2. Knowledge regarding nomenclature/
classification of muscles
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3. Knowledge regarding basic facts offunctioning of muscles
Muscles are responsible for all types
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of body movement ? they contract or
shorten and are the machine of the
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bodyThree basic muscle types are found in the
body
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?Skeletal muscle
?Cardiac muscle
?Smooth muscle
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Head and Neck Muscles
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Figure 6.14Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 6.38
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Trunk Muscles
Figure 6.15
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSlide 6.39
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
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Figure 6.16
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.40Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Figure 6.18c
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 6.41
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior
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Figure 6.20Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 6.43
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.21
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSlide 6.44
Cih?k R., Anatomie 1, Grada Publishing a.s. 2001
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Power & Range- Muscle
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Contraction
Maximal power generated by a muscle finally
depends on
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effective mass of contractile tissue i.enumber and diamentions of contained
fibres
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Maximal range of contraction depends onlength of its fibres
Force and range acts at full advantage in
parallel fibres
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Classification Of Muscles
A. By Fascicular Orientation
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1.Parallel
2.Pennate
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3 Spiral
4 Cruciate
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1. Parallel ( Relative to muscle directionof pull)
(a) Quadrilateral- Quadratus
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lumborum,Thyrohyoid
(b)Long and strap like- Sartorius
(c) Strap like with tendinous intersection
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Rectus abdominis(d ) Fusiform- Biceps brachii
2. Pennate muscles
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(a) Unipennate ? Flexor Pollicis longus
(b)Bipennate- Rectus femoris, Dorsal
interossei of hand
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(c )Multipennate - Deltoid
(d)Circumpennate- Tibialis anterior
Classification Of Muscles
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3. Spiral
Supinator
4. Cruciate
Sternocledomastoid, Masseter
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Classification Of MusclesB. By Type Of Skeletal Muscle Fibre
1. Slow or Red fibres or type I fibres
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2. Fast or White fibres or type II fibres
Classification Of Muscles
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C. By Insertion near or away from joint1. Shunt Muscle( Away from Joint )
2. Spurt Muscle ( Near Joint )
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Nomenclature of Muscles
On Basis of :
1.Shape of muscle
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Deltoid, Quadratus, Rhomboid, Lumbricals2.Size
Major , minor , longus , brevis
3. Number Of Head
Biceps , triceps, Quadriceps femoris,
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Digastric
Nomenclature
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4. PositionSupraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Abdominis,
Oculi, oris
5.Depth
External oblique, Internal oblique
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Flexor D. Superficialis, Flexor D.Profundus
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Nomenclature6. Attachment : Sternocledomastoid,
coracobrachialis
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7. Action : Flexor, Extensor, Abductor
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
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Skeletal Muscle? Endomysium ?
around single
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muscle fiber
? Perimysium ?
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around afascicle
(bundle) of
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fibers
Figure 6.1
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSlide 6.4a
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
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Skeletal Muscle
? Epimysium ?
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covers theentire skeletal
muscle
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? Fascia ? on the
outside of the
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epimysiumFigure 6.1
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.4b
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
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? Epimysium blends into a connectivetissue attachment
? Tendon ? cord-like structure
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? Aponeuroses ? sheet-like structure? Sites of muscle attachment
? Bones
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? Cartilages? Connective tissue coverings
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.5Function of Muscles
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? Produce movement? Maintain posture
? Stabilize joints
? Generate heat
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSlide 6.8
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
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Muscle
? Cells are multinucleate
? Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
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Figure 6.3a
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.9aMicroscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
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? Sarcolemma ? specialized plasmamembrane
? Sarcoplasmic reticulum ? specialized
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSlide 6.9b
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
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Muscle
? Myofibril
? Bundles of myofilaments
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? Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands? I band =
light band
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? A band =
dark band
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Figure 6.3bCopyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
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6.10a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
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? Sarcomere? Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
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6.10bMicroscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
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? Organization of the sarcomere? Thick filaments = myosin filaments
? Composed of the protein myosin
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? Has ATPase enzymesFigure 6.3c
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide
6.11a
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Microscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMuscle
? Organization of the sarcomere
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? Thin filaments = actin filaments? Composed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
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6.11bMicroscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
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? Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions, or cross bridges)
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? Myosin andactin overlap
somewhat
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Figure 6.3d
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide6.12a
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles? Skeletal
muscles must
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be stimulated by
a nerve to
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contract (motorneruron)
? Motor unit
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? One neuron
? Muscle cells
stimulated by
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that neuron
Figure 6.4a
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSlide 6.14
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
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? Muscle force depends upon the number
of fibers stimulated
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? More fibers contracting results in greatermuscle tension
? Muscles can continue to contract unless
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they run out of energy
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.22Muscles and Body Movements
? Movement is
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attained due to a
muscle moving
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an attachedbone
Figure 6.12
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
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6.30aMuscles and Body Movements
? Muscles are
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attached to at
least two points
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? Origin ?attachment to a
immoveable bone
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? Insertion ?
