Download MBBS Anatomy PPT 1 Generral Anatomy Muscular System Notes

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Learning Objectives

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1. To know basic anatomy of muscle
2. Knowledge regarding nomenclature/

classification of muscles

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3. Knowledge regarding basic facts of

functioning of muscles

Muscles are responsible for all types

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of body movement ? they contract or

shorten and are the machine of the

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body

Three basic muscle types are found in the

body

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?Skeletal muscle
?Cardiac muscle
?Smooth muscle

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Head and Neck Muscles

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Figure 6.14

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Slide 6.38

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Trunk Muscles

Figure 6.15

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Slide 6.39

Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles

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Figure 6.16

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Slide 6.40

Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh

Figure 6.18c

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Slide 6.41

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Superficial Muscles: Anterior

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Figure 6.20

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Slide 6.43

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Superficial Muscles: Posterior

Figure 6.21

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Slide 6.44

Cih?k R., Anatomie 1, Grada Publishing a.s. 2001

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Power & Range- Muscle

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Contraction

Maximal power generated by a muscle finally
depends on

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effective mass of contractile tissue i.e

number and diamentions of contained
fibres

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Maximal range of contraction depends on
length of its fibres
Force and range acts at full advantage in
parallel fibres

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Classification Of Muscles

A. By Fascicular Orientation

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1.Parallel

2.Pennate

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3 Spiral

4 Cruciate

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1. Parallel ( Relative to muscle direction

of pull)

(a) Quadrilateral- Quadratus

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lumborum,Thyrohyoid

(b)Long and strap like- Sartorius
(c) Strap like with tendinous intersection

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Rectus abdominis
(d ) Fusiform- Biceps brachii


2. Pennate muscles

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(a) Unipennate ? Flexor Pollicis longus
(b)Bipennate- Rectus femoris, Dorsal

interossei of hand

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(c )Multipennate - Deltoid
(d)Circumpennate- Tibialis anterior

Classification Of Muscles

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3. Spiral
Supinator
4. Cruciate
Sternocledomastoid, Masseter

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Classification Of Muscles

B. By Type Of Skeletal Muscle Fibre

1. Slow or Red fibres or type I fibres

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2. Fast or White fibres or type II fibres

Classification Of Muscles

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C. By Insertion near or away from joint

1. Shunt Muscle( Away from Joint )

2. Spurt Muscle ( Near Joint )

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Nomenclature of Muscles

On Basis of :
1.Shape of muscle

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Deltoid, Quadratus, Rhomboid, Lumbricals
2.Size
Major , minor , longus , brevis
3. Number Of Head
Biceps , triceps, Quadriceps femoris,

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Digastric

Nomenclature

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4. Position
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Abdominis,
Oculi, oris
5.Depth
External oblique, Internal oblique

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Flexor D. Superficialis, Flexor D.

Profundus

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Nomenclature

6. Attachment : Sternocledomastoid,

coracobrachialis

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7. Action : Flexor, Extensor, Abductor

Connective Tissue Wrappings of

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Skeletal Muscle

? Endomysium ?

around single

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muscle fiber

? Perimysium ?

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around a

fascicle

(bundle) of

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fibers

Figure 6.1

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Slide 6.4a

Connective Tissue Wrappings of

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Skeletal Muscle

? Epimysium ?

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covers the

entire skeletal

muscle

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? Fascia ? on the

outside of the

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epimysium

Figure 6.1

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Slide 6.4b

Skeletal Muscle Attachments

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? Epimysium blends into a connective

tissue attachment

? Tendon ? cord-like structure

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? Aponeuroses ? sheet-like structure

? Sites of muscle attachment

? Bones

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? Cartilages
? Connective tissue coverings

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Slide 6.5


Function of Muscles

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? Produce movement
? Maintain posture
? Stabilize joints
? Generate heat

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Slide 6.8

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

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Muscle

? Cells are multinucleate
? Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma

