Download Anna University B-Tech ECE 3rd Sem EC8361 Analog and Digital Circuits ADC Lab Manual Question Paper

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:



34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0



FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:



34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:
1. Start the program

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:



34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:
1. Start the program

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.



1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

possible
outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C



62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.



1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

following:



60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?



DEPARTMENT OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:
Given:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
=
? ?
2
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

resistance.



1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10
\

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 0.1? RE
R2 =


VCC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Light and touch sensors



1. What is a Darlington pair?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

possible
outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C



62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. RF based home automation system


1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:



34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:
1. Start the program

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:


Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

following:



60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
possible
outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.



63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system


1. 1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What are the types of sequential circuits?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

following:



60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For JA For JB For JC


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

following:



60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For JA For JB For JC



70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
possible
outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.



63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system


1. 1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What are the types of sequential circuits?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.


1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.



1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.



1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

DATA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Parallel Out:



FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:



34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:
1. Start the program

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:


Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



For KA For KB For KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is down counter?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



CLK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DATA
OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.


1. What is a shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.



1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

DATA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

following:



60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For JA For JB For JC



70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:



73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DATA
OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.


1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation
and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus
input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-
amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol:


IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

following:



60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For JA For JB For JC



70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:



73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DATA
OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.


1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation
and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus
input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-
amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol:


IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.
1. Input Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier
? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp
2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier
? Drives the output of first stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Direct coupling
3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:
? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:
? Increase output voltage swing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp
? Provides ? Low resistance
The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high
so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero
inputs.


Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL



1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
? ?
10
=
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:



Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
2
=
VCE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =



17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
\
VE =
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:



26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:



42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2



46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

following:



60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For JA For JB For JC



70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:



Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:



73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DATA
OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.


1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation
and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus
input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-
amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol:


IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.
1. Input Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier
? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp
2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier
? Drives the output of first stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Direct coupling
3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:
? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:
? Increase output voltage swing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp
? Provides ? Low resistance
The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high
so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero
inputs.


Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp Characteristics:
An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the
two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its
operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Input offset voltage
4. Thermal drift
5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input bias current:
The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input
transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc
current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input
unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:



34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:
1. Start the program

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:


Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



For KA For KB For KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is down counter?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



CLK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DATA
OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.


1. What is a shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation
integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation
and control, in medical electronics, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp IC741:
Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus
input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the
output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-
amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

both positive and negative directions.

Circuit symbol:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Input Stage:
? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier
? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp
2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Drives the output of first stage
? Direct coupling
3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:
? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Increase output voltage swing
? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp
? Provides ? Low resistance
The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.
The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero
inputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Op-Amp Characteristics:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.
However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the
two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its
operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage
4. Thermal drift
5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input bias current:
The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input
transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small
differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input
unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

79 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input bias current shown on data sheets is the average value of base currents entering into the terminals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of an op-amp.

For 741, the bias current is 500nA or less. The smaller the input bias current, the smaller is the offset at
the output voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input offset current:
The input offset current is the difference between the two input currents driven from a common source

It tells you how much larger one current is than the other. Bias current compensation will work if both bias
currents IB

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+
and IB
-
are equal. So, the smaller the input offset current the better the OP-amp. The 741 op-amps
have input offset current of 20nA.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input offset voltage:
Ideally, the output voltage should be zero when the voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is
zero. In reality, the output voltage may not be zero with zero input voltage. This is due to un-avoidable
imbalances, mismatches, tolerances, and so on inside the op-amp. In order to make the output voltage zero, we

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

have to apply a small voltage at the input terminals to make output voltage zero. This voltage is called input offset
voltage .i.e., input offset voltage is the voltage required to be applied at the input for making output voltage to
zero volts. The 741 op-amp has input offset voltage of 5mV under no signal conditions. Therefore, we may have
to apply a differential input of 5mV, to produce an output voltage of exactly zero.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully mulled at 25
o
C may
not remain so when the temperature rises to 35

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C. This is called drift often, offset current drift is expressed in n
A/
o
C and offset voltage drift in mV/

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C. These indicate the change is offset for each degree Celsius change in
temperature. There are very few techniques that can be used to minimize the effect of drift.

Slew rate:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Among all specifications affecting the ac operation of the op-amp, slew rate is the most important because it
places a severe limit on a large signals operation. Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output


FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION
VISION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MISSION



2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier
10
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22
6
Cascade Amplifier
26
7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:


COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 1



7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =
? ?
10
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER



11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ? =
RE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?
:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
2
=
VCE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1
=
? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
10
\
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5
50 mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ?
? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =


VCC
R1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage from being upset.



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


very low input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:



34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD


Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)


1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier:


Procedure:
1. Start the program

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for C K-Map for D


Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:


Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



For KA For KB For KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What is down counter?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



CLK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DATA
OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.


1. What is a shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation
integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation
and control, in medical electronics, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp IC741:
Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus
input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the
output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-
amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

both positive and negative directions.

Circuit symbol:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Input Stage:
? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier
? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp
2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Drives the output of first stage
? Direct coupling
3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:
? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Increase output voltage swing
? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp
? Provides ? Low resistance
The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.
The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero
inputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Op-Amp Characteristics:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.
However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the
two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its
operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage
4. Thermal drift
5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input bias current:
The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input
transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small
differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input
unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

79 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


The input bias current shown on data sheets is the average value of base currents entering into the terminals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of an op-amp.

For 741, the bias current is 500nA or less. The smaller the input bias current, the smaller is the offset at
the output voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input offset current:
The input offset current is the difference between the two input currents driven from a common source

It tells you how much larger one current is than the other. Bias current compensation will work if both bias
currents IB

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+
and IB
-
are equal. So, the smaller the input offset current the better the OP-amp. The 741 op-amps
have input offset current of 20nA.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input offset voltage:
Ideally, the output voltage should be zero when the voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is
zero. In reality, the output voltage may not be zero with zero input voltage. This is due to un-avoidable
imbalances, mismatches, tolerances, and so on inside the op-amp. In order to make the output voltage zero, we

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

have to apply a small voltage at the input terminals to make output voltage zero. This voltage is called input offset
voltage .i.e., input offset voltage is the voltage required to be applied at the input for making output voltage to
zero volts. The 741 op-amp has input offset voltage of 5mV under no signal conditions. Therefore, we may have
to apply a differential input of 5mV, to produce an output voltage of exactly zero.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully mulled at 25
o
C may
not remain so when the temperature rises to 35

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C. This is called drift often, offset current drift is expressed in n
A/
o
C and offset voltage drift in mV/

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C. These indicate the change is offset for each degree Celsius change in
temperature. There are very few techniques that can be used to minimize the effect of drift.

Slew rate:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Among all specifications affecting the ac operation of the op-amp, slew rate is the most important because it
places a severe limit on a large signals operation. Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

80 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


voltage can change. The 741 op-amp has a typical slew rate of 0.5 volts per microsecond (V / ?s). This is the
ultimate speed of a typical 741; its output voltage can change no faster than 0.5V / ?s. If we drive a 741 with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large step input, it takes 20?s (0.5 V/?sx10V) for the output voltage to change from 0 to 10V.

Band width:
Slew rate distortion of a sine wave starts at a point where the initial slope of the sine wave equals the slew rate
of the op-amp. The maximum frequency at which the op-amp can be operated without distortion is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, SR=slew rate of op-amp, VP= peak voltage of output sine wave. As an example, if the output sine wave
has a peak voltage of 10V and the op-amp slew rate is 0.5 V / ?s, the maximum frequency for large signal
operation is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency ?max is called bandwidth of op-amp. The 741 op-amp has a bandwidth of approximately 8 KHz. This
means the undistorted band width for large signal operation is 8 KHz.

Input and output voltage ranges:
Maximum positive and negative input voltage applied to the op-amp for undistorted output gives the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage range. Maximum positive and negative undistorted output voltage of the op-amp gives the output voltage
range.
Op-Amp applications:
Signal conditioners
? Linear ? eg. Adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator, V-I converter, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.
Signal Processors
? Linear ? eg., voltage follower, instrumentation amplifier, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the working principle of Op-Amp IC741were studied.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept of Operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
possible
outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.



63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system


1. 1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What are the types of sequential circuits?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.


1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

DATA
OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

Theory:
Introduction:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16.
Expt. No. 17

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation
integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:
Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the
output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

Circuit symbol:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.
1. Input Stage:
? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier
? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier
? Drives the output of first stage
? Direct coupling
3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:
? Increase output voltage swing
? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp
? Provides ? Low resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high
so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.
The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero
inputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp Characteristics:
An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.
However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the
two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage
4. Thermal drift

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

Input bias current:
The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc
current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small
differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input
unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

79 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input bias current shown on data sheets is the average value of base currents entering into the terminals
of an op-amp.

