Download MGR MBBS 1st Year Physiology Syllabus

PHYSIOLOGY
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The goal of learning Physiology is to enable an undergraduate student to have a comprehensive knowledge of the normal functions of the organ systems which
facilitates an understanding of the physiological basis of health and disease.

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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
COMPETENCIES:
At the end of the I MBBS Physiology course, the student must:
- Have an understanding of the functioning of the different organ systems of the human body and their interactions towards maintenance of
homeostasis or a constant internal environment.

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- Be able to apply the knowledge of physiological processes to comprehend mechanisms of disease and basis of treatment.
- Be able to perform some basic laboratory tests and interpret their results
- Be able to perform clinical examination to assess various organ systems.
ii) OBJECTIVES
a) KNOWLEDGE

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At the end of the course the student should be able to:
(1) Explain the normal functioning of all the organ systems and their interactions for maintenance of a constant internal environment.
(2 ) Describe physiological responses and adaptations to changes in internal and external environment.
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(3) Describe the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis and treatment of disease.

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(4) List normal values and acceptable ranges for relevant physiological parameters
(5) Interpret results of the following laboratory tests:
(i) serum electrolytes, pH, osmolarity and blood gases
(ii) pulmonary function tests
(iii) renal function tests

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(iv) cardiac function tests
(6) Diagnose conditions from symptoms and signs and investigative data provided in case scenarios dealing with common disorders of:
hematological, musculoskeletal, alimentary, endocrine, reproductive, renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological systems.
b) SKILLS
At the end of the course the student should have developed skills in/to:

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(1) Basic hematological techniques:
(i) use and maintenance of a compound microscope
(ii) collection of blood by the finger prick method using aseptic techniques
(iii) performance of ESR, total WBC count, Differential count, hemoglobin estimation, PCV, Bleeding and clotting time, blood grouping.
(iv) Calculation of hematological indices

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(2) Distinguish between normal and abnormal data derived from the tests mentioned above.
(3) Perform the following tests and clinical examinations in a normal subject with an understanding of the physiological basis of the examination and
the clinical need to do so. The student should be able to:
(i) Measure blood pressure, record ECG and perform clinical examination of the cardiovascular system.
(ii) perform tests of ventilatory function using spirometer and peak flow meter and perform clinical examination of the respiratory system

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(iii) do experiments towards understanding the effect of posture and various grades of exercise on cardiorespiratory function.
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(iv) perform clinical examination of the abdomen
(v) perform clinical examination of the nervous system including special senses
c) ATTITUDE:

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The student must
(i) develop a scientific approach in the practice of clinical medicine
(ii) correlate disease manifestation with derangements of physiological mechanisms and understand rationale of treatment
INTEGRATION
The teaching-learning program should be integrated horizontally and vertically, as much as possible, to enable students to understand the physiological

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processes in health, derangements in disease and rationale of treatment.
Number of hours:
Lectures + Tutorials: 280
Practicals + OSPE: 160
ECE:

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40
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480
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4

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TOTAL HOURS ALLOCATED FOR PHYSIOLOGY AS PER MCI NORMS

S.No
TOPICS

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LECTURE AND
PRACTICAL AND
ECE
TUTORIALS
OSPE

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1
General physiology and
20 Hours
5 Hours
3 Hours

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body fluids
2
Blood
30 Hours
40 Hours

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6 Hours
3
Muscle
15 Hours
5 Hours

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3 Hours
4
Gastrointestinal System
15 Hours
12 Hours

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3 Hours
5
Endocrine System
30 Hours
15 Hours

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3 Hours
6
Reproductive System
20 Hours
5 Hours

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2 Hours
7
Excretory System
25 Hours
10 Hours

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2 Hours
8
Respiratory System
25 Hours
20 Hours

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4 Hours
9
Cardiovascular System
35 Hours
20 Hours

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5 Hours
10 Central Nervous System
45 Hours
22 Hours
6 Hours

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11 Special senses
20 Hours
6 Hours
3 Hours
TOTAL HOURS

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280 Hours
160 Hours
40 Hours
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The teaching learning methods employed will include

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Theory
? Lectures
? Tutorials
? Small group discussion
? Case based learning

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? Problem based learning
? Integrated teaching module
? Early Clinical Exposure
Practical
? Demonstration of Hematology Experiments

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? System wise Clinical Examination
? OSPE
? OSCE
? Case Discussion
? Charts and calculation

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THEORY AND PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BODY FLUIDS (Lectures + Tutorials 20 hours; Practicals + OSPE 5 hours; ECE: 3 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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TEACH
NO
TOPIC
ING
CLINICAL

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HOURS
INTEGRATION
MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW

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1
Cell
? Will be discussed in Biochemistry and
Organelles
Anatomy

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2
? Describe the concept of maintenance
? State and describe
Homeostasis
of internal environment

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examples of negative
and
? Recognize that negative feedback is
feedback
1 Hour

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Feedback
System
the most common type of
? State and describe
physiological control

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instances of positive
feedback in human
physiology
3
Body Fluids

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? List the different body fluid
? Difference between
Changes in electrolyte
with clinical
compartments, - state the volume,

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tonicity and osmolarity
concentration in
departments to
osmolarity and electrolyte
? Edema and its causes

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Vomiting, Diarrhoea,
2 hours
enable a student to
composition of each of the following
? The dilution principle for severe dehydration and

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understand the
compartments
measurement of body
burns
principles of

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? Total body water, extracellular,
fluid compartments
Cause for oedema in
intravenous fluid
intracellular, plasma, intravascular

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? Methods of measurement Kwashiorkor, Liver
therapy
? Describe the term transcellular fluid
of body fluid
failure,

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learn the
? Measurement of volumes of
compartments
glomerulonephritis and
presentations and

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compartments
filariasis
management of
? Describe the Starling's forces that
electrolyte disorders

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govern fluid exchange across the
(the causes of fluid
membranes separating the various
and electrolyte
compartments

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disorders may be
? Define Donnan effect and
discussed later in
equilibrium
the course)

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? Use the Concept of electro neutrality
see patients
in the fluid compartments to calculate
presenting with
`Anion gap'

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different types of
? Define anion gap as the term referring
edema
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to unmeasured anions in plasma.

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4
Cell
? Describe with diagram the fluid
Membrane
mosaic model

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1 Hour
? State the composition of cell
membrane in terms of lipids and
proteins and describe how these
are organised

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5
Membrane
?
Classify transport mechanisms as
Describe the differences

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State the mechanism
Teaching may be
Transport
Passive and active with examples and
between channel and

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of action of botulinum
integrated with
differentiate between them.
carrier-mediated transport
toxin and the basis of

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Pharmacology and
? List and describe the following
processes
botox injections
3 Hours

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clinical departments
passive transport processes with
State Fick's law of diffusion
to
examples:

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? Describe the following
(i) ) enable a
o Simple diffusion of respiratory
active transport
student to have a

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gases through lipid film
processes:
perspective about
o Diffusion of ions through ion
o Primary active

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Channelopathies
blockers of the
channels
transport:
transporters

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Sodium, potassium, calcium
calcium pumps -
(channels and
and chloride channels
plasma

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carrier proteins)
Non-gated channels, voltage-
membrane
used as therapeutic
gated, ligand-gated channels

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calcium pumps
drugs.
and mechano-gated channels
(PMCA) and
Examples: Digoxin,

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o Facilitated diffusion - Glucose
Sarco/endoplasmi
Furosemide,
transporters (GluTs)
c reticulum

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thiazide diuretics,
o Osmosis
calcium pumps
amiloride,
? Describe the following active

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(SERCA)
omeprazole
transport processes:
Proton pumps - V-
(ii) ) understand

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o Primary active transport:
type H ATPase,
disorders arising
sodium-potassium pump,
H/K ATPase

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due to mutations of
o Secondary active transport:
o Secondary active
some channels:
sodium-glucose co-transport

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transport: sodium-
E.g.: Liddle's
(SGLT) and sodium-aminoacid
hydrogen
syndrome

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co-transport
exchangers, sodium-
Brugada syndrome
? Describe the following transport
calcium exchangers,

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Congenital Long
processes by formation of membrane
Na/2Cl/K symport
QT syndrome
vesicles

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o Endocytosis
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? Exocytosis
6

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Membrane
? Describe the mechanisms
? Patch Clamp Technique
? Describe the term
With Pharmacology

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Potential
involved in genesis of resting
? Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
`Depolarizationblock
and Anaesthesia to

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membrane potential (RMP) in a
' in terms of
2 Hours understand
prototype cell
inactivation of

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(i) The use of drugs
? Recognise the RMP in a nerve or
voltage ?gated
causing
cardiac cell

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sodium channels
depolarization
? Nernst or equilibrium potential
during sustained
blockade

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`Equilibrium potential'
partial depolarization
(ii))Long QT
? Action potentials in neuron,
and therefore the

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syndrome as an
skeletal muscle cell, Sino atrial
inability of the tisse
adverse effect of a
node and cardiac ventricular cell

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to develop new
number of drugs
action potential
causing blockade of
a K channel called

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HERG channel
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Blood (Lectures + Tutorials 30 hours; Practical + OSPE 40 hours; ECE: 6 hours)
NO
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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TOPIC
TEACH
CLINICAL
ING
INTEGRATION

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MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
HOURS
1

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Introduction
? Describe the normal composition of
? State the difference
blood
between plasma and

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1 Hour
? Describe the composition of plasma
serum..
? State the difference between plasma
and serum.

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2
Plasma
? State the site of production, normal
? Causes for decrease in
? Acute Phase

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? With clinical
Proteins
range and describe the functions of
serum Albumin levels
Proteins

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departments to
(Integration
Albumin
with specific examples
(Special

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2 Hours
enable a student
with
? Discuss causes for decrease in serum
of disease conditions

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consideration of
to examine
Biochemistry)
Albumin levels with specific
? Discuss the significance

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Fibrinogen as an
patients with
examples of disease conditions
of albumin/globulin ratio
acute phase protein)

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edema, identify
? Explain what is plasma oncotic
? Explain the cause for
? Describe the
and discuss the

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pressure
oedema in Kwashiorkor,
significance of
mechanism of
? Discuss the production, various types

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Liver failure,
C- Reactive protein
edema in various
and role of Globulins (alpha, beta and
glomerulonephritis and

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disease
gamma globulins)
filariasis
conditions
3

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Erythrocyte
? Define and state normal values for
? Estimate ESR by
? See evidences
Sedimentation

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ESR in men and women
Wintrobe/Westergren's
Practical
for ESR serving
Rate (ESR):

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? Describe the factors influencing ESR
method of a provided
3 Hours
as an index of
(fibrinogen particularly)

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sample of blood and
acute phase
? Discuss the significance of ESR in
interpret the result
reaction

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disease states
4
RBC
? Describe the physical characteristics
? Explain morphological

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of red blood cells
characteristics of
? List causes and give explanation for
individual stages of
physiological variations of the normal

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2 Hours
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RBC count
Erythropoiesis
? Explain the functions of RBCs

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? Define Packed Cell
? List the changes in sites of
Volume
Practical
erythropoiesis with age

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(PCV)/Hematocrit and
3 Hours
? Illustrate the major changes that take
state normal range for
place during the stages of

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men and women
erythropoiesis.
? State the physiological
? Describe the factors regulating/
variations in PCV

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affecting erythropoiesis,
? Discuss the normal life span and
destruction of RBCs
5
Hemoglobin

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? State the components of Hb, the
? Estimate and interpret
? Role of
? With
various types of Hb and normal range

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Hb content by Sahli's
phototherapy in
biochemistry to
of Hb in men and women
Acid Hematin method-

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treating infants with 2 Hours
discuss about
? Briefly discuss the synthesis of
Estimation of Hb
jaundice due to

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structure and
haemoglobin
? Abnormal Hemoglobin
hemolysis
types of Hb

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? what is reduced hemoglobin.
? Iron metabolism and iron
? Describe and
? Define and describe cyanosis
overload

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detect Cyanosis
? Discuss the types of jaundice
? Discuss the synthesis of
? Describe sickle
? Abnormal Hemoglobin

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hemoglobin
Practical
cell anemia &
? Discuss carbon
3 Hours ? Thalassemia

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monoxide poisoning and
? Identify and
treatment
describe
? Discuss Iron metabolism

