RESEARCH DESIGN
Module -2
Course objective
- To study the various research designs
- To apply to carry out the real life situational
- To understand the various methods of data and analyse
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Meaning
- A research design is a "Blue Print" for collecting and analysis of data.
- It outlines how the research will be carried out and sticks together the entire process of research.
- It provides answers to various questions like
- What techniques will be used to gather data.
- What kind of sampling will be used? How time and with? Etc.
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Categories of Research Design
- Exploratory Design
- Conclusive Research Design
- Descriptive
- Causal
- Experimental Design
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The choice of the most appropriate design depends on the of the research and how much is known about objectives.
The overall research design for a project may include three designs as part
Basic Research Objectives and Research Design
Research Objective
To gain background information, to define terms, to clarify problems and develop hypotheses, to establish research priorities, to develop questions to be answered
To describe and measure phenomena at a point in time
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To determine causality, test hypotheses, to make "if-then" Statements, to answer questions
Exploratory Research
- Exploratory research is most commonly used for research that is undertaken to gain background the general nature of the research problem
- Exploratory research is usually conducted when not know much about the problem information or desires new or more recent
Exploratory Research
- Exploratory research helps diagnose the direction so that successive research will be on target
- It helps to set priorities for research. Exploratory a number of situations:
- Eg : Evaluation of quality of service of bank/
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Exploratory Research
- Exploratory research is used in a number of
- Identify the problems or opportunities
- Defining the problem more precisely
- Establishing priorities regarding the potential problems or opportunities
- To identify course of action i e most likely
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Exploratory Research
A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory
- Secondary Data Analysis Trade journals,
- Experience Surveys Eg: growth of in sales?
- Case Analysis
- Focus Groups
- Projective Techniques
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Exploratory Research
A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory
- Secondary Data Analysis
- Experience Surveys In experience surveys persons who are investigated. Eg: a group of home for their choice for
- Case Analysis
- Focus Groups
- Projective Techniques
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Exploratory Research
A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory
- Secondary Data Analysis
- Experience Surveys
- Case Analysis Obtains information from that are similar to the
- Focus Groups
- Projective Techniques
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Exploratory Research
A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory
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- Secondary Data Analysis
- Experience Surveys
- Case Analysis
- Focus Groups Small numbers of together to discuss or
- Projective Techniques
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Exploratory Research
A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory
- Secondary Data Analysis
- Experience Surveys
- Case Analysis
- Focus Groups
- Projective Techniques Projective techniques questioning the res tests, sentence co role playing techniques Test.
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Conclusive research design
- It is more formal and structured
- Based on large representatives of samples are
- It is designed to assist the decision maker in and selecting the best course of action
- Classified as
- Descriptive research
- Causal research
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Descriptive Research
- It will suitable when the researcher desires the characteristics of certain groups such as age, sex, occupation, income or education
- Answers who, What when where and how
Descriptive Research
when to use?
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- To determine the characteristics of market such as
- Size of the market
- Buying power of the consumer
- Product usage pattern
- To find out the market share
- To determine the association of the two variables Sales
- To make prediction
- To estimate the proportion of people in a specific (what % of population in a particular geography be shopping in a particular shop?
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Descriptive Research
Two basic classification
- Cross-sectional studies
- Longitudinal studies
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Descriptive Research
Two basic classification
- Cross-sectional studies Cross-sectional studies of the population at time. Can be done in two Field study : field survey:
- Longitudinal studies
Descriptive Research
Two basic classification
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- Cross-sectional studies
- Longitudinal studies These are the studies occurrence is measured period of time.
- One method is to do same sampling frame.
- A second method is same people are asked
Descriptive Research
Two basic classification
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- Cross-sectional studies
- Longitudinal studies Ture panel : each member different time to arrive It involves repeat meas Omnibus Panel: An c quantitative marketing variety of subjects is co Also called piggyback : multiple clients share th
Difference between
| Exploratory research | Descriptive research |
|---|---|
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Difference Between
| Exploratory research | Descriptive research |
|---|---|
|
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Causal Research Design
- Causality may be thought of as understanding terms of conditional statements of the form
- Establishes cause and effect relationship between
Causal Research
- To establish the relationship between two variables to carry an experiment.
What is Experimentation?
- It is a process where one or other variable which demonstrates the cause and effect
- Independent variables: - that over which control and wishes to manipulate i.e. Packing
- Dependent variables: - that over which or no direct control, but has a strong interest profit, market share.
- Extraneous variables: - those that may variable but are not independent variables
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What is Experimentation?
- It is a process where one or other variable which demonstrates the cause and effect relationship
- Test units: - are individuals, organizations whose response to the independent variable
Experimental Design
- It is a set of procedures specifying
- The test units and how these units are to be subsamples,
- What independent variables are to be manipulated
- What dependent variables are to be measured
- How the extraneous variables are to be controlled
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Experimental Design
- An experiment is a study in which the researcher of some independent variable and then measures
- Experiments are powerful techniques for evaluating relationships.
- Many researchers consider experiments the which all other research designs should be judged
- Experiments are conducted both in the laboratory situations.
