Download MBBS Anatomy PPT 14 Joints Notes

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Cartilage

In Developing Embryo

More prevalent than in adult

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Skeleton initially mostly
cartilage

Bone replaces cartilage in fetal

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and childhood periods.

Cartilage is
connective
tissue.

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Types of cartilage

1.

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Hyaline cartilage

2.

Elastic cartilage

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3.

Fibrocartilage

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Bones

?Support

?Movement: muscles attach by tendons and

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use bones as levers to move body

?Protection

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?Mineral storage

?Blood cell formation and energy storage

?Bone marrow: red makes blood, yellow stores fat

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Classification of bones by shape

?Long bones

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?Short bones

?Flat bones

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?Irregular bones

?Pneumatic bones

?Sesamoid bones

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(Short bones include sesmoid bones)

%

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Gross anatomy of bones

JOINTS

synonyms:

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articulations,

junctions

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A site where two or more bones come
together, whether or not movement
occurs between them, is called a joint.
JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
Range and type of movement they permit.

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Immovable joints (SYNARTHROSIS)

Slightly movable joints (AMPHIARTHROSIS)

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Movable joints (DIARTHROSIS)

Anatomical structure

Fibrous joints,

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Cartilaginous joints,
Synovial joints.

Functions:

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? Permit movement

? Growth

? Molding during childbirth

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? Concerned with differential growth

? Transmission of forces

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Structural Classification

a) Fibrous e.g. i) Sutures,

ii) Syndesmosis

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iii) Gomphosis

b) Cartilaginous e.g. i) Primary Cartilaginous

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ii) Secondary cartilaginous

c) Synovial e.g. i) Uniaxial: Hinge, Pivot

ii) Biaxial: Condylar, Ellipsoid

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iii) Multiaxial: Ball & Socket, Saddle

Movements

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Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction

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Rotation

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SYNARTHROSES / FIBROUS JOINTS

Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense

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regular connective tissue

No joint cavity
Slightly movable or immovable

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BONE-- fibrous connective tissue--BONE

SUTURES

SCHINDYLESIS

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SYNDESMOSIS

GOMPHOSIS

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SUTURES
bone--collagenous sutural ligament--bone

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-Present only between bones of skull.
-Fibrous tissue is
continuous with
periosteum

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-Sutures ossify and
fuse in middle age:
Called "synostoses"

TYPES OF SUTURES

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PLANE SUTURE

?Simple apposition of contiguous surfaces,

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? usually rough and

reciprocally irregular,

Examples

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? sutures between the

palatine bones,

? between the maxillae and

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at the palatomaxillary sutures.

Denticulate Suture

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Has small tooth like projections,

often widening towards their
ends to provide effective
interlocking.

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When united by sutural

ligament and periosteum, such
sutures are almost completely

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immobile

The lambdoid suture is a

denticulate suture.

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SERRATED SUTURE

The sagittal suture is serrated.

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Squamous suture

Where bones overlap,

as at the temporo-

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parietal suture, a
squamous suture is
formed; the adjacent
bone surfaces are
reciprocally bevelled.

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Schindylesis

Between Ala of

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Vomer and

Rostrum of Sphenoid

Syndesmoses

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In Greek: "ligament"

Bones connected by

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ligaments only

Amount of movement

depends on length of

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the fibers: longer than
in sutures

Gomphoses

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Is a "peg-in-socket"

Only example is tooth

with its socket

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Ligament is a short

periodontal ligament

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Cartilagenous joints

Articulating bones united by cartilage
Lack a joint cavity

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Not highly movable
Two types

Synchondroses (singular:

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synchondrosis)

Symphyses (singular: symphysis)

Synchondroses

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Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Literally: "junction of cartilage"
A plate or bar of Hyaline cartilage unites the

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bones

Immovable (synarthroses)
Examples:

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Epiphyseal plates between epiphysis and

diaphysis of growing bone.

