Download MBBS Anatomy PPT 14 Joints Notes

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cartilage

In Developing Embryo

More prevalent than in adult

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Skeleton initially mostly
cartilage

Bone replaces cartilage in fetal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

and childhood periods.

Cartilage is
connective
tissue.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Types of cartilage

1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hyaline cartilage

2.

Elastic cartilage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3.

Fibrocartilage

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Bones

?Support

?Movement: muscles attach by tendons and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

use bones as levers to move body

?Protection

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?Mineral storage

?Blood cell formation and energy storage

?Bone marrow: red makes blood, yellow stores fat

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Classification of bones by shape

?Long bones

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

?Short bones

?Flat bones

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

?Irregular bones

?Pneumatic bones

?Sesamoid bones

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(Short bones include sesmoid bones)

%

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Gross anatomy of bones

JOINTS

synonyms:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

articulations,

junctions

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

A site where two or more bones come
together, whether or not movement
occurs between them, is called a joint.
JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
Range and type of movement they permit.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Immovable joints (SYNARTHROSIS)

Slightly movable joints (AMPHIARTHROSIS)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Movable joints (DIARTHROSIS)

Anatomical structure

Fibrous joints,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cartilaginous joints,
Synovial joints.

Functions:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Permit movement

? Growth

? Molding during childbirth

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Concerned with differential growth

? Transmission of forces

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Structural Classification

a) Fibrous e.g. i) Sutures,

ii) Syndesmosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

iii) Gomphosis

b) Cartilaginous e.g. i) Primary Cartilaginous

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ii) Secondary cartilaginous

c) Synovial e.g. i) Uniaxial: Hinge, Pivot

ii) Biaxial: Condylar, Ellipsoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

iii) Multiaxial: Ball & Socket, Saddle

Movements

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Rotation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

SYNARTHROSES / FIBROUS JOINTS

Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

regular connective tissue

No joint cavity
Slightly movable or immovable

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

BONE-- fibrous connective tissue--BONE

SUTURES

SCHINDYLESIS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SYNDESMOSIS

GOMPHOSIS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SUTURES
bone--collagenous sutural ligament--bone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-Present only between bones of skull.
-Fibrous tissue is
continuous with
periosteum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

-Sutures ossify and
fuse in middle age:
Called "synostoses"

TYPES OF SUTURES

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

PLANE SUTURE

?Simple apposition of contiguous surfaces,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? usually rough and

reciprocally irregular,

Examples

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? sutures between the

palatine bones,

? between the maxillae and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

at the palatomaxillary sutures.

Denticulate Suture

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Has small tooth like projections,

often widening towards their
ends to provide effective
interlocking.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

When united by sutural

ligament and periosteum, such
sutures are almost completely

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

immobile

The lambdoid suture is a

denticulate suture.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SERRATED SUTURE

The sagittal suture is serrated.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Squamous suture

Where bones overlap,

as at the temporo-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

parietal suture, a
squamous suture is
formed; the adjacent
bone surfaces are
reciprocally bevelled.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Schindylesis

Between Ala of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vomer and

Rostrum of Sphenoid

Syndesmoses

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

In Greek: "ligament"

Bones connected by

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ligaments only

Amount of movement

depends on length of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

the fibers: longer than
in sutures

Gomphoses

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Is a "peg-in-socket"

Only example is tooth

with its socket

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ligament is a short

periodontal ligament

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Cartilagenous joints

Articulating bones united by cartilage
Lack a joint cavity

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Not highly movable
Two types

Synchondroses (singular:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

synchondrosis)

Symphyses (singular: symphysis)

Synchondroses

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Literally: "junction of cartilage"
A plate or bar of Hyaline cartilage unites the

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

bones

Immovable (synarthroses)
Examples:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Epiphyseal plates between epiphysis and

diaphysis of growing bone.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Joint between first rib's costal cartilage and

manubrium of the sternum

Synchondrosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Symphysis

Symphyses

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Secondary Cartilaginous Joints

Literally "growing together"
Fibrocartilage unites the bones

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Resilient shock absorber
Provide strength and flexibility

Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces of bones

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to reduce friction

Examples

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis of the pelvis


Symphysis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Intervertebral Disc

Pubic Symphysis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

The lambdoid suture is an example of a(n)

A. Diarthrosis

B. Amphiarthrosis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

C. Synarthrosis

D. Synarthrosis and fibrous

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

The lambdoid suture is an example of a(n)

A. Diarthrosis

B. Amphiarthrosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

C. Synarthrosis

D. Synarthrosis and fibrous

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Which of the following is an example of a
synchondrosis?

A. First sternocostal articulation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

B. Humeroscapular articulation

C. Symphysis pubis

D. Tibiofibular articulation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Which of the following is an example of a
synchondrosis?

A. First sternocostal articulation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

B. Humeroscapular articulation

C. Symphysis pubis

D. Tibiofibular articulation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

The procedure arthroscopy refers to:

A. Examining interior of joint

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

B. Reducing inflammation of a bursa

C. Re-establishing blood supply of muscles

D. Repair of bone fractures

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

The procedure arthroscopy refers to:

A. Examining interior of joint

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B. Reducing inflammation of a bursa

C. Re-establishing blood supply of muscles

D. Repair of bone fractures

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Which of the following joints are held
together by cartilage?

A. Diarthrosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B. Gomphosis

C. Symphysis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

D. Synovial
Which of the following joints are held
together by cartilage?

A. Diarthrosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B. Gomphosis

C. Symphysis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

D. Synovial

The radioulnar joint is an example of a

A. Hinge

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

B. Pivot

C. Planar

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

D. Synarthroses

The radioulnar joint is an example of a

A. Hinge

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

B. Pivot

C. Planar

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

D. Synarthroses


Synovial joints

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

DIARTHROSES

?Structure: bone--articular cartilage--

synovial fluid in cavity ? articular cartilage--

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

bone

?Bond : surrounding sleeve of collagenous

fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane;

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments. Occasional
intracapsular ligaments, tendons, fat pads,
fibrocartilaginous discs or menisci.

