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Download PG Medical 2nd Year Pathology Neoplasia Handwritten Notes

Download PG Medical ( Post Graduate Medical degree) 2nd Year Pathology Neoplasia Handwritten Notes

This post was last modified on 02 August 2021

Medical PG Handwritten Notes 1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year and 4th Year (Study Material)


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Firstranker's choice NEOPLASIA

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Tumorigenesis

Benign

HPV

Malignant

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Cancer

6 16

18

11

Characteristic-

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1) Rate of growth - Monoclonal

Hamartoma - Benign tumor

Choriostoma - non-neoplastic

-clonal inactivation

Polyclonal

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[abnormal tissue in

ectopic Rests of

anatomical site]

normal tissue.

2] Metastasis - Sure Sign of malignancy

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exception

BCC

Glioma

Metastasis

Pheochromocytoma Promotes

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Carcinoma

pituitary...

Adenoma

Routes.

Parathyroid

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Lymphatic

Hematogenous

epithelial tumors...

Sarcoma

*Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Osteogenic Sarcoma

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except-

RCC>HCC

Rhabdomyosarcoma Pleoma

Angioinvasive

*Synovial Sarcoma

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Alveolar

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FirstRanker.com Tumor Progression Severity of tumor

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Metaplasia

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Dysplasia

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Reversible

Partially

Completely

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Reversible.

Irreversible

Nuclear/ Ratio N/C Ratio- altered. N/C Ratio 1

cytoplasmic

cell polarity-

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Lost-cell

Anaplasia

Complete Loss

(rearrangement)

polarity

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of differentiation

over BINT)

Ca-insitu-

-Hallmark of

malignancy

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N/C = 1/4 to 6 times

Basement membrane

mets << Anaplasia

Intact

Hallmark features of Cancer cells (*)

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1) Proto-oncogene mutations Oncogene

1) Self Sufficiency [donot-require growth factor].

2) Resistant to growth inhibitory Signals (Tumor Suppressors)

3) Invasion from apoptosis [Tec/2 antiapoptic expression]

4) Limitless Replicative potential (Telomerase)

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5) Angiogenesis (m/c Cause - Hypoxia) - HIF I gene VEGF,

without angiogenesis limit of growth 1-2mm

BFGF

disorganized B.V

6) Metastasis-m/essential factor Angiogenesis

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Balance Metastatic gene Anti-metastatic gene

b/w

E-zoin (RNTS)

1) NM-123.

(first to discover)

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mir-lob

2) mir-226, 335

3) KAI-1-prostate Ca

Snail, Twist Breast Calloburation 4) Kiss - melanoma

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EMT - Epithelial mesenchymal Transition

-also associated with wound Healing & Repair.

organfibrosis...

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e-cadherin [B/wnormal/tumor cells]

epithelial downregulation (e-cadherin)

Tumor cells

1) Detachment.

Proteases

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2) Degradation of ECM. By.

- i) plasmin

mmp

MTMP

mmpa Better.

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Detachment

Breaker &

Degradation

attachment

3) Attachment with ECM synthesize BV

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Integrin + Synthesis of ECM

protein

mesenchymal upregulation

[Collagen, Laminin, Vitronectin, Fibronectin]

4) Tumor emboli. in BV mostly associated.

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T cell + platelet

5) Organ

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Firstranker's choice

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Antitumor cells

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CDs, NK cells, N

1) Ag -ve Tumor cells

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i) glycocalyx coating,

ii) Ca cell express FAS/FASL sundugo

apoptosis

iii) Ca-metabolism - Aerobic glycolysis (warburg effect)

Warburg 1921, Basis of PET Scan

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Nobel price - 1931

Gene Repair Defect- Chromosomal instability Syndrome.

Big) - Bloom Syndrome

Homologous DNA

Fanconi

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defect disorden.

A Ataxia Telangiectasia

AR

X - Xeroderma pigmentosa (nucleotide excision Repair

Defect)

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Lynch Syndrome AD.

ov light

Skin

Pyrimidine Repaired accumulated in Xp

Dimeus

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by excision

Skinla

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Firstranker's choice - DNA mismatch Repair gene defect

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(Spell checker)

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Stomach

microsatellite Instability

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Colon.

