FirstRanker Logo

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice is a hub of Question Papers & Study Materials for B-Tech, B.E, M-Tech, MCA, M.Sc, MBBS, BDS, MBA, B.Sc, Degree, B.Sc Nursing, B-Pharmacy, D-Pharmacy, MD, Medical, Dental, Engineering students. All services of FirstRanker.com are FREE

📱

Get the MBBS Question Bank Android App

Access previous years' papers, solved question papers, notes, and more on the go!

Install From Play Store

Download MBBS Anatomy PPT 76 Cerebrum Anatomy Notes

Download MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) Human Anatomy ppt lectures Topic 76 Cerebrum Anatomy Notes. - anatomy ppt free download human anatomy ppt lectures, medicine notes ppt, anatomy handwritten notes pdf, mbbs 1st year anatomy notes pdf download, best anatomy notes pdf, human anatomy notes pdf, anatomy easy notes pdf, anatomy notes online, anatomy short notes, Anatomy ppt, Powerpoint Presentations and lecture notes.

This post was last modified on 05 April 2022

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

B. Blood supply of different regions of cerebral hemisphere

C Important sulci and gyri

D Different functional areas located in cerebral hemisphere

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


E. Lesions and its effects


2

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Heavily convoluted bilobed

structure
4

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Cerebral hemispheres

General Appearance:
Separated by a deep midline sagittal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

fissure ? longitudinal cerebral fissure

In the depth of the fissure, the corpus

cal osum connects the hemispheres

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


across the midline

Gyri ? the folds of the surface of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

hemispheres

Sulci ? the fissures separate the gyri

5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Surfaces of Cerebral Hemisphere

Three surfaces:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Superolateral surface

Inferior surface

Medial surface

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---





Borders

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


1 Superomedial border

2 Superciliary border and inferolateral border

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(Shows preoccipital notch)

3. Medial orbital border, hippocampal border or

inferomedial border and medial occipital border

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


6

Lobes of Cerebral Hemispheres

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cerebral hemispheres are divided into

lobes by the central, parieto-occipital,

lateral and calcarine sulci

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


Lobes are named according to the

cranial bones under which they lie

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Lobes are:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

8

Cerebral hemisphere
? the essential features can be

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1

summarized by stating that:-

1. the frontal lobe lies in front of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


the central sulcus (1) and above

2

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

the lateral sulcus (2) .

3

2. the parietal lobe is behind the

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


central sulcus and above the

lateral sulcus.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

3. the temporal lobe is below the

lateral sulcus

4. the occipital lobe lies below and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


P

behind the parieto-occipital

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

F

sulcus (3) .

O

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


T
Main sulci

1

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


1. Central sulcus

3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Lateral sulcus
3. Parito-occipital sulcus
4. Calcarine sulcus

2

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


5. Cingulate sulcus
6. Cal sosal sulcus ( Sulcus

of corpus cal osum )

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


7. Orbital sulcus
8. Parahippocampal sulcus
9. Col ateral sulcus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5

10. Occipiti-temporal sulcus

6

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


- First (6) can be seen in

sagittal sections

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

- Last 4 seen only in axial

4

sections

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


Main sulci

7

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Central sulcus
2. Lateral sulcus
3. Parito-occipital

sulcus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


4. Calcarine sulcus
5. Cingulate sulcus
6. Cal sosal sulcus (

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Sulcus of corpus

10

8

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


cal osum )

9

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

7. Orbital sulcus
8. Parahippocampal

sulcus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

9. Col ateral sulcus
10. Occipiti-temporal

sulcus
1. Central sulcus 2. Lateral sulcus 3. Parito-occipital sulcus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Calcarine sulcus

5. Cingulate sulcus

6. Cal sosal sulcus ( Sulcus of corpus cal osum )

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


1

3

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

5 6

2

4

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


2

2. Parahippocampal sulcus
3. Col ateral sulcus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Occipiti-temporal sulcus

3

4

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Main gyri

1

2

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


1. Precentral

3

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Postcentral

3

4

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


3. Frontal (superior, middle & inferior)

3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Parietal (superior & inferior) 5-

5

5. Temporal (superior, middle &

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


inferior)

5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. Cal osal

5

7. Medial frontal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

8. Paracentral lobule
9. Precuneus

7

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

8

10. Cuneus

6

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


11. Lingual gyrus

9

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12. Orbital gyri
13. Gyrus rectus