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physiological
and iron overload
jaundice of new
born
? Discuss different

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types of
jaundice.
6
Anaemia
? Define anaemia

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? State the normal
? Discuss the
? With medicine
? Classify anaemia based on etiology
reticulocyte count and its

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principle and
departments to
and morphology
significance
indications for Bone 2 Hours

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see patients with
? Discuss the principles of treating
? Define reticulocyte
Marrow
anemia and

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anemias
response
Transplantation
enable a student
? Describe major symptoms, signs and

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? Calculate and interpret
to
effects of anemia
red cell indices
? discuss causes

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and effects of
anemia
? Identify signs of
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anemia in a

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patient
? List tests to be
ordered to
diagnose anemia
and interpret the

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test results.
7
Polycythemia
? Define what is Polycythemia
? Classification of

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? Discuss the
? With medicine
? Explain what is Polycythemia rubra
Polycythemia and its
principles of

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1 Hour
departments to
vera
causes
treating

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enable a student
? Discuss causes for secondary
Polycythaemia
to discuss
polycythemia

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causes and
? Explain what is relative polycythemia
effects of
? Discuss the effects of polycythemia
polycythaemia

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8
Platelet
? Describe the formation, structure, life
? Details of the various
? Thrombocytopenic

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? With medicine
span & removal of platelets
granules in platelets
Purpura
departments to

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? State the normal platelet count
1 Hour
see patients with
? Describe the functions of platelets.
thrombocytopeni

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? Discuss the causes and effects of
a and enable a
thrombocytopenia
student to
? Discuss causes

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and effects of
thrombo
cytopenia
9
Hemostasis

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? Describe the processes involved in
? Explain various causes
? Explain
With Medicine
hemostasis such as:

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for abnormal hemostasis
Arachidonic acid
Department to see
?
vasoconstriction

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? Perform and interpret
metabolism - COX
patients with
?
Platelet plug formation

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simple
tests
of
pathway (and
abnormal

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?
Clotting or coagulation
hemostasis like bleeding
lipooxygenase for
2 Hour

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hemostasis and
pathways
time by Duke's method
completion)
Theory

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enable the students
?
Clot retraction
and clotting time by ? Explain the role of
to discuss causes

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? Describe anticlotting and fibrinolytic
capillary method of
Prostaglandins (and
and effects of
mechanisms in the body

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Wright on oneself.
leukotrienes)
abnormal
? List anticoagulants and their
? Explain and Interpret

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? Discuss the role of
hemostasis
mechanism of action
tests such as platelet
Thrombolysis in

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3 Hours
? Explain various causes for abnormal
count, Prothrombin
therapeutics
Practical

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hemostasis
Time, Activated Partial
? Explain
? List the clotting factors and Explain
Thromboplastin Time

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Disseminated
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the pathways of coagulation
and clotting factor
Intravascular

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? Explain various causes for abnormal
assays.
Coagulation
hemostasis
? Discuss the use of anti-

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? Explain reason for
? Perform and interpret simple tests of
platelet agents in
thrombosis and
hemostasis like bleeding time by

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therapeutics
embolism in
Duke's method and clotting time by
atherosclerotic
capillary method of Wright on oneself

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vascular disease and
by collecting blood using finger prick
venous stasis
method using aseptic method
? Explain Lee and White's method for

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determining clotting time
10
Blood groups ? Describe the importance of blood
? Discuss the minor blood ? Bombay Blood
? Visit to Blood

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& Blood
groups
group systems.
Group
Bank Storage

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banking
? Explain the genetic determination of
? Perform and interpret
1 Hour
and Cross

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blood groups
blood grouping/typing on
Theory
matching
? Describe the ABO system of blood

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oneself by collecting
grouping
blood using finger prick
? With clinical
? State the frequency of different blood

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method under aseptic
pathology for a
groups
conditions (or on a
visit to the blood

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? Describe the Rh system of blood
provided blood sample)
3 Hours
bank to observe
grouping

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? Explain the process and
Practical
and discuss
? Explain the mechanism and
interpretation of blood

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procedures done
consequence of ABO and Rh
cross match
to separate
incompatibility

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components of
? Explain the condition Erythroblastosis
blood for clinical
Fetalis, state preventive measure and
use and

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treatment option for the same.
procedures done
in the blood bank
for safe blood
transfusion.

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? Teaching may be
integrated with
clinical
pathology to
discuss

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transfusion
reaction
14

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11
WBC

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? State the normal Total and
? Make a peripheral blood
? Monocyte
? With medicine -
macropha

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altered total and
and state t
Differential count
smear on their own blood
ge system

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? Classify types of WBC as
/ provided blood
heir
2 Hours
differential

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granulocytes, agranulocytes
? Perform and interpret the
function
theory
counts

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? Describe the morphology and
differential leucocyte
? Brief
functions of neutrophils, eosinophils,
count using aseptic

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introduction to
basophils, mast cells; Lymphocytes ,
precautions
hematological
monocytes.

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6 Hours
malignancies
? Perform and interpret total leucocyte
Practical ? Bone marrow
on their own blood / provided blood

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transplantation
using aseptic precautions
? List Conditions in which total
leucocyte counts is increased or
decreased.

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? List conditions in which counts of
each type of WBC are increased or
decreased
? Describe the various cells that
constitute the monocyte- macrophage

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system and state their function
12
Leucopoiesis
? Outline the process of maturation
of white blood cells

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1 Hour
13
Immunity
? Classify immunity and state the
? Classify

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? Name important
? To integrate with
differences between innate and
immunoglobulins and
cytokines.

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medicine to
acquired immunity
state their functions
? State their source
5 Hours

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discuss and
? Discuss the cells and mechanisms
? Explain primary and
and functions
observe patients

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involved in innate
secondary immune
with
? immunity
response

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? Auto Immune
Immunodeficien
? Name the lymphoid organs in the
? Illustrate the role of
Disease

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cy syndromes,
body and outline the development of
Complement system in
Immunodeficiency
? Autoimmune

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T and B cells
immunity
Syndrome
diseases
? Classify acquired immunity and

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? Organ transplant
? To integrate with
mention the cells involved in
and
dermatology to

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acquired immunity
? Immunosuppresio
discuss and
? Describe the cells and mechanisms
n

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observe patients
involved in cell mediated immunity
with
? Describe the cells and mechanisms
? Allergy and

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

15

---

involved in humoral immunity
Hypersensitivity
? To integrate with
nephrology to

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discuss immune
response related
to
? Organ
Transplantation

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and
immunosuppress
ive therapy
14
Lymph

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? Describe the formation and
Discuss the
? Integrate with
composition of lymph
pathophysiology of

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surgery to
? Illustrate the lymphatic circulation.
lymphedema
1 Hour
discuss and

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? Discuss functions of lymph.
observe patients
with
lymphedema
(filariasis, Ca

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Breast with
upper arm
edema)
16

---

Autonomic nervous system (Lecture 2 Hours)

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No
Topic
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
TEACH
ING

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLINICAL
HOURS
INTEGRATION
MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

NICE TO KNOW
1
Organization ? Sympathetic and
? B type nerve fibres
parasympathetic divisions

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? Unmyelinated C fibres
? Pre-ganglionic neuron
? Post-ganglionic neuron
2
Sympathetic

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? Thoraco-lumbar outflow
division
? Ganglia close to vertebral
column
? Post ganglionic neurons longer

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? travel along vessels to reach
viscera
? Adrenal medullary cells are
neuroendocrine cells
3

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Parasympath ? Cranio-sacral outflow
etic division
? Supply to organs in head -
through oculomotor, facial
and glossopharyngeal

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2 Hours
nerves
? Supply to thoracic and
upper abdominal viscera-
through the vagus

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? Supply to lower abdominal
and Pelvic viscera- through
S2, S3 and S4 sacral nerves
? Ganglia are within or close
to the organ of supply

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? post-ganglionic neurons are
short
4
Chemical
? Acetylcholine - all pre-

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? Acetylcholine has shorter
transmission
ganglionic neurons, post-
duration of action due to the
ganglionic parasympathetic

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degradation by
neurons, sympathetic post-
acetylcholinesterase
ganglionic neurons that
? Nor-epinephrine has a

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

17

---

innervate sweat glands,
longer duration of action
? All other sympathetic post-

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Otto Loewi's experiment
ganglionic neurons secrete
nor-epinephrine
5
Acetylcholine ? Removal by

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? Muscrarinic blocker ?
acetylcholinesterase
atropine
? Receptors
? Ganglion blocker -

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? Muscarinic receptors -
hexamethonium
distribution and difference
in action through these
receptors

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? Nicotinic receptors ?
distribution
6
Catechol
? Receptors

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? phechromocytoma
amines
? alpha 1 ? vasoconstriction ? Vanillyl mandelic acid
? alpha 2
? Nor-epinephrine has greater

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? beta 1 increases heart rate
affinity for alpha receptors
? beta 2 ? bronchodilation
and epinephrine has greater
? beta 3

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affinity for beta receptors
7
General
? Sympathetics - fight or flight ? Wal?ter Cannon
functions

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respons
? Walter Cannon
8
Eye
? Parasympathetic ?

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Accommodation, miosis
?
? Sympatheti cac-cm
omydmrioadsaistion, miosis
- mydriasis

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9
Heart
? SA node
? Parasympathetic - decreases
heart rate ? muscarinic

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receptor
? Sympathetic - Increases
heart rate - beta 1 receptors
? Atria & Ventricle
? Parasympathetic - decreases

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18

---

force of contraction
? Sympathetic - increases
force of contraction - beta 1
& 2 receptors

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? AV node and Purkinje fibers
? Parasympathetic - decreases
conduction velocity
? Sympathetic - increases
conduction velocity - beta 1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

& 2 receptors
10
Lungs
? Parasympathetic ?
bronchoconstriction

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? Sympathetic -Dilation -
beta 2
11
Vessels
? Arterioles

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? Sympathetic -
vasoconstriction - 1 & 2
? Veins
? Sympathetic - constriction -
1 & 2

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12
Stomach and Parasympathetic
Intestine
o Increases motility &
secretion

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o Relaxes sphincters
o Decreases motility &
secretion
o Contracts sphincters
13

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Gall Bladder ? Parasympathetic ?
contraction
? Sympathetic ? relaxation
14
Urinary

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? Detrusor
Bladder
? Parasympathetic ?
contraction
? Sympathetic ? relaxation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

19

---

?
\
Sphincter
? Parasympathetic ?

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relaxation
? Sympathetic ? contraction
15
Male Organ
? Erection ? parasympathetic

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?
?
Sympathetic
16
Skin

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? Pilomotor - Sympathetic ?
contraction
? Sweat glands
? Parasympathetic -
generalized dilute secretion

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

17
Liver
? Sympathetic -
glycogenolysis
18

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Pancreas
? Exocrine
? Endocrine
? Parasympathetic increases
? Sympathetic - decreases

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secretion
? Sympathetic ?decreases
19
Salivary
? Parasympathetic - profuse

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Gland
watery secretion
? Sympathetic - thick viscous
secretion rich in enzyme
20

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Lacrimal
? Parasympathetic ? secretion
Gland
21
Adipose

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? Sympathetic - lipolysis
Tissue
22
Drugs
? Atropine, Neostigmine,

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physostigmine
? Propranalol, Salbutamol
? Isoprenalin, dopamine
23
Higher

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? Hypothalamus, Medulla ?
? Head ganglion -
Control
RVLM
Sherrington

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20

---

Muscle (Lectures + Tutorials 15 hours; Practicals + OSPE 5 hours; ECE: 3 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
No
Topic

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

TEACHIN
CLINICAL
G HOURS INTEGRATION
MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

NICE TO KNOW
1
Skeletal
? Describe and draw the structure of
? Describe the functions of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Role of Dystrophin
? Muscular
Muscle
sarcomere marking actin filament,
other structural proteins

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

in muscle
dystrophy
Morphology
myosin filament, I band, A band, H
like Titin, Desmin etc

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Dystrophies
2 Hours
(Neurology/P
band, Z line and sarcomere
MR)

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? Describe the functions of contractile
and regulatory proteins involved in
muscle contraction
? Draw and describe the structure of the
sarco-tubular system

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2
Neuromuscul
? Draw and Describe the structure of ? Pseudocholinesterase
? Neuromuscular
Succinyl choline