For 741, the bias current is 500nA or less. The smaller the input bias current, the smaller is the offset at

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the output voltage.

Input offset current:
The input offset current is the difference between the two input currents driven from a common source

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

It tells you how much larger one current is than the other. Bias current compensation will work if both bias
currents IB
+
and IB
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

are equal. So, the smaller the input offset current the better the OP-amp. The 741 op-amps
have input offset current of 20nA.

Input offset voltage:
Ideally, the output voltage should be zero when the voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

zero. In reality, the output voltage may not be zero with zero input voltage. This is due to un-avoidable
imbalances, mismatches, tolerances, and so on inside the op-amp. In order to make the output voltage zero, we
have to apply a small voltage at the input terminals to make output voltage zero. This voltage is called input offset
voltage .i.e., input offset voltage is the voltage required to be applied at the input for making output voltage to
zero volts. The 741 op-amp has input offset voltage of 5mV under no signal conditions. Therefore, we may have

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to apply a differential input of 5mV, to produce an output voltage of exactly zero.

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully mulled at 25
o

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C may
not remain so when the temperature rises to 35
o
C. This is called drift often, offset current drift is expressed in n
A/

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C and offset voltage drift in mV/
o
C. These indicate the change is offset for each degree Celsius change in
temperature. There are very few techniques that can be used to minimize the effect of drift.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Slew rate:
Among all specifications affecting the ac operation of the op-amp, slew rate is the most important because it
places a severe limit on a large signals operation. Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

80 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage can change. The 741 op-amp has a typical slew rate of 0.5 volts per microsecond (V / ?s). This is the
ultimate speed of a typical 741; its output voltage can change no faster than 0.5V / ?s. If we drive a 741 with
large step input, it takes 20?s (0.5 V/?sx10V) for the output voltage to change from 0 to 10V.

Band width:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Slew rate distortion of a sine wave starts at a point where the initial slope of the sine wave equals the slew rate
of the op-amp. The maximum frequency at which the op-amp can be operated without distortion is

where, SR=slew rate of op-amp, VP= peak voltage of output sine wave. As an example, if the output sine wave
has a peak voltage of 10V and the op-amp slew rate is 0.5 V / ?s, the maximum frequency for large signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

operation is

Frequency ?max is called bandwidth of op-amp. The 741 op-amp has a bandwidth of approximately 8 KHz. This
means the undistorted band width for large signal operation is 8 KHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input and output voltage ranges:
Maximum positive and negative input voltage applied to the op-amp for undistorted output gives the input
voltage range. Maximum positive and negative undistorted output voltage of the op-amp gives the output voltage
range.
Op-Amp applications:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Signal conditioners
? Linear ? eg. Adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator, V-I converter, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.
Signal Processors
? Linear ? eg., voltage follower, instrumentation amplifier, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.

Result:
Thus the working principle of Op-Amp IC741were studied.
Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept of Operational amplifiers.



81 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the input and the output stages for a 741 Op-Amp?
2. What is input bias current?
3. What is slew rate?
4. What is a differential amplifier?
5. What is meant by non-inverting and inverting input of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the applications of op-amp.
7. What is meant by open-loop voltage gain?
8. What is meant by gain-bandwidth product?
9. List out the ideal op-amp parameters.
10. How op-amp works as a Subtractor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the input stage of an op-amp?
12. What is meant by comparators?
13. What type of signals is applied in differential mode operation of an op-amp?
14. Compare common-mode gain and differential-mode gain.
15. What is CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What are the characteristics of ideal Op-amp?
17. What is perfect balance in Op-amp?
18. Why Op-amp called direct coupled high differential circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design a inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC741 Op-Amp
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Op-Amp IC741 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 2
5 Function Generator 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 18

APPLICATION OF OP-AMP
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
possible
outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.



63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system


1. 1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What are the types of sequential circuits?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.


1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

DATA
OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

Theory:
Introduction:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16.
Expt. No. 17

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation
integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:
Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the
output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

Circuit symbol:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.
1. Input Stage:
? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier
? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier
? Drives the output of first stage
? Direct coupling
3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:
? Increase output voltage swing
? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp
? Provides ? Low resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high
so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.
The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero
inputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp Characteristics:
An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.
However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the
two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage
4. Thermal drift

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

Input bias current:
The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc
current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small
differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input
unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

79 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input bias current shown on data sheets is the average value of base currents entering into the terminals
of an op-amp.

For 741, the bias current is 500nA or less. The smaller the input bias current, the smaller is the offset at

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the output voltage.

Input offset current:
The input offset current is the difference between the two input currents driven from a common source

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

It tells you how much larger one current is than the other. Bias current compensation will work if both bias
currents IB
+
and IB
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

are equal. So, the smaller the input offset current the better the OP-amp. The 741 op-amps
have input offset current of 20nA.

Input offset voltage:
Ideally, the output voltage should be zero when the voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

zero. In reality, the output voltage may not be zero with zero input voltage. This is due to un-avoidable
imbalances, mismatches, tolerances, and so on inside the op-amp. In order to make the output voltage zero, we
have to apply a small voltage at the input terminals to make output voltage zero. This voltage is called input offset
voltage .i.e., input offset voltage is the voltage required to be applied at the input for making output voltage to
zero volts. The 741 op-amp has input offset voltage of 5mV under no signal conditions. Therefore, we may have

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to apply a differential input of 5mV, to produce an output voltage of exactly zero.

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully mulled at 25
o

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C may
not remain so when the temperature rises to 35
o
C. This is called drift often, offset current drift is expressed in n
A/

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C and offset voltage drift in mV/
o
C. These indicate the change is offset for each degree Celsius change in
temperature. There are very few techniques that can be used to minimize the effect of drift.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Slew rate:
Among all specifications affecting the ac operation of the op-amp, slew rate is the most important because it
places a severe limit on a large signals operation. Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

80 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage can change. The 741 op-amp has a typical slew rate of 0.5 volts per microsecond (V / ?s). This is the
ultimate speed of a typical 741; its output voltage can change no faster than 0.5V / ?s. If we drive a 741 with
large step input, it takes 20?s (0.5 V/?sx10V) for the output voltage to change from 0 to 10V.

Band width:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Slew rate distortion of a sine wave starts at a point where the initial slope of the sine wave equals the slew rate
of the op-amp. The maximum frequency at which the op-amp can be operated without distortion is

where, SR=slew rate of op-amp, VP= peak voltage of output sine wave. As an example, if the output sine wave
has a peak voltage of 10V and the op-amp slew rate is 0.5 V / ?s, the maximum frequency for large signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

operation is

Frequency ?max is called bandwidth of op-amp. The 741 op-amp has a bandwidth of approximately 8 KHz. This
means the undistorted band width for large signal operation is 8 KHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input and output voltage ranges:
Maximum positive and negative input voltage applied to the op-amp for undistorted output gives the input
voltage range. Maximum positive and negative undistorted output voltage of the op-amp gives the output voltage
range.
Op-Amp applications:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Signal conditioners
? Linear ? eg. Adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator, V-I converter, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.
Signal Processors
? Linear ? eg., voltage follower, instrumentation amplifier, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.

Result:
Thus the working principle of Op-Amp IC741were studied.
Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept of Operational amplifiers.



81 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the input and the output stages for a 741 Op-Amp?
2. What is input bias current?
3. What is slew rate?
4. What is a differential amplifier?
5. What is meant by non-inverting and inverting input of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the applications of op-amp.
7. What is meant by open-loop voltage gain?
8. What is meant by gain-bandwidth product?
9. List out the ideal op-amp parameters.
10. How op-amp works as a Subtractor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the input stage of an op-amp?
12. What is meant by comparators?
13. What type of signals is applied in differential mode operation of an op-amp?
14. Compare common-mode gain and differential-mode gain.
15. What is CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What are the characteristics of ideal Op-amp?
17. What is perfect balance in Op-amp?
18. Why Op-amp called direct coupled high differential circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design a inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC741 Op-Amp
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Op-Amp IC741 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 2
5 Function Generator 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 18

APPLICATION OF OP-AMP
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

82 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Inverting Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The Op-Amp IC741 is the most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. An inverting amplifier uses negative
feedback to invert and amplify a voltage.
In the inverting amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input (V2) terminal. The non-
inverting input terminal (V1) is grounded. Since, V1= 0 V & V2= Vin
The output V0 is given by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VOut = Vin (-Rf / Rin)
where, the gain of amplifier is - Rf / Rin
VOut = -AVin
The negative sign indicates the output voltage is 180? out of phase with respect to the input and amplified by
gain A.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Non-Inverting Amplifier:
The input is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and the Inverting terminal is connected to the ground.
V1= Vin and V2= 0 volts
The output voltage is larger than the input voltage by gain A & is in phase with the input signal. The signal is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applied to the non-inverting input terminal and feedback is given to inverting terminal. The circuit amplifiers the
input signals without inverting it. The output Vout is given by

The voltage gain is given by given by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VOut= ACLVin
Compared to the inverting amplifier, the input resistance of the non-inverting is extremely large.