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Figure 6.3a

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Slide 6.9a

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Muscle

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? Sarcolemma ? specialized plasma

membrane

? Sarcoplasmic reticulum ? specialized

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Figure 6.3a

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Slide 6.9b

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

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Muscle
? Myofibril

? Bundles of myofilaments

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? Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands

? I band =

light band

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? A band =

dark band

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Figure 6.3b

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Slide

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6.10a

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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Muscle

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? Sarcomere

? Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

Figure 6.3b

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Slide

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6.10b

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Muscle

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? Organization of the sarcomere

? Thick filaments = myosin filaments

? Composed of the protein myosin

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? Has ATPase enzymes

Figure 6.3c

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Slide

6.11a

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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Muscle
? Organization of the sarcomere

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? Thin filaments = actin filaments

? Composed of the protein actin

Figure 6.3c

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Slide

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6.11b

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Muscle

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? Myosin filaments have heads

(extensions, or cross bridges)

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? Myosin and

actin overlap

somewhat

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Figure 6.3d

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Slide

6.12a

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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

? Skeletal

muscles must

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be stimulated by

a nerve to

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contract (motor

neruron)

? Motor unit

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? One neuron
? Muscle cells

stimulated by

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that neuron

Figure 6.4a

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Slide 6.14

Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli

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? Muscle force depends upon the number

of fibers stimulated

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? More fibers contracting results in greater

muscle tension

? Muscles can continue to contract unless

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they run out of energy

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Slide 6.22

Muscles and Body Movements

? Movement is

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attained due to a

muscle moving

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an attached

bone

Figure 6.12

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Slide

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6.30a

Muscles and Body Movements

? Muscles are

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attached to at

least two points

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? Origin ?

attachment to a

immoveable bone

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? Insertion ?

attachment to an

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movable bone

Slide

6.30b

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Types of Muscle Contractions

? Isotonic contractions

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? Myofilaments are able to slide past each

other during contractions

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? The muscle shortens

? Isometric contractions

? Tension in the muscles increases

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? The muscle is unable to shorten

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Slide 6.28

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Muscle Tone

? Some fibers are contracted even in a

relaxed muscle

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? Different fibers contract at different

times to provide muscle tone

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? The process of stimulating various fibers

is under involuntary control

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Slide 6.29

Effects of Exercise on Muscle

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? Results of increased muscle use

? Increase in muscle size
? Increase in muscle strength
? Increase in muscle efficiency

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? Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

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Slide 6.31

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Types of Ordinary Body

Movements

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? Flexion ? decreases angle of joint and

brings two bones closer together

? Extension- opposite of flexion

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? Rotation- movement of a bone in

longitudinal axis, shaking head "no"

? Abduction/Adduction (see slides)

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? Circumduction (see slides)

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Slide 6.32

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Types of Muscles

? Prime mover ? muscle with the major

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responsibility for a certain movement

? Antagonist ? muscle that opposes or

reverses a prime mover

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? Synergist ? muscle that aids a prime

mover in a movement and helps prevent

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rotation

? Fixators

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Slide 6.35


Naming of Skeletal Muscles

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? Direction of muscle fibers

? Example: rectus (straight)

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? Relative size of the muscle

? Example: maximus (largest)

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Slide

6.36a

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Naming of Skeletal Muscles

? Location of the muscle

?Example: many muscles are named

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for bones (e.g., temporalis)

? Number of origins

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?Example: triceps (three heads)

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Slide

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6.36b

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

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? Location of the muscles origin and

insertion

? Example: sterno (on the sternum)

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? Shape of the muscle

? Example: deltoid (triangular)

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? Action of the muscle

? Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or

extends a bone)

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Slide 6.37

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Smooth Muscle Characteristics

? Has no striations
? Spindle-shaped

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cells

? Single nucleus
? Involuntary ? no

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conscious control

? Found mainly in

the walls of hollow

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organs

? Slow, sustained

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and tireless

Figure 6.2a

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Slide 6.6


Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

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? Has striations
? Usually has a

single nucleus

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? Joined to another

muscle cell at an

intercalated disc

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? Involuntary
? Found only in the

heart

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? Steady pace!