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ar junction
the neuromuscular junction
Lambert-Eaton
Blockers
and

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the events involved in
Syndrome
2 Hours
depolarization
neuromuscular transmission

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Organophosphorus
block ?
? Describe the pathophysiology of
poisoning
(Anaesthesia)

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diseases affecting the neuromuscular ? EMG.
Therapeutic use
junction like myasthenia gravis
of Botox
? Describe the mechanism of action

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Myesthenia
cholinesterase inhibitors
Gravis ?
? Motor Unit
(Neurology)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Organophosphor
us Poisoning
(Medicine)
Factors affecting force of
3

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Muscle
? Describe the molecular Basis of
contraction:
pre
after load, b

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Types of Muscle
effect.
load,
Contraction
muscle contraction

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

eneficial
, events involved
fibres
Rigor Mortis
in excitation contraction coupling.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Energy sources in
(Forensic
? Explain the types of Muscle ? Describe the
muscle
2 Hours Medicine)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

contraction
physiological basis of the
length-tension
? Denervation
? Describe the sliding filament theory

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hypersensitivity
of muscle contraction
? Describe the
21

---

? Role of ATP and calcium pumps in

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

relationship.
concept of oxygen
the mechanism of relaxation of the
debt
muscle

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the Factors affecting the
force of contraction
4
Smooth
? Structure,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

distribution,
types, ? Comparison between
Muscle
molecular mechanism of contraction
smooth, skeletal and

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
cardiac muscle
5
Factors
? List the various factors that modulate ?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

modulating
smooth muscle contraction like
Cystometrogram
smooth
stretch, sympathetic nerveous system,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
(PMR, Urology)
muscle
circulating substances etc.
contraction

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

And
? Describe the special properties of
Properties
smooth muscle like latch-bridge
mechanism and plasticity

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

22

---

Gastrointestinal System (Lectures + Tutorials 15 hours; Practicals + OSPE 12 hours; ECE: 3 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
TEACH

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

NO
TOPIC
ING
CLINICAL
HOURS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

INTEGRATION
MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Salivary
? Name the Salivary Glands
? Deficient salivation ?
? Formation of saliva
Gland

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Functions of saliva.
Xerostomia
Composition of
1 Hour
? Describe the regulation of salivary

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

saliva
secretion
2
Enteric
? State the location and components of ? Explain the physiological

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

nervous
the enteric nervous system.
basis of Congenital
system
? Explain the functions of the Myenteric

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Megacolon
1 Hour
plexus and Meissner's plexus
? Explain the effect of the autonomic
nervous system on the enteric nervous

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

system
3
Mouth and
? Explain the process of mastication
? Achalasia Cardia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Gastro-esophageal
Reflux esophagitis
oesophagus
? Outline the process of Deglutition.
reflux disease

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
(Medicine)
? State the importance of lower
(GERD)
oesophageal sphincter

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

4
Gastric
? Describe the composition and functions ? State an example of ? Gastric Function
secretion
of gastric secretion

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

proton pump inhibitor
Tests
APD Cases shown
? Describe the mechanism of gastric acid
and histamine receptor ? Role of H.Pylori in

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

in Medicne
secretion
blocker
peptic ulcers
Department

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? State the role of chief cells and parietal ? Explain the reason for
cells
Pernicious anemia
2 Hours
? Describe the different phases of gastric ? Physiological basis for

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

secretion
the use of proton pump
? Discuss regulation of gastric secretion
blockers and histamine
? Explain the importance of mucus-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

receptor blockers for
bicarbonate barrier
peptic ulcers
? Explain the cause of acid peptic disease
5

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Liver and
? Explain the portal system
? Explain the
? Explain the
Integrated teaching

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

gall bladder
? Describe the functions of liver
pathophysiology of
consequences of
with Anatomy to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23

---

(Horizontal
? Describe the composition and functions
? Portal Hypertension
liver Failure

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

understand the
Integration)
of Bile
? Ascites
functional Anatomy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Explain Micelle formation and its
? Gall Stone
1 Hour
of Liver
functions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Jaundice
With Biochemistry
? Explain what is emulsification of fat
to discuss LFT
? Explain the process of Entero-hepatic

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

With Medicine ?
circulation
Liver Failure
With Surgery ?
Jaundice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Gall Bladder ? State the factors regulating bile
? State the composition of
? State what is ERCP
Integrated with

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

secretion
gall stones and factors
and when it is
Surgery to discuss
? Explain the function of Gall Bladder

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

involved in the formation
performed
1 Hour
about Gall Stones
? Explain how concentration of Bile

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of gall stones
? State what is
Cholecystectomy
and what are the
indication of the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

same
7
Pancreatic
? List the Enzymes present in pancreatic
? Reason for the alkaline

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? what is pancreatitis
secretion
juice and explain their functions
pH of pancreatic
? Explain

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Explain the regulation of secretion the
secretion and its
Steatorrhoea
role of enterokinase
importance

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
8
Small
? Explain the functional anatomy of the
? Enterokinase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Cholera
Intestine
small intestine
Malabsorption syndrome
? Discuss the secretions of small intestine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

and their functions
1 Hour
? Describe how small intestinal secretion
regulated
9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gastric
? Explain the process of mixing of food
? Explain the
? Dumping syndrome
Motility

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

in the stomach
Chemoreceptor trigger
? Explain the factors influencing gastric
zone
motility and gastric emptying

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the role of
1 Hour
? Describe the mechanism of vomiting
Anti-emetics
10 Movements

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe peristalsis
? State what is basic
? Define paralytic
of small
? Explain the stimuli and factors which

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

electrical rhythm of the
ileus
intestine
influence peristalsis
gastrointestinal tract and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe `segmentation contractions'
it's role
1 Hour
24

---

and `mixing contractions' and their

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

functions
? Explain what is Migrating Motor
Complex
11 Large
? Explain the functions of large intestine ? State the importance of ? Pathophysiology of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

intestine &
and formation of faeces
dietary fibre
Hirschprung's
Movements

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

?
? Constipation
Disease
1 Hour
of Large

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

What is segmentation and mixing
Intestine
contractions of large intestine
? What is Gastro colic
? Explain Defecation Reflex

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

reflex
12 Digestion and ? Digestion
and
Absorption
of ? Glucose Transporters

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Lactose Intolerance
Absorption
carbohydrates
? Fat soluble vitamins
? Digestion and Absorption of proteins

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Function of short chain
? Digestion and Absorption of fat
fatty acids
1 Hour
13 Iron

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Absorption of Iron
? Transferrin, Ferritin
Absorption
? Hemosiderin
? Hemosiderosis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

14 GI Hormones ? Source of Hormones
? Functions and regulation of secretion of
1 Hour
Gastrin, Cholecystokinin and Secretin
15 Water

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Physiological basis of treatment of Cholera ? Increased
Movement in
Diarrhoea
chloride and water
Intestine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

secretion
25

---

Endocrinology (Lectures + Tutorials 30 hours; Practicals + OSPE 15 hours; ECE: 3 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TEACHIN

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CLINICAL
NO
TOPIC
G HOURS
INTEGRATION

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
1
Introduction to ? Define Hormone

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the
? Hormone
Endocrinology ? Classify and list the hormones based on
mechanism of action of
measurement

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

chemical nature
hormones including the ? Radioimmuno
2 Hours
? Mechanism of negative and positive
receptors and second

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Aassay
feedback regulation of hormone release
messengers
? ELISA
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hypothalamus ? Describe the relationship between
hypothalamus and pituitary including
the Hypothalamohypophyseal tract and
1 Hour
the hypothalamohypophyseal portal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circulation
? List the various releasing and inhibiting
hormones released by the
hypothalamus
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pituitary
? List the various types of secretary cells
? Describe the
? Plasma Levels,
Clinical cases of

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Gland
of Anterior and Posterior Pituitary
physiological basis and ? Plasma Protein
Hyper and Hypo
? List the Hormones secreted by the

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

importanrt features of
Binding, and
secretion can be
anterior and posterior pituitary.
abnormalities of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Metabolism
demonstrated
Growth hormone:
growth hormone
? List the important actions of growth

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

secretion like -
? Prolactinoma
Pituitary tumours
hormone, its effects on growth and
Gigantism, acromegaly

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2 Hours
case with
metabolism
and pituitary dwarfism
symptoms can be

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the regulation of growth
? Describe the
shown
hormone secretion
mechanism of action of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? List important stimuli that increases or
Growth hormone
decreases the secretion of GH
(JAK-STAT Pathway)
? Prolactin:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Explain howInsulin
? Describe the actions and regulation of
like growth factor
prolactin secretion
(IGF) or Somatomedin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? List the features of excess Prolactin
mediates the actions of
secretion
growth hormone
26

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
? Explain the synthesis, release and
? Syndrome of
mechanism, functions and regulation of
inappropriate

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

actions of ADH
hypersecretion of
1 Hour
? Discuss the disorders of ADH secretion
antidiuretic hormone

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

- Diabetes Insipidus
(SIADH)
? Oxytocin
Role of Oxytocin in
? Explain the synthesis, release

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

labour and post
mechanism, functions and regulation
partum
of Oxytocin\List the functions of
haemorrhage

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Oxytocin
? Types of Diabetes
(Obstetrics)
? Role in milk ejection reflex and
Insipidus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

parturition
? Panhypopituitarism
? Shehan's Syndrome
? Postpartum Pituitary
Necrosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

4
Thyroid Gland ? Explain the functional Anatomy of
? Explain the
? Describe the
Cases of Hypo and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(Horizontal
Thyroid Gland
physiological basis for
important thyroid
Hyperthyroidism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and Vertical
? List the steps involved in the synthesis
Simple Goitre
function tests and its
can be shown

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Integration)
of thyroid hormones
? List the differences
clinical use
? Explain the mechanism of release of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

between dwarfism and
Thyroid Hormone
cretinism
? Explain the transport actions of thyroid
hormone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Hours
? Describe the regulation of thyroid
hormone secretion
? List the causes and features of Hypo
secretion of thyroid hormones -

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Myxedema and Cretinism, Goitre and
features of Hypothyroidism
? List the causes and features
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones ?
Gigantism and Acromegaly

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Calcitonin
? Secretion and action of Calcitonin
27

---

5

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Parathyroid
? Parathormone
? List the different types ? List the causes of
Case of Tetany can
Gland

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the actions of parathyroid
of cells present in the
secondary
be shown
hormone

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Parathyroid Gland
hyperparathyroidism
? Describe the causes and features of
? Describe the secretion
? Recognize its

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2 Hours
hyper/hypoparathyroidism
of parathyroid hormone
emerging role as an
? Descibe Calcium Homeostasis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Explain he regulation
immunomodulator.
? Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
of secretion of
? Mention the sources, synthesis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

parathyroid hormone
mechanism of action and
? Differences between
? List the features of vitamin D
Tetanus and Tetany

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

deficiency in children and in adults ?
Cases of Rickets
Rickets and Osteomalacia
and Osteomalacia
?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

can be shown
Calcitonin
? Actions of calcitonin
6
Adrenal Gland ? List the hormones secreted by the

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Disorders produced by ? Discuss the causes of
Indications for
different layers of Adrenal Cortex
the deficiency of
? Cushing's

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

steroid therapy,
? Describe the Functional Anatomy of
enzymes involved in
Syndrome
adverse effects 0f

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Adrenal Cortex
adrenocortical hormone
? Adrenal Tumour
steroid therapy and
? Describe the mechanism of action,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

synthesis
? Adrenal
tapering of steroid
functions and regulation of action of
? Diseases related to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hyperplasia,
therapy( Integration
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids
Mineralococorticoids
? Secondary

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3 Hours
with Medicine)
and sex steroids
? Conn's Syndrome
Hyperaldosteroni

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the causes and features of
? Aldosterone Escape
sm
Cases of Cushing's
Cushing's Syndrome and Addison's

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Atrial Natriuretric
Disease and
Disease
Peptide (ANP)
Addison's Disease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Adrenal medulla:
ca be shown
? Synthesis and physiological effects of
epinephrine and norepinephrine on
various systems of the body

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
Medical uses of
?
?
Factors that regulate the secretion of

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

List the features of
adrenaline and
adrenal medullary hormones
Phaeochromocytoma
dopamine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7
Endocrine
? Name the different cells present in the
? Describe the steps in
? Compare and contrast