10

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

14. Parahippocampal
15. Occipitotemporal (medial & lateral)

11

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

16. Uncus
Main gyri

13

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Precentral

2. Postcentral

12

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


3. Frontal (superior, middle & inferior)

4. Parietal (superior & inferior) 5-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Temporal (superior, middle &

inferior)

6. Cal osal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


16

7. Medial frontal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

8. Paracentral lobule

15

15

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


9. Precuneus

14

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

10. Cuneus

11. Lingual gyrus

12. Orbital gyri

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


13. Gyrus rectus

14. Parahippocampal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

15. Occipitotemporal (medial & lateral)

16. Uncus
1

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Rectus gyrus
2. Uncus ( parahippocampus

gyrus )

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2

3. Hippocampal gyrus

3

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


9

Main sulci

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Central sulcus

Indents the superior medial border of the

hemisphere, 1 cm behind the mid-point

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


It runs downward, forward and toward the

lateral sulcus across the lateral aspect of the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

hemisphere

The central sulcus is the only sulcus that

indents the superior medial border

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

-

10

Main sulci (Cont'd)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Lateral sulcus

Deep cleft on the inferior and lateral

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere

It consists of a short stem and three rami

- Anterior horizontal , anterior

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


ascending and posterior

11

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Main sulci (Cont'd)

Parieto-occipital sulcus:

Begins on the superior medial border of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


the hemisphere, about 5 cm anterior to

the occipital pole

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

It passes downward and anteriorly on the

medial surface to meet the calcarine

sulcus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---



Main sulci (Cont'd)

Calcarine Sulcus- Medial surface

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---



Insula/Island Of Reil
? portion of the cerebral cortex

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

folded deep within the lateral

sulcus.

? Play a role in consciousness and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


emotions

? The cortical area overlying the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

insula toward the lateral surface of

the brain is the operculum

(meaning lid).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


? The opercula are formed from

parts of the enclosing frontal,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

temporal, and parietal lobes.

? Insulaa is surrounded by circular

sulcus ( arrow !! )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Superior surface

of temporal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

operculum

presents

anterior and

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


posterior

transverse

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

temporal gyri
Other Sulci and Gyri

Superolateral su12rface

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Frontal lobe ? anterior to central sulcus

and superior to lateral sulcus

Superolateral surface of frontal lobe is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


divided by three sulci into four gyri

Precentral sulcus and gyrus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Superior and inferior frontal sulci

Superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri

Anterior and ascending rami of lateral

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


sulcus divide inferior frontal gyrus into

PARS ORBITALIS, PARS TRIANGULARIS PARS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

OPERCULARIS
13

15

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Superolateral surface

Parietal lobe ? POST

CENTRAL SULCUS AND

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


GYRUS

o INTRAPARIETAL SULCUS

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

AND SUPERIOR AND

INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE

Lateral

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


sulcus
Superolateral surface

o PARIETAL LOBE-Few sulci extend into inferior

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


parietal lobule and divided into

o SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS AROUND LATERAL

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

SULCUS

o ANGULAR GYRUS AROUND SUPERIOR

TEMPORAL SULCUS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


o ARCUS TEMPORO-OCCIPITALIS AROUND

INFERIOR TEMPORAL SULCUS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

14

Superolateral surface

Temporal lobe ? inferior to lateral sulcus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


Two sulci ? SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR

SULCUS

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Three gyri- SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND

INFERIOR TEMPORAL GYRI
Superior surface of temporal operculum

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

(Superior temporal gyrus)presents anterior and

posterior transverse temporal gyri. Anterior

gyrus forming primary auditory area, also called

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

HESCHL'S GYRUS


Superolateral surface

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Occipital lobe ? small area behind the

parieto-occipital sulcus

LATERAL OCCIPITAL SULCUS

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

LUNATE SULCUS
TRANSVERSE OCCIPITAL SULCUS


MEDIAL SURFACE

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


CINGULATE SULCUS AND CINGULATE GYRUS

CALLOSAL SULCUS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

PARACENTRAL LOBULE(CORTICAL CENTRE OF

MICTURATION AND DEFECATION) AND MEDIAL FRONTAL

GYRUS

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


CALCARINE SULCUS AND PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS

SUPRASPLENIAL SULCUS IN PRECUNEUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


