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(perm cell differentiation.
what determines Sex in fetus : SRY gene on short arm, chromosome y.
Others:
If SRY gene is present
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Gonads = Testis (7WKS)
(Gonads develop from
Genital ridge)
Sertoli cells
Mullerian inhibiting factor
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(A glycoprotein, secreted at 7wks)
It has paracrine action
ie it acts locally.
Leads to ipsilateral regression of
Mullerian ducts in males by
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9 wks.
Remanants of Mullerian duct in
males: Appendix of Testis
Prostatic utricle
Appendix of Testis
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Hydatid of Morgagni
Leydig cells
Testosterone.
(Its production begins at
9wks (intra-uterine)
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maxm product @ 14-18 wks
Promotes the
growth of
wolffian duct
in males
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Int-Genitalia
S- Seminal vesicle
E-Ejaculatory duct
E - Epididymis
V-Vas deferens
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21. Cells which lie outside blood testis barrier.
Spermatogenesis.
Spermatogonia (46 xy)
Mitosis
Primary spermatocyte
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(46 xy)
Meiosis I
23x
Sec.
spermatocyte
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23y
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Imp. points pn spermatogenesis :
Begins at Puberty.
Time taken : 72-75 days.
one spermatogonia forms 16 primary spermatocyte.
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se spermatocyte gives rise to 4 sperms/spermatids.
one spermatogonia gives rise to 64 sperms/spermatids.
Spermiogenesis:
Spermatids change to sperms
No mitosis/No meiosis
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Time taken: 14 days.
Part of spermatid
Part in sperm.
Nuclear material
Head of sperm.
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Golgi body
Acrosomal cap.
Mitochondria
Middle piece.
Microtubules
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Tail/axial filament.
* sperms lack ER (especially RER)...
sperms : €55 µm
life span - 72 hrs.
sperms attain motility & maturity in Cranial end of epididymis.
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Hormonal support of spermatogenesis :
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Ant. pituitary
* 1st stimulus for Leydig cells to produce testosterone : HCG.
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sperm pathway-
Spermatogenesis OCCUR @seminiferous tubules of Testis.
(Sertoli cells)
Motility & maturity @ Epididymis (cranial end).
Vas deferens.
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They are released along with seminal vesicle fluid. (60% volm +
Fructose).
+ Protastic fluid. ** Bulbo urethral gland secretion.
The semen which is released should liquify in 20-30 minutes.
(Liquifacs d/t: prostatic fluid)
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Ideally semen analysis is done on Liquified semen.
But if no liquifios occurs cin 60 mis & semen analysis on unliquified
semen.
Note: If there is azoospermia with low semen volume &
absent fructose ? Block is below the level of seminal vesicle.
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tmen congenital absence of vas def., Suffer I seminal vesicle agénei
(CAVO)
They have low semen volume, Low PH & Low fructose.
Spermatogenesis is, however, normal !
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* Absence of spermatozoa in semen
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But presence of Fructose
Likely diagnosis may be : Mumps orchitis.
Capacitation :
- Ability of sperms to fertilize ova
- Begins in female reproductive tract (cervix)
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- Major part occurs in Fallopian tube
- Time taken: 7 hours
- After capacitation, sperms become hyper-motile, !!
Acrosomal rx2 :
- occurs after the sperm binds to zona pellucida
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- Zona pellucida has sperm. receptors: ZP1, ZP2 &ZP3, which
mediate acrosomal ru (main : zp3).
- Acrosomal or occurs because enzymes like hylauronidase,
acrosin, etc. are released.
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In females
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Whether ovary is Present/absent
depends on Y chromosome.
For dev. of ovary 2x chromosomes
are needed.
SRY gene Absent
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Gronads = ovary.
Sertoli cells absent
Leydig cells absent
Mullerian I. F. absent
Testosterone absent
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Mullerian duct grows into
Fallopian tube
uterus
Cervix.
upper 3/5th Vagina.
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wolffion duct
regresses.
Ext-genitalia
looks like
female.
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lower part of vagina develops from urogenital sinus (sino-vaginal bulb)
Mast common cause of ambiguous female genitalia: Presence of
testosterone in intra- uterine life [congenital adrenal hyperplasia]
Remnants of wolffian ducts in femates :-
Part of wolffian duct
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Remnants: in females.
