? Is a branch of medicine concerned with use of radiant energy or radioactive
material in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Discovery of X Rays by...
WC Roentgen
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In the year...1895
Classification of radiological procedures
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? Diagnostic radiology
? Interventional radiology
? Computed tomography (CT)
? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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? Ultrasonography (USG)? Mammography
? Interventional radiology
X ray generator
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Diagnostic radiology
? Plain radiography
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? Fluoroscopy? Observing moving body structures
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Plain radiography
? A/k/a X Rays/ Skiagrams/ Radiographs
? Radiosensitive film
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? Negative- black and white? Farther the structure ? image is magnified but borders are less sharp.
? Only 2D representation.
? For skeletal system and internal organs.
? Not much use in soft tissue injuries and abnormalities eg. tendon, ligament
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etc.
Fundamental principles for radiography
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? Radio-opacity? Positioning
? Different body tissues have different
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capacity to block or absorb X Rays
depending on density of structure.
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PositioningA P View
Lateral View
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P A View
Radiological features of skeletal system
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General features of long bone? Compact bone-- thick , homogenous calcified
band
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? Nutrient canal-- oblique radiolucent line
passing through compact bone
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? Cancellous bone? network with spaces , clearat ends of shaft.
? In young-- uncalcified epiphyseal plate-
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irregular radiolucent band.
? Metaphysis? calcified epiphyseal plate and
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new bone near it.General features of Joints
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? Articular disc-- not visible.? Joint space? interval between epiphyseal areas of
adjacent bones.
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Skeletal maturity
? Based on ossification centres and their fusion.
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? Varies in sexes, race, geographical location and nutritional status.Fluoroscopy
? Real time observation of moving organs.
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? Image is created by striking X rays on a fluorescent screen coated withphosphor and recorded electronically.
? High radiation exposure and low resolution of image.
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Role of contrasts
? To differentiate structures of same density.
? Barium contrasts for diagnosis of abnormal constrictions and growths
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of gut tube.
? Intravenous pyelogram
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? HysterosalpingographyIodinated contrasts for
? arteriograms,
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? venograms,? myelograms.
Digital subtraction angiograms
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Vascular interventions? Peripheral vascular disease? Balloon angioplasty
? Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
? Stent placement
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Prevent Avascularity
? Blood clot dissolving drugs are pushed into the artery through a
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catheter.Vascular interventions
? Aneurysms- Coils, Stents
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? Haemorrhage- Embolisation- eg. gelfoam
? Varicose veins :RF Ablation
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? Thrombectomy ? pulmonary embolusNon-Vascular interventions
? Drainage of pus/fluids from thorax or abdomen.
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? Insert feeding tubes- gastrostomy, jejunostomy
? Uterine fibroids, heavy bleeding (DUB): PVA, glue, Gelfoam
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? Renal and Gall stones fragmentation followed by drainage.? Tumour ablation RF
? Pressure relief from cancer masses.
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Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)
? Principle: construction of cross sectional image by passing Xrays in multiple
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directions along a 36 degree arc.? 3mm -1cm slice
? Patient can not move
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? High radiation
? Uses :
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? Trauma- fractures, clots,? Rupture of vessel in brain.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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? Alignment of polarised molecules in the body when placed in strongmagnetic field.
? Subjected to radio waves- alignment is displaced (depends on
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chemical environment).
? When returning to aligned position the energy emitted is detected.
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? Series of images is collected by computer application.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
? Subjected to radio waves- alignment is displaced (depends on
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chemical environment).
? When returning to aligned position the energy emitted is detected.
? Series of images is collected by computer application.
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Drawbacks
? Pacemakers, stents etc. contraindicated
? Patient movement degrade quality of image,
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Ultrasonography
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? Short bursts of high frequencysound waves.
? Uses:
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? Evaluation of organs such askidney, pancreas, GB, spleen etc.
? Obstetrics
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? Heart? Needle biopsy
? Drainage tube insertion
? Doppler studies
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Mammography? Parallel-plate compression
? evens out the thickness of breast tissue
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? increase image quality
? reducing amount of x-rays to penetrate,
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? decreasing the amount of scattered? holding the structure to prevent motion
blur.
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Positron emission tomography
(PET) scan
Some ques..
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1. Ultrasonography works on principle of....
piezoelectric effect
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2. X rays are electromagnetic radiation of ......... wavelengthShort
An area on a scan has an associated measurement of 900HU, it is most
likely to be composed of
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A. BoneB. Fat
C. Air
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D. Water