INFERIOR SURFACE

ORBITAL SURFACE- OLFACTORY SULCUS, GYRUS RECTUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ORBITAL SULCUS AND ORBITAL GYRI

TENTORIAL SURFACE- MEDIAL COLLATERAL SULCUS AND LATERAL OCCIPITO-TEMPORAL

SULCUS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


LINGUAL GYRUS ? BETWEEN COLLATERAL SULCUS AND CALCARINE SULCUS

LINGUAL GYRUS ANTERIORLY CONTINUE WITH PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS WHOSE

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ANTERIOR END HOOK LIKE LIMITED BY RHINAL SULCUS- UNCUS

MEDIAL AND LATERAL OCCIPITO- TEMPORAL GYRUS


--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---



BLOOD SUPPLY- SUPEROLATERAL

SURFACE

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY EXCEPT

STRIP ALONG SUPEROMEDIAL BORDER FROM FRONTAL

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

POLE TO PARIETO OCCIPITAL SULCUS BY ACA

OCCIPITAL LOBE AND INFERIOF TEMPORAL GYRUS

EXCLUDING TEMPORAL POLE BY PCA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


BLOOD SUPPLY- INFERIOR

SURFACE

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ACA- MEDIAL PART OF ORBITAL SURFACE

MCA-LATERAL PART OF ORBITAL SURFACE AND

TEMPORAL POLE

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


PCA- TENTORIAL SURFACE
BROADMANS AREAS AND

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF CEREBRAL

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


HEMISPHERE

Specific

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Sulci/Fissures:

Central Sulcus

Longitudinal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Fissure

Sylvian/Latera

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

l Fissure

Transverse Fissure

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_bra

Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Primary Motor Cortex

/Brodmann,s area 4

Precentral Gyrus ? it cntro

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


ls

all voluntary movements of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

the contralateral side of the

body

Site where movements of

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


the various parts of the

body are initiated

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Recieves sensory input fro m



cerebellum and thalamus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


The body is represented

upside down along the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

precentral gyrus

Investigation (Phineas Gage)

Primary Motor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Cortex/ Precentral

Gyrus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Broca's Area

Orbitofrontal

Cortex

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


Olfactory Bulb

Regions

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Modified from:
secondary motor area/6,8,44 and 45
Precentral gyrus,sup,middle,inf frontal gyri
It programs the activity of the PMA
Stronger stimulation is required to produce

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


the same degree of movement

Broca's Area ?44,45
Inf.frontal gyrus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Brings about the formation of words.
Located on Left Frontal Lobe
Broca's Aphasia ? Results in the ability to

comprehend speech, but the decreased

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


motor ability (or inability) to speak and

form words
Frontal eye field 8,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Middle frontal gyrus
Voluntary eye movements towards

opposite side and the

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

accomodation pathway

also controls eyelid movements

Prefrontal cortex9,10,11,12

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Concerned with the makeup of the

individual,s personality

Head rotation area

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


Parietal Lobe - Cortical Regions

Primary sensorymotor Cortex

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1,2,3(Postcentral Gyrus) ? Site involved with

processing of tactile and proprioceptive

information.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


?Somatosensory Association Cortex -5,7 sup

parietal assists with the integration and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

interpretation of sensations.

?Primary Gustatory Cortex 43

?Inferior part of the post central gyrus? Primary site

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


involved with the interpretation of the sensation of

Taste.
Primary

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


Somatosensory

Cortex/ Postcentral

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Gyrus

Somatosensory

Association Cortex

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


Primary Gustatory

Cortex

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Modified from:

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Regions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Occipital Lobe ? Cortical

Regions

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Primary Visual Cortex ? This is the primary area of

the brain responsible for Vision

?Visual Association Area ? Interprets

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


information acquired through the

primary visual cortex.
Primary Visual

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


Cortex

Visual Association

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Area

Modified from:

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


Regions

Temporal Lobe ? Cortical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Regions

Primary Auditory Cortex ?41,42 mostly

hidden in the lateral sulcus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


Responsible for hearing
Its anterior part recieves low freq sounds
Post part ?high freq sounds
Sec. Auditory Cortex 22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Interpretation of sounds
Temporal Lobe ? Cortical

Regions

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

?Primary Olfactory Cortex ? sense of smel

(Not visible on the superficial cortex)