1. Pronephros forms Hydatid of Morgagni/Kobelt.
tubercle.
2. Mesonephros.
Cranial end. Epo-ophron/organ of Rasenmiller
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Caudal end. Para-oophron.
3. Wolffian duct proper. Gartner's duct
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All resinames of wolffian duct is present in lateral part of
broad ligament, except para.cophron, which is present in
medial paru- of broad ligament.
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*wolffian duct Mesonephric duct
Mullerian duct para-mesonephric duct.
organ of Rossenmuller :
- consists Vertical tubules (Not Horizontal tubules)
- Lined by cuboid epithelia (Not by columnar epithelia).. !!
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Oogenesis.
46
XX
oogonia
MITOSIS.
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46
XX
- Primary oocyte.
MEIOSIS I: arrested in Diplotene (Prophase).
* This arrested stage is known as
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Dictyate stage (uptp puberty).
This stage is absent in per spermatogenesis.
At puberty,
Meiosis I is resumed
Meiosis is hormone dependent. Dent. LH
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. Meiosis I is resuned 24-36 hours before ovulation.
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At puberty:
The arrest is over.
23x
23X
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Sec. oocyte
Ist polar body.
Release of Sec. oocyte from. Primary is k/a ovulation.
Sec. oocyte.
MEIOSIS II (arrested in METAPHASE
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Completed @ Fertilization!!
Female pronucleus.
Second polar body
size of ova 120 microns (largest cell of body).
Follicles :
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Primory
oocyte
PRIMORDIAL Follicle. (size: 0.02 mm)
* Size of follicle just before ovel² = 18-20mm
#maxm no. of follicles @ 20 wks (5th month of intra-uterine life)
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At birth : 1-2 millions 6-7 millions.
At Puberty: 4-5 lanhs.
400-500 follicles mature in entire lifetime:
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1000 follicles every month.
Germ cells are derived from Epiplast/ectodern.
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Reach youk sac (by 3wks)
Genital ridge (6?)
Oogonia are formed (qwks)
1st oocytes (12 wks)
follicle form begins@ 14 wks!.
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& Completed by 24 wks.
Fertilization:
Site : ampulla (FT)
zygote undergoes cell division,
2,4,8, 16 celled zygote.
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16 celled zygote (Morula).
* zygote stays in Fallopian tube for 3 days
Then it moves towards uterine cavity d/t:-
(1) Peristalsis of tube
(ii) Movement of cilia
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Nutrition to the zygote in F.T. is provided by secretory cells of
FT. in the form of pyruvate.
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6.
oot zygote enters the uterine cavity : Day 4. after fertiliza.
Eda
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14th day
18th day.
Ovulation
zygote
enters Uterine
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Cavity.
Morula
zona pellucida
(on 5th day zona pellacida, is lost
& this is kla zona Hatching).
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As the Morula enters uterine cavity,
fluid enters into it. & Now it is kla BLASTOCYST.
In Blastocyst, cells are arranged in 2 manners
some TROPHOBLAST : which lises the Blastocyst
? Inner cell moss:
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Implantation :
occurs in the form of Blastocyst.
6-7100003 days after fortilization : Beginning
Completed by 10 days after fertilization
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Endometrium
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Dexiduca
capsularis
(separates blastocyst
from uterine cavity)
Interstitial implantation.
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Blastocyst.
Decidua basalis
(Future placenta forms hore)
+ Forms maternal side of placenta.
Dedidua pariefalis
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(Remaining decidua)
:: !!
- Thickness of endometrium at time of implantation = 8mm
In some females, bleeding occurs at the time of implanths
HARTMAN'S sign.
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- After Implantation, Endometrium is kla Decidua.
- As the fetus grow, Decidua basalis & decidua parietalis fuse by
16 wxs. (uterine cavity obliteration).
:: Superfetation could be possible only before uterine cavity Obliter
ie. by 16 wns.
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Gestational
Sac.....
Decidua
capsularis
Decidua
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Parietali's
Double ring sign-
Cat
Double ring sign is absent in Ectopic Pregnancy:
Embryonic period.: 3-8. wks after fertilization.
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(5-10 WKS after pregnancy).
Most teratogenic period.
Fetal period : From 9 WKS after fertilization uptil delivery.
10 First germ layer fromed in fetus: Endoderm.
This differntiation occurs
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Syncytio-trophoblast 8th day after fertilis.
