Download PG Medical 2nd Year Pathology Immunity Handwritten Notes

Breast Cancer.

1. Gene expression profiling
2. Molecular classification of Cancer

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Molecular classification of Breast Ca based on gene expression profiling

Q.

FISH

Congenital malformation - metaphase

Oncological Specimens - Interphase

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2 variants -

1. Chromosomal painting (entire human genome on same chromosome)
2. Multicoloured FISH: entire genome on all gen chromosome simultaneously

Spectral Karyotyping

Immunology

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Immunity

Innate

• Birth/1st line of defence
• No memory
• Non-Specific

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Acquired

• Memory
• Specific

Adaptive

Innate

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• Epithelial cells
• Neutrophil, Dendritic cells
• Macrophage
• NK cells

Adaptive

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• B cells
• T cells
• MHC Complex
• NK-T cells Variant of T-cells

Complements

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C-Reactive proteins

Pattern Recognition Receptors.

Pattern Recognition Receptor

Membrane

Cytosol

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1. Metabolic byproducts (involved in Gout pathogenesis)
2. Flagellated organisms
3. Ionic disturbances
4. Also associated with NOD-like Receptors.

Best defined PRR

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Toll-like Receptors - TLR

TLR-2

TLR-4

Epithelial, endothelial, APC.

Nuclear Transcription factor

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Cytokines

Viruses IRF (Interferon regulatory factor)

IFN-1

Receptor mediated

(Inhibit) Interfere with virus to Host cell nuclear acid Replication

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Immune Cells

1. Lymphoid
2. APC
3. NK Cell

B-cell

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T-cell

Lymphocytes

Lymphoid cells

Origin - Stem cells

PAX-5

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Mature cells

Lymphoid progenitor

NOTCH

Ig

Rearrangement

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B cell

T cell

Immature cell

Pan T cell

Mature cell

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T cells-Origin

Activated in PB

Maturation

Ig

IgM; IgD

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CD markers

1. MC,33-Monocyte/macrophage.

Immunotherapy

Myeloid markers

Glial tumors, present

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NK cell

EBV

Receptor on B cell

IgA laden mesangial cells

Transferrin Receptor

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T cells

T cells

Signal

T cells

T cells

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IFN

IL-2

IL-4

Analogy

Permanent inactivation of T cells

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Part of peripheral Tolerance

Also permanent inactivation of both T cell/B cell

Helper T cell

Cytotoxic

Killing

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1. Virus infected cells
2. Graft cells
3. Tumor cells

Perforin by Both NK

Perforin - perforation of CM

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Normal cells

Virus tumor cells

Helper T cells

Memory

TH-1

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TH-2

TH-17

Macrophage

1. Granuloma formation
2. Type IV HSR

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3. Intracellular
4. GVHD

Professional

Non-professional

1. Epithelial cells

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2. Thymic epithelial cells
3. m-cells/microfold cells
4. All endothelial cells
5. All glial cells - astrocytes
6. Pancreatic islet cells

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7. Fibroblasts

Naive T cells

Effector T cells

HLA

Auto-immunity

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All nucleated cells

Complements

Exception platelets

Properdin factor

APC

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Immune cells

B cells

Dendritic cell

Macrophage

Langerhans cells

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Graft Rejection

GVHD

Before organ Transplantation

Due to HLA-DR typing

Risk of Hyperacute graft rejection.

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M/C Cancer associated with organ Transplantation

Skin ca (SCC) > NHL > Kaposi Sarcoma

Lung Transplant - m/c Cause of death

Lung Transplant m/c Cause of death

Important

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Autoimmunity

Loss of immunological Tolerance

Immunological Tolerance

Central Tolerance

Peripheral Tolerance

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1. Central deletion
2. Anergy
3. Receptor editing
4. Regulatory T cell
5. Physiological Apoptosis

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6. Ag-Sequestration

Infections

Gene associated with Autoimmunity

RHD

Ag-poolinfact that bind to Ab

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Autoimmunity

Phototoxicity

Myocarditis

Shrinking lung Syndrome

SLE with Raynaud's phenomena

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Neonatal Lupus with congenital Heart block

Lung-m/c/present

Cardiac-m/c

Musculoskeletal System

Hematology

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Renal

CNS

M/c System involved

Hematology

M/c presentation

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M/c-Cause of Death

M/c COD within 10 years of onset

Antibody

1. Most Sensitive
2. Test Specific

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3. Test Specific
4. Best Correlation of Prognosis

Indirect immunofluorescence.

1. RIM/peripheral
2. Diffuse Staining/Homogenous

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3. Speckled
4. Centromere pattern

Special drug induced

Drug

Drug Induced Lupus

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Nucleus with Homogenous chromatin

Scleroderma

Hallmark of pathogenesis of Scleroderma

Subcutaneous fibrosis

Diffuse (Total)

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Localized

Anti - DNA

Anti-centromere-Ab

RNA polymerase

Cüsis Cancer

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Most Sensitive

Most specific

Mixed Connective Tissue disease

Anti-UIRNP

1. Sjogren Syndrome

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Sjogren

glandular

extraglandular

Graft Rejection

1. Hyperacute Graft Rejection

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1. Acute Graft Rejection

1. Chronic Graft Rejection

1. Graft Versus Host Disease

Amyloidosis

Amyloid-glycoprotein

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Heated Sheets

Congo Red Stain

Amyloid

Other stains

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Toluidine Blue

Livel

Amyloid

Plasma cell disardus

Cardiac failure

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Gingival Amyloidosis

Hemodialysis

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1. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
2. Systemic Senile amyloidosis

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Organ Involvement

Splenic

Liver amyloidosis

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Isolated caganamyloidosis

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Senile Systemic amyloidosis

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