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Download PG Medical 2nd Year Pathology CNS Handwritten Notes

Download PG Medical ( Post Graduate Medical degree) 2nd Year Pathology CNS Handwritten Notes

This post was last modified on 02 August 2021

NEET PG Last 15 Years 2012-2025 Previous Question Papers with Answers (Solved Question Papers)


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Brain cells.

Newsectodermal. mesodermal.

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1) Astrocytes modified macrophages

Blood Brain Barrier. Microglial cells

2) Wound Healing Repair. modified Lipid

Lipophages

Ependymal injury (donot Regenerate) GHer cells

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Subependymal granuloma. Hortega cells

(astrocytes)

3) Oligodendrocytes - myelination of CNS.

4) Ependymal cells

Fatty-acid Binding proteins/w.

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* Mature astrocytes

Radial glial system.

Morphogenesis of Cortical layers.

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Red neurons- because of apoptosis necrosis, cytoplasm-Red.

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2) Rosenthal fibers- Both tumor inflammation.

Tumor Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Inflammation Gliosis

Composition- heat shock proteins HSP-27

a crystalline.

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3) Alzheimer Type II astrocytes - No association with Alzheimer's disease.

Dueto Liver cell failure

Hyperammonemia

Swollen astrocytes - Alz. Type-II

Alzheimer Type - astrocytes - Progressive multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

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Jopadyama virus

Oligodendrocytes.

Ground glass nuclei.

Forebrain Anomalies-

1) Holoprosencephaly: (Whole Forebrain fused)

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No Rt / Lt Cerebral Hemispheres.

Cyclopea

Sonic Hedge Hog gene mutation

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Mutation genes

Morphogenesis:

Homebox Hox Sonic Hedglog genes

Decide Anterior-Posterior Patterning of limbs

axis. midline structures

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[Head-Tail pattern] Brain spinal cord

Neuronal Migration disorder

Normal migration- 12-16 weeks (Completed migrat.

1) Lissencephaly ?

Less of gyrus Agyria Flat Brain

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Lis-1 gene mutation.

2) Polymicrogyria-

3) Neuronal Heterotopia.

4) Agenesis of Corpus Callosum.

Batuwing Deformity. Radiologically

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5) Agenesis of Cranial nerves

Hind-Brain Syndromes

-Dandy-Walker Syndrome - Cystic dilatation of IV ventricle

post. fossa volume (?CSF- Hydrocephalus)

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FirstRanker.com - Cerebellar Herniation

I II Arnold-chiari.

Quadrigeminal plate

Tectum intact.

Damage of quadigeminal

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plate Tectal

plate

only downward displacement Cerebellar Herniation

of cerebellar vermis Banana Sign.

Chiari newal rite defect

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Vascular Hemorrhages

Intracerebral SAH.

(m/c type of Bleed) m/c Cause - Trauma >

HTN Berry aneurysm

M/C A: Middle Cerebral A. Congenital aneurysm Saccular

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can also bein/w Atherosclero

Lenticulostriate branch. Tunica media defect.

Lipohyalinosis of BV m/c Site: Ant Cerebral A,

Aneurysm Ant. communicating A-Junction

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm Least Common):

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Vertebral Artery

Basal ganglia (m/c)

putamen.

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HTN encephalopathy

Binswanger disease

Infections:

1) m/c fungal meningitis - Cryptococcus.

Site- Virchow-Robin Space

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muisaimie stain - Red Cryptococcus

2) TB meningitis -

m/c presentation-Diffuse meningoencephalitis

characteristic - Basalexudat.

m/c Complication Cerebral infarction.

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3) Cytomegalovirus Periventricular Calcification

Necrosis.

Cells are enlarged.

Basophilic inclusions in nudeusi.

Cytoplasm

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CD4 < 200 - Pneumocystitis Carini.

CD4 < 150 - CMV.

HIV TB, CD4 count >300.

Atypical TB CD4 count <150.

Lymphoma <200/L.

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FirstRanker.com I°CNS lymphoma

HIV meningitis - AIDS dementia Complex

HIV carried by - macrophages. Dendritic cells

Characteristic complex Tcells

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Cortex Spared.

only, Sub-cortical area affected.

m/c Cause of Space occupying Lesion Toxoplasmosis

m/c Cause of Space Occupying Tumor I°CNS lymphoma

Histology - most characteristic-microglial nodules

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white matter necrosis

Demyelination.