?Wernicke's Area superior and middle

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


temporal gyri

?Understanding of speech
- Wernicke's Aphasia ? Words and sentences are

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


not clearly understood, and sentence formation

may be inhibited.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Primary Auditory

Cortex

Wernike's Area

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


Primary Olfactory

Cortex (Deep)
Conducted from Olfactory

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


Bulb

Modified from:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Regions

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
dominant hemisphere

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

95-left
Broca
90% right handed
BLOOD SUPPLY

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Anterior and middle cerebral artery

(internal carotid artery)

Posterior cerebral artery (basilar artery)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


Physiological information about brain

? Left hemisphere is dominant in Which hemisphere

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

90% of the right handed and 64%

is dominant ?!

of the left handed

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


? Righ hemisphere is dominant in

10% of righ handed and 20% of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

left handed

? In the remaining 16% of left

handed both hemispheres are

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


dominant .

? Speech areas in brain usual y in

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

the dominant hemisphere !! ( OF

CLINICAL IMPORTANT )
Brodmann areas

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Motor areas of cortex

? 1- primary motor area :-

- MSI area ( precentral gyrus )

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


MSI

- MSI area ( Anterior part of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MSI

paracentral lobule )

? 2- secondary motor area

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


? Posterior parts of frontal

gyri extending medial y
Primary motor area

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Broadmann area 4

? The area Msl is where movements

of the various parts of the body

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


are initiated,

MSI

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? Afferent :- receives its main inputs

MSI

from

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


the

cerebel um

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and

thalamus.

? Efferent :- the corticonuclear and

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts.

? MSI area receives many fibres

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

from the basal nuclei and is

concerned

with

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


postural

mechanisms, but this area is not

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

yet clearly understood.

Motor homunculus

? the body is represented upside

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


down along this cortex, although

the face itself is represented the

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

right way up.

? The face lies lowest, then the

hand (a very large area), then arm,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


trunk and leg.

? The leg and perineum areas

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

overlap the superior border and

extend down on the medial

surface of the hemisphere

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


? Blood supply :-

? 1- middle cerebral artery

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? 2- anterior cerebral a. ( leg area )
Primary motor area

? Lesions to this area produce

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

contralateral paralysis !!

? Organs that supplied bilateral y

are the less affected ...

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


? CNs are supplied bilateral y ?!!

Secondary motor area
? Or supplementary motor area

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Broadmann are 6
? Location :- Posterior parts of

frontal gyri extending medial y

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? The function of the secondary

motor area:

? 1- To store programs of motor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


activity

resulted

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

from

past

experience

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


? 2-

Controls

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

sequence

of

movements

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


? 3- Controls spatial & postural

orientation movements.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? 4- Controls bimanual movements.
? Blood supply: Middle & anterior

cerebral arteries
secondary motor area

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Lesions :-

? Apraxia (inability to execute learned purposeful movements despite

having the desire and the physical capacity to perform them).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


? There is no or little loss of strength

Boca's area

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? The motor (anterior) speech area

(of Broca, areas 44 and 45) is

usual y situated in the inferior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


frontal gyrus on the left side (in

right-handed and in most left-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

handed people), below and in

front of the face area and centred

on the pars triangularis between

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


the anterior and ascending rami of

the lateral fissure.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Damage to it produces motor

aphasia -- difficulty in finding the

right words, but not paralysis of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


laryngeal musculature.

? Blood supply :-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Middle cerebral a.
Wernicke's area

? The posterior speech area (of

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Wernicke) is in the posterior parts of

the superior and middle temporal gyri

and extends into the lower part of the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


parietal lobe.

- It is connected to the Broca's, visual &

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

auditory cortex

? Function:

? To understand the written and spoken

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


language

? Its integrity is necessary for the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

understanding of speech.

? Lesion ... Receptive dysphasia; the

patient responds by intact, but

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


irrelevant speech!

? Blood supply:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Middle cerebral artery

Prefrontal cortex
? The prefrontal cortex is an

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

extensive area that lies anterior to

the precentral

? The prefrontal area is concerned

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


with

1. the makeup of the individual's

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

personality.

2. regulator of the person's depth of

feeling.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


3. It also exerts its influence in

determining the initiative and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

judgment of an individual.
Prefrontal cortex

? Lesions :-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? It is now general y agreed that

destruction of the prefrontal

? region does not produce any

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


marked loss of intelligence

? Tumour or traumatic destruction

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

of the prefrontal cortex result in

the person's losing initiative and

judgment.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


? Emotional changes that occur

include a tendency to euphoria.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? The patient no longer conforms to

the accepted mode of social

behavior and becomes careless of

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


dress and appearance.

