FirstRanker Logo

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice is a hub of Question Papers & Study Materials for B-Tech, B.E, M-Tech, MCA, M.Sc, MBBS, BDS, MBA, B.Sc, Degree, B.Sc Nursing, B-Pharmacy, D-Pharmacy, MD, Medical, Dental, Engineering students. All services of FirstRanker.com are FREE

📱

Get the MBBS Question Bank Android App

Access previous years' papers, solved question papers, notes, and more on the go!

Install From Play Store

Download PG Medical 2nd Year Pathology Cell Injury Adaptations Handwritten Notes

Download PG Medical ( Post Graduate Medical degree) 2nd Year Pathology Cell Injury Adaptations Handwritten Notes

This post was last modified on 02 August 2021

Medical PG Handwritten Notes 1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year and 4th Year (Study Material)


FirstRanker.com buy adaptations.

FirstRanker.com

Cell Adaptations: Reversible changes (neither normal/injured)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

on removal of stress

Normal - without loss of physiology

Types-

  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. --- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

  4. Atrophy
  5. Metaplasia
  1. Atrophy: Both size & number of cells ?
    • associated with autophagy (performed by Lysosomes)
    • Risk of TB infection - macrophage associated gene deletion

    ATG5-5.

    --- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

    Q. endometrial adenoca associated with - atrophy or hypoplasia

    Hyperplasia - Type I endometrial adenoca.

    Atrophy - Type II (Type II poor prognosis).

  2. Hyperplasia: Number of cells ?; Size same
  3. --- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

  4. Hypertrophy: Size of cells?; number same.
  5. Metaplasia: Adult cell replaced ? another type of adult cell

Stem all reprogramming mechanism

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com Squamous

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Respiratory tract columnar ? Squamous

associated with which vitamin deficiency Vitamin - A deficiency

Barett's esophagus. Squamous ? columnar.

  • Intestinal metaplasia - Hallmark of Barett's esophagus
  • Risk for cesophageal or brastaic Adenoca
  • --- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mucin in barett's: acidic - PH - 2.5

Stain used - Alcian blue.

Both Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy:

Pregnant uterus: major. Hypertrophy

Pregnant / pubertal Breast: Both hypertrophy + Hyperplasia.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lactating Breast - only Hypertrophy

CELL INJURY:

m/c Cause of cell injury - Ischemia/Hypoxia.

Neurons ? 3-4 mins.

Cardiac Tissue ? 20-40mins.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

most Resistant - Fibroblasts

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com I take four tasta

FirstRanker.com

?oxidative Phosphorylation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?ATP (5-10% ? - cell injury)

Failure of Na+-K+ pump

I. Cell Swelling - 1st sign of all injury.

eg- Ballooning, degeneration of Hepatocytes

Except - Apoptosis. shrinkage 1st Sign

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

water/Na+ appear as vacuole due to snadubility

-Hydropic degeneration / cytoplasmic vacuoles/

cloudy Swelling (ATN)

II. Ribosomal Degeneration - detachment due to swelling

up of endoplasmic Reticulum:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

* Todl. Reversible & Irreversible Injury Cell membrane damage

IV. Small amorphous densities in mitochondria - Reversible

Flacculent large densities ? Irreversible?

ultrastructural findings.

V. Nuclear change

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

granular nuclear chromatin

? Change to...

Disaggregation of granular nuclear

FirstRanker.com

chromatin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

most important

mild Marttain Severe?

Reversible injury Irreversible injury

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? phospholipase

Damage to cell membrane of

organelle alla po

Concentric lamellated figure (phospholipase+-Ca)

mielinoid bodies / myelin figures water

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Present in both Reversible, Irreversible

Irreversible Reversible.

Irreversible Injury

Ca level ?-activates 3 enzymes

1) Phosphalifass. myelin figures?-maximum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Mitochondria-large amorphous flocculent

densities

2) Protease - damage cytoskeletal protein damage.

Loss of cell architecture.

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

nucleus-eosinophilic cytoplasm

nucleus-basophilic.

Damage of DNA / Nucleus.

Pyknosis clumping of chromatin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Karyorhexis - fragmentation.

Karyolysis - chromatin lysis ? chromatin removed

? Basophilia of cell (chromatin dissolution)

Events

after cell death

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Necrosis

Cell Death

Apoptosis Necroptosis Pyroptosis

Necrosis:

Denaturation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enzymatic

of protein

actions

?

Hydralytic action

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Tissue architecture

Tissue architecture-lost

Normal / intact

Coagulative N

Liquefactive N.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

m/c type

Bacterial / Basin infections

?m/c cause-Hypoxia.

m/c affecting - Heart (solid organs), Liver, kidney, spleen etc

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

? Solid organs Heart - solid organs

FirstRanker.com

Brain donot have- Fibrous stroma-collagen

Hypoxia - all organs: Coagulative necrosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Brain-liquefactive

  1. No collagen
  2. Rich is liquefactive enzymes

m/c. Cause in Brain ? Infections.