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Glucose tolerance
Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
biosynthesis of Insulin
Type I and Type II

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

test and role of
? Physiological stimulus for Insulin
and the origin of the C
Diabetes Mellitus and
HbA1C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

peptide (Connecting
their complications
(Biochemistry)
peptide)
secretion

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? List the target cells of Insulin and the
? Mention the clinical
cells that do not require insulin action
? Diabetes Mellitus:
feature of Diabetes

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2 Hours
Mechanism of
Mellitus
action of insulin
28

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

for glucose uptake
? Discuss the
? List the features of
and oral
? Mention the mechanism of action of

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Pathophysiology of
hypoglycemia and the
hypoglycemic
Insulin on its receptor
Diabetes mellitus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

counter regulatory
agents
? List the important actions of insulin
? List the hormones that
hormones

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(pharmacology)
? List the various factors that regulate
raise blood sugar level
? Diabetic Ketoacidosis
insulin secretion

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Diabetic
? Describe the features of hypersecretion
ketoacidosis and
of Insulin and Hypoglycemia
1 Hour

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

principles of
? Glucagon
treatment of
? List the important actions of glucagon
Diabetes Mellitus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

(medicine)
8
Other
? Pineal gland
Endocrine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Mention the role of hypothalamus and
Glands
melatonin on circadian rhythm
? Thymus
? Local Hormones

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
9
Atrial
? List the important actions of ANP
Natriuretic

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Peptide (ANP)
31

---

Reproductive Physiology (Lectures + Tutorials 20 hours; Practicals + OSPE 5 hours; ECE: 3 hours)
CLINICAL
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

TEACHING
HOURS
INTEGRATION
NO
TOPIC

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
1
Sex

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate between Genetic
? Discuss the role of
? Describe the cause and
Determination
sex, Gonadal sex and

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

dihydrotestosterone in
features of abnormalities
phenotypic sex.
the development of
of sex differentiation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the role of SRY gene
external genitalia
? (Klinefelter's syndrome
and testis determining factor in
? Turner's syndrome

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

development of gonads
? XXX superfemale
1 HOUR
? Describe the role of testosterone
? Female ? Pseudo

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

and Mullerian inhibiting
substance in the development of
hermaphroiditisim
male and female internal
? Male ? Pseudo

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

genitalia
hermaphroiditisim ?
androgen resistance)
2
Male

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the functional anatomy of ? Outline the steps
?
Reproductive
the male reproductive tract (Testis
involved

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Physiology
seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells,
in spermatogenesis
Leydig cells, Blood Testis barrier, ? State the composition
Epididymis, Vas deferens, Seminal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

of semen and
vesicle, Prostate gland).
recognize use of
? Describe the blood- testis barrier and
semen analysis as a

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

its function
test to evaluate
? Discuss
factors
that

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

infertility
regulate Spermatogenesis
? Discuss about
? Describe the structure of spermatozoa
abnormalities of the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the source, mechanism of
male reproductive
action and functions of testosterone
system:
and dihydrotestosterone

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Hypogonadism
? State the source and functions of
? Cryptorchidism
inhibin
32

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

? Discuss the hypothalamic and
?
?
pituitary control on testicular
function and Feed back control of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

testicular
hormones
on
hypothalamus and pituitary
? Describe the role of prostate, seminal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

vesicles in reproductive function
? Describe the mechanisms that
cause erection and ejaculation
? State what is capacitation and
discuss the changes that occur

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

during capacitation
3
Puberty
? Describe the mechanism of action
? Discuss causes of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the problems
functions and regulation of
precocious and
associated with
Menopause

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

secretion of pituitary gonadotropins
delayed puberty
Menopause
1 Hour
and prolactin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pituitary
1Hour
Gonadotropins ? Explain the changes that occur
(FSH,LH) and
during puberty and describe the

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Prolactin
mechanism of onset of puberty
? Define menopause and describe
the physiological changes
during menopause

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

33

---

4 Female
? Describe the Functional anatomy of ? Differences
Define:
? Investigatio

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

reproductive
the female reproductive system
between
? Menorrhagia,
n for male

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

system
? Outline the stages of Oogenesis
oogenesis and
? Dysmenorrhea,
and female

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? State differences between
spermatogenes
? Amenorrhea, and
infertility
oogenesis and spermatogenesis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

is
? Premenstrual
?
? Describe the development of
? Discuss the

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

syndrome
ovarian follicles (Stages of follicle
physiological basis ? Discuss role of
development, ovulation,
of use of synthetic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

selective estrogen
luteinisation, luteal regression )
estrogens and
receptor modulators
? Describe the control of follicular

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

progestins as oral
? List important causes of
development, ovulation and
contraceptives
male and female

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

luteinisation (role of FSH,
? Describe the
infertility
estrogen and LH)
mechanism of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Assisted Reproductive
? Describe the process of
ovulation
Techniques (IVF)
follicle attrition

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? State the
? Abnormalities
3 Hours
? List the hormones produced by
tests for

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

leading to infertility
the ovary
ovulation
? Assisted
? Illustrate the synergistic role of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

and their
Reproductive
thecal and granulosa cells in
physiological
Technics (IVF)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

steroidogenesis
basis
(Gynaecology)
? Discuss the mechanism of action
? Common causes

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

and functions of estrogen and
of anovulatory
progesterone
cycles
? Describe the feedback regulation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

(physiological,
of ovarian function
PCOD)
? Describe the physiological
? Protein hormones

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

changes occurring in ovaries,
produced by the
uterus, cervix , vagina and breast
ovary and state
during a menstrual cycle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

their source and
? Discuss and illustrate the
functions
hormonal changes during the
? Identify common

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

menstrual cycle (changes in FSH,
causes of
LH, estrogen and progesterone)
anovulatory cycles
(physiological,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

PCOD)
34

---

7 Physiology of
? Outline the process of
? Physiological basis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1Hour
?
Pregnancy
fertilization, implantation and
of immunological

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

placental formation
tests for pregnancy
? Discuss the importance of
based on hCG
corpus luteum of pregnancy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Parturition
? Discuss the functions of placenta.
? Source and
? Discuss the secretion and function
functions of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

of hCG from the placenta.
relaxin
? Describe the role of hormonal
? Describe the
and mechanical factors influencing

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

fetoplacental unit
labor
? Describe the changes that occur in
the various organ systems in the
mother during pregnancy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

8 Lactation
? Describe the Role of estrogen
? Role prolactin
? Gynacomastia
?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

and progesterone in breast
inhibitory factor
? Composition of
1Hour
development

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(Dopamine) in
human milk
? Describe the mechanism that
lactation
? Prolactinomas

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

causes initiation of lactation
? Discuss the
? Role of
after delivery
effect of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

bromocriptine in prevention
? Describe the role of Prolactin and
lactation on
of lactation
prolactin inhibitory factor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

menstrual cycle
(Dopamine) in lactation
? Describe the Milk ejection reflex
9.
Contraception ? Classify contraceptive methods

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Details of
?
1 Hour
contraceptive
? Describe the physiological basis of

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

contraceptives
devices and
the various methods of
devices, side
procedures

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

contraception
effects
(Gynaecology)
35

---

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Excretory system (Lectures + Tutorials 25 hours; Practicals + OSPE 10 hours; ECE: 3 hours)
NO
TOPIC
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TEACH

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CLINICAL
ING
INTEGRATION
HOURS
MUST KNOW

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
1
Functional
? Describe the gross Anatomy of Kidney

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Histology of
Anatomy of
1 Hour
Kidney (Anatomy)
Kidney

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

?
Structure of
Describe the structure of the cortical and
Nephron
Juxtamedullary nephrons

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the salient features of Renal
circulation
? Describe the structure of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus.
2

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Glomerular
? Describe the structure of glomerular
? Concept of Renal
? Proteinuria/
filtration and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capillary membrane and the factors
Clearance
Albuminuria /
renal blood flow
affecting glomerular filtration

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Inulin Clearance ? to
Hemoglobinuria
? Measurement of GFR
measure GFR
? Renal Blood Flow

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? PAH clearance to measure
? Discuss the factors determining and
RBF
regulating renal blood flow and the
? Creatinine Clearance to

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2 Hours
mechanisms of autoregulation of renal
assess GFR
blood flow
? Explain Tubulo-glomerular feed back

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
? Explain the structure of
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Discuss the role of Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus in Autoregulation of GFR and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

RBF (TG Feedback) and the regulation of
blood pressure via the Renin-AT-
Aldosterone axis.
3
Proximal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the reabsorption of sodium,
? The concept of the
Convoluted
chloride and water in the proximal
transport maximum for

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

tubules (PCT)
tubule Describe the functioning of the
glucose, renal threshold,
36

---

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

important sodium transporters in PCT ?
types of glycosuria
sodium-glucose, sodium-aminoacid co-
(diabetes mellitus, renal,
1 Hour

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

transporters and sodium-hydrogen
alimentary)
exchanger in the luminal border,
? Describe the action of
sodium-potassium pump in the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

parathormone on PCT
basolateral border.
? Describe the mechanism of
glomerulotubular balance
? Discuss the renal handling of glucose,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

bicarbonate and amino acids in the PCT
? Recognize the almost complete
reabsorption of glucose, bicarbonate and
amino acids in the PCT
? Describe the role of Carbonic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

anhydrase, the sodium-hydrogen
exchanger in luminal border, and the
bicarbonate transporter in basolateral
border in bicarbonate reabsorption in
the PCT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
Loop of Henle
? Distinguish between permeability
? Mechanism of action of
characteristics of the two limbs of loop

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Loop diuretics
of Henle.
(Furosemide) as due to
? Describe the role of the Na/2Cl/K
blockade of Na/2Cl/K

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
transporter and the sodium potassium
transporter
pump in the thick ascending limb
(TAL)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the function of the Function
of LOH in the creation of hyperosmolar
medullary interstitium (MI) by the two
mechanisms :
? Active transport of salt in TAL

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

segment
? Counter current multiplication of
the active transport
? Describe the role of the vasa recta in
maintaining the hyperosmolarity of the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

medullary interstitium by counter-
current exchange.
37

---

5
Distal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the regulated reabsorption of
? Mechanism of diuretic
? Features of
Convoluted
sodium (aldosterone) via Epithelial

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

action of thiazide and
hyperaldosteronism
tubules (DCT)
sodium channels (ENaC) and Na/Cl
amiloride

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

and the occurrence
symporter in luminal border
? Action of Atrial
of metabolic
? Describe the regulated secretion of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Natriuretic peptide.
alkalosis
1 Hour
potassium (aldosterone) via potassium
? `Aldosterone escape'.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

channels in luminal border
? Describe the generation of bicarbonate
including factors affecting this.
? Describe the role of the Phosphate and
ammonia as buffers in the formation of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

urine
? Describe the action of Atrial Natriuretic
peptide
6
Collecting duct

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the role of ADH in regulated
(CD)
water absorption
? Describe the role of the
hyperosmolarity of the medullary

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

interstitium, created by the Loop of
Henle in producing a gradient for water
absorption.
1 Hour
? Describe the role of ADH in urea

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

absorption, abetting the hyperosmolarity
of MI.
? Describe the role of aquaporins in water
absorption.
7

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Concentration
? Countercurrent Mechanism
? Bartter's Syndrome
of Urine
? Countercurrent Multiplier

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Countercurrent Exchanger
? Role of Urea
8
Regulation of
? Describe the role of osmoreceptors in

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? List common causes and
? Discuss the
osmolarity, Na+
sensing body fluid osmolarity.
effects of hypo and hyper

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

importance of the
and K+ levels
? Describe the mechanism of sensing
natremia
intracellular shifts

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thirst.
? List common causes and
of potassium
1 Hour
? Describe the role of ADH, Aldosterone,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

effects of hypo and
? Discuss the use of
Angiotensin II and ANP in sodium and
hyperkalemia
insulin/glucose

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

water balance.
infusions to treat
38

---

? Discuss the effect of aldosterone in the
hyperkalemia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

renal handling of K+ at DCT
? Discuss the relationship between K+
concentrations and the pH of blood.
9
Regulation of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the different buffer systems in
? Explain the concept of
? Identify Primary
Acid base
the body

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Anion gap
acid base
balance
? Explain the respiratory regulation of
? List common conditions