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Joint between first rib's costal cartilage and

manubrium of the sternum

Synchondrosis

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Symphysis

Symphyses

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Secondary Cartilaginous Joints

Literally "growing together"
Fibrocartilage unites the bones

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Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Resilient shock absorber
Provide strength and flexibility

Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces of bones

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to reduce friction

Examples

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Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis of the pelvis


Symphysis

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Intervertebral Disc

Pubic Symphysis

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The lambdoid suture is an example of a(n)

A. Diarthrosis

B. Amphiarthrosis

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C. Synarthrosis

D. Synarthrosis and fibrous

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The lambdoid suture is an example of a(n)

A. Diarthrosis

B. Amphiarthrosis

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C. Synarthrosis

D. Synarthrosis and fibrous

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Which of the following is an example of a
synchondrosis?

A. First sternocostal articulation

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B. Humeroscapular articulation

C. Symphysis pubis

D. Tibiofibular articulation

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Which of the following is an example of a
synchondrosis?

A. First sternocostal articulation

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B. Humeroscapular articulation

C. Symphysis pubis

D. Tibiofibular articulation

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The procedure arthroscopy refers to:

A. Examining interior of joint

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B. Reducing inflammation of a bursa

C. Re-establishing blood supply of muscles

D. Repair of bone fractures

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The procedure arthroscopy refers to:

A. Examining interior of joint

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B. Reducing inflammation of a bursa

C. Re-establishing blood supply of muscles

D. Repair of bone fractures

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Which of the following joints are held
together by cartilage?

A. Diarthrosis

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B. Gomphosis

C. Symphysis

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D. Synovial
Which of the following joints are held
together by cartilage?

A. Diarthrosis

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B. Gomphosis

C. Symphysis

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D. Synovial

The radioulnar joint is an example of a

A. Hinge

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B. Pivot

C. Planar

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D. Synarthroses

The radioulnar joint is an example of a

A. Hinge

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B. Pivot

C. Planar

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D. Synarthroses


Synovial joints

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DIARTHROSES

?Structure: bone--articular cartilage--

synovial fluid in cavity ? articular cartilage--

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bone

?Bond : surrounding sleeve of collagenous

fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane;

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extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments. Occasional
intracapsular ligaments, tendons, fat pads,
fibrocartilaginous discs or menisci.

Synovial Joint

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SHOULDER JOINT

ARTICULAR

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CARTILAGE

*

*

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*

*

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*

JOINT
CAVITY

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SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE

*

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ARTICULAR

CAPSULE

SYNOVIAL JOINT

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KNEE JOINT

ARTICULAR

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SYNOVIAL

CARTILAGE

MEMBRANE

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PAD OF FAT

CAPSULE

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MENISCUS

JOINT CAVITY

General Structure of Synovial Joints

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1. Articular cartilage

Hyaline

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Spongy cushions absorb

compression

Protects ends of bones

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from being crushed

2. Joint (synovial) cavity

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Potential space

Small amount of

synovial fluid

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3. Articular (joint) capsule

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Two layered
Outer*: fibrous capsule of

dense irregular connective

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tissue continuous with
periosteum.

Inner*: synovial membrane

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of loose connective tissue

(makes synovial fluid)

Lines all internal joint surfaces

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except the cartilages*

4. Synovial fluid

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Filtrate of blood
Contains special

glycoproteins

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Nourishes cartilage and

functions as slippery
lubricant

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5. Reinforcing ligaments

Capsular (most) ?

thickened parts of capsule

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Extracapsular
Intracapsular

6. Nerves

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Detect pain
Monitor stretch (one of the

ways of sensing posture

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and body movements)

7. Blood vessels

Rich blood supply

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Extensive capillary beds in

synovial membrane
(produce the blood filtrate)

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Articular disc or

meniscus
(literally "crescent")

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Only some joints
Those with bone
ends of different
shapes or fitting poorly
Some to allow two kinds of movement (e.g. jaw)

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Fibrocartilage
Examples: knee

TMJ (Temporomandibular joint)

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sternoclavicular joint


?Fatty pads are found in

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some synovial joints lying
between the synovial
membrane and the
fibrous capsule or bone.

