Brain cells.
Newsectodermal. mesodermal.
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1) Astrocytes modified macrophages
Blood Brain Barrier. Microglial cells
2) Wound Healing Repair. modified Lipid
Lipophages
Ependymal injury (donot Regenerate) GHer cells
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Subependymal granuloma. Hortega cells
(astrocytes)
3) Oligodendrocytes - myelination of CNS.
4) Ependymal cells
Fatty-acid Binding proteins/w.
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* Mature astrocytes
Radial glial system.
Morphogenesis of Cortical layers.
Red neurons- because of apoptosis necrosis, cytoplasm-Red.
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2) Rosenthal fibers- Both tumor inflammation.
Tumor Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Inflammation Gliosis
Composition- heat shock proteins HSP-27
a crystalline.
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3) Alzheimer Type II astrocytes - No association with Alzheimer's disease.
Dueto Liver cell failure
Hyperammonemia
Swollen astrocytes - Alz. Type-II
Alzheimer Type - astrocytes - Progressive multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
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Jopadyama virus
Oligodendrocytes.
Ground glass nuclei.
Forebrain Anomalies-
1) Holoprosencephaly: (Whole Forebrain fused)
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No Rt / Lt Cerebral Hemispheres.
Cyclopea
Sonic Hedge Hog gene mutation
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Mutation genes
Morphogenesis:
Homebox Hox Sonic Hedglog genes
Decide Anterior-Posterior Patterning of limbs
axis. midline structures
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[Head-Tail pattern] Brain spinal cord
Neuronal Migration disorder
Normal migration- 12-16 weeks (Completed migrat.
1) Lissencephaly ?
Less of gyrus Agyria Flat Brain
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Lis-1 gene mutation.
2) Polymicrogyria-
3) Neuronal Heterotopia.
4) Agenesis of Corpus Callosum.
Batuwing Deformity. Radiologically
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5) Agenesis of Cranial nerves
Hind-Brain Syndromes
-Dandy-Walker Syndrome - Cystic dilatation of IV ventricle
post. fossa volume (?CSF- Hydrocephalus)
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FirstRanker.com - Cerebellar Herniation
I II Arnold-chiari.
Quadrigeminal plate
Tectum intact.
Damage of quadigeminal
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plate Tectal
plate
only downward displacement Cerebellar Herniation
of cerebellar vermis Banana Sign.
Chiari newal rite defect
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Vascular Hemorrhages
Intracerebral SAH.
(m/c type of Bleed) m/c Cause - Trauma >
HTN Berry aneurysm
M/C A: Middle Cerebral A. Congenital aneurysm Saccular
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can also bein/w Atherosclero
Lenticulostriate branch. Tunica media defect.
Lipohyalinosis of BV m/c Site: Ant Cerebral A,
Aneurysm Ant. communicating A-Junction
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm Least Common):
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Vertebral Artery
Basal ganglia (m/c)
putamen.
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HTN encephalopathy
Binswanger disease
Infections:
1) m/c fungal meningitis - Cryptococcus.
Site- Virchow-Robin Space
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muisaimie stain - Red Cryptococcus
2) TB meningitis -
m/c presentation-Diffuse meningoencephalitis
characteristic - Basalexudat.
m/c Complication Cerebral infarction.
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3) Cytomegalovirus Periventricular Calcification
Necrosis.
Cells are enlarged.
Basophilic inclusions in nudeusi.
Cytoplasm
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CD4 < 200 - Pneumocystitis Carini.
CD4 < 150 - CMV.
HIV TB, CD4 count >300.
Atypical TB CD4 count <150.
Lymphoma <200/L.
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FirstRanker.com I°CNS lymphoma
HIV meningitis - AIDS dementia Complex
HIV carried by - macrophages. Dendritic cells
Characteristic complex Tcells
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Cortex Spared.
only, Sub-cortical area affected.
m/c Cause of Space occupying Lesion Toxoplasmosis
m/c Cause of Space Occupying Tumor I°CNS lymphoma
Histology - most characteristic-microglial nodules
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white matter necrosis
Demyelination.
Perivascular inflammation
Spinal Caid - Vascular myelopathy Posterolateral.
Vascular Daisolateral Trad
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Vasculitis Subacute combined Regeneration
Visxal Inclusions
Rabies - Negri Bodies (cytoplasmic) eosinophilic.