( Trophoblast < Cyta-trophoblast
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chorion leevae.
churion frondosum.
(Farms fetal side
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•Placenta)
Blastocyst.
Villi
Decidua basalis..
(Forms maternal side of
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Placenta)
• Fetal membranes.
Amnion.
Formed @ Day 10, 11. after fertilish.
Derived from ectoderm
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Innermost Fetal memb.
Avascular : Provides tensile strength to fetal memb.
Chorion.
formed 8 days after fertilis
Chorion leevae : Fuses & amnion,
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•Chorion frundosum:
York sac.
first site for hematopoiesis
Allantois.
- A diverticula that arises from hindgut & grows into connecting
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stalk.
+ Prostaglandin predominanrly preseni in fetal memb. - PGE2
... when fetal memb. are ruptured during labour
Prostaglandins are released. & labour proceeds@faster rate
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Site of hematopoiesis
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1. yolk sac.
3-6 WKS Gower 1, 2
Portland.
2. Liver (mainly) 6 WKS HbF
& spleen.
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3. Bone marrow 20 ? ?.
* Petal RBCs have Langer size.
but short life span. (go days)
fetal Hb. at term = 18 gmy. (75-80% is HbF)
Switch over of fetal Hb. to Adult Hb. begins at 36 wus
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is completed by 6 months after birth. (HbF <1% @ 6 months)
This shift is carried by Gluco-corticoids
HbF ? A
- less of 2,3 DPG. More 2,3-DPG.
- Higher affinity for O2.. Less affinity for 02
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::
Less of carbonic anhydrase More:
Resistant to acid & alkali Sensitive to acid & alkali
gets hemolysed.
* Apt test/singer alkali denaturation test.
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It is a qualitative test- done in vasa previa, to differnficate
b/w matemas & fetal blood.
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Blood coming from mother's Vagina is collected in
a test tube
Add NaOH
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1. If color of blood remains same, blood is not hemolysed.
... It contains HbF. ? Indicates Vasa previa
(-ve test)
2. If color of blood is brown. it means blood has
hemolysed
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....It contains HbA ? Indicates placenta previa
(4)ve test).
!!
* Thus, Apt test is used to differentiate fetal blood from
maternal blood.
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* Test to differentiate fetal RBC too & maternal RBC
Placenta
Kleihauer Betke test.
Reagent : citric acid phosphate buffer.
This is a quantitative test:
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originally, this test was used to calciate
the dose of anti-o in RhEve females.
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? Villous Feral blood = 350 ml.
Inter-villous space = Maternal blood (150m2).
Volume of placenta = 350ml+150ml = 500 ml.
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Villi formation stages:
Feto placental circulation is established by 17-21 days
In the placenta, maternal & fetal blood donot mix & each other
are separated by
(1) cyto & syntaytio - trophoblool-
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((i?) Extra-embryonic mesoderm : : Placental membrane...
(ii) Fetal capillary endothelium of
Placental barrier.
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wt of placenta at term = 500 grams.
Ratto of it. of placenta: Fetus = 1:6.
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Fetal side of placenta
Maternal side of placenta
) - shiny & grey.
(1) - Dull red
(1?)-. Membranes attached toit (i) – Divided into polygonal
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Cord attached to it." areas - Lobes:
(ii) - Formed by trophoblast or ..: Each lobe is divided into
chosion frundosum. lobules / cotyledon
(iv) - Forms 4/5th Part of placenta. (iii)- formed by decidua basalis
(iv)- forms 1/5th of placenta
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*- functional unit of placerita: cotyledon/Lobule
*? Placenta forms begins by 6. wrs .
& completed fariatomically) by 16wks.
Physiologically, Placenta Keeps On maturing till 3rd trimester,
Term placenta
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1. No cytotrophoblast
2. Syncytio-trophoblast thickness ?
3. stroma decreases
4. Petal capillaries increase move towards periphery
5. Hoffbarum cells are present
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* USG done for placental localisation in. 3rd trimester
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Placental circulation:
1) Uteroplacental circulation:
No. of spiral arterioles in Inter villous space: 120
On Saturation in Ivs 65-15%
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utero-placental blood flow at term 450-650 ml/min
(* uterine blood flow
This download link is referred from the post: Medical PG Handwritten Notes 1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year and 4th Year (Study Material)
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