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?Examples are found in

the hip and knee joints.

Bursae and tendon sheaths

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Contain synovial fluid
Not joints but often associated with them
Act like ball bearings
Bursa means "purse" in Latin

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Flattened sac lined by synovial membrane
Where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub

together

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Tendon sheath

Only on tendons subjected to friction

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Bursae and tendon sheaths

UNI-AXIAL

Hinge Joint , Pivot Joint, Condylar

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Joint

BI-AXIAL

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Condylar Joint, Ellipsoid Joint,

Saddle Joint

MULTI-AXIAL Ball and Socket

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NON-AXIAL

Plane Joint

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Plane joints:

?In plane joints, the apposed articular surfaces

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are flat or almost flat, and this permits the
bones to slide on one another.

?Examples of these joints are the sternoclavicular

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and acromioclavicular joints

Hinge joints:

?Hinge joints resemble the hinge on a door,

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so that flexion and extension movements are
possible.
Examples of these joints are the elbow, knee, and
ankle joints

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Pivot joints:

?In pivot joints, a central

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bony pivot is
surrounded by a bony-
ligamentous ring and
rotation is the only
movement possible.

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? E.g atlantoaxial and

superior radioulnar
joints

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Condylar joints

?Condyloid joints have

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two distinct convex

surfaces that

articulate with two concave surfaces.

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?The movements of flexion, extension, with a

small amount of rotation.

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?E.g. knee joint , temporo-mandibular joint


Ellipsoid joints

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?In ellipsoid joints, an
elliptical convex
articular surface fits
into an elliptical
concave articular

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surface. The movements of flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction and circumduction can
take place, but rotation is impossible.

?E.g. wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joint

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Saddle joints:

?The articular surfaces are

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reciprocally concavoconvex

and resemble a saddle on a

horse's back.

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?These joints permit flexion, extension,

abduction, adduction, and rotation.

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?E.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb,

sternoclavicular joint

Ball and socket joints:

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?In ball-and-socket joints,

a ball-shaped head of
one bone fits into a socket

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like concavity of another.

?This arrangement permits free movements,

including flexion, extension, abduction,

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adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and
circumduction.

? E.g. shoulder and hip joints

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Stability of Joints

The stability of a joint depends on three main

factors:

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?the shape,

?size,

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?arrangement of the articular surfaces;

?the ligaments;

?and the tone of the muscles around the joint.

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MECHANISM OF LUBRICATION OF SYNOVIAL
JOINT

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?Synovial fluid

?Hyaline cartilage

?Harvesian fatty pads

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?Bursa

Nerve Supply of Joints

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?The capsule and ligaments receive an

abundant sensory nerve supply.

?A sensory nerve supplying a joint also

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supplies the muscles moving the joint and
the skin overlying the insertions of these
muscles, a fact that has been codified as
Hilton's law.

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PLANE
SYNOVIAL

JOINT

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PLANE SYNOVIAL JOINT

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FIRST CERVICAL

VERTEBRA

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PIVOT

DENS OF SECOND

CERVICAL

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VERTEBRA

PIVOT

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JOINT

HINGE JOINT

HINGE JOINT

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ELBOW

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JOINT

BIAXIAL

CONDYLAR JOINT

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ELLIPSOID JOINT

MULTIAXIAL JOINT

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SHOULDER

JOINT

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HIP JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

BALL & SOCKET

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JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

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Classification of Synovial Joints

(According to the number of bones)

?SIMPLE JOINT Interphalangeal joint

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?COMPOUND JOINT elbow ,wrist

?COMPLEX JOINT temporomandibular

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joint