Hippocampus m/c site en Degs
Brainstem m/c most Severe form of encephalitis
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Cerebellum-regai Body-m/c site:
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FirstRanker.com cell count Normal Albumino-Lytdryi
? Albumin -
1) Guillian-Barre Syndrome
2) Late Stage of polio
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3) Intracranial Neoplasm
Prion disease - Infectious protein
Longer incubation period.
PrPc a-Helix
protease sensitive.
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conformational change
PrPsc Sc-Scarpe (1st to discover)
ß-pleated Streets [Congo Red] + ve.
protease Resistant.
M/c Cause: Iatrogenic (NeuroSurgery/Corneal Transplant)
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Bx:
Cluster of grapes
spongiform trewens
Types: 1) Creutzfeldt Jacob
2) Fatal familial insomnia No Spongiform nuwon
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3) Scrapie.
4) Kuru.
5) Mad-Cow disease /Bovine Spongiform
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Alzheimer's disease
m/c Cause of dementia.
Sporadic Hereditary
misfolding of Presenilin-1: Ch-19
protein Presenilin - 2 ch-1
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Trisomy 21->40years - Alzheimer's disease.
21
extrachromosome.
APP
Stress
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A pamford misfolding of protein
Damage Basal ganglia nudeus
Nucleus - Basalis of Meypinet.
Neurotransmitter Ach.
Ach.
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MR, progressive dementia.
Gross: Gyri-atrophy
Sulci-widening.
FirstRanker.com lobe contient.
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Microscopy
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo:
alzheimers.
Pick's disease
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1) Neuritic plaques - Senile Plaques x - Neurons
extraallular. damaged
2) Neurofibrillary Tangles - Best Correlates with
Naamal Tau protein Seventy of disease
Hyperphosphorylation
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Initially
Condensed Tau protein intracellular
Neuandamage
Neurofibrillary Tangles extracellular
Bielschowsky stain.
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3) Granulovacuolar degeneration (appear douts)
4) Hirano Bodies - a-actin (paired)
Levy Bodies-a-Synuclein. Parkinsonism
gross: Pallor of Substantia nigra
due to loss of dopaminergic neurons
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Pallor - Coreleate to degree of Severity.
FirstRanker.com CAG Repeat
Huntington's Ch-4
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misfolding
Huntingtin
Damage Caudate nudeus
GABA neurons
Ballooned neurons Pick's disease
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Lobat atrophy/adfarm16
Brain Tumors
m/c Brain Tumors metastasis
m/c Lungsca.
(Small cell ca]
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m/c farmany/lung tumor- meningioma > glioma
m/c i malignant Recte tumor (adults)- glioblastoma
Brain
Child
1. Brain malignant-medulloblastoma
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Beningn. Juvenile filogylic astrocytoma.
m/Cerebellum
Caubellar astrocytoma
FirstRanker.com alignancy
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Astrocytoma JPA
WHO I gemistocytic astrocytoma
Law Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma-
grade II - Diffuse aise in foramen monouce
High III - Anaplastic
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grade
Emetastasis IV - Glioblastoma multiforme
CSF metastasis
glioblastoma
Anaplastic astrocytoma
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CNS lymphoma
Medulloblastoma
extragonadal gamall tumor invdving brain
Glioblastoma - m/c site - frontal lobe.
Butterfly tumor (due to spread to adjacent
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lobe)
Palisading
Pseudo Serpentine reciosis Pseudo
Palisading reciosis
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Schwannoma -
Westdogy - Taue palisading
Hypercellular - Antoni-A
Hypocellular - Antoni-B
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Hypercellulon
Verocay Bodies
Lungs
1) Bronchial asthma - Revasible bunchapasm
2) Baonchiectasis
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3) Emphysema [pinkfbuffaus]
4) Choconic Baronchitis (blue blasters)
C-ORD.
Baonchial asthma-
Choronic Inflammation- Responsiveness of
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Bronchial mucosa.
Reversible Bronchoconstriction
Atidogy: chromosome-59, associated with atopy,
baonchial asthma
met strongly/ml/k a/w - 12-18 gene kdymorphism.
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This download link is referred from the post: NEET PG Last 15 Years 2012-2025 Previous Question Papers with Answers (Solved Question Papers)
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