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

disturbances i.e.
acid base balance
that can lead to primary
? Respiratory
? Describe the role of the kidney in

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

acid base disorders.
acidosis,
1 Hour
regulation of acid base balance
? Respiratory

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

alkalosis
? Metabolic acidosis,
? Metabolic alkalosis
from Arterial blood
gas and serum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

electrolyte values
10 Micturition
? Describe the innervation of Bladder and ? Explain the use of a
reflex pathway of micturition.
cystometrogram to

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1Hour
?
diagnose urinary problems
11 Renal Function ? List the abnormal constituents in urine
? Concept of Anion gap

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Sigre Anderson
Tests
? Recognize the normal urinary volume
Curve
? Discuss the significance of the presence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
of albumin in urine
? Discuss the role of serum creatinine in
the measurement of renal function
39

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

Respiratory system (Lectures + Tutorials 25 hours; Practicals + OSPE 20 hours; ECE: 6 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TEACHI
CLINICAL
NO

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TOPIC
NG
INTEGRATION
HOURS
MUST KNOW

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
1
Functional
? Functional Anatomy of the respiratory

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Examination of RS
Anatomy
tract
1 Hour
? Functions of nose and para-nasal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Practical
sinuses
? Conducting zone and respiratory zone
? Pulmonary vasculature
? Structure of alveolus & alveolo-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

capillary membrane
1 Hour
2
Muscles of
? Muscles of Inspiration and Expiration

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Respiration
? Accessory Muscles of respiration
3
Surface
? Surface Tension in air liquid interface

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Respiratory Distress
Tension
? Law of Laplace
Syndrome
Surfactant

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Role of surfactant
4
Mechanics of
?
respiration

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

State the normal respiratory rate and
define inspiration & expiration
Pulmonary
? List the muscles of inspiration,
Ventilation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

expiration & accessory muscles of
respiration
? Describe the movements of chest wall
3 Hours
and the changes in chest wall

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

dimensions produced by respiratory
muscles
? Recognise the difference between quiet
breathing and forceful breathing
? Discuss the factors affecting

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

airflow between the atmosphere and
alveoli
? State the recoil nature of Lungs and
40

---

chest wall

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? State the values of intra alveolar
pressure, Intra pleural pressure
? Discuss the changes in alveolar and
intra pleural pressures during
respiration

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Identify the sites of air way resistance
? Indicate changes in airway resistance
with inspiration and expiration
? Explain the action of autonomic
nervous system on bronchial tone

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? List histamine as a bronchoconstrictor
? Recognise that airway resistance is
increased in obstructive lung diseases
? Define lung compliance and relate it to
clinical conditions in which it is altered

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? State clinical conditions in which work
of breathing is increased
5 Lung Volumes ? Define the lung volumes and capacities; ? List the common causes
? Methods of
and Capacities

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

state the normal values and discuss their
Pathology & clinical
determining FRC
physiological variations
features of obstructive and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and RV
3 Hours
? Explain the recording of the Spirogram
restrictive lung diseases.
? Artificial ventilation Theory

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

with a diagram and recognize the
? Asthma
volumes and capacities which cannot be
? COPD
measured by spirometry

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Emphysema
? Record the lung volumes and capacities
? Chronic bronchitis
of a normal subject using a spirometer
? State the physiological

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the physiological significance
basis of tests to
of the Residual volume & functional
differentiate them.
3 Hours

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

residual capacity
Practical
? Describe the forced expiratory
For
spirogram and describe FEV1, FVC and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Spirome
the FEV1/FVC ratio and its variations in
-try
obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
? Define peak expiratory flow & state its

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Recognize the flow-volume
normal value
curves
? Record peak expiratory flow in a
? Methods of determining

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

FRC and RV
41

---

normal subject
? Helium dilution method
? Record FEV1, FVC and calculate the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Whole body
FEV1/FVC ratio in a normal subject
plethysmography
? Interpret altered values of absolute lung
? Measurement of dead space

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

volumes, peak expiratory flow and
FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive and
obstructive lung diseases
? Define minute ventilation, anatomical
dead space, physiological dead space &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

alveolar ventilation
? Discuss the effect of changes in
respiratory rate and tidal volume on
alveolar ventilation
6

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Alveolar
? Total ventilation = Tidal Volume x
? Measurement of Dead
Ventilation
Respiratory Rate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Space
? Dead Space and Classification
1 Hour
? Alveolar Ventilation
? Factors affecting alveolar ventilation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

7
Pulmonary
? State the normal rate of pulmonary
Circulation
blood flow & normal range of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pulmonary blood pressures
1 Hour
? Discuss the special features of
pulmonary circulation, pulmonary
veins, pulmonary vascular resistance,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

its response to hypoxia
8
Ventilation
? Explain the regional differences in
? Type I respiratory failure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? State the
perfusion Ratio
perfusion, ventilation & V/Q ratio in the
physiological
(V/Q Ratio)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

lungs
mechanisms
1 Hour
? State normal values of V/Q ratio and
operating to keep

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

recognize that physiological dead space
the lungs dry
is associated with high V/Q and
? Pulmonary
`physiological shunt' is associated with

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

hypertension
low V/Q.
? Pulmonary
embolism
? Cor-pulmonale

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

9
Gas Exchange
? Discuss the factors that affect rate of
? Define Type I respiratory
gas exchange at lung & tissue level,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

failure and state the
with application to clinical conditions
common causes
42

---

? State Fick's law of diffusion

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Explain Type I respiratory
? Discuss normal composition of
failure due to unequal V/Q
atmospheric, tracheal and alveolar air
distribution even when

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

and recognize the conditions which can
total ventilation and
1 Hour
affect it
perfusion may be normal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the normal partial pressures of
? State the Alveolar gas
gases in blood entering and leaving
equation and discuss its
lung

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

application
? Explain oxygen uptake and carbon-
? Recognize that arterial
dioxide elimination by lungs & tissues
PCO2 is equal to alveolar

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and state the normal rates of the same
PCO2 and that arterial
? Define respiratory exchange ratio and
PCO2 can be used in the
state its normal values

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

alveolar gas equation
? State normal time taken for gas
? State the causes for
equilibration & its application in
abnormal Alveolar ?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

exercise
arterial oxygen difference
? State the physiological causes for
? Distinguish between
normal alveolar-arterial oxygen

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intrapulmonary and
difference
extrapulmonary right to
? Explain the dependence of carbon
left shunts.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

dioxide elimination on ventilation
? Define physiological shunt
10 Transport of
? State the physiological
? State what pulse

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Oxygen
? Explain the forms of oxygen transport
basis of oxygen therapy
oximetry measures
in blood

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

as treatment for the
? Discuss hemoglobin affinity for
different types of
2 Hours
oxygen

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

hypoxias
? Explain & illustrate oxygen-
hemoglobin dissociation curve and
discuss the factors affecting it and the
physiological advantages of the curve

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Explain Bohr effect
? Discuss oxygen carrying capacity of
blood
? Differentiate between oxygen content
of blood & % oxygen saturation of

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hemoglobin
? Define hypoxemia and hypoxia;
explain the physiological basis of
40

---

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types of hypoxia with examples
? Define cyanosis and differentiate
between conditions in which it occurs
and may not occur
11 Transport of

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? Explain the forms of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
transport in blood
1 Hour
? Explain the role of chloride shift and

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Haldane effect
12 Regulation of
? Express the concept of the sensors,
? State the normal values of
? State the causes of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Respiration
central controller in brain & effectors in
arterial blood gases (ABG)
respiratory acidosis
the respiratory control system

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and interpret altered values
and alkalosis
? Describe the location and functions of
? Define hypercapnoea and
? Define Type II

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the respiratory centres in brain; describe
hypocapnoea
respiratory failure
the current explanation for the basic
? State the causes of

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and mention its
3Hours
rhythm of respiration
asphysxia
causes

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? Describe the effects of neural inputs on
respiration in terms of the voluntary
cortical control, motor cortical input,
limbic input, peripheral afferent inputs
(Hering breuer reflexes, J receptor

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input, proprioceptor input, and other
peripheral inputs)
? Express the aim of chemical control of
respiration; explain the role of
peripheral and central chemoreceptors;

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explain the feedback control of
ventilation to regulate gas exchange &
maintain normal levels of arterial blood
gases and pH
3 hours

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? Discuss and compare the influence of
practicals
arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen on
for expts
ventilation in health and in disease

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on
? Describe Cheyne-stokes breathing, state
stethogra-
its causes, explain the physiological and
phy

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pathophysiological mechanisms that
produce it; state the abnormality in
Biot's breathing
? Demonstrate the effect of apnoea &
41

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---

hyperventilation on respiration;
demonstrate the effect of breathing
through a tube and the effect of speech
& cough on respiration
13 Physiological

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? State the physiological effects of zero
adaptations in
gravity
special
? State the physiological basis of

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environments
Caisson's disease & Nitrogen narcosis
1 Hour
(High Altitude, ? State the physiological adaptations
Deep Sea

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occurring at high altitude Physiological
Diving and
effects of zero gravity
Gravity)
? Aviation Physiology

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

14 Exercise
? Describe the effects of exercise on the
respiratory system and explain the
physiological basis of these effects;
1 Hour

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explain the physiological need for these
changes
? Define VO2 max and oxygen debt
15 Pulmonary
? Spirometry

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Function Tests ? Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
? Peak Flow Meter
1 Hour
? Pulseoxymetry
16 Miscellaneous

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? List the Non-Respiratory functions of
lung
? State the physiological mechanism of
1 Hour
cough, sneeze and gag reflexes

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17 Clinical
? Demonstrate the methods of Clinical
? Pathology & clinical
examination of
examination of the respiratory system

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features of
respiratory
? Recognize normal Clinical findings of
? Pleural effusion
system

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

respiratory system examination
? Pneumothorax
3 Hours
? State the abnormal findings that may be
? Pneumonia,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Practical
present in a patient and list the common
consolidation
clinical conditions in which these
? Fibrosis

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abnormalities occur and the
? Collapse
physiological explanations for these
? Bronchiectasis
abnormalities if any

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

42

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Cardiovascular system (Lectures + Tutorials 35 hours; Practicals + OSPE 20 hours; ECE: 6 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TEACH

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CLINICAL
NO
TOPIC
ING
INTEGRATION

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

HOURS
MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
1 Functional

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the functional anatomy of the
Examination of CVS
anatomy of
heart, with respect to its chambers,
1 Hour

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heart
valves, input and output vessels, AV
Practical
ring and electrical discontinuity,
Conducting system, Coronary supply

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2
Conducting
? Describe the following:
? Intrinsic rate of the SA
system of Heart ? Contour of SA node action potential

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SA Node
node and influence of
with a diagram, depicting the various
autonomic nervous system,
phases (4, 0 and 3)

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hormones and temperature.
? Prepotential (phase 4 depolarization)
? Currents responsible for generation
? Sinus arrhythmia, sinus
of SA node action potential: The funny

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bradycardia, sinus
current (I
tachycardia
f), T-type calcium current
(ICa

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Record respiration with a
T), L-type calcium current ( ICaL)
?
stethograph or respiration
belt transducer, as well as

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ECG or pulse
simultaneously, to
demonstrate respiratory
sinus arrhythmia.
Atrial Cell

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Recognize that AP in atrial cell is
3
similar to ventricular cell (fast AP)
?
Ventricular

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the contour of the ventricular
? Be able to describe the
? Be able to correlate
4
Cell

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

action potential with the aid of a
mechanisms by which
Starling's law with
diagramDescribe the ionic currents
calcium is extruded from

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sarcomere length
responsible for phases 0,1,2,3,4 of the
cytoplasm to terminate
and actin-myosin
ventricular action potential

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

systole ? the role of the
interaction
? State the differences between the SA
Plasma membrane calcium ? Identify the
node action potential (slow AP) and the

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ATPase and sodium-
relationship between
43

---

ventricular cell action potential (fast

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calcium exchanger (NCX)
heart failure and
AP).
sarcomere length
? Describe how the action potential leads

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to an increase in cytosolic calcium
concentration
? Describe excitation-contraction
coupling
? State the basic concepts of the sliding

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filament theory of contraction
Cells of
? State the type of:
5
conducting

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? AV node AP - similar to
pathway
SA nodal cell (slow AP)
? His Bundle cell: fast AP
? Purkinje fibres: fast AP