Chromothripsis - Dramatic Chromosomal

Catastrophy

Random damage of chromosome

- activation of oncogenes

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- inhibition of tumor Suppressor

eg: Osteosarcoma, Glioma.

Proto-oncogenes: Helps in normal proliferation & differentiation

1) growth factor...

2) GF-R

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Signal Transduction protein

Nuclear Transcription

Cyclin & Cyclin Dependent kinase

Cell Cycle Go G1 S G2 M

Any Proto-oncogene-oncogene-affect Cell cycle

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Tumorigenesis

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Firstranker's choice

i) PDGF

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ii) FGF

iii) HGF

iv) TGIF-2 (TGIF-B-tumor suppressor gene)

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2) Growth factor Receptor group

i) ERBB-1: Adenocarcinoma of lung

ii) ERBB-2 [Her-2/neu] - Breast Ca

iii) RET-Proto-oncogene - medullary Ca of thyroid

iv) C-KIT/- GIST, melanoma, Seminoma, myeloid Cancers

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CD-117

3) Signal Transduction Protein-

a) RAS - m/c oncogene mutation in Human Cancer

P53>50% Human Ca 53%

RAS-20-30%

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P53>RAS

Ca. Pancreas - m/c mutation. KRAS(60-70%) << p-16 (95%)

m/concogene mutation - KRAS.

4) ABL

BCR-ABL

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CML

ALL

(good)

(poor)

>60/ Skin Ca BRAF

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5) BRAF -> 60% Skin Ca (melanoma)

>90% Human Ca BRAF

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Firstranker's choice

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Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis (monoclonal)

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4) JAK-2 - Polycythemia vera

NOTCH - T cell leukemia

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4) Nuclear Transcription Factor-

Myc; Fos; Jun

n-myc amplification

neuroblastoma (Bad)

medulloblastoma

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C-myc - Burkitt's lymphoma

Translocation

5) Cyclin & Cyclin Dependent kinase-

Cyclin

D1

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D2 (Bcl-2)

Bcl-1

mantle cell lymphoma.

follicular

lymphoma

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CDK4 mutation

fibroblastoma

melanoma

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Firstranker's choice

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Cyclin

A

B

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+

+

+

+

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CDK

4

2

2

1

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[OFF] Rb + EF-2 (inactive) [EF-elongation factor

D+4 02 phosphorylation

ATP

Rb allows

Rb

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EF

G1 S

molecular-ON-OFF

Switch

Governor of cell Rb

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Removal elongation factor. Progression of cell cycle

Cyc D +4

Cyc E +2

A+2

B+1

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G0 G1 S G2 M

mid Go phase-Cyclin - Synthesis

Check point- G1 S

G2M

error before DNA

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after DNA

replication

replication occurs.

Cyclin A << Cyclin B

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Firstranker's choice Cell cycle inhibitors

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P16 INK 49

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Cip kip family

(cap-way)

-Specific inhibitors

Cyclin D + K4

- Non specific inhibitor

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K6

P21, P27, P57

P4

P6

P53 induce P21

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P18

indirect

G1-S >> G2-M

P19

cell cycle

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inhibitor

Tumor Suppressor Gene

BRCA-1: ch-17.

BRCA-2 ch-13

male Breast Ca (BRCA 2 BRCA1

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Ovarian tumor

BRCA-Imedullary Breast Ca

Triple negative [ER-ve, PR-ve, Her-ve].

BRCA-2= ER+, PR +ve Her-2-ve

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Firstranker's choice molecular weight - 53 kDalton

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Ch-

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Li- Fraumeni Syndrome multiple ca.

guardian of genome

molecular policeman

Tissue injury P53

GADD-45

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Induce P21.

BAX/BAK

(growth courest DNA

Inhibit cell cycle at G1 S > G2M.

Puma

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damage)

Apoptosis

DNA Repair

P53

Silencing

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MIRNA

Linc-RNA

(mi-329/c]

-ve

-ve

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Cell cycle

Antiapoptic gene. BCL-2

arrest (romitasis)

Carcinogenesis

1) Chemical Carcinogenesis- Benzopyrene

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Tissue damage

Somatic

mutation.

