.
3. Briefly explain the mechanism of immune tolerance.
4. Write a note Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
5. Write a note Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Write a note Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection.
8. Differentiate between cell mediated and humoral immunity
9. Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
10. Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
11. Describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Define autoimmunity with examples.
2. Draw and label AIDS virus.
3. What is the biological significance of hypersensitivity?
4. Bring out the differences between B & T lymphocytes.
5. What is Autograft?
6. What is Isograft?
7. What is Allograft?
8. What is Xenograft?
9. What is Myasthenia gravis?
10. What is SLE?
11. What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
12. What is Sjogren?s syndrome
Unit-4. Cancer
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Write the mechanism of invasion of tumour.
2. Define metastasis; briefly discuss the routes of metastasis.
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of cancer.
4. What is carcinogenesis. Explain the various types of carcinogenesis.
Page 4 of 8
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Characteristics of Tumor cells
2. Explain promotion of carcinogenesis.
3. Explain sequential stages in chemical carcinogenesis.
4. Discuss the pattern of spread of cancer.
5. Write the difference between benign and malignant tumour.
6. Briefly discuss the mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
7. Classify malignant tumours
8. Briefly outline the molecular mechanism of cancer.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. What is Neoplasia
2. How does Radiation causes carcinogenesis
3. Write four contrasting features of benign and malignant tumour.
4. Define Carcinogenicity.
5. What is Tumor? Classify
6. Give two examples each for direct and indirect acting carcinogens.
7. Mention any two human cancers and its associated viral infection in etiology.
Unit-5. Shock
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Discuss the various stages of Shock?
2. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of shock.
3. Discuss the mechanism involved in stages of shock.
4. Explain the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
5. Explain the mechanism of Hypovolemic shock and its management.
6. Explain the end organ changes involved in shock.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Define shock, Mention the types of shock.
2. Enlist the clinical features of decomopensated shock.
3. What is early or compensated shock?
4. What is progressive or decompensated shock?
5. What is Irreversible shock?
6. Write the mechanism of septic shock
7. Write the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
Page 5 of 8
Unit-6. Biological effects of radiation
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. What are various effects of Radiation?
2. How does UV radiations affect the biological system? Explain
3. Explain the biological effects of radiation
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Enlist types of Ionizing and Nonionizing radiations?
2. Mention the toxic effects of radiations.
3. What is Radiation sickness
4. Write the Therapeutic applications of Radiations.
5. Write the biological effects of radiation.
6.
Unit-7. Environment and Nutritional diseases
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain the pathology of obesity.
2. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of water soluble vitamins.
3. Explain the causes and metabolic changes of starvation.
4. Explain the etiology and metabolic changes of obesity.
5. Explain the pathogenesis of protein calorie malnutrition.
6. Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders of fat soluble vitamins.
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
1. Name two fat soluble vitamins and their function.
2. Enlist Water soluble vitamins.
3. Enlist Vitamin-D deficiency disorders.
4. Differentiate between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
5. Write the Complication of obesity.
6. What is Scurvy?
7. Enlist Air pollutants and its effects.
8. Write the symptoms of Carbon monoxide poisoning.
9. Write the effects of cigarette smoking.
10. Explain Toxic effects produced by SO
2
?
11. Explain the Toxic effects produced by NO?
12. What is megaloblastic anemia
13. Write the causes, signs and symptoms of Rickets.
14. What are the effects of protein calorie malnutrition
Page 6 of 8
Unit-8. Pathophysiology (etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms) of
common diseases/disorders
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
1. Define hypertension. Discuss the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
2. Define angina pectoris. Briefly discuss types and pathogenesis of angina.
3. Write a note on myocardial infraction and its clinical diagnosis.
4. What is Atherosclerosis? Explain the pathogenesis involved in Atherosclerosis
5. Explain the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease.
6. What are metabolic disorders? Explain pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
7. Write in detail pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
8. Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of Asthma.
9. Explain the pathogenesis of Stroke.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Explain depression and mania.
2. Write a note on pneumonia.
3. Write the pathogenesis of Angina pectoris.
4. Write the cause and pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
5. Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of Asthma.
6. Write a note on risk factors of atherosclerosis.
7. Define infarction. Briefly write the morphology and clinical significance of
infarction.
8. Write about the development of irritating bowel syndrome.
9. Explain the development of alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis.
10. Explain Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.
11. Explain Pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
12. Describe the Pathophysiology of hypertension.
13. Describe the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
14. Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of CCF.
15. Describe the pathophysiology of chronic renal failure.
16. Explain the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure.
17. Explain the pathological role of renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
18. Describe the pathogenesis of type 2-diabetes mellitus.
19. With the clinical symptoms, explain the pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
20. Explain the pathogenesis of Asthma
21. Explain peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease.
22. What are the pathological changes in asthma?
23. Explain pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Parkinsonism.
24. Pathogenesis of acute renal failure.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Symptoms of schizophrenia.
Page 7 of 8
2. What is peptic ulcer?
3. Write the difference between depression and mania.
4. Define Angina. Mention the types.
5. Complications of Diabetes mellitus.
6. Define atherosclerosis give two major acquired risk factors.
7. Define IBD give two examples.
8. Symptoms of Parkinsonism.
9. What is CCF?
10. Name the cause for acute renal failure.
11. What are different stages of alcoholic liver disease?
12. What is COPD?
13. Write the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer?s disease.
14. Write the signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism.
15. Write the signs and symptoms of Hypothysroidism,
16. What is Goiter? Mention the clinical symptoms,
17. What is Thyroiditis?
Unit-9. Pathophysiology (causative organisms, mode of transmission,
pathogenesis, signs and symptoms) of infectious diseases
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Describe the pathology of sexually transmitted diseases.
2. With the clinical symptoms explain the pathogenesis of syphilis.
3. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Malaria.
4. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis.
5. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Leprosy.
6. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Pneumonia.
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Name the causative organism for Amoebic and bacterial dysentery.
2. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for dengue.
3. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for
chikungunya.
4. Name the causative organism for Urinary tract infection.
5. Enlist the types of pneumonia.
6. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for Typhoid.
7. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for Gonorrhea.
8. Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of
Leprosy.
9. Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of
Pneumonia.
10. Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of
Malaria.
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11. List any two STD and its causative organisms.
12. Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of
Urinary tract infection
13.
14.
Unit-10. Genetics and chromosomal disorders
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
1. Briefly discuss Mendelian disorders in humans.
2. Briefly discuss Cytogenic disorders in humans
SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
1. Enlist Mendelian disorders.
2. Enlist Cytogenic disorders.
3. What is Sickle cell anemia.
4. What is cystic fibrosis.
5. What is Hemophilia.
6. What is Thalassemia.
7. What is Phenylketonuria.
8. What is Down syndrome.
9. What is Turner syndrome.
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This post was last modified on 02 March 2020