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Properties of
? Automaticity
6
Cardiac Muscle ? Excitability
? Conductivity

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? Contractility
7
Cardiac Cycle
? Describe with a diagram, the
? Concept of Murmurs

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

chronological relationship of the
? Timing of Murmurs
following events shown on the same
? State the timing of
time axis:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

murmurs in various
? ECG
valvular and congenital
? Valvular events
heart defects

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? Heart sounds
? Cardiac Catheterization
? Pressure curves: Left ventricular
pressure, Atrial pressure and
aortic pressure

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? Ventricular Volume curve:
8 Stroke Volume ? Discuss the determinants of stroke
? Recognize
volume
echocardiographiy as a

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

method of measuring
stroke volume
9 ECG
? Describe the electrocardiogram as a
? List the ECG changes in the ? Heart Block

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

With medicine for
surface recording of electrical changes
following conditions:
? Ischemia
reading normal and

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occurring on the external surface of the
? Myocardial ischemia
? Infarction changes
1Hour
abnormal ECGs

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heart during the passage of an action
? Myocardial infarction
Theory
44

---

potential.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Hyperkalemia
? Describe the 12 Leads in which ECG is
? Ventricular tachycardia
recorded.
? State the causes for PR

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? State the rationale of recording from
prolongation
multiple leads.
? Describe the types of Heart
? Identify the lead which is commonly

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

block as represented by
used to monitor patients continuously.
ECG changes
1Hour
? Describe the P, QRS, T and U waves of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Arrhythmias
ECG
an ECG in lead II configuration and
? Vector cardiogram
recordin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

describe the electrical events
? Calculation of axis
g to be
responsible for these waves
? His bundle electrogram

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

shown
? Describe PR and QT intervals and state
what they represent
? Describe the significance of ST segment
being on the isoelectric line in a normal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ECG
? Record an ECG in a human subject in all
12 leads
? Calculate rate from a normal ECG
tracing

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Identify if every QRS complex is
preceded by a P wave and if every P
wave is followed by a QRS complex
? State in what conditions the above will
not happen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Properties of
? Describe the function of the sinoatrial
? Understand that there is
cardiac muscle:
node as the pace-maker of the heart

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

redundancy in pace-maker
1 Hour
? Describe the determinants of heart rate
function ? if the sinus node
and the neural and chemical regulation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

fails, there are alternate
Automaticity
of heart rate
sites of rhythm generation
? Describe the ionic currents

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Arrhythmias
responsible for rhythm-generation in
the SA node
Excitability
? Define refractory period, describe its

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe refractory period
and
relation to the duration of the ventricular
in terms of properties of
Refractoriness

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

action potential, and state its
voltage-gated sodium
physiological significance.
channels
? State factors which cause

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

45

---

prolongation of action
potential duration
? Define Long QT syndrome
Conductivity

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? Describe the normal mode of
? Alternate conducting
conduction of the cardiac impulse
pathways
? Define the causes of

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

arrhythmias in terms of
abnormal site of rhythm-
generation or re-entry
Contractility
? Describe the determinants of force of

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss Ejection fraction
contraction of the ventricle in terms of
(EF) as a measure of
o Preload (Starling's law)
cardiac contractility

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

o Afterload
(inotropic status).
o Inotropic status (contractility)
? State the different modes of
o Frequency (or heart rate),

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and indications for Cardiac
(Bowditch phenomenon or Force-
catheterization
frequency relation)
? State how

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the clinically measurable
echocardiography may be
parameters reflecting preload, afterload
used as a non-invasive
and force of contraction of the heart

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

means to assess cardiac
? Describe Starling curves or ventricular
function
function curves
11 Cardiac

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? Definition of Stroke Volume, Cardiac
? Methods of Measuring
? Discuss high output
Output
Index, EDV, ESV, and EF

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiac Output
and low output
? Discuss the determinants of cardiac
states
2 Hours

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

output
? Describe the regulation of cardiac
output
? Discuss high output and low output
states

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Heart Rate
? Innervation of Heart ? Parasympathetic
and Sympathetic
? Normal Values
1 Hour

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Regulation of Heart Rate
? Factors affecting Heart Rate
13 Vascular
? Describe the function of Aorta and large ? Discuss the role of
? State what would

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Physiology
Arteries as elastic, windkessel vessels
capillaries as exchange
happen to pulse
? Describe what would happen to pulse

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

vessels
volume (as assessed
46

---

pressure in case of thickening and loss

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the Starling's
by taking the radial
of elasticity of aorta
forces determining fluid
pulse) in case of

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the role of arterioles as
movement across the
thickened arteries
2 Hours
resistance vessels

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

capillary membrane
? Discuss the
? Describe the term Total Peripheral
? Describe the function of
physiological/pathop

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

resistance (TPR)
Veins as capacitance
hysiological role of
? Discuss the determinants of TPR and
vessels

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the following
the relationship of TPR to blood
? Define the term Venous
vasoactive
pressure and cardiac output.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

return (VR) and discuss its
substances:
? Discuss the role of arteriolar resistance
role as preload
Histamine,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

as a determinant of blood flow to a
? Describe the determinants
bradykinin,
specific organ
of VR

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

serotonin,
? Discuss the determinants of arteriolar
? Discuss the significance of
thromboxane A2,
resistance in terms of Poiseulle's

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

assessing jugular venous
prostacyclin, Endoth
equation
pulse
elin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Identify that the arteriolar diameter is
? Discuss the interactions
? Describe Venous
the major determinant of arteriolar
between Right atrial

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

return curves
resistance
pressure, VR and Cardiac
? Describe the
? Discuss the global and local factors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

output (CO)
interaction of
affecting arteriolar diameter and
Venous return and
therefore the TPR, blood pressure and

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiac output
blood flow ? vasodilator and
curves
vasoconstrictor mechanisms
? Discuss the clinical

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the physiological role of
significance of
endothelium-derived relaxing factor
monitoring of CVP
(EDRF) or Nitric oxide (NO)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

14 Blood Pressure ? Define the following terms:
? Hypertension
? Mean arterial blood pressure, Systolic
? Hypotension
pressure, Diastolic pressure, pulse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pressure
? Describe the determinants of blood
1 Hour
pressure
Theory

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the short-term (neural and
hormonal) and long term (renal)
mechanisms regulating blood pressure
(with special reference to shock and
exercise).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Demonstrate the method of
47

---

measurement of blood pressure using a
sphygmomanometer.
1 Hour

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the principle of measuring
Practical
blood pressure by sphygmomanometry
? Discuss other methods of measuring
blood pressureby sphygmomanometer

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

15 Cardiovascular ? Describe the physiological role of the
? Define Diving reflex
autonomic
following reflexes, their receptors,
reflexes

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

specific stimuli, afferent and efferent
neural pathways, and the responses.
1 Hour
? Baroreceptor reflexes
? Chemoreceptor reflexes

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Vasovagal syncope
? Cushing's reflex
? Bainbridge reflex
? Bezold Jarisch reflex
16 Effects of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Discuss the effects of exercise on the
exercise on
cardiovascular system
1 Hour
cardiovascular ? Demonstrate the effects of mild to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory
system
moderate and high intensity exercise on
1 Hour
the blood pressure and heart rate in a

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Practical
normal subject
17 Regional
? Features and regulation of the
? Discuss the term Coronary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

circulations
following circulations:
artery disease
? Coronary
Define the following terms:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Cerebral
Transient Ischemic attacks
? Renal circulation - Auto-regulatory
(TIA), Stroke,
mechanisms (myogenic factors and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cerebrovascular accidents
Tubuloglomerular feedback)
(CVA)
3 Hours
? Pulmonary (its pressures, hypoxic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? List the effects of gravity
vasoconstriction)
and acceleration on CVS
? Splanchnic
? Discuss the physiology of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Cutaneous circulation and temperature
Fetal circulation before
regulation
and after birth
? Skeletal muscle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Recognize the importance of
48

---

sympathetic regulation versus local
metabolic factors in the regulation of
the regional circulations mentioned

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

above.
18 Hypertension
? State the normal ranges for systolic and
? Discuss the risk factors for
diastolic blood pressures in the various

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

essential hypertension and
age groups
causes of secondary
? Define hypertension
hypertension

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

19 Hypotension
?
Describe the term Vasovagal
1 Hour
Define the term `Shock' or

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

(Shock)
Cardiovascular shock
syncope
? State the different types of shock
? Discuss the pathophysiology of the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

following types of shock: Hypovolemic,
cardiogenic, Distributive (septic,
anaphylactic, neurogenic) Obstructive
20 Heart Failure
? Define the term cardiac failure or heart

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? State some causes of heart
failure.
failure
? State the clinical features of left heart
? Discuss the physiological

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

failure and right heart failure.
basis of treatment of heart
? Define the term congestive cardiac
failure
failure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

21 Myocardial
? Define the following terms:
infarction or
? Angina
heart attack

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Ischemia
1 Hour
? Myocardial infarction or heart attack
? Discuss the major ECG changes in:
? Myocardial ischemia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Myocardial infarction
Valvular
? State the causes for
22 diseases
stenosis and regurgitation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of the valves
? State the murmurs
associated with the various
valvular defects
23 Congenital

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? State the hemodynamic
heart diseases
abnormalities and murmurs
in ASD, VSD, PDA
49

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---

Central nervous system (Lectures + Tutorials 45 hours; Practicals + OSPE 22 hours; ECE: 6 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TEACHIN
CLINICAL
NO

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TOPIC
G HOURS
INTEGRATION
MUST KNOW
DESIRE TO KNOW

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

NICE TO KNOW
1
Organization
of the nervous
system

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

o Somatic NS
1 Hour
o Autonomic NS
o Enteric NS
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Neural Tissue
? State the cell types present in the
nervous system
? Describe the morphology of different
types of neurons and neuroglia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1Hour
? Describe the process of myelination
and its significance
? Differentiate between white matter and
grey matter.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Define the terms `nuclei' and
`ganglia'.
3
Nerve Fibres
? Define the term `Peripheral nerve'.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Numerical classification of
With medicine or
? State the types of fibres in a mixed
sensory fibres
neurology to see

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

peripheral nerve.
? Mechanism of axoplasmic
1 Hour
cases of peripheral
? Describe Ehrlanger & Gasser's

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

transport
neuropathy
classification of peripheral nerve fibres
?
? Describe nerve injury, degeneration

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

With anaesthesia to
and regeneration of injured fibres
study mechanisms
of local or regional
aneasthesia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

4
Electrical
? Describe the ionic basis of Resting
? `excitatory or inhibitory
? Strength-duration

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

properties of
membrane potential of a nerve cell.
post-synaptic potentials
curve - Rheobase
the nerve cell

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the term electrotonic
(EPSP and IPSP)' in a
voltage, chronaxie
1 Hour
membrane

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

potentials with reference to:
post-synaptic neuron
& utilization time
? `receptor or generator potential' in a
? `end-plate potential' at

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Define the concept
sensory receptor
the neuromuscular
of depolarisation
50

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

? `excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic
junction
block in terms of the
potentials (EPSP and IPSP)' in a post-
properties of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synaptic neuron
voltage-gated
? `end-plate potential' at the
sodium channels.
neuromuscular junction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Define the
? Define the term `Action potential' and
mechanism of
describe the currents responsible for the
action of local

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

different phases of the action potential
anaesthetics.
in the neuron.
? Describe the process of transmission of
action potential in unmyelinated and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

myelinated neurons
? Describe the phenomenon of saltatory
conduction in a myelinated neuron.
? List the factors affecting conduction
velocity in a nerve.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

5
Synapses
Define the terms electrical & chemical
? Define the following
? Define synaptic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synapse
properties of synapse:
fatigue
Describe the morphological features of a ? One-way conduction
? Define the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

chemical synapse ? pre and post synaptic ? Synaptic delay
following synaptic
neurons
? Convergence and
phenomena

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

List the morphological types of chemical
Divergence of synapses
Occlusion &
synapse ? axosomatic, axodendritic and
? Spatial summation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

subliminal fringe
axoaxonic
? Temporal summation
effects
2 Hours

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Describe the process of synaptic
? Define the term synaptic
transmission.
plasticity
List the events in the pre-synaptic neuron, ? Describe the differences

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

culminating in release of neurotransmitter.
between Pre-synaptic and
Describe the events in the post-synaptic
post-synaptic inhibition.
neuron ? Excitatory and inhibitory post-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Define the term Pre-
synaptic potentials, Summation (spatial
synaptic facilitation
and temporal) of synaptic inputs at the
axon hillock, formation of action

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

potential.
6
Neurotransmitt ? List the important small molecule
? State whether the action of ? Glutamate-induced
ers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

neurotransmitters in the CNS and their
each of the above
excitotoxicity
1 Hour
receptors:

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neurotransmitters on the
Organic brain
? Glutamate and its ionotropic
various receptors is
syndromes ?