Circuit Diagram:
Inverting Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.



1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

DATA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation
integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation
and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:
Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus
input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the
output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-
amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol:


IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.
1. Input Stage:
? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp
2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier
? Drives the output of first stage
? Direct coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:
? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:
? Increase output voltage swing
? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Provides ? Low resistance
The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high
so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.
The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inputs.


Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp Characteristics:
An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.
However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its
operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Thermal drift
5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

Input bias current:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input
transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc
current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small
differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.



79 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input bias current shown on data sheets is the average value of base currents entering into the terminals
of an op-amp.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For 741, the bias current is 500nA or less. The smaller the input bias current, the smaller is the offset at
the output voltage.

Input offset current:
The input offset current is the difference between the two input currents driven from a common source

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

It tells you how much larger one current is than the other. Bias current compensation will work if both bias
currents IB
+
and IB

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
are equal. So, the smaller the input offset current the better the OP-amp. The 741 op-amps
have input offset current of 20nA.

Input offset voltage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ideally, the output voltage should be zero when the voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is
zero. In reality, the output voltage may not be zero with zero input voltage. This is due to un-avoidable
imbalances, mismatches, tolerances, and so on inside the op-amp. In order to make the output voltage zero, we
have to apply a small voltage at the input terminals to make output voltage zero. This voltage is called input offset
voltage .i.e., input offset voltage is the voltage required to be applied at the input for making output voltage to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

zero volts. The 741 op-amp has input offset voltage of 5mV under no signal conditions. Therefore, we may have
to apply a differential input of 5mV, to produce an output voltage of exactly zero.

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully mulled at 25

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C may
not remain so when the temperature rises to 35
o
C. This is called drift often, offset current drift is expressed in n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A/
o
C and offset voltage drift in mV/
o
C. These indicate the change is offset for each degree Celsius change in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

temperature. There are very few techniques that can be used to minimize the effect of drift.

Slew rate:
Among all specifications affecting the ac operation of the op-amp, slew rate is the most important because it
places a severe limit on a large signals operation. Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

80 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage can change. The 741 op-amp has a typical slew rate of 0.5 volts per microsecond (V / ?s). This is the
ultimate speed of a typical 741; its output voltage can change no faster than 0.5V / ?s. If we drive a 741 with
large step input, it takes 20?s (0.5 V/?sx10V) for the output voltage to change from 0 to 10V.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Band width:
Slew rate distortion of a sine wave starts at a point where the initial slope of the sine wave equals the slew rate
of the op-amp. The maximum frequency at which the op-amp can be operated without distortion is

where, SR=slew rate of op-amp, VP= peak voltage of output sine wave. As an example, if the output sine wave

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

has a peak voltage of 10V and the op-amp slew rate is 0.5 V / ?s, the maximum frequency for large signal
operation is

Frequency ?max is called bandwidth of op-amp. The 741 op-amp has a bandwidth of approximately 8 KHz. This
means the undistorted band width for large signal operation is 8 KHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input and output voltage ranges:
Maximum positive and negative input voltage applied to the op-amp for undistorted output gives the input
voltage range. Maximum positive and negative undistorted output voltage of the op-amp gives the output voltage
range.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp applications:
Signal conditioners
? Linear ? eg. Adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator, V-I converter, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.
Signal Processors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Linear ? eg., voltage follower, instrumentation amplifier, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.

Result:
Thus the working principle of Op-Amp IC741were studied.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept of Operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

81 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the input and the output stages for a 741 Op-Amp?
2. What is input bias current?
3. What is slew rate?
4. What is a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is meant by non-inverting and inverting input of a differential amplifier?
6. List out the applications of op-amp.
7. What is meant by open-loop voltage gain?
8. What is meant by gain-bandwidth product?
9. List out the ideal op-amp parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How op-amp works as a Subtractor?
11. What is the input stage of an op-amp?
12. What is meant by comparators?
13. What type of signals is applied in differential mode operation of an op-amp?
14. Compare common-mode gain and differential-mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is CMRR?
16. What are the characteristics of ideal Op-amp?
17. What is perfect balance in Op-amp?
18. Why Op-amp called direct coupled high differential circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design a inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC741 Op-Amp
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Op-Amp IC741 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 2
5 Function Generator 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
Expt. No. 18

APPLICATION OF OP-AMP
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

82 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inverting Amplifier:
The Op-Amp IC741 is the most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. An inverting amplifier uses negative
feedback to invert and amplify a voltage.
In the inverting amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input (V2) terminal. The non-
inverting input terminal (V1) is grounded. Since, V1= 0 V & V2= Vin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The output V0 is given by
VOut = Vin (-Rf / Rin)
where, the gain of amplifier is - Rf / Rin
VOut = -AVin
The negative sign indicates the output voltage is 180? out of phase with respect to the input and amplified by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain A.

Non-Inverting Amplifier:
The input is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and the Inverting terminal is connected to the ground.
V1= Vin and V2= 0 volts

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The output voltage is larger than the input voltage by gain A & is in phase with the input signal. The signal is
applied to the non-inverting input terminal and feedback is given to inverting terminal. The circuit amplifiers the
input signals without inverting it. The output Vout is given by

The voltage gain is given by given by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VOut= ACLVin
Compared to the inverting amplifier, the input resistance of the non-inverting is extremely large.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inverting Amplifier:



83 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Time Period (ms)
Input voltage
Vin (V)
Output Voltage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo (V)


Circuit Diagram:
Non-Inverting Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Register No : _______________________________________
Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.


? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the
challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

industry
? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

education
2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broader social context
5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa
(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Collector Amplifier
10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Source Amplifier 18
5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Amplifier
26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential Amplifier 33
9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52
13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59
15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17
Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
10
=
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VBE:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VBE =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Define ? Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 2
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the
capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? ?
VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?
2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?
7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?
12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What is the range ? of a BJT?
24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few
Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give
voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find? ?
:
? ?
=
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 2
? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?
6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?
9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the importance of JFET?
14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?
19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?



Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current
and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5
50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?
? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of
motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Display drivers
7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?
6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?
11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.
14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the
loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER



29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.
6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 1:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)



30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:


Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.



1 What is an effect of cascading?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.
3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?
8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage
followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER



33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C
R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff
frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e
r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.


1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?
4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?
9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Calculate the CMRR value

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Formula:
Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon
the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Mode:



38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. audio preamplifiers
3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.
6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?
11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of
(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the
circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Create the title of the project
5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.



43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using
PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier using PSpice.
Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch



1. What is PSpice?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.
3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is meant by a.c. load line?
8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is meant by VVR?
16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is the other name of source follower?
21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of
different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weighted code.



45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary Input Gray Code Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:
BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2


K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used in telephone transmission
5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is code converter?
3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is ASCII code?
6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?
11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?
16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?
21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum
being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:
Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:
INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder
2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?
5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?
9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?
14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.
18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What are don?t care condition?
23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer:
Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data
distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?
1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0
Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Multiplexers
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels via cables and single lines.
2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

on a single line of transmission.

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in
multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.



1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to be a copy of input I5?
12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.
Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to
binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2
n
possible
outputs. 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output values are from 0 through out 2
n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Encoder:
Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera
6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. 1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Design a 3:6 decoder.
6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?
11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?
19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse
and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.
Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.
2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?
7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.
11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. Define ? Flip Flop
14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. What do you mean by present state and next state?
19. What are the types of sequential circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.
2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?
5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop
10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Give some applications of on counter.
15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Serial in parallel out
(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected
to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

DATA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OUTPUT
QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?
5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What are the advantages of shift registers?
8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?
11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered
(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Introduction:
The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? High input impedance, low output impedance
? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled
16.
Expt. No. 17

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation
integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation
and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:
Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus
input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the
output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-
amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit symbol:


IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.
1. Input Stage:
? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp
2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier
? Drives the output of first stage
? Direct coupling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:
? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:
? Increase output voltage swing
? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Provides ? Low resistance
The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high
so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.
The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inputs.


Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp Characteristics:
An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.
However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its
operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Thermal drift
5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

Input bias current:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input
transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc
current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small
differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.



79 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input bias current shown on data sheets is the average value of base currents entering into the terminals
of an op-amp.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For 741, the bias current is 500nA or less. The smaller the input bias current, the smaller is the offset at
the output voltage.

