SUBJECT: P1-IA
AIMS
- To evaluate the effect of integration of a non-dispensing pharmacist in general practice on the safety of pharmacotherapy
- To understand the role of Clinical Pharmacist to improve Rational Drug Use
- To impart knowledge and skills necessary for contribution to quality use of medicines.
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OBJECTIVES
- To understand the Etiopathogenesis. Clinical manifestations, Management of selected diseases and other parameters which are related in initiating drug therapy
- To understand the needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects)
- Assess patient-specific disease states
- Collaborate with patients, caregivers, and health professionals
- Select and recommend a comprehensive drug therapy plan
- Educate patients and health professionals
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OUTCOME
- To know the pathophysiology of selected diseases states and the rationale for drug therapy.
- To evaluate patient-specific drug therapy and therapeutic problems.
- To Summarise the therapeutic approach for the management of these diseases including reference to the latest available evidence.
- To address the controversies in drug therapy
- To communicate with patients and health professionals.
- To understand in Preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis.
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Topic 1: Cardiovascular System 27 hours
| Lecture hour | Topic to be covered |
|---|---|
| 6 | Hypertension |
| 4 | Congestive cardiac failure |
| 4 | Angina Pectoris |
| 3 | Myocardial infarction |
| 4 | Hyperlipidemia |
| 3 | Electrophysiology of heart |
| 3 | Arrhythmias |
1A: Hypertension 6 hours
Long Essays - 10 Marks
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- Explain the pathophysiology and management of hypertension.
- Explain the treatment protocol of Hypertension.
- Explain in detail about compelling indication of Hypertension.
- Explain the pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of hypertension.
- Define and classify hypertension according to JNC guidelines. Explain the etiology, pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of essential hypertension.
- Discuss management of hypertension with treatment algorithm • Enumerate the risk factors and complications of Hypertension.
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Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Define hypertension and write its types and aetiology
- Explain Therapeutic management of hypertension with special reference to drug of choice.
- Write the management of Hypertensive crisis
- Explain clinical manifestations and complications of hypertension.
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Short Answers – 2 Marks
- Write JNC 7 Classification of Hypertension.
- Define Malignant Hypertension
- Define Hypertensive Urgency and Hypertensive Emergency
- Mention ADRs of diuretics.
- Explain DASH therapy.
- Why diuretics are least preferred in Indian population for the management of Hypertension.
- Define Pseudo hypertension and emergency hypertension.
- Enlist ADRs of ACE Inhibitors.
- Mention the role of diuretics in hypertension therapy.
- Define accelerated hypertension.
- Define Hypertensive crisis and classify it.
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- Define preeclampsia.
- Define essential hypertension.
- Define Cor-pulmonale
1B: Congestive cardiac failure 4 hours
Long Essays - 10 Marks
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- What is atherosclerosis? Explain the management of atherosclerosis.
- Define Congestive heart failure and its management.
- Explain the pharmacotherapy of congestive cardiac failure.
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Define CCF. Write its aetiology, signs & symptom s of CCF.
- Explain the role of ionotropic agents in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
- Explain the role of diuretics and sympathomimetics in congestive cardiac failure.
- Mention the investigations performed to confirm the diagnosis of heart failure.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Explain the role of digoxin in congestive cardiac failure.
- List the risk factors for congestive cardiac failure.
- Define CCF.
- Comment for diuretic and digoxin combination in management of congestive cardiac failure.
- ABCDE standard treatment for coronary heart disease.
- Mention NYHA classification of functional status of the patient with heart failure.
- List the clinical manifestations of heart failure.
- Enlist vasodilators used in heart failure.
- Enumerate ADR's of Digoxin.
- Differentiate between right heart failure and left heart failure.
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1C: Angina Pectoris 4 hours
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Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Define angina pectoris. Describe its aetiology and pathogenesis.
- Explain signs and symptoms and pharmacotherapy of angina.
- Explain therapeutic management of Angina Pectoris.
- Explain the role of nitrates in coronary heart disease.
- Explain different types of angina pectoris and its management.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Define angina pectoris, outline different types of angina
- Mention the role of Nitro-glycerine in angina
- Mention the role of calcium channel blockers in angina
- Mention diagnostic tests for angina pectoris.
- Write the differential diagnosis between angina and myocardial infraction.
- Define nitrate tolerance. How it can be prevented.
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- Write the mechanism of action of nitrates and its adverse effects.
- Define variant angina.
- Mention adverse effects of nitrates.
- Differentiate between ISMN & ISDN.
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1D: Myocardial Infarction 3 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks
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- Explain the treatment algorithm for the treatment of acute MI
- Describe the aetiology, clinical features and investigations of ischemic heart disease.
- Explain therapeutic management of MI.
- Define myocardial infarction. Explain the etiopathogenesis, risk factors, treatment
- Write the treatment algorithm for NSTEMI.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Write the treatment goals of IHD.
- Mention role of morphine in the management of myocardial infarction.
- Enlist Diagnosis tests used for myocardial infarction.
- Define myocardial infarction. Mention its risk factors.
- Write the importance of lactate dehydrogenase and troponins.
- Mention any four Fibrinolytic agents.
- Mention the indication and treatment regimen for Streptokinase.
- Mention the significance of ECG in myocardial infarction.
- Differentiate between STEM! and NSTEMI.
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1E: Hyperlipidemia 4 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Explain Pharmacotherapy of hyperlipidaemias.
- Explain etiopathogenesis of Hyperlipidaemias.
- Write the pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of dyslipidaem la
- Discuss the role of HMG CO-A reductase inhibitors and fibrates in the management of hyperlipidaemia
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- List the types of primary hyperlipidaemia
- Write the dosage regimen of any two statins with their adverse effects
- Write the complications of Hyperlipidaemias
- Enlist different etiological conditions of Hyperlipidaemias
- Suggest in brief the life style modification of hyperlipidaemia
- Explain the role of statins in hyperlipidaemia
- Define diabetic dyslipidaemia
- Mention any four ADRs of statins.
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IF: Electrophysiology of heart 3 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Explain different phases of ECG.
- Explain the electrophysiology of heart.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Mention the drugs which causes Q-T prolongation
- Draw a neat labelled diagram of normal ECG. Enlist various intervals and what they represent.
- Illustrate the electrophysiology of the heart
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1G: Arrhythmias 3 hours
Long Essays - 10 Marks
- Explain pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmia
- Explain the etiopathogenesis, pharmacotherapy for cardiac arrhythmia with treatment algorithm
- Explain the pharmacology of arrhythmia
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Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Write in detail about aetiology, signs & symptoms of Arrhythmia.
- Explain the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias
- Explain different types of arrhythmia.
- Explain the role of class-I anti-arrhythmic agents.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Enlist different types of Arrhythmias
- Mention the clinical features of arrhythmia
- Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Amiodarone.
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Topic 2: Respiratory System
| Lecture hour | Topic to be covered |
|---|---|
| 2 | Introduction to Pulmonary function test |
| 4 | Asthma |
| 4 | Chronic obstructive airways disease |
| 3 | Drug induced pulmonary diseases |
2A: Introduction to Pulmonary Function Test 2 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Discuss in detail the significance of pulmonary function test in respiratory disorders
- Differentiate lung volume tests and lung capacities with a neat illustration
- Explain different Pulmonary function tests.
- Discuss in detail importance of pulmonary function test in COPD and asthma.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- What is the significance of Pulmonary Function test
- Enlist different types of Pulmonary Function Test
- Define lung volume and lung capacity
- Mention the significance of Spirometry
- Define tidal volume and vital capacity.
- Define PEFR and FEV 1
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2B: Asthma 4 hours
Long Essays - 10 Marks
- Discuss in detail treatment of asthma
- Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis signs and symptoms, diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of asthma.
- Discuss the management of asthma with treatment algorithm.
- Discuss in detail management of Acute Severe Asthma and write its algorithm.
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Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Discuss in detail Etiopathogenesis of Asthma
- Explain the role of inhaled beta agonists in the management of asthma.
- Discuss in detail management of exercise induced Asthma
- Discuss in detail step on therapy for Asthma
- Write the Steps involved in using Metered Dose Inhalers.
- Write the Pharmacological and non- pharmacological therapy for asthma.
- Discuss the role of sympathomimetics and methyl xanthine in management of asthma
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Define and Classify Asthma
- Differentiate Extrinsic and Intrinsic asthma
- Enlist triggering factors for Asthma
- Enlist etiologic factors for Asthma
- What are the sign and symptoms for Asthma
- Write the difference between Asthma & COPD
- Write the dosing of intravenous aminophylline in acute severe asthma.
- Mention the Diet for asthma.
- Define pulmonary embolism?
- Differentiate between bronchitis and emphysema.
- Define Cor-pulmonale
- Mention the clinical presentations of Asthma.
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2C: COPD 4 hours
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Long Essays - 10 Marks
- Discuss in detail treatment of COPD
- Explain pharmacotherapy of COPD
- Discuss in detail Pharmacology of COPD
Short Essays - 5 Marks
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- Discuss in detail about etiopathogenesis of COPD
- Discuss the GOLD guidelines for the management of COPD
- Explain in detail non-pharmacological treatment of COPD
- Explain treatment algorithm of COPD in detail
- Describe the role of antibiotics and corticosteroids in COPD
- Explain the common therapeutic problems associated with stages of COPD
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Define COPD. List down its symptoms
- Discuss the difference between Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema based on clinical manifestations
- What is pack years? Give equation to calculate the same.
- List out the Clinical manifestations for Chronic Bronchitis
- What is Blue bloaters and Pink puffers.
- Write a short note on smoking cessation in COPD
- Mention the role of corticosteroids in COPD.
- List the Treatment goals of COPD
- Define Long Term Oxygen Therapy (LTOT)
- Mention Guidelines for prescribing LTOT
- Describe the mMRC scale
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2D: Drug Induced Pulmonary disorders
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Write a short note on Drugs induced Pulmonary disorders
- Enumerate drug induced pulmonary diseases. Explain pharmacotherapy of any one of them.
- List out the various drug induced pulmonary disorders. Explain any two mechanisms
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Give examples of drugs that causes Bronchospasm
- Enlist the drugs causes Fibrosis
- Name any four drugs that cause pulmonary disorders.
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Topic 3: Endocrine System
| Lecture hour | Topic to be covered |
|---|---|
| 6 | Diabetes |
| 4 | Thyroid diseases |
| 2 | Oral contraceptives |
| 2 | Hormone replacement therapy |
| 3 | Osteoporosis |
3A: Diabetes 6 hours
Long Essays - 10 Marks
- Discuss in detail general management of Type II Diabetes mellitus
- Discuss in detail about Diabetes mellitus complications and its management.
- Explain pathogenesis, diagnostic tests and pharmacotherapy of Diabetes mellitus.
- Explain the pharmacotherapy of IDDM/type I diabetes mellitus.
- Explain the pathophysiology, symptoms, treatment goals and treatment of diabetes mellitus with oral drugs.
- Define and classify diabetes mellitus .Discuss in detail about insulins in diabetic management.
- Enumerate the various types of insulins and explain, the insulin regimens in the management of type I diabetes mellitus.
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Short Essays - 5 Marks:
- Discuss in detail management of Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Discuss in detail Pharmacology of type II diabetes mellitus.
- Write a short note on Insulins
- Differentiate Insulin Preparation based on Onset of action, duration of action and peak.
- Differentiate Type I and Type II Diabetes mellitus
- Discuss the complications involved in diabetes mellitus.
- Explain the pharmacotherapy of type II DM emphasizing the ADR of each group of agents.
- Discuss the role of thiazolidinediones in the management of type II diabetes mellitus.
- Explain the counselling points to diabetic patients with respect to diet and life style.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks:
- Define Diabetes mellitus
- Discuss the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes mellitus
- What are the sign and symptoms for Diabetes mellitus
- What is diabetic nephropathy
- Define HbA 1C.
- What is nocturnal hypoglycaemia?
- Define Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
- Define Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
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- Define diabetic foot.
- Mention appropriate diet for hyperglycemic patients.
- Why would nocturnal hypoglycaemia cause elevated blood glucose level in morning.
- What are the types and their clinical features of diabetes mellitus?
- Explain Patient counselling for patients taking insulin.
- Explain Glucose tolerance test.
- What is lipohypertropy.
- What is gestational diabetes.
- Enlist the various microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus.
- What is diabetic neuropathy.
- What is diabetic nephropathv.
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3B: Thyroid disease 4 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks
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- Discuss in detail about Grave's disease.
- Explain in detail about Anti-hyperthyroid drugs.
- Discuss in detail management of Myxodema coma
- Explain in detail about etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of hyperthyroidism
- Explain in detail about etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of hypothyroidism.
- Write a note on Goitre.
- Explain treatment modalities of hypothyroidism.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- What is Thyroid storm.
- What are the clinical features and diagnosis for Hyperthyroidism.
- Discuss in detail about Hoshimoto disease.
- What are the clinical features and diagnosis for Hypothyroid
- Write a short note on Thyroxin.
- Define thyrotoxicosis.
- Explain thyroxin administration in pregnancy.
- Discuss the difference in Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism.
- Enumerate 4 drug effects on thyroid function.
- Define Grave's disease.
- Mention Counselling points for patient on anti-thyroid drugs.
- Enlist some adverse effects and contraindication of radioactive iodine
- How does amiodarone causes Thyrotoxicosis.
- Explain in brief about Thyroid ablative therapy.
- What is hyperparathyroidism its causes and symptoms?
- Mention the management of Iodine deficiency in pregnancy.
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3C: Oral Contraceptives 2 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Write a note on Oral contraceptives.
- Enlist the merits and demerits of various contraceptives.
- Explain the Principles of oral contraception.
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Short Answers -2 Marks
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of Oral contraceptives
- Enlist the major adverse effects of Oral contraceptives
- Enlist the various complications associated with the use of oral contraceptives.
- Administration of estrogens.
- Define mini pills,
- Enlist patient instructions for using oral contraceptives.
- Mention commonly prescribed oral contraceptives
- Enlist the various types of oral contraceptives.
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3D: Hormone Replacement Therapy 2 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- What are the risks and benefit of Hormone therapy
- Write a short note on Hormonal regimens
- Explain hormone replacement therapy in detail.
- Discuss the treatment objectives with the use of HRT in post -menopausal women.
- Explain the need and importance of HRT.
- Explain the general principles of hormonal replacement therapy.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Mention the Risks of HRT.
- Mention the need of HRT.
- List the symptoms of menopause.
- Define HRT and its significance.
- Mention the importance of administration of estrogen.
- Explain oestrogen and progesterone regimens for use in HRT.
- Mention the signs and symptoms of stopping HRT.
- Define SERMS.
- Mention the non-pharmacological treatment for menopausal symptoms.
- What are the clinical features of Menopause
- What are the diagnosis parameters of Menopause
- Write a short note on administration of Estrogens
- Give example of five common combination Post-menopausal Hormone therapy regimens
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3E: Osteoporosis 3 hours
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Long Essays - 10 Marks
- Discuss in detail management of Osteoporosis
- Describe the clinical features, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of osteoporosis.
Short Essays - 5 Marks
- Discuss in detail etiopathogenesis of Osteoporosis
- Write clinical manifestations, and treatment options of osteoporosis.
- Explain in detail about treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women along with its treatment algorithm.
- Explain in detail about antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Define Osteoporosis
- Define Osteoclast and Osteoblast
- What are the clinical features of Osteoporosis
- What are the treatment goals for Osteoporosis
- Explain the role of Calcium in Osteoporosis
- Enlist the drugs used for treating osteoporosis with their dose and adverse effects
- Write the risk factors for osteoporosis
- Enlist any four drugs which will cause osteoporosis.
- Write the diagnostic tests for conforming osteoporosis.
- Enlist the non-pharmacological therapy for osteoporosis.
- Write the Importance of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis.
- Enlist the ADRs of bisphosphonate therapy.
- Define Glucocorticoids induced Osteoporosis.
- Define RANK ligand.
- Define T-score.
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Topic 4: General Prescribing Guidelines
| Lecture hour | Topic to be covered |
|---|---|
| 2 | General Prescribing Guidelines of Pediatric |
| 2 | General Prescribing Guidelines for Geriatric |
| 3 | General Prescribing Guidelines for Breast feeding and Pregnancy |
4A: Pediatric Guidelines 2 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks:
- Write the guidelines for prescribing of drugs to paediatrics.
- Discus the various formulas used in paediatric dosage calculation.
- Discuss the various factors in selecting a drug dosage regimens in paediatric population.
- Write a short note on prescribing guidelines for Paediatric patients
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Short Answers - 2 Marks:
- Classify paediatric age groups.
- Write Young's formula.
- Write Dilling's formula.
- Write Fried's formula.
- Mention contraindicated drugs for paediatrics.
- Give reason why chloramphenicol is contraindicated in paediatrics
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4B: Geriatric Guidelines 2 hours
Short Essays 5 Marks
- Write the guidelines for prescribing of drugs to geriatrics
- Discuss the various factors to be considered while prescribing the drugs in geriatrics.
- Explain the pharmacokinetic alterations in geriatric populations as by the age.
- Explain the principles and goals of drug therapy in geriatrics.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Why geriatric populations are more susceptible for APR?
- Enlist the drugs causing confusion in geriatrics.
- Enlist some adverse effects of NSAIDs commonly seen among geriatrics,
- Why dosage adjustment is required in renal impairment geriatric patients.
- Mention the reasons for caution for drug use in elderly.
- Name some common diseases associated with geriatrics.
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4C: Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Short Essays 5 Marks
- Enumerate the prescribing guidelines for pregnancy and lactation.
- Explain the categorisation of drugs in pregnancy with suitable examples.
- Explain in detail about drug dosing in pregnancy.
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Short Answers - 2 Marks
- Mention four drugs which are contraindicated in pregnancy and breast feeding and mention the reasons.
- Define the pregnancy category of drugs.
- Enlist four teratogenic drugs.
- Mention categorisation of drugs for pregnant and lactating mothers.
- Name any three safer antibiotics used during lactation.
- What is the effect of alcohol and cigarette smoking on pregnancy.
- What are the risks associated with valproate treatment in pregnancy?
- What are the safest antidepressants in the first trimester of pregnancy?
- What effect is smoking likely to have on breast feeding?
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Topic 5: Ophthalmology
| Lecture hour | Topic to be covered |
|---|---|
| 4 | Glaucoma |
| 3 | Conjunctivitis Viral and Bacterial |
5A: Glaucoma 4 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks:
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- Explain the pharmacotherapy of glaucoma
- Draw a neat algorithm for pharmacotherapy of open glaucoma.
- List out distinguish features of open angle and closed angle glaucoma.
- Explain in detail about etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management of chronic open angle glaucoma.
Short Answers - 2 Marks:
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- Mention the drugs used to treat glaucoma.
- What is open angle glaucoma.
- Define and classify glaucoma.
- Define glaucoma.
- Mention the drugs used in the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma.
- Enlist the ocular and systemic side effects of any 4 drug agents used in glaucoma.
- Mention the counselling for patients taking eye drops.
- Enlist the drugs contraindicated in narrow angle glaucoma.
- Explain suitable alternative agent along with its strength for beta blockers in glaucoma.
- Define I.O.P with its normal value.
- Define trabecular meshwork and optic nerve fiber
- Differentiate between open angle and angle-closure glaucoma.
- Discuss the non-pharmacological treatment of glaucoma.
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5B: Conjunctivitis - Viral and Bacterial 3 hours
Short Essays - 5 Marks:
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- Explain the treatment of viral conjunctivitis.
- Explain the pharmacotherapy of bacterial conjunctivitis.
- Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis.
Short Answers - 2 Marks:
- Mention the signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis.
- Differentiate between bacterial and viral conjunctivitis.
- Enlist the two drugs for treating bacterial conjunctivitis with their adverse effects.
- Explain the treatment of viral conjunctivitis.
- Mention the diagnostic tests for conjunctivitis.
- Mention the non-pharmacological treatment of conjunctivitis.
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This download link is referred from the post: RGUHS Pharma-D Important Questions (Question Bank) || (Rajiv Gandhi University of Health)
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