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receptors:
excitatory or inhibitory.
Schizophrenia,
51

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NMDA, and non-NMDA
? State the major excitatory
Depression
? GABA
neurotransmitter in the

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(Psychiatry)
? Glycine
CNS
? Dopamine
? State the inhibitory

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? Serotonin or 5-HT
neurotransmitters of the
? Acetylcholine
CNS.
? Noradrenalin

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? State the mechanism of
inhibition.
? Denervation
hypersensitivity
? Criteria for a substance to

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be called a
neurotransmitter
Introduction to ? Anatomical parts of CNS
7
CNS

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? Functional divisions
8
Sensations
? Classify the types of sensations (sensory ? Describe the common
modalities

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attributes of sensory
information ? modality,
1 Hour
location, intensity and
duration

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9
Sensory
? Differentiate between usage of the term
? Define rapidly adapting
receptors

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`Receptors' i.e., sensory receptors
and slowly adapting
versus neurotransmitter or ligand
receptors
1 Hour

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receptors.
? Describe the mechanism
? List the sensory receptor for each
of sensory transduction
modality of sensation

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taking a particular receptor
? Touch receptors
as example (e.g., pacinian
? Receptors for proprioception
corpuscle, hair cells of

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? Pain and temperature receptors
inner ear, rods and cones,
?
muscle spindle etc)
52

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9
Ascending
Ascending sensory pathways
? State the mechanism
sensory

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? Sensory Cortex ? Primary sensory
proposed by
pathways
area SI and SII
V.S.Ramachandran

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? Sensory Homenculus
to explain the
? Cortical Sensations
phantom limb
? Cortical Plasticity

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phenomenon.
3 Hours
Three neuron pathway of sensory
Theory
Pathway for

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systems
fine touch
? I order neurons, dorsal root
? Medial to lateral
(Posterior

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ganglia, Fasciculi gracilis and
arrangement of fibres in
Column)
cuneatus in posterior column and
posterior column

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termination in medulla
? Lateral to medial
? II order neurons (cross over) :
arrangement of fibres in
Medial lemniscus from medulla to

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spinothalamic tract
contralateral thalamus
? III order neurons:
1Practical
Thalamocortical neurons

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session
? Cortical termination of pathway:
(3 hrs for
Post-central gyrus.
examinatio

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? Sensory Cortex-Primary sensory
n of the
area SI & SII
sensory
system)

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Pathway for
proprioception Important receptors for Proprioception
(other than touch and pressure
(Dorsal and
receptors):

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Ventral
? Muscle spindle (muscle length
Spinocerebellar
detectors)
Tract)

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? Golgi tendon organ
? Joint receptors (Pacinian
corpuscles)
? Fate of proprioceptive input:
? Posterior column pathway ? same

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as fine touch
? Spinocerebellar tracts ? dorsal
and ventral; Clarkes column
? Spinal reflex arcs ? stretch and
53

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Pathway for
inverse stretch reflex arcs
crude touch
Receptors for crude touch, pain and

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(Anterior
temperature : Mechanoreceptors,
Spinothalamic
Nociceptors and Thermoreceptors
tract)

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Major pain pathway:
Pain and
? I order neurons ? end in spinal
Temperature
cord; Lissauer's tract; substantia

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(Lateral
gelatinosa
Spinothalamic
? Fast pain through A fibres and
Tract)

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slow pain through C fibres
? II order neurons cross over ?
forming lateral spinothalamic
tract
? III order neurons ?

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Sensations
thalamocortical, end in Post-
from face
central gyrus.
? Pathway for sensations from face

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Physiology of
Briefly describe receptors for pain.
? Describe the gate control
? List a few opiates
Pain

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? Describe the pathway for transmission
theory of pain
used to treat pain.
of pain from receptors to the cortex.
? Discuss the principle of

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? Define the following terms: Substantia
using pain balms and
gelatinosa, Lissauer's tract, fast pain,
Acupuncture for pain
slow pain.

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relief.
? State the type of peripheral nerve fibres
? List the endogenous
2 Hours
carrying fast pain and slow pain

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opioids and the types of
respectively.
Opiate receptors.
? Describe the following phenomena:
? Describe the role of

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? Referred pain
endogenous opioids in pain
? Peripheral sensitization of pain
transmission
? Central sensitization of pain ?

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(wind-up) ? role of glutamate
and NMDA receptors
? Dissociated anaesthesia
? Phantom limb pain
? Describe descending pain control

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pathways: from Periaqueductal grey,
Locus ceruleus and Nucleus Raphae
magnus
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10 Motor system

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? Describe the features of organization of ? Arrangement of LMNs in
the motor system.
the anterior horn
? Define UMN & LMN
? `Motor homunculus'

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Descending
? List the descending tracts involved in
? Describe the physiological
Motor Tracts
motor control.

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basis and the clinical
? Describe origin, course, termination and
significance of
functional role of the Pyramidal tracts.
? Decerebrate posture

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State why the pyramidal tracts are called
? Decorticate rigidity
3 Hours
so.
Theory

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? Describe the role of corticobulbar tracts.
? List the extrapyramidal descending
tracts.
? State the origin, termination and
physiological role of the following

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1 Practical
extrapyramidal tracts:
session
? Rubrospinal
(3 hrs for

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Pontine reticulospinal
examinatio
? Medullary reticulospinal
n of the
? Lateral vestibulospinal

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motor
? Describe the influence of the
system)
extrapyramidal tracts on spinal motor
neurons & spinal reflexes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the effects of lesion of the
pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
respectively on spinal motor neurons,
spinal reflexes & muscle tone
11 UMN and

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? Describe the features and Physiological
? Define the following terms: ? Definition of
Clinical cases can
LMN Lesions
basis of Upper motor neuron & lower

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Hemiplegia, quadriplegia,
terminology:
be shown
motor neuron lesion.
paraplegia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

o Transient ischemic
? Describe the features of:
? Hemiparesis,
attacks
? Hemisection of spinal cord at a

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quadriparesis &
o Stroke
given level (e.g. T8, L3 etc)
paraparesis
o Cerebrovascular

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? Brown Sequard syndrome
accidents
? Complete transaction of spinal
? Neurogenic bladders
cord at a given level.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

55

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12 Reflexes
? Define the term `reflex'.
? Alpha-gamma co-

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Tonic neck reflexes
Pediatrics
? Describe the components of a reflex arc
activation
(upper cervical cord)

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with a diagram.
? Physiological basis for
? Symmetrical
Neurology
? Classify reflexes:

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Jendrassik's maneuver
tonic neck
? based on the location of receptors ? Crossed extensor reflex
reflex (STNR)
Medicine

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(deep and superficial)
? Importance of using a
? Other
? Based on number of synapses in
painless stimulus to elicit

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Primitive
PMR
the reflex arc (mono, di or
plantar response
reflexes:

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polysynaptic)
? Central excitatory state &
- Sucking reflex
Study of patients
? Describe in detail, the stretch reflex and

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irradiation of stimulus in
- Rooting reflex
with postural
its physiological significance.
spinal cord

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

- Grasp reflex - 6
abnormalities as a
? List the other terms which are
? Mass reflex & its use in
months

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2 Hours
result of primitive
commonly used to refer to the stretch
spinal cord injury patients
- Plantar ? Babinski ?

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Theory
reflexes being
reflex.
1 year
expressed.

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? Identify that the clinically tested deep
o Postural reflexes other than Should not remain
reflexes (or tendon jerks) are stretch
stretch reflex and crossed
active beyond 6-12

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reflexes.
extensor reflex:
months of life.
? Differentiate between alpha and gamma o Brain stem reflexes:
motor neurons.

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Righting reflexes
If they do, and they are
? Name the receptor for the stretch reflex
(Midbrain)
not integrated, they

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and describe its basic structure with a
oLabyrinthine righting
can interfere with
diagram. State the functional role of
oNeck righting

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voluntary control of
gamma motor neurons.
oBody on head righting
specific movements
? State the effects of supraspinal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

oBody on body righting
and result in immature
influences on the stretch reflex
patterns of movement
? Describe the effects of UMN lesions.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Vestibular or
(eg. Cerebral palsy)
? Describe the effects of LMN lesions.
Labyrinthine reflexes
? The primitive 1 Practical

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the inverse stretch reflex arc.
(Medulla)
reflexes may
session
State the stimulus and response for the

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

o Vestibulospinal or tonic
re-emerge in
(3 hrs for
inverse stretch reflex.
labyrinthine reflex (TLR)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

an adult after examinatio
? Describe the functional role of Golgi
Vestibulocollic reflex
brain injury
n of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

tendon organ.
Vestibuloocular reflex
reflexes)
? Describe the physiological basis of
(VOR)

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"Clasp-knife" rigidity
oVestibular placing
? Describe the flexion withdrawal reflex.
reaction
State its functional role?

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? Describe the afferent, efferent pathways ? Tonic neck reflexes (upper
and the centre of integration for the
cervical cord)
56

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following superficial reflexes: Corneal,

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conjunctival, Abdominal, cremasteric
? State the rationale in assessing
superficial reflexes, while examining the
nervous system.
? Describe flexor and extensor plantar

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

reflexes.
? Recognize the importance of using a
painless stimulus to elicit plantar
response
? Describe Babinski's sign and state its

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

clinical significance.
? List the physiological conditions, where
plantar response is extensor.
? Demonstrate how to elicit the clinically
significant superficial and deep reflexes

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in normal subject.
13 Cerebellum
? Describe the structure of cerebellum, its
? Describe the features of
? Cerebellar lesions

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Anatomy:
somatotopic organization, deep
cerebellar lesions
Structure,
cerebellar nuclei, afferent pathways,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe cerebellar
3 Hours
connections and
internal connections, efferent pathways.
function tests.

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blood supply to
? Name the afferent and efferent fibres of
cerebellum
cerebellum
1 Hour

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? Describe the functions of cerebellum.
Practical
Medicine
Neurology
14 Basal ganglia

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? Define the term basal ganglia.
? Describe the features of
? List the nuclei forming the basal
Parkinson's disease.
ganglia.