Input offset current:
The input offset current is the difference between the two input currents driven from a common source

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

It tells you how much larger one current is than the other. Bias current compensation will work if both bias
currents IB
+
and IB

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
are equal. So, the smaller the input offset current the better the OP-amp. The 741 op-amps
have input offset current of 20nA.

Input offset voltage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ideally, the output voltage should be zero when the voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is
zero. In reality, the output voltage may not be zero with zero input voltage. This is due to un-avoidable
imbalances, mismatches, tolerances, and so on inside the op-amp. In order to make the output voltage zero, we
have to apply a small voltage at the input terminals to make output voltage zero. This voltage is called input offset
voltage .i.e., input offset voltage is the voltage required to be applied at the input for making output voltage to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

zero volts. The 741 op-amp has input offset voltage of 5mV under no signal conditions. Therefore, we may have
to apply a differential input of 5mV, to produce an output voltage of exactly zero.

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully mulled at 25

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C may
not remain so when the temperature rises to 35
o
C. This is called drift often, offset current drift is expressed in n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A/
o
C and offset voltage drift in mV/
o
C. These indicate the change is offset for each degree Celsius change in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

temperature. There are very few techniques that can be used to minimize the effect of drift.

Slew rate:
Among all specifications affecting the ac operation of the op-amp, slew rate is the most important because it
places a severe limit on a large signals operation. Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

80 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage can change. The 741 op-amp has a typical slew rate of 0.5 volts per microsecond (V / ?s). This is the
ultimate speed of a typical 741; its output voltage can change no faster than 0.5V / ?s. If we drive a 741 with
large step input, it takes 20?s (0.5 V/?sx10V) for the output voltage to change from 0 to 10V.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Band width:
Slew rate distortion of a sine wave starts at a point where the initial slope of the sine wave equals the slew rate
of the op-amp. The maximum frequency at which the op-amp can be operated without distortion is

where, SR=slew rate of op-amp, VP= peak voltage of output sine wave. As an example, if the output sine wave

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

has a peak voltage of 10V and the op-amp slew rate is 0.5 V / ?s, the maximum frequency for large signal
operation is

Frequency ?max is called bandwidth of op-amp. The 741 op-amp has a bandwidth of approximately 8 KHz. This
means the undistorted band width for large signal operation is 8 KHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input and output voltage ranges:
Maximum positive and negative input voltage applied to the op-amp for undistorted output gives the input
voltage range. Maximum positive and negative undistorted output voltage of the op-amp gives the output voltage
range.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp applications:
Signal conditioners
? Linear ? eg. Adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator, V-I converter, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.
Signal Processors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Linear ? eg., voltage follower, instrumentation amplifier, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.

Result:
Thus the working principle of Op-Amp IC741were studied.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept of Operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

81 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the input and the output stages for a 741 Op-Amp?
2. What is input bias current?
3. What is slew rate?
4. What is a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is meant by non-inverting and inverting input of a differential amplifier?
6. List out the applications of op-amp.
7. What is meant by open-loop voltage gain?
8. What is meant by gain-bandwidth product?
9. List out the ideal op-amp parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. How op-amp works as a Subtractor?
11. What is the input stage of an op-amp?
12. What is meant by comparators?
13. What type of signals is applied in differential mode operation of an op-amp?
14. Compare common-mode gain and differential-mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. What is CMRR?
16. What are the characteristics of ideal Op-amp?
17. What is perfect balance in Op-amp?
18. Why Op-amp called direct coupled high differential circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design a inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC741 Op-Amp
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Op-Amp IC741 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 2
5 Function Generator 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
Expt. No. 18

APPLICATION OF OP-AMP
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

82 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inverting Amplifier:
The Op-Amp IC741 is the most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. An inverting amplifier uses negative
feedback to invert and amplify a voltage.
In the inverting amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input (V2) terminal. The non-
inverting input terminal (V1) is grounded. Since, V1= 0 V & V2= Vin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The output V0 is given by
VOut = Vin (-Rf / Rin)
where, the gain of amplifier is - Rf / Rin
VOut = -AVin
The negative sign indicates the output voltage is 180? out of phase with respect to the input and amplified by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gain A.

Non-Inverting Amplifier:
The input is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and the Inverting terminal is connected to the ground.
V1= Vin and V2= 0 volts

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The output voltage is larger than the input voltage by gain A & is in phase with the input signal. The signal is
applied to the non-inverting input terminal and feedback is given to inverting terminal. The circuit amplifiers the
input signals without inverting it. The output Vout is given by

The voltage gain is given by given by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VOut= ACLVin
Compared to the inverting amplifier, the input resistance of the non-inverting is extremely large.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inverting Amplifier:



83 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Time Period (ms)
Input voltage
Vin (V)
Output Voltage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo (V)


Circuit Diagram:
Non-Inverting Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

84 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Time Period (ms)
Input voltage
Vin (V)
Output Voltage
Vo (V)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER - R 2017

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Name : _______________________________________
Register No : _______________________________________

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Section : _______________________________________


LABORATORY MANUAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
? To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
? To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and soul
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to
shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity


? To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics
industry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
communication systems
? To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practices
VISION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VISION
MISSION
MISSION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Core Competence
To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge
and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the
large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics
and Communication Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and
communication engineering circuits
d) To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of
contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS


? To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
? To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
? To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
? To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
? To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers
3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice
8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation
software like Spice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
? Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier
? Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
? Measure CMRR in differential amplifier
COURSE OBJECTIVES

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COURSE OUTCOMES



5 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EC8361 ? ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
1
Common Emitter Amplifier 6
2
Common Collector Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
3
Common Base Amplifier 14
4
Common Source Amplifier 18

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5
Darlington Amplifier
22
6
Cascade Amplifier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26
7
Cascode Amplifier 30
8
Differential Amplifier 33

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9
Simulation of Common Emitter and Common Source Amplifier using PSpice
37
DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design and Implementation of Code Converters
41
11 Design and Implementation of 4 Bit Binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD Adder
48
12 Design and Implementation of Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer 52

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Design and Implementation of Encoder and Decoder 56
14
Construction and Verification of 4 Bit Ripple Counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12
Ripple Counters
59

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Design and Implementation of 3-Bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter 63
16 Shift Registers
66
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
17

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Study of Op-Amp IC741
70
18
Application of Op-Amp
76

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input &
output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much
larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias
of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus
when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes
the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

signal.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Expt. No. 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10
=
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =
To find VBE:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?
VBE =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ? ? 2

R1 =
To find RC:
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rc =

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.
4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.


1. What is an Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?
3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Who invented the transistor?
8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.
13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin ?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define ? Operating Point

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 3
3 Capacitor As per design 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this
amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very
high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for
impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Given:
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find VE:
VE =? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 ? 0.1?RE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R2 =
To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

+ ? ?
VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of
the amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input
impedance.
3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is also used for circuit isolation.



1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load ( ex. Speaker)of low resistance, then what should be the value of the
voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. List out the different types of biasing.
22. Define ? Thermal runway
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


23. What is the range ? of a BJT?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. What are the input and output impedances of CC configuration?
25. Define current gain in CC configuration?
26. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the
collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a
low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit
applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and
voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Given
Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA
To find? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

:
? ?
=
? ?
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

=
VCE =
To find RE:
? ? =
? ? ? ? =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RE =
Find ? from given transistor.
To find R2:
R2 ? 0.1?RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find VB:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? ?
? ? = ? ?
+ ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VB =
To find R1:
? 1
=
? 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ?
? ? ? ? 2

R1 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To find RC:
? ?
= ? ? ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? ? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ?
Rc =

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very
low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input
resistance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the ?cut ? in? voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?
16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. In which direction the current ICBO flows?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET BFW10 1
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device
can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the
junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the
channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems
requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in
large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters.
Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many
thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the common source amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to design and construct a common source amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Power Regulators
2. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
3. Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?
2. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
3. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Why JFET has high input impedance?
5. List out the terminals in JFET.
6. What is the other name of JFET?
7. How gate terminal of JFET is bias?
8. What is the input control parameter of a JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What is the output voltage of common source amplifier?
10. List out the advantages of JFET.
11. What is meant by VVR?
12. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
13. What is the importance of JFET?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
15. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
16. What is the other name of source follower?
17. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
18. What are the differences between CS,CG and CD amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Mention the characteristics of CS amplifier?
20. What is gain BW product?
21. List out the different types of biasing for JFET.
22. Why FET is called as unipolar device?
23. Why the CS amplifier may be viewed as a transconductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
In Darlington connection of transistors, emitter of the first transistor is directly connected to the base of the
second transistor. Because of direct coupling, dc output current of the first stage is (1+hfe )Ib1. If Darlington
connection for n transistor is considered, then due to direct coupling the dc output current foe last stage is (1+hfe )
n times Ib1.Due to very large amplification factor even two stage Darlington connection has large output current

