Download Anna University B-Tech ECE 3rd Sem EC8361 Analog and Digital Circuits ADC Lab Manual Question Paper

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DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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III SEMESTER - R 2017

EC8361 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL

Name : _______________________________

Register No : _______________________________

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Section : _______________________________

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VISION

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

MISSION

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• To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
• To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
• To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart and soul

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VISION

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To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity

MISSION

• To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics industry
• To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in communication systems
• To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and ethical practices

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PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

1. Fundamentals

   To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering, enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher education

2. Core Competence

   To train the students in Electronics and Communication technologies so that they apply their knowledge and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions

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3. Breadth

   To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products

4. Professionalism

   To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to broader social context

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics

   To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POS)

1. To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Electronics and Communication Engineering field
2. To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
3. To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for computation, simulation and testing of electronics and communication engineering circuits

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4. To identify, formulate and solve electronic and communication engineering problems
5. To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
6. To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
7. To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
8. To understand the impact of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

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9. To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
10. To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
11. To participate and succeed in competitive exams

EC8361 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

SYLLABUS

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

• To study the Frequency response of CE, CB and CC Amplifier
• To learn the frequency response of CS Amplifiers
• To study the Transfer characteristics of differential amplifier
• To perform experiment to obtain the bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers

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• To perform SPICE simulation of Electronic Circuits
• To design and implement the Combinational and sequential logic circuits

LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS:

1. Design of Regulated Power supplies
2. Frequency Response of CE, CB, CC and CS amplifiers

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3. Darlington Amplifier
4. Differential Amplifiers - Transfer characteristics, CMRR Measurement
5. Cascode and Cascade amplifiers
6. Determination of bandwidth of single stage and multistage amplifiers
7. Analysis of BJT with Fixed bias and Voltage divider bias using Spice

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8. Analysis of FET, MOSFET with fixed bias, self-bias and voltage divider bias using simulation software like Spice
9. Analysis of Cascode and Cascade amplifiers using Spice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT and FET using Spice

LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS

1. Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
   1. BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa

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   2. Binary to gray and vice-versa
2. Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and BCD adder using IC 7483
3. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
4. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates

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5. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
6. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter

COURSE OUTCOMES

• Differentiate cascode and cascade amplifier.
• Analyze the limitation in bandwidth of single stage and multi stage amplifier

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• Simulate amplifiers using PSpice
• Measure CMRR in differential amplifier

EC8361 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

CONTENTS

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Expt. No. 1 COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

Aim:

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

Theory:

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The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common to both input & output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by the base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and amplifier output is taken across the collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger change in collector current. When positive half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease; it decreases the voltage further more negative. Thus when input cycle varies through a negative half-cycle, it increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the collector current to increases thus the output signal in common emitter amplifier is out of phase with the input signal.

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

Given:

Vcc = 10 V; Ic = 10mA

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To find VE:

VE = VCC / 10

To find RE:

RE = VE / IE

Find ß from given transistor.

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To find R2:

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 = 0.1?RE

R2=

To find VBE:

VBE = VB - VE

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VB = VBE + VE

VBE =

To find R1:

R1 = R2VCC / VB

R1 =

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To find Rc:

Vcc = IcRc + VCE + IERE

Rc = (Vcc - VCE - IERE) / Ic

Rc =

Procedure:

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1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value.
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

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Input voltage, Vin (V) =

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

fL (Hz) =

fH (Hz) =

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Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

Thus the common emitter amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

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Able to design and construct a common emitter amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the amplifier.

Practical Applications

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as Low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency transceiver circuits. (Radio)
3. Common emitter configuration commonly used in low-noise amplifiers.

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4. Common emitter amplifiers have both voltage and current gain, hence they are used as driving stages of many audio amplifiers. It can amplify headphone audio, condenser mic audio.
5. Common emitter amplifiers are also used in output drive stages of a large LED circuit or in a circuit with multiple loads like LED, Buzzer, Resistor, coils, etc.

Viva - voce

1. What is an Amplifier?
2. What is meant by Self Bias & fixed Bias circuits, which one is preferred and why?

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3. What is quiescent point? What are the various parameters of the transistor that cause drift in Q-point?
4. What is meant Band width, Lower cut-off and Upper cut-off frequency?
5. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?
6. What is meant by single stage amplifier?
7. Who invented the transistor?

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8. What is meant by thermal runaway?
9. For faithful amplification, in what region the transistor operates?
10. What is the need for biasing?
11. List out the types of biasing methods in BJT.
12. List out the advantages of common emitter amplifier.

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13. What is the function of input capacitor Cin?
14. What is the function of output capacitor Cout?
15. What is meant by d.c. load line?
16. Define - Operating Point
17. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the cut-off region?

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18. What will happen to the output signal if the operating point locates nearer to the saturation region?
19. What is meant by a.c. load line?
20. What is meant by Beta?
21. Give the relationship between Alpha and Beta.
22. What is the phase difference between the output and input voltages of a CE amplifier?

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23. What is the purpose of capacitors in a transistor amplifier?
24. To obtain highest power gain, which transistor configuration is used?
25. What is the other name CE amplifier?

Expt. No. 2 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

Aim:

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To construct a common collector amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

Theory:

In common-collector amplifier, the input is given at the base and the output is taken at the emitter. In this amplifier, there is no phase inversion between input and output. The input impedance of the CC amplifier is very high and output impedance is low. The voltage gain is less than unity. Here the collector is at ac ground and the capacitors used must have a negligible reactance at the frequency of operation. This amplifier is used for impedance matching and as a buffer amplifier. This circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram:

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Design:

Given:

Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

To find VE:

VE=IERE

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VE =

To find RE:

RE = (VCC-VCE) / Ic

RE =

Find ? from given transistor.