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? Describe the
? List the following:
pathophysiological basis
? Input nuclei ? which receive
of Parkinson's disease.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2Hours
afferents from cortex
? Output nuclei ? which send
output to thalamus and spinal
cord

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? Describe the internal connections
between input and output nuclei ? give
details of the direct pathway and
indirect pathway.
57

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? Describe the origin and termination of
the nigro-striatal pathway. State the
neurotransmitter in this pathway.
? Describe the physiological role and
clinical significance of the nigrostriatal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

pathway.
15 Reticular
? Describe the organization of the
? List the neurotransmitters
formation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

reticular formation and its physiological
of various nuclei of RF.
role.
? Give an outline of
1 Hour

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the ascending Reticular
afferent & efferent
Activation System
connections
16 Thalamus

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? List the groups of thalamic nuclei
? List the important
? Give an outline of connections of
features of thalamic
1 Hour

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thalamus
syndrome
? List the functions of thalamus.
17 Hypothalamus ? List the major regions and functions
Hypothalamic Obesity

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of hypothalamus.
? Connections of hypothalamus
1 Hour
? Describe the functions of the
hypothalamus

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18 Limbic system ? State the components of Limbic system ? New concept of the Limbic ? Recognize
? Describe the physiological role of the
System ? Emphasis on
differences between
limbic system Recognize the importance

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amygdala.
the new concept of
1 Hour
of Papez's contributions
? Kluverbucy Syndrome

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Limbic circuit and
? Recognize the central role of amygdala.
? Shamrage
Papez's circuit.
? Identify nuclei

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

involved in addiction
19 Cortex
? Identify the major somatic and special
Define the role of corpus
? Sperry's Split Brain

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sensory, motor & association areas in
callosum ? inter-
Experiments
the cortex.
hemispheric transfer of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Dyslexia
? Recognize the somatotopy of the motor
information
? Prefrontral
1 Hour

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and somatic sensory areas (homunculi)
Lobotomy
? Recognize the phenomena of
? Define the
hemispheric specialization

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

following terms:
(dominance), handedness.
? hemi-neglect
syndrome
? cortical

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

58

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blindness
? synaesthesia
20 EEG
? State the physiological basis of EEG,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

types of EEG waves,
? Uses of EEG
1 Hour
21 Sleep
? Define the various stages of a sleep

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Sleep Disorders
? Theories of sleep ?
cycle.
? Hypersomnolence
Wakw Cycle

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? Distinguish between NREM and REM
? Obstructive sleep
1 Hour
sleep.
apnea

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? Insomnia
22 Language &
? Define the role of Wernicke's &
speech
Broca's areas in language & speech

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
? Define aphasia and state the site of
lesion in motor and sensory aphasia
23 Learning and
? Describe the classification of learning

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? List Alzheimer's
memory
and memory
disease and
? Describe the following phenomena of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Korsakoff's
implicit or Non-declarative learning:
psychosis as
o Non-associative ? Habituation
disorders of learning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
Sensitization
and memory
o Associative ?
Classical

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conditioning
Operant
conditioning
? Define Explicit or declarative memory.
? Define the term synaptic plasticity

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the synaptic phenomenon
associated with Short term memory.
? Describe the phenomenon leading to
long-term memory.
? Describe the role of hippocampus in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

memory formation.
? Describe the role of cerebellum in
motor learning.
24 CSF
? Describe the composition, Secretion,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Papilledema
Circulation, Drainage and Functions
? Hydrocephalus
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? Define Blood Brain Barrier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1 Hour
? Define Blood CSF barrier
25 Cranial Nerves ?
? Examine the integrity of
the cranial nerves I-XII

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2 Practical
in a normal subject
session (6
hrs)
60

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Special Senses (Lectures + Tutorials 20 hours; Practicals + OSPE 6 hours; ECE: 3 hours)
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TEACH
CLINICAL
NO

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TOPIC
ING
INTEGRATION
HOURS
MUST KNOW

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

DESIRE TO KNOW
NICE TO KNOW
EYE
1
Functional

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? List the structures within the eyeball
? State the normal range of
anatomy
? Name the extraocular muscles and
intraocular pressure

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

describe their functions
? Describe the functions of Iris, Ciliary
body, Intra-ocular muscles, Lens,
1 Hour
Aqueous humor, Vitreous body and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Optic nerve
? Describe the formation and drainage of
aqueous humour
2
Optics of eye

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? List the structures through which light
? Concept of the ,,reduced
Ophthalmology:
passes before falling on the retina
eye

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? State the important refracting surfaces
? Accommodative power of
To observe testing
of the eye and the extent of contribution
lens and near point of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

of refraction
of each to image formation.
vision
1 Hour
? State that the image formed on the retina ? "Reduced eye"

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

To observe the use
is inverted and diminished in size.
of tonometer
? Describe the role of crystalline lens in
focusing the light rays and describe the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

To get familiar with
changes that happen while focusing a
case charts of
near object ? accommodation reflex
refractive errors

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? List the common refractive errors ?
Myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and
To observe
astigmatism
examination of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the cause for the refractive
fundus using
errors and explain their correction
Ophthalmoscope
Observe perimetry

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3
Retina
? List the retinal cells contributing to the
? Cone & rod density
visual pathway. (photoreceptors,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

distribution in retina
61

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bipolar cells and ganglion cells)
? Convergence of synapses
Ophthalmology:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe optic disc, macula lutea and
1 Hour
fovea as important structural features in
To observe testing
the retina

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

of visual acuity
? Classify photoreceptors ? Rods and
cones
? List major structural and functional
differences between rods and cones

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Demonstrate visual acuity on a subject
using Snellen's chart
4
Photo
? Visual pigments

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Decomposition of
transduction
? "Dark current" ? at rest in the
rhodopsin - biochemical
photoreceptors

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

steps involved
1 Hour
? Hyperpolarizing receptor potential in
Neurotransmitters involved
rods & cones in response to light

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Wavelengths of light best
? Transmission of Action potential to the
absorbed by pigments
optic nerve.
5

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Light & Dark
? Describe the changes that happen
? Nyctalopia
adaptation
during dark and light adaptation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6
Colour vision
? Name the types of photoreceptors
? Color constancy and
responsible for colour vision

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Purkinje shift
? Classify cones based on their spectral
? Theories of color vision
1 Hour
sensitivity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? List the types of colour blindness
? Describe theories of colour vision
? Demonstrate the use of Ishihara's chart
to check for colour blindness
7

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Optic Pathway ? Draw and describe the optic pathway
? List the conditions
from the photoreceptors to the visual
producing pupillary
cortex

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

constriction & pupillary
1 Hour
? Describe the visual field defects
dilatation
produced by lesions at various levels of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

the pathway
8
Pupillary
? Describe the pupillary light reflex
? Describe the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Conditions
Reflexes
pathway
accommodation reflex
producing pupillary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Differentiate between direct and
pathway
constriction &
1 Hour
consensual pupillary light reflexes

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? List the features of
pupillary dilatation
62

---

? Demonstrate direct and consensual light

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Horner's syndrome
reflexes on a subject provided
Explain Argyll-Robertson
pupil
9

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Eye
? List the extraocular muscles and
? Saccadic & smooth pursuit
Movements
describe their actions

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

movements
? Name the cranial nerves innervating the ? Opto-kinetic reflexes
1 Hour
extraocular muscles
? List the types of eye movements

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(saccadic, smooth pursuit, vergences
EAR
1
Functional
? List different parts of the ear.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

anatomy of the ? Mention functions of outer ear
ear
? Describe the role of middle ear in
impedance matching
1 Hour

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? List structures within the inner ear and
specify their functions
? Describe the importance of attenuation
reflex
2

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Inner Ear
? Draw the cross-section of cochlea with
? Volley effect or Frequency
Function of
all 3 three scalae.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

principle of hearing
cochlea
? Describe the `travelling wave theory' of
hearing
1 Hour

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the function of basilar
membrane in frequency discrimination -
'Place principle' of hearing
3
Sound

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Physics of sound
? Noise - as an occupational
? Concept of the Decibel scale
hazard
Sensory

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

?
1 Hour
Recognize the importance of
transduction in
endocochlear potential and sensory

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

4
cochlea
transduction in the cochlea.
5
Processing of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Describe the auditory pathway
? Describe the mechanisms
? Describe the
auditory
underlying sound

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

concept of tonotopic 1 Hour
signals
localization and masking
maps
effect of sounds

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

6
Assessment of
? Define an audiogram
? Principle of hearing
hearing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Identify a normal air-conduction and
aids
bone-conduction tracing
1 Hour
63

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---

? Identify conductive hearing loss and
sensory neural hearing loss using
audiogram
? Describe the principle of Rinne's and
Weber's test

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

7
Deafness
? Types of deafness - Conductive & ? Audiogram
? Speech Audiometry
Neural

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? Distinguish between
conductive hearing loss and
1 Hour
sensory neural hearing loss
based on audiogram

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VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
1
Functional
? List the structures which make up
anatomy of

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vestibular apparatus and their functions
1 Hour
vestibular
apparatus
2

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Mechanism of
? Describe the mechanism of stimulation
stimulation
of otolith organs - deflection of hair
vestibular hair

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cells using gravitational force/inertial
cell
force of otolith membrane
1 Hour
? Describe the mechanism of stimulation

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of semicircular canals - deflection of
hair cells using inertial force of
endolymph
3
Vestibular

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? Describe the connections of vestibular
? Connections to cranial
pathway
nucleus to the cortex and cerebellum
nerve nucleii controlling

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? Describe the projections through
? Eye movements -
vestibulospinal tracts
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
1 Hour

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? Describe the functions of Vestibular
? Head & neck movements
system - Maintenance of balance,
equilibrium and posture
4

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Tests of
? Identify nystagmus in a
? Meniere's disease
Vestibular
patient

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function
? Caloric test
1 Hour
? Rotation in a Barany chair
SMELL

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Microscopic
? Describe the arrangement of olfactory
? List the types of cells
? Pheromones
1

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anatomy of
sensory neuron within the olfactory
within the olfactory bulb
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olfactory

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epithelium
? Describe the connections of
epithelium and
olfactory sensory neurons
1 Hour

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olfactory bulb
with cells in the olfactory
bulb
The olfactory
? Describe the olfactory pathway from

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?
?
2
pathway
the olfactory sensory neurons to the

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1 Hour
cortex
TASTE
Receptors for
? Describe the arrangement of taste cells

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1
Taste
within taste buds and organization of
taste buds within papillae.
Basic qualities

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? The student must be able to:
? List umami as the fifth
2
of taste
? List the four basic qualities of taste

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taste sensation
sensation
sensation
1 Hour
? Demonstrate how to test for the four

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basic qualities of taste sensation
Taste pathway ? Draw and describe the taste pathway
3
from the anterior two-third and posterior
one-third of the tongue to the gustatory

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cortex
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REFERENCE LEARNING BOOKS
Text Book of Medical Physiology by Guyton and Hall ? A South Asian Edition
Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology

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Text Book of Physiology by Dir.Prof.A.K.Jain (Volume I & II )
Understanding Medical Physiology ? A Text Book for Medical Students by RL Bijlani and S Manjunath Best &
Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice by O.P.Tandon and Y.Tripathi
Text Book of Human Physiology by Sarada Subramanyam A
Text Book of Practical Physiology by CL Ghai

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Manual of Practical Physiology by
Dir.Prof.A.K.Jain
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THEORY EXAMINATION
Theory Examination - Pattern of Question Paper I and II

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1 Essay
1 x 10 marks
= 10 marks
1. Brief Answers
5 x 4 Marks

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= 20 marks`
2. Short Answers 10 x 2 Marks
= 20 marks
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Total

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50 Marks
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Physiology Practical Examination Including OSCE, OSPE and Viva
Practical : Total 40 marks
I Haematology : 16 marks ( Major -10 marks, Minor 6 marks)

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Major experiment
1. Total RBC Count
2. Total Leukocyte count
3. Differential count
4. Absolute Eosinophil count

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(Students can be taught to dilute the blood, charge the chamber, focus the counting grid and one sample square
can be counted and the steps for calculation to be mentioned correctly. They need not count all squares)
Minor
experiment
1.Hemoglobin

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Estimation
2.Blood Grouping
3.Bleeding Time and Clotting Time
4.ESR or PCV
67

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Suggestion:
(To avoid mouth sucking in doing hematology experiments with RBC and WBC pipettes instead, automated
micro pipettes can be used)
II Clinical Examination : 20 marks (CNS-10marks +CVS/RS?5marks+Clinical discussion or chart?5
marks) (One question from CNS Examination for 10 marks and one question from CVS/RS for 5 marks)

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(Clinical Discussion includes giving a case scenario pertaining to the First M.B.B.S. level and student should
identify the disease with the given data)
Charts will have a picture and two or three questions to be relevant to the picture given
III OSPE (2 Skilled stations): 2x2=4 marks (1 station in Hematology and one in clinical examination)
VIVA : (20 marks)

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General Physiology, Blood, Muscle, Digestive system - 6 marks
Endocrinology, Reproduction, excretory system
- 4 marks
Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system
- 4 marks

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Central nervous system and Special senses
- 6 marks
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INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (40 marks) (Theory 20 & Practical 15 + Record 5)
Theory to asses knowledge

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-
Periodic Test in the first week of Oct, Dec, Jan, Mar and May (5 test totally)
and Model Exam Paper I & II in June last week.
Practical to asses skill
-

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One Practical Exam in Hematology and one in clinical examination.
Model Practical in June.
Viva to asses communication -
Viva marks to be included in internal assessment calculation.
MEDICAL ETHICS

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Privacy and confidentiality of Students
Ethical Issues
INTEGRATED TEACHING
2 vertical and 3 horizontal integration to be done in each Academic Year
e.g. Horizontal ? Gastric secretion, Liver, Kidney

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Vertical ? Anemia, Jaundice and Hemiplegia
RECORD
Record should be followed as recommended by this university
*********
69

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