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and output stage may have to be a power stage. As the power amplifiers are not used in the amplifier circuits, it
is not possible to use more than two transistors in the Darlington connection. In Darlington transistor connection,
the leakage current of the first transistor is amplified by the second transistor and overall leakage current may be
high, which is not desired.
Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 5 DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

25 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Design:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ICQ = 50 mA
VCEQ = 15 V
? ? =
? ?
10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

\
VE =
? ? =
? ? ? ? =
1.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 mA

RE =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC = ICRC + VCE + ? ? ? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? ? =
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RC =
R2 0.1? RE
R2 =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VCC
R1
R1 =
Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

26 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Tabulation:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Result:
Thus the Darlington amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a Darlington amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Darlington amplifier is used as high power amplifier
2. A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe
voltages. Thus it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.
3. Darlington transistors can be used in high-current circuits, such as that involving computer control of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

motors or relays. The current is amplified from the normal low level of the computer output line to the
amount needed by the connected device.
4. Power Regulators
5. Audio Amplifier o/p stages
6. Display drivers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. Controlling of Solenoid
8. Light and touch sensors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a Darlington pair?
2. Give few applications of Darlington amplifier.
3. What are the advantages of using Darlington pair of transistors?
4. Why do you avoid RC or transformer coupling for amplifying extremely low frequency signals?
5. Why transformer coupling does give poor frequency response?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the techniques to improve the input impedance.
7. Why Darlington connection is given to the circuit?
8. What is meant by bootstrapping technique?
9. What is the value of reactance capacitances at low frequencies?
10. What is the name of an amplifier in which voltage gain is more important than power gain?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Whether Darlington connection can be used for more number of stages?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

28 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by ?equivalent circuit? of a transistor?
13. List out the benefits of h-parameters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Write the current gain of Darlington amplifier.
15. Write the voltage gain of Darlington amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a Cascade amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 8
3 Capacitor As per design 5
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in cascade. The first stage usually
provides a high input impedance to minimize loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account
for most of the desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent loss of signal
(gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loading effect of the next stage must be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load
for the current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done starting with the final
stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most
often used when the signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling, the stages are separated by a
Expt. No. 6 CASCADE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

29 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This DC blocking prevents the bias point of each
stage from being upset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. For stage 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) vs Frequency (Hz)).
5. Perform frequency response analysis for stage 2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Connect the output of stage 1 to the input of stage 2 by capacitive coupling
7. Perform frequency response analysis for the cascade stage.

Tabulation:
Stage 1:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage 2:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cascade Stage:
Input voltage, Vin (V) =
Frequency (Hz)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

31 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =
fH (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:
Thus the cascade amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascade amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications
1. Cascading amplifiers are used to increase signal strength in Television receiver.
2. Used in computers,
3. Used in regulator circuits
4. It also forms a building block for differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 What is an effect of cascading?
2 List out the difference between cascade and cascode amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Give the reason why RC coupling is not used to amplify extremely low frequencies.
4 What type of coupling is used in final stage of the multistage transistor amplifier?
5 What do you understand by multistage transistor amplifier?
6 Why is transformer coupling used in the final stage of a multistage amplifier?
7 How will you achieve impedance matching with transformer coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8 Why do you prefer to express the gain in db?
9 Give the advantages of RC coupling.
10 In a RC coupled amplifier, what will be the voltage gain over the mid-frequency range?
11 When we use transformer coupling?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

32 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 What is the other name of upper and lower cutoff frequency?
13 What is the purpose of RC or transformer coupling?
14 What type of transformer is normally used for impedance matching?
15 What is meant by direct coupling?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To construct a cascode amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 5
3 Capacitor As per design 4
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 ? 3)MHz 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE) stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure. The common-emitter configuration presents a
relatively high input resistance
e ac
r * ) 1 ( ? ? to the signal source. The common-base configuration presents a
Expt. No. 7 CASCODE AMPLIFIER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

very low input resistance
e
r . By replacing the collector resistance
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

R in the CE amplifier stage with a common
base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration virtually eliminates the Miller effect of
1 u
C . This will lead to
higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequency is achieved without reducing the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries
a current almost equal to the collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is
that, in the CB configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response.
Notice that the effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance
e

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

r of the CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer.


Circuit Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

34 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Input voltage, Vin (V) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequency (Hz)
Output Voltage ( volts)
Vo
Gain= 20 log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:
fL (Hz) =

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fH (Hz) =
Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL
Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the cascode amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a cascode amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



35 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cascode amplifier has high output impedance and high gain
2. It is used to insulate o/p and i/p (coupling due to parasitic capacitances (Cgd)).
3. Cascode doesn?t contribute to noise and mismatch and it is used to improve gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is cascading and cascoding?
2. Why is a cascode amplifier called as wide band amplifier?
3. What are the characteristics of a cascode amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. List out the uses of cascode amplifier.
5. Name some multistage amplifier.
6. Which type of connection is made for cascode amplifier?
7. What is the most desirable feature of a transformer coupled amplifier?
8. Why cascode amplifier is called as wide band amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. What are the characteristics of cascode amplifier?
10. Which type of coupling is used in the initial stages of a multi stage amplifier?
11. Compare the bandwidth of a single stage amplifier with that of a multi stage amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to determine
1. The transfer characteristic of transistors
2. Calculate the CMRR value

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor As per design 3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 4
4 Multimeter - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
Expt. No. 8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



36 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6 Connecting wires - few

Formula:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common mode Gain (Ac)= VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad)= V0 / VIN
where, VIN=V1 ? V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac
where, Ad is the differential mode gain, Ac is the common mode gain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify the
difference between two signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a practical
differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the two signals but also depends upon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and Re2 are also
equal and this. The output is taken between the two output terminals. For the differential mode operation the
input is taken from two different sources and the common mode operation the applied signals are taken from the
same source Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

Circuit Diagram:
Differential mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

37 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vin1(V) Vin2(V) Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

38 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Vin (V) Vo1(V) Vo2(V) Vo(V) AD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, set input signal with voltage VIN and determine Vo
at the collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. To determine the differential mode gain, set input signals with voltages V1 and V2.
Compute Vin=V1-V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode
gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR= Ad / Ac.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the differential amplifier using BJT have been designed and the CMRR is calculated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

39 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Outcome:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to construct a differential amplifier circuit and determine the CMRR value.
Practical Applications

1. microphone preamplifiers
2. audio preamplifiers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. FM/AM radio signal recovery
4. TV signal recovery
5. digital to analog converters (get rid of any common quantisation noise)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the methods of improving CMRR?
2. Define Common Mode Rejection Ratio.
3. Give few applications of differential amplifier
4. How do you overcome common mode noise?
5. State the various configurations of differential amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. What is double ended and single ended input?
7. What is current mirror?
8. What is an active load?
9. What is the differential gain of a differential amplifier?
10. What is the ideal value of CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. State two modes of operation for differential amplifier.
12. State the various features of differential amplifier.
13. State the various methods of improving CMRR.
14. What is the ideal value of common-mode gain of differential amplifier?
15. When do you called output of differential amplifier as balanced output?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design, simulate and to obtain the frequency response of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Common emitter amplifier
(ii) Common source amplifier circuit using PSpice.
Expt. No. 9
SIMULATION OF COMMON EMITTER AND
COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

40 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00



Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PC System - 1
2 OrCAD PSpice Version 9.1 - -

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input
& output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by
the base current rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and
amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger
change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when
input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input
signal.
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the
source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the
channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control
electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel
consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made
of the opposite semiconductor type.
In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-
type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no
current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some
disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for
example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general, used for high-power amplification, such as is required in



41 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

large wireless communications and broadcast transmitters. Field-Effect Transistors are fabricated onto silicon
integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such
as resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Common Emitter Amplifier:

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Common Emitter Amplifier:

Circuit Diagram:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

42 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:
Common Source Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Start the program
2. Select the ORCAD release 9 capture CIS
3. Go to new and select project
4. Create the title of the project

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Drag the elements as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Result:
Thus the common emitter and common source amplifier circuits have been designed and simulated using

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PSpice and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:
Able to design and construct a CE and CS amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the
amplifier using PSpice.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications

1. Common emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of
many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with
multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc
6. Common Source amplifier is used in Power Regulators, Audio Amplifier o/p stages and Used as switch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is PSpice?
2. Compare the Gain Bandwidth product of CE and CS amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Write the types of analysis performed by PSpice.
4. Write the types of sources available in PSpice.
5. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?
6. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
7. What is meant by a.c. load line?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What is meant by Beta?
9. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
10. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?
11. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
12. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Viva ? voce