Figure 6.2b

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Slide 6.7

Disorders relating to the

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Muscular System

? Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle

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enlarge due to increased fat and connective
tissue, but fibers degenerate and atrophy

? Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to

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maintain the sarcolemma

? Myasthemia Gravis: progressive weakness

due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors

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Cardiac muscle tissue

intercalated disc

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Eis, Jel?nek, Spacek, Histopatologick? atlas, Praha 2006

Abnormal contraction

? spasm ? involuntary contraction of one muscle

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? cramp ? painful spasm
? tetanus ? multiple spasms of skeletal muscles

? tic ? involuntary twiches of muscles, usually under

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voluntary control

? tremor ? rhythmical, involuntary contractions of opposite

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groups of muscles

? fasciculations ? involuntary, short twiches on motor unit

visible under the skin

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? fibrilace ? spontaneous contractions of fibres of one

muscle that aren?t visible under the skin

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Special muscle structures I

? fascia (= perimysium externum)

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? fibrous envelope of muscle or muscle group
? barrier for spreading of inflammation in that

specific area

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? osteofascial septum (= septum

osteofasciale)

? fascial divider from the superficial fascia to

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the periosteum

? separates the space for muscle groups ?

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compartment (compartimentum)

https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/

Growing old and musle tissue

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? skeletal muscle tissue starts to be replaced

by fibrous and fatty tissue around the age of
30

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? reflexes slowdown, loss of flexibility and

decrease of strength

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? change of muscle fibres from quick to slow

Enthesopathy

? illness of muscle and tendinous insertions

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? usually caused by repeated overstraining
? e.g. tennis elbow

http://www.fyzioterapie-stepankavojtova.cz/bolestivyloket.html

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http://compex.zdravi-cz.eu/tenisovy-loket.php

? Select the trait that does not characterize

muscle tissue in general.

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?

A)

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irritability

?

B)

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contractility

?

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C)

extensibility

?

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D)

All of these are traits of muscle.
? Individual fibers of skeletal muscle have

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fine sheath of connective tissue called a(n)
________________.

?

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A)

epimysium

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?

B)

perimysium

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?

C)

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endomysium

?

D)

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fascia

? Sarcomeres run from _________________.
?

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A)

A band to A band

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?

B)

Z line to Z line

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?

C)

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H zone to H zone

?

D)

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I band to I band

? What muscle has its origin on the sternum

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and inserts on the mastoid process of the
temporal bone?

?

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A)

sternocleiodomastoid

?

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B)

splenius capitis

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?

C)

semispinalis capitis

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?

D)

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trapezius

? What is the deepest of the four abdominal

muscles?

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?

A)

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rectus abdominis

?

B)

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external abdominal oblique

?

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C)

transversus abdominis

?

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D)

internal abdominal oblique
? The ______________ muscle is a deep,

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lateral muscle of the forearm that flexes the
thumb joints and assists in grasping.

?

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A)

flexor pollicis longus

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?

B)

flexor carpi ulnaris

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?

C)

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superficial digital flexor

?

D)

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deep digital flexor

? Which of these muscles is an adductor?
?

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A)

gluteus medius

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?

B)

tensor fascia lata

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?

C)

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pectineus

?

D)

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iliacus

? Choose the muscle that does not belong to

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the quadriceps femoris group of the anterior
thigh.

?

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A)

rectus femoris

?

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B)

vastus lateralis

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?

C)

vastus medialis

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?

D)

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biceps femoris

? The thenar and hypothenar muscles are

located where?

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?

A)

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in the foot

?

B)

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within the hand

?

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C)

in the forearm

?

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D)

in the lower leg