? Bipolar disorders

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Schizophrenia

Sensory areas

? 1- Primary somatosensory area

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

- The postcentral gyrus

1

- Posterior part of l p

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


o a

b r

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

u alce

e ntral

2

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


- Recieves primary from thalamus
- Sensations from the oral region,

pharynx, larynx & perineum are

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


received bilateral y

? 2- Secondary ( or association )

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

somatosensory area.

- Occupies the superior parietal

lobule

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Primary sensory area

? Sensory homunculus:
? The amount of the cortex for a

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

particular part of the bod is

related

to

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


its

functional

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

importance

&

number

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


of

receptors ( not to its size)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Blood supply:
- Middle cerebral artery
- Anterior cerebral artery (leg area)

Primary sensory area

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


? Lesions :-

? Lesions

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

of

the

primary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


somesthetic area of the cortex

result in contralateral sensory

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

disturbances, which are most

severe in the distal parts of the

limbs. Crude painful, tactile,and

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


thermal stimuli often return,but

this is believed to be due to the

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

function of the thalamus.

? The patient remains unable to

judge

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


? degrees of warmth, unable to

localize tactile stimuli accurately,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and unable to judge weights of

objects.

? Loss of muscle tone may also be a

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


symptom of lesions of the sensory

cortex.
Secondary somatosensory area

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Function:
- Receive different sensory

modalities & relate them to past

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

experience. e.g; object recognition

without vision.

- Lesions = asterognosis !!

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

- Inable to identify things without

see them ...

Primary visual cortex

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? Broadmann area 17

? Functions:
- Receives fibers from the opposite

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

field of vision

- It also excludes & modulates

unwanted images!

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


? Blood supply:
- Posterior cerebral artery

? Lesions :-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Crossed homonymous hemianopia
Secondary visual cortex

? Brodmann area 18,19

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Surrounded by the primary visual

cortex ...

? Functions to relate the visual

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


information to past experiences

? Lesions produce ... Visual agnosia;

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

loss of ability to recognize objects

seen in the opposite field of vision

WHY don't we see everything upside-down?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? -Brain makes images 'easier' to see by:
? 1- Combining the two images of the two eyes (in corpus cal osum).
? 2- Make images right-side-up (in the visual cortex).

? It does this because your brain is so USED to see things upside-down that

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


it eventual y adjusts to it (it's easier to flip the image than to try using

hands and legs with an upside-down world)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? For the first days, babies see everything upside-down!
Primary auditory area

? Broadmann area 41,42

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? In the inferior wal of lateral sulcus

? Afferent: Principal y from the

medial geniculate body

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


? Blood supply:

- Middle cerebral artery

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

- Lesions

produce ...

Partial

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


deafness in both ears with

inability to locate sound.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

- The greater loss being in the

opposite ear

- (cochlear nuclei send 2nd order to

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


the olivary nucleus & nuclei of

trapezoid body bilateral y)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Auditory pathway

? Explaning why greter loss of

inability to hear on the

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


opposite site !!!

? Cochlear n. send fibers more

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

to the other side than the

same side ...
Secondary auditory area
? Broadmann area 22

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

? Lies posterior to the primary

auditory area

? Function:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

- To interpret sounds and associate

the auditory input with other

sensory information.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


? Blood supply:
? Middle cerebral artery

? Lesions : auditory agnosia !!

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


The dominant angular gyrus

? This part is often considered a

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

part of the Wernicke area

? Lesion here results in inability to

read (alexia) or write (agraphia).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Aphasia

Sensory aphasia

Alexia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


Agraphia

Motor aphasia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

A lesion resulting in a nonfluent expressive

aphasia would most likely be found in the

(A) temporal lobe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


(B) parietal lobe

(C) frontal lobe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

(D) occipital lobe
Alexia without agraphia and aphasia would

most likely result from occlusion of the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(A) left anterior cerebral artery

(B) right anterior cerebral artery

(C) left middle cerebral artery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


(D) left posterior cerebral artery

(E) right posterior cerebral artery

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

A patient is asked to bisect a horizontal line

through the middle, to draw the face of a clock,

and to copy a cross. The patient bisected the

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


horizontal line to the left of the midline,

placed all of the numerals of the clock on the

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

right side, and did not complete the cross on

the left side. The most likely lesion site for this

deficit is the

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


(A) left frontal lobe

(B) right parietal lobe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(C) left parietal lobe

(D) right temporal lobe

(E) left occipital lobe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Arterial supply to Brain
? Tissue of the brain ( paranchyme )

al is supplied by two sources ...