44 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13. What is the other name CE amplifier?
14. List out the advantages of JFET.
15. What is meant by VVR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why JFET is called unipolar transistor?
17. What is the importance of JFET?
18. In a JFET, what will happen to the depletion layers when drain voltage is equal to the pinch-off voltage?
19. Name the basic JFET amplifier configuration.
20. What is the other name of source follower?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. Mention the applications of FET amplifier?
22.
Expt. No. 10 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE
CONVERTOR
Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 4-bit
(i) Binary to gray code converter
(ii) Gray to binary code converter
(iii) BCD to excess-3 code converter
(iv) Excess-3 to BCD code converter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
The availability of large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information results in the use of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different codes by different systems. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses
different codes for same information. Thus, code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible
even though each uses different binary code. The bit combination assigned to binary code to gray code. Since
each code uses four bits to represent a decimal digit. There are four inputs and four outputs. Gray code is a non-
weighted code.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

45 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input variable are designated as B3, B2, B1, B0 and the output variables are designated as C3, C2, C1,
Co. from the truth table, combinational circuit is designed. The Boolean functions are obtained from K-Map for
each output variable. A code converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each
uses a different binary code. To convert from binary code to Excess-3 code, the input lines must supply the bit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

combination of elements as specified by code and the output lines generate the corresponding bit combination of
code. Each one of the four maps represents one of the four outputs of the circuit as a function of the four input
variables. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions derived by the maps.
These are various other possibilities for a logic diagram that implements this circuit. Now the OR gate whose
output is C+D has been used to implement partially each of three outputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:
Binary Input Gray Code Output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G3 K-Map for G2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

46 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for G1 K-Map for G0

Logic Diagram:
Binary to Gray Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gray to Binary Code Convertor:
Gray Code Input Binary Output
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

47 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for B3 K-Map for B2

K-Map for B1 K-Map for B0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Gray to Binary Code Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD Input EXCESS-3 Output
B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

48 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E3 K-Map for E2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for E1 K-Map for E0

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BCD To Excess-3 Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

49 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:
EXCESS-3 Input BCD Output
X3 X2 X1 X0 A B C D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K-Map for A K-Map for B


K-Map for C K-Map for D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Excess-3 to BCD Convertor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the Binary to gray code converter, Gray to binary code converter, BCD to excess-3 code converter and
Excess-3 to BCD code converter was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the code converter.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Code conversions are widely used to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.
2. It is used in Digital System design
3. It is used in Computers
4. It is used in telephone transmission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. It is used in television transmission


1. What is combinational circuit?
2. What is code converter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the other name for Gray code?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

51 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


4. What is the application of Excess-3 Code?
5. What is ASCII code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. How many bits are there in an ASCII code?
7. What is the primary use for Gray code?
8. Give any one way to convert BCD to binary using the hardware approach.
9. Why is the Gray code more practical to use when coding the position of a rotating shaft?
10. Which binary code has a progress such that only one bit changes between two successive codes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. Find the equivalent decimal number for gray code 1011.
12. What is the other name for Excess ?3? code?
13. Give expansion of BCD code.
14. What is the modified form of BCD number?
15. How to derive an Excess ? 3 code from natural BCD code?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. Why Gray code is often used in digital systems?
17. Name few weighted codes.
18. What is the difference between weighted and non weighted code?
19. How many numbers are used out of possible 16 code combination in Excess-3 code?
20. What is Most Significant Bit (MSB)?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21. What are the classifications of binary codes?
22. What are the two steps in Gray to binary code conversion?
23. What are the two steps in binary to Gray code conversion?
24. What are the basic logic gates?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt . No. 11 DESIGN OF 4-BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AND BCD ADDER
Aim:
To design and implement 4-bit adder/subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

52 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Theory:
4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The addition and subtraction operation can be combined into one circuit with one common binary adder. The
mode input M controls the operation. When M=0, the circuit is adder circuit. When M=1, it becomes subtractor.
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Consider the arithmetic addition of two decimal digits in BCD, together with an input carry from a previous
stage. Since each input digit does not exceed 9, the output sum cannot be greater than 19, the 1 in the sum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

being an input carry. The output of two decimal digits must be represented in BCD and should appear in the form
listed in the columns. A BCD adder that adds 2 BCD digits and produce a sum digit in BCD. The 2 decimal digits,
together with the input carry, are first added in the top 4 bit adder to produce the binary sum.

4 Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram - IC 7483:

Logic Diagram:
4-Bit Binary Adder / Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
4-Bit Binary Adder/Subtractor:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

INPUT A INPUT B ADDITION SUBTRACTION
A4 A3 A2 A1 B4 B3 B2 B1 C S4 S3 S2 S1 B S4 S3 S2 S1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

53 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
4 Bit BCD Adders:
Truth Table for BCD Adders:
BCD SUM CARRY
S4 S3 S2 S1 C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K- Map for C

Logic Diagram:
BCD Adder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

54 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the 4-bit adder / subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483 was designed and implemented.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Smart thermostats
2. appliances such as washing machines or driers that have digital read outs
3. digital alarm clocks, digital wrist watches
4. game consoles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Define Half and Full adder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is a BCD adder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

55 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
4. What are the two types of basic adder circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is the use of an half adder?
What is the difference between a half adder and a full adder?
6. What is the difference between a binary adder and a BCD adder?
7. What are the two types of basic subtractor circuits?
8. What is the difference between a binary adder and a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Write down the truth table of a full adder
10. Write down the truth table of a full sub tractor
11. Write down the truth table of a half sub tractor.
12. What is the sum when a binary adder is used as BCD adder?
13. How a full subtractor can be implemented from a full adder?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Design a circuit for finding the 9?s compliment of a BCD number using 4-bit binary adder and some
external logic gates.
15. Write the Boolean expression for half adder.
16. Write the Boolean expression for full adder.
17. Write the Boolean expression for half subtractor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

18. Write the Boolean expression for full subtractor.
19. Give few applications of adder circuits.
20. Give few applications of BCD adder circuits.
21. Give few applications of subtractor circuits.
22. What are don?t care condition?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23. What are combinational circuits?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

56 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates

Apparatus Required:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplexer means transmitting a large number of information units over a smaller number of channels or lines.
A digital multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and
directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally there are 2
n

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input line and n selection lines whose bit combination determine which input is selected.

Demultiplexer:
The function of demultiplexer is in contrast to multiplexer function. It takes information from one line and
distributes it to a given number of output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is also known as a data

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distributor. Decoder can also be used as demultiplexer. In the 1: 4 demultiplexer circuit, the data input line goes
to all of the AND gates. The data select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data on the data input line
will pass through the selected gate to the associated data output line.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 12

DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

57 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Block Diagram for 4:1 Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function Table:
S1 S0 INPUTS Y
0 0 D0 ? D0 S1? S0?
0 1 D1 ? D1 S1? S0
1 0 D2 ? D2 S1 S0?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 1 D3 ? D3 S1 S0

Y = D0 S1? S0? + D1 S1? S0 + D2 S1 S0? + D3 S1 S0

Block Diagram for 1:4 Demultiplexers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

58 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Function Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

S1 S0 INPUT
0 0 X ? D0 = X S1? S0?
0 1 X ? D1 = X S1? S0
1 0 X ? D2 = X S1 S0?
1 1 X ? D3 = X S1 S0

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Y = X S1? S0? + X S1? S0 + X S1 S0? + X S1 S0
Truth Table for Multiplexer:
S1 S0 Y = OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram for Multiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Demultiplexer:
INPUT OUTPUT
S1 S0 I/P D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

59 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Demultiplexer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of multiplexer and demultiplexer using logic gates were done.
Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 4-bit adder / Subtractor and BCD adder.
Practical Applications
Applications of Multiplexers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted using a single line.
1. Communication System ? A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Computer Memory ? A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of memory in
the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to connect the memory to
other parts of the computer.
3. Telephone Network ? A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals
on a single line of transmission.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Applications of Demultiplexer
Demultiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. These applications include the
following:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

60 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Communication System ? Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to
carry out the process of data transmission. A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the
multiplexer; and, at the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit ? The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers. The output of the ALU can be stored in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multiple registers.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter ? The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this
method, serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is
attached to the demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer?s o/p. When
all data signals are stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the advantages of Multiplexer?
2. Realize the Truth-table of Multiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. What is the difference between Multiplexer and Demultiplexer?
4. What is combinational circuit?
5. Most demultiplexers facilitate which type of conversion?
6. How the inputs/outputs of an analog multiplexer/demultiplexer are said to be bidirectional?
7. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. State few application of a digital multiplexer.
9. Why is a demultiplexer called a data distributor?
10. How many exclusive-NOR gates would be required for an 8-bit comparator circuit?
11. What is the status of the inputs S0, S1, and S2 of the 74151 eight-line multiplexer in order for the output Y
to be a copy of input I5?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. How many select lines would be required for an 8-line-to-1-line multiplexer? 3
13. Which device has one input and many outputs?
14. How many select lines are required for a 4 : 1 multiplexer requires?
15. Give few applications of multiplexer.
16. Give few applications of demultiplexer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 13 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
AND DECODER
Aim:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

61 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Encoder:
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2
n
input lines and
n output lines. In encoder the output lines generates the binary code corresponding to the input value. In octal to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

binary encoder it has eight inputs, one for each octal digit and three output that generate the corresponding
binary code. In encoder it is assumed that only one input has a value of one at any given time otherwise the
circuit is meaningless. It has an ambiguila that when all inputs are zero the outputs are zero. The zero outputs
can also be generated when D0 = 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decoder:
A decoder is a multiple input multiple output logic circuits which converts coded input into coded output where
input and output codes are different. The input code generally has fewer bits than the output code. Each input
code word produces a different output code word i.e there is one to one mapping can be expressed in truth table.
In the block diagram of decoder circuit the encoded information is present as n input producing 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
possible
outputs. 2
n
output values are from 0 through out 2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

n
? 1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
Truth Table for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input Output
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 A B C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

62 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Encoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
E A B D0 D1 D2 D3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Decoder:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.