? Thermal Burns. Coagulative reagulojuret

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Coagulative Necrosis.

TB

* Gangrene. Srove

1st Coagulative necrosis

m/c site - lava limb.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?

Dry default.

Liquefactive necrosis.

Tissue N. coagulative N

Architecture preserved.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cheesy material-Casseous N

due to myclic acid.

Wet Liquefactive.

Necrosis.

?variant of coagulative N.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Coag. TB < day gangrene; TB > Wet gangrene

Necrosis

Zenker's-degeneration Necrosis. Prototype of Coagulative.

Zenker's > Gangrene > TB>Wet gangrene

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

Lysosomal Permeability

?

Inflammation ?enzymes.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Apoptosis * cell membrane damage

No cell membrane

Damage.

?

Leakage of content

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

No inflammation

?

* Inflammation

Physiological's/pathological Only pathological

Q.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Programmed Cell Death

without Caspase activation

?

Necroapoptosis.

Caspase

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Hypaid - Necrosis + Apoptosis

Pyoptosis

-Neither apoptosis, no

E cell membrane damage

necrosis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inflammation

Pyrogen Induced Apoptosis

?Variant of necrosis.

Inflammation

?Both Physiological & pathological.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cell membrane damage.

Physiological-eg-mammalian

growth plate formation.

Pathological

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

Apoptosis - cell

(Active Process) - due to usage of ATP

from mitochondria.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Active process > Programmed call Death

? Apoptosis enduad by loss of adhesion molecule

?

ANOIKIS

Q.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Physiological Pathological

Organogenesis

Testfolding of proteins.

Cell deletion

?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cell deletion of auto

Apoptosis

reactive cells!

eg. Familial Hyperchlosterolemia

protective against

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Parkinson's, Alzheimers

autoimmunity.

Huntingtons GVHD

Cystic fibrosis. Salivary

Tumor all death.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

?Chemotherapy+ Radiotherapy-Necrosis / Apoptosis

Q

eg. (Severe stimuli) mild stimuli - only apoptosis

to cell

Glucocorticoid induce apoptosis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

Apoptotic Body

FirstRanker.com

-Viral Hepatitis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Morphology-

earliest change all shrinkage

2) M/characteristic: Chromatin condensation > cell membrane intact

?No inflammation

4) Cytoplasm-eosinophilic.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

5) Phosphatidyl Serine Facepitous. (Lipid Receptors facing

Inwards.

? Apoptosis.

Hip outside

Amexin Dye - detector the flip: marker of Apoptosis.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

- stain used for Lipid

Liped Stain - Oil Red stain.

Glycogen ? PAS.

Sudan Black.

Osmium Tetraoxide

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Cell membrane bleb

Detach

Apoptotic Bodies

? cell membrane bound structure with cagandle,

may/maynt have nuclear remnants

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

Phagocytosis

Receptor mediated ( no inflammation)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Biochemistry of Apoptosis:

Pro Caspase

Hallmark of Apoptosis has themed sitantechn

DNA damage

Caspase ?endonuclease chromatin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

DNA damage Rutxided fragment.

Condensation

multiples of x200 Base Pairs

Internucleosomal DNA damage

Agarose Giel Pattern.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

due to Aep Ladder

Smeared

endonuclease. Pattern.

Pattern

?Seen in apoptosis necrosis, Pautcharecdeistiof Necrosis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Smearing Pattern- Necrosis

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

(11). Initiation Caspases

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a) Intrinsic - major pathway - Caspase-q

b) Extrinsic Caspase-8 Caspase 10

execution.caspases.

?

Caspase-3,6,7 Cas-3 m/I.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lendonuclease

Protoncogenes

Apoptotic Anti-apoptotic

Bcl-X6(stimulate) elenas Bcl-2

- BAX, BAK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BH3 Proteins

BCL-XL (Lowering)

NTCL-1 2.

(m/c mutated en drug resistance)

Drug Resistance.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

P53>MCL-1 MCL-1 Drug Resistance protoniogene

P53-Tumor suppresor.

BH3 Proteins. Stress Sensors.

Bim

PUNTA

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Bad

NOXA

Bid.

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

a) Intrinsic Pathway

Pathway

Stress

+ve 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BH3

BAX

Bcla

BAX.

Fimbibited BAx expressed

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

on outer membrane.

Apoptosome

mitochondrial permeability...

Cyt-C-mitochondria - ETC

channels

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

cytosolic Cyt-ca

? permeability / leakage of

Proteins

SMAC-

Cyt-c into cytosol

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

DIABLO pastein

Apotesome

Inhibit

inhibitor of anti apoptosis

Initiate Caspase-9

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com Death Receptor mediated

FirstRanker.com

TNF-R-1 FAS-CD-95

Trimerization

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Death Receptor +

DLigaments.

Adaptar-protein

Flip.

Brocaspases 8, 10.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lip protein- Inhibitor of extrinsic pathway

Final pathway

C-9 C-8,10.