Perivascular inflammation

Spinal Caid - Vascular myelopathy Posterolateral.

Vascular Daisolateral Trad

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Vasculitis Subacute combined Regeneration

Visxal Inclusions

Rabies - Negri Bodies (cytoplasmic) eosinophilic.

Hippocampus m/c site en Degs

Brainstem m/c most Severe form of encephalitis

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Cerebellum-regai Body-m/c site:

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? Albumin -

1) Guillian-Barre Syndrome

2) Late Stage of polio

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3) Intracranial Neoplasm

Prion disease - Infectious protein

Longer incubation period.

PrPc a-Helix

protease sensitive.

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conformational change

PrPsc Sc-Scarpe (1st to discover)

ß-pleated Streets [Congo Red] + ve.

protease Resistant.

M/c Cause: Iatrogenic (NeuroSurgery/Corneal Transplant)

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Bx:

Cluster of grapes

spongiform trewens

Types: 1) Creutzfeldt Jacob

2) Fatal familial insomnia No Spongiform nuwon

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3) Scrapie.

4) Kuru.

5) Mad-Cow disease /Bovine Spongiform

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Alzheimer's disease

m/c Cause of dementia.

Sporadic Hereditary

misfolding of Presenilin-1: Ch-19

protein Presenilin - 2 ch-1

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Trisomy 21->40years - Alzheimer's disease.

21

extrachromosome.

APP

Stress

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A pamford misfolding of protein

Damage Basal ganglia nudeus

Nucleus - Basalis of Meypinet.

Neurotransmitter Ach.

Ach.

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MR, progressive dementia.

Gross: Gyri-atrophy

Sulci-widening.

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Microscopy

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Hydrocephalus ex vacuo:

alzheimers.

Pick's disease

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1) Neuritic plaques - Senile Plaques x - Neurons

extraallular. damaged

2) Neurofibrillary Tangles - Best Correlates with

Naamal Tau protein Seventy of disease

Hyperphosphorylation

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Initially

Condensed Tau protein intracellular

Neuandamage

Neurofibrillary Tangles extracellular

Bielschowsky stain.

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3) Granulovacuolar degeneration (appear douts)

4) Hirano Bodies - a-actin (paired)

Levy Bodies-a-Synuclein. Parkinsonism

gross: Pallor of Substantia nigra

due to loss of dopaminergic neurons

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Pallor - Coreleate to degree of Severity.

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Huntington's Ch-4

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misfolding

Huntingtin

Damage Caudate nudeus

GABA neurons

Ballooned neurons Pick's disease

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Lobat atrophy/adfarm16

Brain Tumors

m/c Brain Tumors metastasis

m/c Lungsca.

(Small cell ca]

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m/c farmany/lung tumor- meningioma > glioma

m/c i malignant Recte tumor (adults)- glioblastoma

Brain

Child

1. Brain malignant-medulloblastoma

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Beningn. Juvenile filogylic astrocytoma.

m/Cerebellum

Caubellar astrocytoma

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Astrocytoma JPA

WHO I gemistocytic astrocytoma

Law Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma-

grade II - Diffuse aise in foramen monouce

High III - Anaplastic

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grade

Emetastasis IV - Glioblastoma multiforme

CSF metastasis

glioblastoma

Anaplastic astrocytoma

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CNS lymphoma

Medulloblastoma

extragonadal gamall tumor invdving brain

Glioblastoma - m/c site - frontal lobe.

Butterfly tumor (due to spread to adjacent

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lobe)

Palisading

Pseudo Serpentine reciosis Pseudo

Palisading reciosis

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Schwannoma -

Westdogy - Taue palisading

Hypercellular - Antoni-A

Hypocellular - Antoni-B

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Hypercellulon

Verocay Bodies

Lungs

1) Bronchial asthma - Revasible bunchapasm

2) Baonchiectasis

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3) Emphysema [pinkfbuffaus]

4) Choconic Baronchitis (blue blasters)

C-ORD.

Baonchial asthma-

Choronic Inflammation- Responsiveness of

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Bronchial mucosa.

Reversible Bronchoconstriction

Atidogy: chromosome-59, associated with atopy,

baonchial asthma

met strongly/ml/k a/w - 12-18 gene kdymorphism.

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