63 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Result:
Thus the encoder and decoder using logic gates were designed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the encoder and decoder using logic gates.

Practical Applications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Data privacy and security
2. Data communication
3. Data compression
4. QR code
5. War field flying robot with a night vision flying camera

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Robotic vehicle with the metal detector
7. RF based home automation system


1. 1. What is combinational circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What are encoder and the decoder?
3. State any two applications of encoder and decoder.
4. How is an encoder different from a decoder? The output of an encoder is a binary code for
1-of-N input.
5. Design a 3:6 decoder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. A BCD decoder will have how many rows in its truth table?
7. How many possible outputs would a decoder have with a 6-bit binary input?
8. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
9. Which digital system translates coded characters into a more useful form?
10. How many inputs will a decimal-to-BCD encoder have?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What control signals may be necessary to operate a 1-line-to-16 line decoder?
12. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-10 BCD decoder?
13. What is the name of the process when two or more inputs are active simultaneously?
14. How many outputs are on a BCD decoder?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

64 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. How many inputs are required for a 1-of-16 decoder?
16. Give some applications of decoder.
17. Give some applications of encoder.
18. What is the difference between a decoder and a demultiplexer?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Give the steps involved in designing a decder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and verify 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. A specified sequence of states appears as counter output. This is the main
difference between a register and a counter. There are two types of counter, synchronous and asynchronous. In
synchronous common clock is given to all flip flop and in asynchronous first flip flop is clocked by external pulse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and then each successive flip flop is clocked by Q or Q output of previous stage. A soon the clock of second
stage is triggered by output of first stage. Because of inherent propagation delay time all flip flops are not
activated at same time which results in asynchronous operation.

Truth Table for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 14
CONSTRUCTIONS AND VERIFICATION OF
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-
12 RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

65 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram for Mod - 10 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

66 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram for IC 7476:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:
CLK QA QB QC QD Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K ? Map for Y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


Logic Diagram for Mod - 12 Ripple Counter:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the 4 bit ripple counter mod 10/ mod 12 ripple counters was implemented and the truth table were
verified.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 10/mod 12 ripple counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical Applications



1. Define ? Sequential Circuit.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
3. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
4. How can you convert the JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
5. Name two sequential switching circuits.
6. How many flip-flops are required to build a binary counter that counts 0 to 1023?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7. If the counter is initially at zero, what count it will hold after 2060 clock pulses?
8. Determine the frequency at the output of last(MSB) flip-flop for an input clock frequency of
2 MHz.
9. List the types of counters.
10. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous counters.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is meant by ripple counter?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

68 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


12. What is meant by modulo counter?
13. Define ? Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. What are the different types of flip- flop?
15. What is the operation of RS flip-flop?
16. What is the operation of SR flip-flop?
17. What is the operation of D flip- flop?
18. What do you mean by present state and next state?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. What are the types of sequential circuits?



Aim:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

To design and implement 3 bit synchronous up/down counter

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at its clock input. Counter represents
the number of clock pulses arrived. An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in increasing order
or decreasing order through a certain sequence. An up/down counter is also called bidirectional counter. Usually
up/down operation of the counter is controlled by up/down signal. When this signal is high counter goes through
up sequence and when up/down signal is low counter follows reverse sequence.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Design:
State Diagram:
Expt. No. 15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 3-BIT
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

69 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
Input
Up/Down
Present State Next State A B C
QA QB QC QA+1 Q B+1 QC+1 JA KA JB KB JC KC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

K -Map
For JA For JB For JC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

70 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

For KA For KB For KC

Logic Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of 3 bit synchronous up/down counter were done.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the 3 bit synchronous up/down counter.


1. Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. What is difference between latch and flip-flop?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

71 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


3. What is Johnson counter?
4. What is meant by asynchronous counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. What is meant by synchronous counter?
6. What is meant by up counter?
7. What is meant by down counter?
8. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
9. Define ?Master Slave Flip Flop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Draw the state diagram of ?T? FF, ?D? FF
11. Define ? Counter
12. What is the primary disadvantage of an asynchronous counter?
13. How synchronous counters differ from asynchronous counters?
14. Give some applications of on counter.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15. Compare Moore and Mealy models
16. What is up counter?
17. What is down counter?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design and implement
(i) Serial in serial out
(ii) Serial in parallel out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(iii) Parallel in serial out
(iv) Parallel in parallel out

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Specification Quantity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory:
Expt. No. 16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

72 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is known as shift register. The
logical configuration of shift register consist of a D-Flip flop cascaded with output of one flip flop connected to
input of next flip flop. All flip flops receive common clock pulses which causes the shift in the output of the flip
flop. The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip flop. The output of a given flip flop is connected

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to the input of next flip flop of the register. Each clock pulse shifts the content of register one bit position to the
right.

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Serial in Serial out

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Serial In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

73 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK

DATA
OUTPUT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pin Diagram:

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Serial Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Logic Diagram:
Parallel In Parallel Out:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

74 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Truth Table:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLK
DATA INPUT OUTPUT
DA DB DC DD QA QB QC QD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Apply logical inputs as per truth table.
(iii) Observe the logical output and verify with the truth tables.

Result:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thus the design and implementation of shift register were done.

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept, realize and implement the shift register.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is a shift register?
2. What are the disadvantages of S-R Flip-Flop?
3. How many inputs and outputs are obtained for a 4 ? bit serial in parallel out shift register?
4. How many flip ?flops are needed to build an 8 bit shift register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. How will you complement of the counters of the register.
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

75 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


6. List the basic types of shift registers in terms of data movement.
7. What are the advantages of shift registers?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8. What are the types of shift register?
9. For realizing a 8-bit SISO shift register using flip-flops what is the minimum number of flip-flops
required?
10. A serial in/parallel out, 4-bit shift register initially contains all 1s. The data nibble 0111 is waiting to
enter. After four clock pulses, what does the register contains?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is a shift register that will accept a parallel input, or a bidirectional serial load and internal shift
features, called?
12. How can parallel data be taken out of a shift register simultaneously?
13. What is meant by parallel load of a shift register?
14. What are the Q outputs after four clock pulses? If the bit sequence 10011100 is serially entered

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(right-most bit first) into an 8-bit parallel out shift register that is initially clear.
15. What is a re-circulating register?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To study the working principle of Op-Amp IC741

Theory:
Introduction:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled amplifiers with two inputs
and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the
general characteristics of the IC version are:
? High gain, on the order of a million
? High input impedance, low output impedance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
? Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now
superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electronics. An op-amp is
a high gain, direct coupled differential linear amplifier choose response characteristics are externally controlled

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16.
Expt. No. 17

STUDY OF OP-AMP IC741
REGISTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER
RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AND DE-MULTIPLEXER
ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

76 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

by negative feedback from the output to input, op-amp has very high input impedance, typically a few mega ohms
and low output impedance, less than 100?. Op-amps can perform mathematical operations like summation
integration, differentiation, logarithm, anti-logarithm, etc., and hence the name operational amplifier op-amps are
also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators and so on, in communication electronics, in instrumentation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and control, in medical electronics, etc.

Op-Amp IC741:
Circuit symbol and op-amp terminals:
The circuit schematic of an op-amp is a triangle as shown in figure and it has two input terminal. The minus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

input, marked (-) is the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180
o
at the
output. The plus input, marked (+) is the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in
the same phase at the output as at the input. +VCC denotes the positive and negative power supplies. Most op-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amps operate with a wide range of supply voltages. A dual power supply of +15V is quite common in practical op-
amp circuits. The use of the positive and negative supply voltages allows the output of the op-amp to swing in
both positive and negative directions.