C,3,6,7

endonuclease chromatin Condensati

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Intrinsic textrinsic pathway.can accu

(Independly).

?Hallmark of Neuronal apoptosis - Apoptosis

inducing factor

(No caspases)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

tree - Radicals

? Produced normally

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

unpaired election in outer cabit x

oxidation mechanism of damage

cell membrane damage

+

Cytoplasmic protein

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

nuclear membrane dama

?

DNA damage (Somatic damage)

most potent / mest Reactive - OH

Free Radaly Lipofuschin Bovcum pigment

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

cm dam

age

1) Ageing

?) malnutrition

iii) Cancer cachexia.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Telltale sigh of ageing / Free Radical injury

? Brown atrophy of myocardium.

Carcinoid Specimen brown - Lipofuschin.

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

Lipofuschin Hem

(m/c)

Sudan Black

Peal's prussian blue stain

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Jenous fenocyanide

07e2+ fenicfence

Osmium Tetraoxide

Annexin-V

On Oil Red-Ostain-best for oil- Frozen Section.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

FrozenSection - Intraoperative Biopsy

? Never confam diagnosis Immediately (confiam-2 days)

Temp: -15 to -30°C

14-15 - 20 minutes - ?) D-Bering/malignant.

Tentative iii) can tell metastasis to sentinel lymph node

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

10) Resection margin involvement

1) Theory of Free Radical Damage for Ageing-mlaccepted

theory

1) Increased crasslinking of collagen, Theory for ageing

Anti-oxidant vitamins - Vitamin A, C,E.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bokins - Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin

?lenzymes - Catalase, glutathione peroxidase? Peroxisomal

Superoxide Dismutase.

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

present

Glutathione peroxidase - most potent anti-oxidant

in body

Peracional enzymes - H20s paiduction & degradation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lysosomes H202 production only

?Brain protected from Freidadical Pryny SOD-1

Cu-Zinc SOD-1.

ANTL (motar rewon Lon disease)

Calcification

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Abnormal

Tissue

noimall

Tissue

Death/degenerated Re

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cat

Rystrophic Calefication

metastatic Calcification

TB

Hyperparathyroidism

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

IHOT (m/ccoduse)

?RHD.

prammoma bodies

m/c Parathyroid adenoma

Aneurysm

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Hypercalcemic Cousis.

monckebergs mediat

CaBreast > Calung.

Sclerosis.

Squashow

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Small coll

deductive Vitamin-A/D?

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

lysis - Hypercalcemia

activate

Parathyroid-not-affected (calcified)/revelyaffeded

m/c affected alvedi (lung)

Calcification starts in mitochondrial except kidney-Basement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Special Stain - 1) Von-Kossa [m/c, Best]

membrain

for Calcium 2) Alizarin-Red (most specific) for calcium

3) Calcein !!

4) Tetracycline Labelling stain (Best for bone mineral

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Melaunin-Fontana-Tasson.

Collagen o Contiective Tissue - Tasson Trichrome Collagen

Fungal Hyphae - Silver methenamine

Alzheimer's disease - Nanofibrillary tangles-Bielochousky stain

Ageing

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Telomeres-tronconding areas at the end of chromosomes

Progressive size & on fuither Replication

No Telomerus.

Et furons/degradation

Cellular ageing

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Normal calls are capable of division of 60-70 times

Hayflick limit

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Telomeu ?lengthening - Carcinogencies

Telomerase RINA - defended DNA polymerase

Eresponsible for lengthening) (Reverse Transcriptas

present in Grem calls > Stemcells

Nosmal Somatic cell-rotelomerase

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

most effective way of padenging lifespan Calaise

(smallamt) Red Wine Seautins ir pulke

Apoptosisey) Raduce faue Radical damage

1 glucose metabolism ) 1 snsulin sentivity

Werner Syndrome- NTEN

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Werner Syndrome - Prunatue aging.

defect in DNA Helicase.

(Repair)

Selver methamine Stain Fungus - Black/Brown

Background greenn

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

FirstRanker.com

Branching-aspergillus

Septate Branching

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Immungluarecence.

merexpeg-Dichaveicmivas (allows only alight)

Background-Black

Acanthamoeba - optically greenish white - cell wall

Calcofluor white stain

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

INFLAMMATION

-Aaule inflammation-

I) Vascular events Ist Transient vasoconstriction

Vasodilatation

Vascular Parmeability) acute anlamind

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Stasis (Sathat reutrophil can

deviate to perphery)

Vascular Parmeability)

1) lordothelial gap - (m/c-mechanism)

at the level of venules. exakt lungs - capillaris.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

- Immediate / Transient response.

2) Drauct endothelial Injury - Immediate prolonged

mild endottieliaftinjury - suntur/paadiation,

daloyedspadongeleaper than star

FirstRanker.com

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---



This download link is referred from the post: Medical PG Handwritten Notes 1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year and 4th Year (Study Material)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---