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To find R2:

Condition to be3 satisfied: R2 = 0.1?RE

R2 =

To find VB:

VBE = VB - VE

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VB = VBE + VE

VB =

To find R1:

R1 = (VCC - VB) / VB × R2

R1 =

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).
3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

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Tabulation:

Input voltage, Vin (V) =

Model Graph:

Bandwidth Calculation:

fL (Hz) =

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fH (Hz) =

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

Bandwidth (Hz) =

Result:

Thus the common collector amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

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Outcome:

Able to design and construct a common collector amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the amplifier.

Practical Applications

1. Common-emitter amplifiers are used as audio amplifier and audio tuners
2. These configurations are widely used in impedance matching applications because of their high input impedance.

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3. It is used as a switching circuit.
4. The high current gain combined with near unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer
5. It is also used for circuit isolation.

Viva - voce

1. What is the other name for CC Amplifier?

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2. What are the uses of CC Amplifier?
3. Why this amplifier has got the name Emitter Follower?
4. What is the maximum Voltage gain of an Emitter Follower?
5. Why it is used as a Buffer amplifier?
6. What is the input resistance of common collector amplifier?

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7. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?
8. In common collector amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
9. What is the current amplification factor for common collector amplifier?
10. To draw a d.c. equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier, how capacitors are considered?
11. What is the purpose of coupling capacitor in a transistor amplifier?

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12. If a transistor amplifier feeds a load (ex. speaker) of low resistance, then what should be the value of the voltage gain?
13. What is the significance of operating point?
14. What is the importance of load line analysis?
15. Why does a.c. load line differ from d.c. load line?
16. Does phase reversal affect amplification?

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17. What type of capacitors is used in transistor amplifier?
18. What will happen to the transistor amplifier if the input capacitor is short circuited?
19. Why the transistor amplifier has high output impedance?
20. Why common collector configuration is used for impedance matching?
21. List out the different types of biasing.

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22. Define Thermal runway

Expt. No. 3 COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

Aim:

To construct a common base amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

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Theory:

In the common-base configuration, the input signal is applied to the emitter, the output is taken from the collector, and the base is the element common to both input and output. The common-base configuration has a low input resistance and a high output resistance. However, two factors limit its usefulness in some circuit applications: (1) its low input resistance and (2) its current gain of less than 1. Since the CB configuration will give voltage amplification, there are some additional applications, which require both a low-input resistance and voltage amplification that could use a circuit configuration of this type.

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

Given

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Vcc = 15 V; Ic = 10mA

To findVCE:

VCE = Vcc / 2

VCE =

To find RE:

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RE = VE / IE

RE =

Find ? from given transistor.

To find R2:

R2 = 0.1?RE

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R2 =

To find VB:

VBE = VB - VE

VB = VBE + VE

VB =

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To find R1:

R1 = R2VCC / VB

R1 =

To find Rc:

Vcc = IcRc + VCE + IERE

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Rc = (VCC - VCE - IERE) / Ic

Rc =

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a constant value. (eg: 20 mV).

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3. Vary the input frequency 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph (Gain (dB) Vs Frequency (Hz)).

Tabulation:

Input voltage, Vin (V) =

Model Graph:

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Bandwidth Calculation:

fL (Hz) =

fH (Hz) =

Bandwidth (Hz) = fH - fL

Bandwidth (Hz) =

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Result:

Thus the common base amplifier circuit has been designed and the frequency response is obtained.

Outcome:

Able to design and construct a common base amplifier circuit and determine the frequency response of the amplifier.

Practical Applications

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1. Common base amplifier is used in moving coil microphone preamplifiers. These microphones have very low impedance levels.
2. It is used in UHF and VHF RF amplifiers.
3. It is mainly used at high frequencies where low source resistance is common.
4. It is used for impedance matching in circuits with very low output resistances to those with a high input resistance.

Viva voce

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1. What is the significance of Emitter Resistance?
2. If bypass capacitor is removed, what happens to the gain?
3. What is the current gain in C.B. Amplifier?
4. What is the “cut — in” voltage of a silicon-small signal transistor?
5. What is the “cut — in” voltage of a germanium-small signal transistor?

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6. When will the transistor is said to be in saturation region?
7. When will the transistor is said to be in cut-off region?
8. What is the current amplification factor for common base configuration?
9. What is the input resistance of common base amplifier?
10. What is the output resistance of common collector amplifier?

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11. In common base amplifier, the input signal is applied to which terminal?
12. List out the applications of common base amplifiers.
13. What will happen to the transistor if it is not properly biased?
14. Why voltage divider biasing is commonly used in amplifiers?
15. What is meant by bias compensation?

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16. What is meant by bias stabilization?
17. Which type of BJT configurations has the lowest output impedance?
18. Why common collector circuit is known as an emitter follower?
19. In which direction the current I? flows?

Expt. No. 4 COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

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Aim:

To construct a common source amplifier circuit and plot the frequency response

Apparatus Required:

Theory:

A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal amplification. The device can amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called the source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The physical diameter of the channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by the application of a voltage to a control electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist in two major classifications. These are known as the junction FET (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel consisting of N-type semiconductor (N-channel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made of the opposite semiconductor type.

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In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N- type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the channel and the gate. Normally, this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no current flows between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and some disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for weak-signal work, for example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are also preferred in circuits and systems requiring

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