Circuit symbol:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IC741 Pin Configuration:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

77 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Internal Block Diagram:
Commercial integrated circuit OP-amps usually consists of your cascaded blocks as shown in figure.
1. Input Stage:
? Dual input, Balanced output Differential amplifier
? Provides ? High voltage gain and input resistance of Op-Amp

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Intermediate Stage:
? Dual input, Unbalanced output Differential amplifier
? Drives the output of first stage
? Direct coupling
3. Level Translator or Shifting Stage:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? DC voltage level to zero with respect to ground
4. Output Stage:
? Increase output voltage swing
? Raises current supply capability of Op-Amp
? Provides ? Low resistance

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The first two stages are cascaded difference amplifier used to provide high gain. The third stage is a buffer and
the last stage is the output driver. The buffer is usually an emitter following whose input impedance is very high
so that it prevents loading of the high gain stage. The output stage is designed to provide low output impedance.
The buffer stage along with the output stage also acts as a level shifter so that output voltage is zero for zero
inputs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Functional Block Diagram:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

78 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Op-Amp Characteristics:
An ideal op-amp draws no current from the source and its response is also independent of temperature.
However, a real op-amp does not work this way. Current is taken from the source into op-amp inputs. Also the
two inputs respond differently to current and voltage due to mismatch in transistors. A real op-amp also shifts its

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

operation with temperature. These non-ideal characteristics are:
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage
4. Thermal drift

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Slew rate
6. Input and output voltage ranges

Input bias current:
The op-amp?s input is a differential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET. In either case the input

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

transistors must be biased into this linear region by supplying currents into the bases. In an ideal op-amp, no
current is drawn from the input terminals. However, practically, input terminals conduct a small value of dc
current to bias the input transistors when base currents flow through external resistances, they produce a small
differential input voltage or unbalance; this represents a false input signal. When amplified, this small input
unbalance produces an offset in the output voltage.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

79 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The input bias current shown on data sheets is the average value of base currents entering into the terminals
of an op-amp.

For 741, the bias current is 500nA or less. The smaller the input bias current, the smaller is the offset at

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the output voltage.

Input offset current:
The input offset current is the difference between the two input currents driven from a common source

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

It tells you how much larger one current is than the other. Bias current compensation will work if both bias
currents IB
+
and IB
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

are equal. So, the smaller the input offset current the better the OP-amp. The 741 op-amps
have input offset current of 20nA.

Input offset voltage:
Ideally, the output voltage should be zero when the voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

zero. In reality, the output voltage may not be zero with zero input voltage. This is due to un-avoidable
imbalances, mismatches, tolerances, and so on inside the op-amp. In order to make the output voltage zero, we
have to apply a small voltage at the input terminals to make output voltage zero. This voltage is called input offset
voltage .i.e., input offset voltage is the voltage required to be applied at the input for making output voltage to
zero volts. The 741 op-amp has input offset voltage of 5mV under no signal conditions. Therefore, we may have

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to apply a differential input of 5mV, to produce an output voltage of exactly zero.

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully mulled at 25
o

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C may
not remain so when the temperature rises to 35
o
C. This is called drift often, offset current drift is expressed in n
A/

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

o
C and offset voltage drift in mV/
o
C. These indicate the change is offset for each degree Celsius change in
temperature. There are very few techniques that can be used to minimize the effect of drift.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Slew rate:
Among all specifications affecting the ac operation of the op-amp, slew rate is the most important because it
places a severe limit on a large signals operation. Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

80 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

voltage can change. The 741 op-amp has a typical slew rate of 0.5 volts per microsecond (V / ?s). This is the
ultimate speed of a typical 741; its output voltage can change no faster than 0.5V / ?s. If we drive a 741 with
large step input, it takes 20?s (0.5 V/?sx10V) for the output voltage to change from 0 to 10V.

Band width:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Slew rate distortion of a sine wave starts at a point where the initial slope of the sine wave equals the slew rate
of the op-amp. The maximum frequency at which the op-amp can be operated without distortion is

where, SR=slew rate of op-amp, VP= peak voltage of output sine wave. As an example, if the output sine wave
has a peak voltage of 10V and the op-amp slew rate is 0.5 V / ?s, the maximum frequency for large signal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

operation is

Frequency ?max is called bandwidth of op-amp. The 741 op-amp has a bandwidth of approximately 8 KHz. This
means the undistorted band width for large signal operation is 8 KHz.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input and output voltage ranges:
Maximum positive and negative input voltage applied to the op-amp for undistorted output gives the input
voltage range. Maximum positive and negative undistorted output voltage of the op-amp gives the output voltage
range.
Op-Amp applications:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Signal conditioners
? Linear ? eg. Adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator, V-I converter, etc.
? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.
Signal Processors
? Linear ? eg., voltage follower, instrumentation amplifier, etc.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Non-Linear ? eg., log amplifier, anti-log amplifier, multiplier, divider, etc.

Result:
Thus the working principle of Op-Amp IC741were studied.
Outcomes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Able to understand the concept of Operational amplifiers.



81 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What are the input and the output stages for a 741 Op-Amp?
2. What is input bias current?
3. What is slew rate?
4. What is a differential amplifier?
5. What is meant by non-inverting and inverting input of a differential amplifier?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. List out the applications of op-amp.
7. What is meant by open-loop voltage gain?
8. What is meant by gain-bandwidth product?
9. List out the ideal op-amp parameters.
10. How op-amp works as a Subtractor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11. What is the input stage of an op-amp?
12. What is meant by comparators?
13. What type of signals is applied in differential mode operation of an op-amp?
14. Compare common-mode gain and differential-mode gain.
15. What is CMRR?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16. What are the characteristics of ideal Op-amp?
17. What is perfect balance in Op-amp?
18. Why Op-amp called direct coupled high differential circuit?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aim:
To design a inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC741 Op-Amp
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Op-Amp IC741 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2 Resistor As per design 4
3 Capacitor As per design 3
4 Power Supply (0 ? 30)V 2
5 Function Generator 1
6 CRO (0 ? 30)MHz 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Expt. No. 18

APPLICATION OF OP-AMP
REGISTER
SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN COUNTER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RIPPLE COUNTER AND MOD-10/ MOD-12
RIPPLE COUNTERS
ENCODER AND DECODER
MULTIPLEXER
AND DE-MULTIPLEXER

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ADDER
CONVERTOR
SOURCE AMPLIFIER USING PSpice
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

82 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting wires - few

Theory:
Inverting Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The Op-Amp IC741 is the most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. An inverting amplifier uses negative
feedback to invert and amplify a voltage.
In the inverting amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input (V2) terminal. The non-
inverting input terminal (V1) is grounded. Since, V1= 0 V & V2= Vin
The output V0 is given by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VOut = Vin (-Rf / Rin)
where, the gain of amplifier is - Rf / Rin
VOut = -AVin
The negative sign indicates the output voltage is 180? out of phase with respect to the input and amplified by
gain A.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Non-Inverting Amplifier:
The input is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and the Inverting terminal is connected to the ground.
V1= Vin and V2= 0 volts
The output voltage is larger than the input voltage by gain A & is in phase with the input signal. The signal is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

applied to the non-inverting input terminal and feedback is given to inverting terminal. The circuit amplifiers the
input signals without inverting it. The output Vout is given by

The voltage gain is given by given by

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VOut= ACLVin
Compared to the inverting amplifier, the input resistance of the non-inverting is extremely large.

Circuit Diagram:
Inverting Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

83 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

Tabulation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Time Period (ms)
Input voltage
Vin (V)
Output Voltage
Vo (V)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Circuit Diagram:
Non-Inverting Amplifier:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

84 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Model Graph:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tabulation:
Time Period (ms)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Input voltage
Vin (V)
Output Voltage
Vo (V)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Procedure:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

85 Format No.: FirstRanker/Stud/LM/34/Issue: 00/Revision: 00


2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Feed input from function generator and observe the output on CRO.
4. Draw the input and output waveforms.

Result:
Thus an inverting and a non-inverting amplifier were designed using IC741 Op-Amp.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Outcomes:
Able to understand the concept of various applications of Operational amplifier.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. What is an operational amplifier?
2. What is the input impedance of a non-inverting operational amplifier (op-amp) amplifier?
3. If the open loop gain of an op-amp is very large, does the closed loop gain depend upon the external
components or the op-amp?
4. Define ? Common Mode Rejection Ratio

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Explain the meaning of open loop and closed loop operation of an op- amp?
6. What is a practical op-amp? Draw its equivalent circuit.
7. What will be the output if negative feedback is applied to the op-amp?
8. What is the common-mode gain of an op-amp?
9. What is the differential-mode gain of an op-amp?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. What is the use of negative feedback in an op-amp?
11. What is an op-amp?
12. What is common-mode and differential-mode signals?
13. What is the importance of CMRR?
Viva ? voce

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice