PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – PHARM D-II YEAR
QUESTION BANK
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QP CODE- 2856
Unit-1.Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
- What are cellular adaptations? Give examples.
- Explain the various types of cell injury with examples? Discuss the Etiology of cell injury.
- Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
- Describe the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
- Explain etiology, Pathogenesis and morphology of reversible cell injury.
- Explain the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of irreversible cell injury.
- Explain etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury.
- Enlist the etiological agents causing cell injury. Describe the pathogenesis of reversible cell injury induced by hypoxia/ ischaemia.
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SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
- What is Cell Injury? Discuss the various factors influencing Cell Injury?
- What are the various biochemical intracellular accumulations found in Cell Injury?
- What is Hyperplasia? What is Physiological Hyperplasia and Pathological Hyperplasia?
- What is Necrosis? Write about the Pathogenesis of Necrosis?
- Write principles involved in pathogenesis of cell injury by various agents.
- With the help of a diagram differentiate ultra-structural changes between reversible and irreversible cell injury due to hypoxia/ischemia.
- Write the mechanism of free radicals induced cell injury.
- Briefly discuss types of necrosis.
- Describe the morphology of reversible cell injury[Degeneration]
- Briefly discuss the morphology of irreversible cell injury
- Pathogenesis of reversible cell injury.
- Describe biochemical changes during cell injury.
- Explain the process of apoptosis.
- Discuss the role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of fatty liver.
- Discuss the abnormalities in lipoproteinaemia resulting in fatty liver.
- Explain in detail glycogen storage diseases with examples
- What is lipoproteinemia? Classify abnormalities in lipoproteinemia and explain with examples
- Define and classify Gangrene and write the difference between wet and dry gangrene.
- Explain pathologic calcification and necrosis.
- Define hyperlipidemia and discuss the types of hyperlipidemic diseases.
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SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
- Define atrophy with example?
- Define Amyloidosis?
- What is Ischemia? What is glycogenoses.
- What is MC Ardle's syndrome?
- What is Gierke's disease?
- What is Pompe's disease?
- What is Hypoxia?
- Differentiate between Necrosis and Apoptosis.
- Differentiate between Degeneration and Necrosis.
- What is hypertrophy? Give one example each for physiological and pathological hypertrophy.
- What is metaplasia? Give example.
- Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
- Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
- What is Apoptosis?
- Differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasia.
- What is anaplasia?
- Anaplasia and dysplasia.
- Difference between necrosis and degeneration.
- What is Hypertrophy? Give an example each for Physiological and Pathological Hypertrophy?
- What is Hydropic swelling?
- Mention the types of necrosis.
- What is autolysis?
- Define Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis and Karyolysis.
- Define hyperlipidemia and mention the types of hyperlipidemic diseases.
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Unit-2.Inflammation
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
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- What are the various cellular events in acute Inflammation?
- What are the various chemical mediators of Inflammation?
- Write in detail the vascular events involved in the process of Inflammation.
- List out the Chemical mediators and their role in the process of inflammation.
- Explain the process of wound healing.
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SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
- Explain the process of healing by Primary Intention?
- What is healing by Secondary Intention?
- What is healing by Granulation tissue formation?
- Discuss the factors affecting wound healing.
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- Describe the physiological and pathological significance of prostaglandins.
- Briefly discuss plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation.
- Explain the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
- Explain the role of autacoids in inflammation.
- Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation.
- Differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis.
- Explain Granulomatous inflammation.
- Explain the process of phagocytosis
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SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
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- List out complications of wound healing
- Role of Histamine in acute inflammation
- What are cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Write the differences between transudate and exudate.
- List of prostaglandins in inflammation.
- List the factors affecting wound healing.
- Healing of wounds.
- What is regeneration and repair?
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Unit-3.Diseases of Immunity
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
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- What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
- Define autoimmunity and Classify autoimmune disease and describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
- What is allograft? What are the various mechanisms involved in the rejection of allograft?
- Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
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- Write a note on MHC antigens
- Briefly discuss components of immune systems.
- Briefly explain the mechanism of immune tolerance.
- Write a note Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
- Write a note Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
- Write a note Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
- Discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection.
- Differentiate between cell mediated and humoral immunity
- Describe the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
- Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
- Describe the mechanism of autoimmunity.
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SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
- Define autoimmunity with examples.
- Draw and label AIDS virus.
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- What is the biological significance of hypersensitivity?
- Bring out the differences between B & T lymphocytes.
- What is Autograft?
- What is Isograft?
- What is Allograft?
- What is Xenograft?
- What is Myasthenia gravis?
- What is SLE?
- What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
- What is Sjogren's syndrome
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Unit-4.Cancer
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
- Write the mechanism of invasion of tumour.
- Define metastasis; briefly discuss the routes of metastasis.
- Discuss the pathogenesis of cancer.
- What is carcinogenesis. Explain the various types of carcinogenesis.
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SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
- Characteristics of Tumor cells
- Explain promotion of carcinogenesis.
- Explain sequential stages in chemical carcinogenesis.
- Discuss the pattern of spread of cancer.
- Write the difference between benign and malignant tumour.
- Briefly discuss the mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
- Classify malignant tumours
- Briefly outline the molecular mechanism of cancer.
- Explain histological diagnosis of tumors.
- Write a note on staging and grading of cancer.
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SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
- What is Neoplasia
- How doesRadiation causes carcinogenesis
- Write four contrasting features of benign and malignant tumour.
- Define Carcinogenicity.
- What is Tumor? Classify
- Give two examples each for direct and indirect acting carcinogens.
- Mention any two human cancers and its associated viral infection in etiology.
- How do you grade cancer.
- What are the different stages of cancer?
- Give examples for radiation induced malignancies.
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- What is Ames test?
- What is cancer cachexia?
- Mention any two tumour markers and respective cancer.
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Unit-5. Shock
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
- Discuss the various stages of Shock?
- Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of shock.
- Discuss the mechanism involved in stages of shock.
- Explain the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
- Explain the mechanism of Hypovolemic shock and its management.
- Explain the end organ changes involved in shock.
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SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
- Define shock, Mention the types of shock.
- Enlist the clinical features of decomopensated shock.
- What is early or compensated shock?
- What is progressive or decompensated shock?
- What is Irreversible shock?
- Write the mechanism of septic shock
- Write the mechanism of cardiogenic shock.
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Unit-6.Biological effects of radiation
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
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- What are various effects of Radiation?
- How does UV radiations affect the biological system? Explain
- Explain the biological effects of radiation
SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
- Enlist types of Ionizing and Nonionizing radiations?
- Mention the toxic effects of radiations.
- What is Radiation sickness
- Write the Therapeutic applications of Radiations.
- Write the biological effects of radiation.
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Unit-7.Environment and Nutritional diseases
SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
- Explain the pathology of obesity.
- Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders ofwater soluble vitamins.
- Explain the causes and metabolic changes of starvation.
- Explain the etiology and metabolic changes of obesity.
- Explain the pathogenesis of protein calorie malnutrition.
- Write the sources, functions and deficiency disorders offat soluble vitamins.
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SHORT ANSWER: 2 MARKS
- Name two fat soluble vitamins and their function.
- Enlist Water soluble vitamins.
- Enlist Vitamin-D deficiency disorders.
- Differentiate between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
- Write the Complication of obesity.
- What is Scurvy?
- Enlist Air pollutants and its effects.
- Write the symptoms of Carbon monoxide poisoning.
- Write the effects of cigarette smoking.
- Explain Toxic effects produced by SO2?
- Explain the Toxic effects produced by NO?
- What is megaloblastic anemia
- Write the causes, signs and symptoms of Rickets.
- What are the effects of protein calorie malnutrition
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Unit-8.Pathophysiology (etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms) of common diseases/disorders
LONG ESSAYS: 10 MARKS
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- Define hypertension. Discuss the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
- Define angina pectoris. Briefly discuss types and pathogenesis of angina.
- Write a note on myocardial infraction and its clinical diagnosis.
- What is Atherosclerosis? Explain the pathogenesis involved in Atherosclerosis
- Explain the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease.
- What are metabolic disorders? Explain pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
- Write in detail pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
- Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of Asthma
- Explain the pathogenesis of Stroke.
- Explain the various types of Angina and its implications on ECG.
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SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
- Explain depression and mania.
- Write a note on pneumonia.
- Write the pathogenesis of Angina pectoris.
- Write the cause and pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
- Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of Asthma.
- Write a note on risk factors of atherosclerosis.
- Define infarction. Briefly write the morphology and clinical significance of infarction.
- Write about the development of irritating bowel syndrome.
- Explain the development of alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis.
- Explain Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.
- Explain Pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
- Describe the Pathophysiology of hypertension.
- Describe the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
- Explain the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of CCF.
- Describe the pathophysiology of chronic renal failure.
- Explain the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure.
- Explain the pathological role of renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
- Describe the pathogenesis of type 2-diabetes mellitus.
- With the clinical symptoms, explain the pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
- Explain the pathogenesis of Asthma
- Explain peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease.
- What are the pathological changes in asthma?
- Explain Pathogenesis of acute renal failure.
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SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
- Symptoms of schizophrenia.
- What is peptic ulcer?
- Write the difference between depression and mania.
- Define Angina. Mention the types.
- Complications of Diabetes mellitus.
- Define atherosclerosis give two major acquired risk factors.
- Define IBD give two examples.
- Symptoms of Parkinsonism.
- What is CCF?
- Name the cause for acute renal failure.
- What are different stages of alcoholic liver disease?
- What is COPD?
- Write the signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism.
- Write the signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism,
- What is Goiter? Mention the clinical symptoms,
- What is Thyroiditis?
- Write about lung functions tests for diagnosis of Asthma.
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Unit-9.Pathophysiology (causative organisms, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms) of infectious diseases
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SHORT ESSAYS: 5 MARKS
- Describe the pathology of sexually transmitted diseases.
- With the clinical symptoms explain the pathogenesis of syphilis.
- Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Malaria.
- Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis.
- Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Leprosy.
- Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms of Pneumonia.
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SHORT ANSWERS: 2 MARKS
- Name the causative organism for Amoebic and bacterial dysentery.
- Name the causative organism for Urinary tract infection.
- Enlist the types of pneumonia.
- Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for Typhoid.
- Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms for Gonorrhea.
- Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of Leprosy.
- Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of Pneumonia.
- Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of Malaria.
- List any two STD and its causative organisms.
- Write the causative agent, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of Urinary tract infection.
- Write the diagnostic tests for Typhoid, Malaria.
- Write the laboratory diagnosis of Leprosy and Syphilis.
- How do you distinguish between bacterial and amoebic dysentry.
- Write the diagnostic tests for HIV infection.
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