P53

DNA Repair

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Liver.

nucleophitic.

C-P-450

Carbonium ion

Benzopyrene

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Epoxide

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FirstRanker.com checked by - AMES assay

Leaginec

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Salmonella typhimurium

Chemical + (normal Histidine negative)

Histidine +ve

Histidine -ve

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Que-tomulation

non mutagenic

Inference mutagenic

chemical

chemical

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Radiation Carcinogenesis

Ionising

Non Ionising

UV

2. 3, x. Ray.

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Pyrimidine dimes

m/c

Skin Ca.

Blood Ca papillary Ca

of thyroid

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intermittent Sunlight exposure

Blood Ca-ANTL

melanoma

ALL.

CTL

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CLL is not associated with

radiation

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Firstranker's choice

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Microbe ist established th pylori gastric adeno Ca NHL

m/c NHC lymphoma of stomach - DLBL > malforma

NTALT -m/c site ileum (Peyer's pather)

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NTALToma-m/c site - stomach

HPV

-6,11-Papilloma

16,18-Carcinoma

E6 inactivate P53

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E7 inactivate Rogene

HPV

episomal

Integrated

Precancuous lesion

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Carcinogenic

Benign papilloma

no Risk-in non. endemic

HPV Risk for esophageal Scc-only in endemic regions

Sofidendysis Bullosa - Risk of esophageal Scc

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Vit-A. Zn, Se-pastedive

HBV

HCV 21-30yes

HCC

DNA.

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HBV > HCV

Nuclear

damage

layaw.

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Firstranker's choice can alter.cause HCC directly even without

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undergoing Cirrhosis

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But HCV-donot cause direct HCC

HBV

HCV

Cirrhosis

No direct

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Causation.

Carrier-HBC

HCC

Cirrhosis HCV

Transfusion Hepatitis HBV > HCV

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EBV

HL

NHL

Nasopharyngeal Ca[m/c aw EBV]

m/c malignancy with EBV - Gastric adeno Ca

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Tumor diagnosis approach-

1) Tumor markers - Never confirm diagnosis

Moes-prognosis,

Response to R

may correlate to size of tumor.

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egf- L-HCG-notamaku.

FSH/LH/TSH

B-HCG Chorio Carcinoma.

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FirstRanker.com Hepatoblastoma (790)

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Firstranker's choice

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variant

Fibro lamellar variant-N-AFP, Neurtension marker

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2-pp- Non Seminomatous; max elevation yolk Sac tumorfended

Seminomatous - LDH, PLAP 15./-ause from Syncytiabudhat

15.1-B-HCG

Yolk Sac tumor - AFP, 2-1 antiTaufprin.

CD 30+ve, C-KIT-Ve: embryonal Ca

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Melanoma - m/Sensitive - S-100; m/Specific HNTB-45

Vimentin

milf-1 (micro-fhithalmia Transition factor-)

Choroidal melanoma

Cytokeratin - for epithelial cancer

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Ca15 Breast Ca

Ca19.9 pancreas, Colon'!! - ustained startforum!

Ca1215 - Ovarian tumor (not used for Screening)

Sonly for prognosis.

FNAC : Size: 226-2761

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1) Patient's consent

2) Bleeding Diathesis

3) H/o anaphylaxis

4) Testicular malignancy

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Firstranker's choice

7 NAC can be done

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Tosule out infertility

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Follicular adenoma vs Follicular Carcinoma - 7 NAC

Confirm - only by tissue Biobay

not useful

Immunophenotyping Study of Dmasters

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Flow cytometry-ideal for lymphocytasis

simultaneous provide immunophenoty

IOC CLL, ANTL.

Flow cytometer

Cell density

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Side Scatter vacuoles,

granularity, membrane

Size

Light

Forward Scatter.

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-cell size.

Immunohistochemistry -IHC

Artificial (doured Ab

Tumor Ag-complex under

microscope.

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Basis - Intermediate filament

1) Cytokeratin (epithelial tumors)

Carcinoma (any Carcinoma

2) Vimentin - Connective tissue

melanoma, Seminoma

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This download link is referred from the post: Medical PG Handwritten Notes 1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year and 4th Year (Study Material)

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