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Validity in Experimental
- Researcher has two goals toward experiments
- Draw valid conclusions about the effects variables on the study group. Internal
- Make valid generalizations to a larger interest. External
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Validity in Experimental
Internal validity
A measure of accuracy of an experiment. manipulation of the independent(Ad) variable caused the effects on the dependent(sales) variable
External validity
A determination of whether the cause and effect experiment can be generalized.
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Types of Experimental designs
- Formal
- Informal
Types of Experimental designs
- Formal
- Completely Randomized
- Randomized block design
- Latin square design
- Factorial design
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- Informal
- Before-and- without control design
- After-only with control design
- Before and after with control design
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Types of Experimental designs
- Formal
- Completely Randomized Subjects are randomly assigned to experiments Eg: if we have 8 patients and we wish to four, on the basis of treatment A and treatment B the Randomization process possible opportunity that the group can selected from a set of eight and being treated A and B.
Types of Experimental designs
- Formal
- Randomized block design With a randomized block design, the ex subjects into subgroups called blocks variability within blocks is less than the blocks. Then, subjects within each block are ra treatment conditions.
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Types of Experimental designs
- Formal
- Randomized block design Subjects are assigned to blocks, based on Then, within each block, subjects are ra treatments (either a placebo or a cold vaccine For this design, 250 men get the placebo vaccine, 250 women get the placebo, a the vaccine.
Types of Experimental designs
- Formal
- Randomized block design It is known that men and women are physically and react differently to medication. This design ensures that each treatment equal proportion of men and women. As a result, differences between treatment be attributed to gender. This randomized block design removes gender source of variability and as a potential co
Types of Experimental designs
- Informal
- Latine square design It allows the researcher to statistically co non-interacting external variables as well the independent variables.
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Types of Experimental designs
- Formal
- Factorial design A Factorial Design is an experimental se multiple factors and their separate and on the subject of interest in the experir independent variable in the experiment subdivision of a factor.
Types of Experimental designs
- Informal
- Before-and-without control design A set of single test group is selected ar dependent variable is measured prior a specific treatment. Subsequently treatment is introduced variable os again measured. Eg: observe the level of bacteria in a p pool, prior and after the chlorination t
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Types of Experimental designs
- Informal
- After-only with control design Two areas i e Test area and & control areas are sele Treatment is applied to test areas. The dependent variable is measured in Eg: two adjacent fields of former is tal In that one area is taken as test area a And another area is not fertilized. After three months variation is measu Extraneous variables water soil, sunlight
Types of Experimental designs
- Informal
- Before-and-after with control design Two areas are selected and dependent in both for common time period prior Then, the treatment is applied only in dependent variable is measured again control areas for an identical tim introduction of treatment.
Classification of Experiments
Experimental Design
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| Pre experimental | True Experimental | Quasi Experimental |
|---|---|---|
|
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Definition of Symbols
X = the exposure of the group to an independent treatment, or event, the effects of which
0 = the process of observation or measurement variable on the test units or group of units
R = the random assignment of test units or treatments
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Pre-experimental design
- Pre-experiments are the simplest form of research In a pre-experiment either a single group observed subsequent to some agent or treatment change.
- In other words, a single group is often studied between an equivalent non-treatment group
- These designs do not control for extraneous
Pre-experimental design
One-shot case study design
- Also known as the after-only design
| Treatment | Post-test |
|---|---|
| X | O |
A single group of test units is exposed to then a single measurement on the dependent 01 (At TV programme commercial AD=X,
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One-shot case study design
If lecturer wants to see if appraisal of students performance to become more confident. He tests it with 10 semester & appraise them. He finds that students are
| Group | Treatment | Post |
|---|---|---|
| Experiment group | X | |
| Students | Appraisal | confident |
Pre-experimental design
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
01 X 02
The group of test units is measured twice First pre-treatment measure is taken Then the group is exposed to the treatment finally a posttreatment measure is taken The treatment effect is calculated as 02-01
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
A sales manager may wish to conduct a training knowledge of sales team members. The sales manager measures team members as 'Ol'. As the training programme is may again measure the knowledge level of team members
| Group | Pre test | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Experiment group | 01 | X |
| Sales team | Selling Skills | Training programme |
Pre-experimental design
Static- Group Design
EG: X 01
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CG: 02
It is a two group experimental design Experimental group (EG) Control group (CG) Measurements on both groups are made only and test units are not assigned at random
Static- Group Design
A researcher may wish to compare the effects it to a patient, and comparing his condition patient without the medicine
| Group | Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental group | X |
| Patient | Medicine |
| Control group | |
| Patient | |
The treatment effect will be measured as 01-02
True-experimental design
- In this design, the researcher randomly experimental groups and treatments to experiment
- They employ both a control group and attempt change that occurs in both groups.
- In this sense, we attempt to control for all other at least consider their impact, while attempting treatment is what truly caused the change.