attachment to an
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movable boneSlide
6.30b
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Types of Muscle Contractions
? Isotonic contractions
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? Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
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? The muscle shortens? Isometric contractions
? Tension in the muscles increases
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? The muscle is unable to shortenCopyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 6.28
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Muscle Tone? Some fibers are contracted even in a
relaxed muscle
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? Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
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? The process of stimulating various fibersis under involuntary control
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.29
Effects of Exercise on Muscle
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? Results of increased muscle use? Increase in muscle size
? Increase in muscle strength
? Increase in muscle efficiency
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? Muscle becomes more fatigue resistantCopyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 6.31
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Types of Ordinary Body
Movements
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? Flexion ? decreases angle of joint andbrings two bones closer together
? Extension- opposite of flexion
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? Rotation- movement of a bone inlongitudinal axis, shaking head "no"
? Abduction/Adduction (see slides)
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? Circumduction (see slides)Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 6.32
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Types of Muscles
? Prime mover ? muscle with the major
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responsibility for a certain movement? Antagonist ? muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
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? Synergist ? muscle that aids a prime
mover in a movement and helps prevent
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rotation? Fixators
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.35
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
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? Direction of muscle fibers
? Example: rectus (straight)
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? Relative size of the muscle? Example: maximus (largest)
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide
6.36a
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles? Location of the muscle
?Example: many muscles are named
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for bones (e.g., temporalis)
? Number of origins
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?Example: triceps (three heads)Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
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6.36b
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
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? Location of the muscles origin andinsertion
? Example: sterno (on the sternum)
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? Shape of the muscle
? Example: deltoid (triangular)
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? Action of the muscle? Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 6.37
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics? Has no striations
? Spindle-shaped
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cells? Single nucleus
? Involuntary ? no
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conscious control? Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
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organs
? Slow, sustained
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and tirelessFigure 6.2a
Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 6.6
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
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? Has striations? Usually has a
single nucleus
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? Joined to anothermuscle cell at an
intercalated disc
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? Involuntary
? Found only in the
heart
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? Steady pace!
Figure 6.2b
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Copyright ? 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSlide 6.7
Disorders relating to the
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Muscular System
? Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle
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enlarge due to increased fat and connectivetissue, but fibers degenerate and atrophy
? Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to
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maintain the sarcolemma? Myasthemia Gravis: progressive weakness
due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors
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Cardiac muscle tissue
intercalated disc
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Eis, Jel?nek, Spacek, Histopatologick? atlas, Praha 2006Abnormal contraction
? spasm ? involuntary contraction of one muscle
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? cramp ? painful spasm
? tetanus ? multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
? tic ? involuntary twiches of muscles, usually under
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voluntary control
? tremor ? rhythmical, involuntary contractions of opposite
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groups of muscles? fasciculations ? involuntary, short twiches on motor unit
visible under the skin
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? fibrilace ? spontaneous contractions of fibres of one
muscle that aren?t visible under the skin
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Special muscle structures I
? fascia (= perimysium externum)
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? fibrous envelope of muscle or muscle group? barrier for spreading of inflammation in that
specific area
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? osteofascial septum (= septumosteofasciale)
? fascial divider from the superficial fascia to
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the periosteum
? separates the space for muscle groups ?
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compartment (compartimentum)https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/
Growing old and musle tissue
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? skeletal muscle tissue starts to be replaced
by fibrous and fatty tissue around the age of
30
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? reflexes slowdown, loss of flexibility and
decrease of strength
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? change of muscle fibres from quick to slowEnthesopathy
? illness of muscle and tendinous insertions
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? usually caused by repeated overstraining? e.g. tennis elbow
http://www.fyzioterapie-stepankavojtova.cz/bolestivyloket.html
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http://compex.zdravi-cz.eu/tenisovy-loket.php? Select the trait that does not characterize
muscle tissue in general.
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?
A)
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irritability?
B)
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contractility
?
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C)extensibility
?
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D)
All of these are traits of muscle.
? Individual fibers of skeletal muscle have
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fine sheath of connective tissue called a(n)
________________.
?
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A)
epimysium
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?B)
perimysium
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?
C)
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endomysium?
D)
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fascia
? Sarcomeres run from _________________.
?
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A)
A band to A band
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?B)
Z line to Z line
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?
C)
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H zone to H zone?
D)
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I band to I band
? What muscle has its origin on the sternum
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and inserts on the mastoid process of thetemporal bone?
?
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A)sternocleiodomastoid
?
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B)
splenius capitis
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?C)
semispinalis capitis
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?
D)
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trapezius? What is the deepest of the four abdominal
muscles?
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?
A)
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rectus abdominis?
B)
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external abdominal oblique
?
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C)transversus abdominis
?
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D)
internal abdominal oblique
? The ______________ muscle is a deep,
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lateral muscle of the forearm that flexes the
thumb joints and assists in grasping.
?
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A)
flexor pollicis longus
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?B)
flexor carpi ulnaris
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?
C)
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superficial digital flexor?
D)
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deep digital flexor
? Which of these muscles is an adductor?
?
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A)
gluteus medius
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?B)
tensor fascia lata
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?
C)
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pectineus?
D)
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iliacus
? Choose the muscle that does not belong to
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the quadriceps femoris group of the anteriorthigh.
?
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A)rectus femoris
?
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B)
vastus lateralis
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?C)
vastus medialis
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?
D)
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biceps femoris? The thenar and hypothenar muscles are
located where?
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?
A)
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in the foot?
B)
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within the hand
?
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C)in the forearm
?
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D)
in the lower leg
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