Synovial Joint

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SHOULDER JOINT

ARTICULAR

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CARTILAGE

*

*

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

*

*

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

*

JOINT
CAVITY

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE

*

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ARTICULAR

CAPSULE

SYNOVIAL JOINT

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

KNEE JOINT

ARTICULAR

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SYNOVIAL

CARTILAGE

MEMBRANE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PAD OF FAT

CAPSULE

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

MENISCUS

JOINT CAVITY

General Structure of Synovial Joints

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Articular cartilage

Hyaline

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Spongy cushions absorb

compression

Protects ends of bones

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

from being crushed

2. Joint (synovial) cavity

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Potential space

Small amount of

synovial fluid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Articular (joint) capsule

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Two layered
Outer*: fibrous capsule of

dense irregular connective

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

tissue continuous with
periosteum.

Inner*: synovial membrane

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

of loose connective tissue

(makes synovial fluid)

Lines all internal joint surfaces

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

except the cartilages*

4. Synovial fluid

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Filtrate of blood
Contains special

glycoproteins

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Nourishes cartilage and

functions as slippery
lubricant

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Reinforcing ligaments

Capsular (most) ?

thickened parts of capsule

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Extracapsular
Intracapsular

6. Nerves

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Detect pain
Monitor stretch (one of the

ways of sensing posture

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and body movements)

7. Blood vessels

Rich blood supply

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Extensive capillary beds in

synovial membrane
(produce the blood filtrate)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Articular disc or

meniscus
(literally "crescent")

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Only some joints
Those with bone
ends of different
shapes or fitting poorly
Some to allow two kinds of movement (e.g. jaw)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Fibrocartilage
Examples: knee

TMJ (Temporomandibular joint)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sternoclavicular joint


?Fatty pads are found in

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

some synovial joints lying
between the synovial
membrane and the
fibrous capsule or bone.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?Examples are found in

the hip and knee joints.

Bursae and tendon sheaths

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Contain synovial fluid
Not joints but often associated with them
Act like ball bearings
Bursa means "purse" in Latin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Flattened sac lined by synovial membrane
Where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub

together

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Tendon sheath

Only on tendons subjected to friction

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Bursae and tendon sheaths

UNI-AXIAL

Hinge Joint , Pivot Joint, Condylar

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Joint

BI-AXIAL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Condylar Joint, Ellipsoid Joint,

Saddle Joint

MULTI-AXIAL Ball and Socket

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

NON-AXIAL

Plane Joint

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Plane joints:

?In plane joints, the apposed articular surfaces

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

are flat or almost flat, and this permits the
bones to slide on one another.

?Examples of these joints are the sternoclavicular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and acromioclavicular joints

Hinge joints:

?Hinge joints resemble the hinge on a door,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

so that flexion and extension movements are
possible.
Examples of these joints are the elbow, knee, and
ankle joints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pivot joints:

?In pivot joints, a central

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

bony pivot is
surrounded by a bony-
ligamentous ring and
rotation is the only
movement possible.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? E.g atlantoaxial and

superior radioulnar
joints

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Condylar joints

?Condyloid joints have

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

two distinct convex

surfaces that

articulate with two concave surfaces.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

?The movements of flexion, extension, with a

small amount of rotation.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

?E.g. knee joint , temporo-mandibular joint


Ellipsoid joints

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

?In ellipsoid joints, an
elliptical convex
articular surface fits
into an elliptical
concave articular

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

surface. The movements of flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction and circumduction can
take place, but rotation is impossible.

?E.g. wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joint

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Saddle joints:

?The articular surfaces are

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

reciprocally concavoconvex

and resemble a saddle on a

horse's back.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?These joints permit flexion, extension,

abduction, adduction, and rotation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?E.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb,

sternoclavicular joint

Ball and socket joints:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?In ball-and-socket joints,

a ball-shaped head of
one bone fits into a socket

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

like concavity of another.

?This arrangement permits free movements,

including flexion, extension, abduction,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and
circumduction.

? E.g. shoulder and hip joints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stability of Joints

The stability of a joint depends on three main

factors:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?the shape,

?size,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

?arrangement of the articular surfaces;

?the ligaments;

?and the tone of the muscles around the joint.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MECHANISM OF LUBRICATION OF SYNOVIAL
JOINT

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

?Synovial fluid

?Hyaline cartilage

?Harvesian fatty pads

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

?Bursa

Nerve Supply of Joints

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?The capsule and ligaments receive an

abundant sensory nerve supply.

?A sensory nerve supplying a joint also

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

supplies the muscles moving the joint and
the skin overlying the insertions of these
muscles, a fact that has been codified as
Hilton's law.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PLANE
SYNOVIAL

JOINT

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

PLANE SYNOVIAL JOINT

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

FIRST CERVICAL

VERTEBRA

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

PIVOT

DENS OF SECOND

CERVICAL

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

VERTEBRA

PIVOT

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

JOINT

HINGE JOINT

HINGE JOINT

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ELBOW

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

JOINT

BIAXIAL

CONDYLAR JOINT

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ELLIPSOID JOINT

MULTIAXIAL JOINT

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

SHOULDER

JOINT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

HIP JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

BALL & SOCKET

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Classification of Synovial Joints

(According to the number of bones)

?SIMPLE JOINT Interphalangeal joint

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?COMPOUND JOINT elbow ,wrist

?COMPLEX JOINT temporomandibular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

joint