- The true experiment is often thought of as the that can adequately measure the cause and
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True-experimental design
- Pretest-Posttest Control Group design Test units are randomly assigned to either the control group and a pre-treatment measure is taken EG: R 01 X 02 CG: R 03 X 04 The treatment of effect is measured = (02-01)
- Pretest-Posttest Control Group design How to measure the effectiveness of the advertisement For this, two groups will be randomly selected, nam groups respectively. A questionnaire will be given to towards product. After that the members of the shown advertisement. After showing advertisement taken from the both the groups to see the changes in product.
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| Randomization | Group | Pre test | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| - R | Experimental Group | 01 A group of people Response to Questionnaire | X Product advertisement |
| R | Control Group | 03 A group of people Response to Questionnaire |
True-experimental design
- Post test-only Control Group design It will not involve any premeasurement. EG: R X 01 CG : R 02 The treatment of effect is measured = 01 - ?
- Post test-only Control Group design Same example of previous can be tested. the researchers would not test the perspective of showing the advertisement related to them. The perspective of the people would be measured the advertisement.
| Randomization | Group | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| R | Experimental Group | X A group of people Product advertisement |
| R | Control Group | A group of people |
True-experimental design
3.Solomon Four Group Design
EG1: R 01 X 02 THIS DESIGN INT GROUPS.
CG1: R 03 X 04 IT ALSO ALLOWS TO PRETEST ON T
EG 2: R X 05
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CG 2: R X 06
3.Solomon Four Group Design
| RANDOMI SATION | GROUP | PRE TEST | TREATMENT | POST TEST |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | EG 1 25 TEACHERS | 01 MORAL QUESTIONNAIRE | X SENSITIVITY TRAINING | 02 MORAL QUESTIONNAIR |
| R | CG1 25 TEACHERS | 03 MORAL QUESTIONNAIRE | 04 MORAL QUESTIONNAIR | |
| R | EG2 25 TEACHERS | X SENSITIVITY TRAINING | 05 MORAL QUESTIONNAIR | |
| R | CG2 25 TEACHERS | 06 MORAL QUESTIONNAIR |
Quasi Experimental design
- it results under followings
- The researcher can control when measurements are taken
- The researcher lacks control over the scheduling unable to expose test units to the treatment ran
Quasi Experimental design
- Time series design
- This involves a series of periodic measurements for a group of test units.
- The treatment is then administered by the resea
- After the treatment, periodic measurements are treatment effect.
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01 02 03 04 05 X 06 ?
Time series design
| GROUP | PRETEST | TREATMENT | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXPERIMEN TAL GROUP | 01 | 02 | 03 | X |
| A GROUP OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM AIDS | DEATH RATE (BEFORE 3 YEARS) | DEATH RATE (BEFORE 2 YEARS) | DEATH RATE (BEFORE 1 YEARS) | MEDICATION |
Quasi Experimental design
- Multiple Time series design EG: 01 02 03 04 05 X ? EG: 01 02 03 04 05 ?
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Statistical Experimental design
- These consists of a series of basic experiments statistical control and analysis of external variables
- Randomized block design
- The Latin square design and
- The factorial design
Statistical Experimental design
- Randomized block design It is useful when there is only one major as sales, store, size or income of the respondent the dependent variable.
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Statistical Experimental design
- Latin Square design it allows the researcher to statistically control interacting external variables as well as to manage variables.
Statistical Experimental design
- Factorial design it is used to measure the effect of two or variables at various levels. Like coffee Like cold temperature But like hot coffee
Assignment 2
Define research design and Explain it with examples.
Observation Research- meaning
L/O: to be able to describe observation method and the associated key terms
The Observational Method
- Involves systematically watching and recording what people say and do
- Naturally occurring behaviours can = no attempt to manipulate variables
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We can get natural behaviour unchanged by researcher presence research environment.
Types of observation research
Type 1# Participant Observation:
The participant observation means watching situation or activities from inside by taking part observed.
Goode and Hatt define participant observation used when the investigator can go disguise himself a member of the group". So in this kind of observation to stay as a member in the group he wants to
Types of observation research
Type 1# Participant Observation: Advantages
(a) Observation of natural behaviour:
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The natural behaviour of the respondents participant observation. (not knowing to group
(b) Closeness with the group:
In participant observation, the observer rapport with the respondents. He has a very close with the group members.
Types of observation research
Type 1# Participant Observation: Advantages
(c) Studying the real character:
Through participant observation the intensive and inclusive study of the group and character of such group.
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Types of observation research
Type 2# Non-Participant Observation:
When the observer observes the group without participating in the group activities, it is participant observation.
Here he does not try to influence them or take activities.
Conducting an observation study
- Planning for observation
- Execution and recording of observation
- Interpretation of observed results /findings
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Step 1 Planning for observation
- Specify specific unites of behaviours to be observed
- Appropriate groups of subject
- Individual / group
- Length of observation – period, time
- Decide instrument of recording - videos, audio
- Special conditions
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Step 2 Execution and recording
Step 3 findings
Evaluation of observed research
- Capability of the observer
- Reliability
- Validity
- Description
- Statistical techniques
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This download link is referred from the post: VTU MBA Lecture Notes - 1st Sem, 2nd Sem, 3rd Sem and 4th Sem || Visvesvaraya Technological University
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