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 1- branches of internal carotid

1

ACA

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---


MCA

artery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

? 2- branched of basilar artery

2

ECA

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


ICA

PCA

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Basialr a.

CCA

Vertebral a.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


Vertebral a.

aorta

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Subcalvain a.

Subcalvain a.

Branches of the vertebral a.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


1. Posterior

inferior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cerebel ar a.

2. Anterior spinal a.

2

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


1
Branches of the basilar a.

1. Anterior inferior cerebel ar a.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Superior cerebel ar a.
3. Posterior cerebral a.

32

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1

Blood supply to Brain
Anterior cerebral artery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? leaves the internal carotid artery

and passes forwards above the

optic nerve

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


? It is connected to its fellow of the

opposite side by the anterior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

communicating artery. It is

distributed to the orbital surface of

the frontal lobe and to the whole

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


of the medial surface of the

hemisphere above the corpus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cal osum as far back as the parieto-

occipital sulcus

Anterior cerebral artery

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


? The motor and sensory areas for the opposite leg, foot and perineum,

including the micturition and defecation centres, lie in its territory.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Because of the anastomosis via the anterior communicating artery, it is

usual y possible for one anterior cerebral to be supplied with blood from

the contralateral internal carotid.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Anterior cerebral a. syndrome
1. Hemiparesis or hemiplegia contralateral y, involving primarily the lower

limbs and pelvic floor musculature

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Sensory deficits contralateral y, involving primarily the leg and perineum
3. Apraxia (due to branches to the supplementary motor area and corpus

cal osum)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Disconnection syndrome (due to cal osal branches)
5. Anosmia (due to branches of the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract)
6. Urinary incontinence
7. Grasp reflex and or sucking reflex contralateral y (if circle of Wil is

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

compromised)

Middle cerebral artery
? The middle cerebral artery is

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

the largest and most direct

branch of the internal carotid

and therefore most subject to

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


embolism.

? It passes deep into the lateral

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sulcus to supply the cortex of

the insula and overlying

opercula.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


? It reaches the lateral surface of

the hemisphere
Middle cerebral artery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


? by continuing in the lateral

sulcus, from which its branches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

emerge and ramify over an area

that fal s short of the borders of

the lateral surface by one gyrus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


or its equivalent breadth.

?
? In its area of cortical

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


distribution lie the motor and

sensory areas for the opposite

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

half of the body, excluding leg,

foot and perineum (which are in

anterior cerebral territory), and

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


the auditory and speech areas.

Middle cerebral a. syndrome
1. Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of the lower half of the contralateral face

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of the contralateral upper and lower

extremities

3. Sensory loss of the contralateral face, arm and leg

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Ataxia of contralateral extremities
5. Speech impairments/aphasia: Broca's area, Wernicke's or Global aphasia

as a result of a dominant hemisphere lesion (usual y the left brain)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

6. Perceptual deficits: hemispatial neglect, anosognosia, apraxia, and

spatial disorganization as a result of a non-dominant hemisphere lesion

(usual y the right brain)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


7. Visual disorders: d?viation conjugu?e, a gaze preference towards the side

of the lesion; contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Note: *faciobrachial deficits greater than that of the lower limb
Posterior cerebral artery
? The posterior cerebral artery

curls back around the cerebral

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


peduncle supplying it and the

optic tract, and passes back

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

above the tentorium to supply

the inferomedial surface of the

temporal and occipital lobes

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


? Its territory meets that of the

anterior cerebral artery at the

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

parieto-occipital sulcus.

Its

branches extend around the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


borders of the brain to supply

the inferior temporal gyrus and

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a corresponding strip of cortex

on the lateral surface of the

occipital lobe. .

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


Posterior cerebral artery

? The visual area for the

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

opposite field of vision lies

whol y within its territory,

but the middle cerebral

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---


branches can sometimes

extend sufficiently far back

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

on the occipital lobe to

supply the macular part of

the visual area .

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


? Thus the macular field of

vision may be spared when

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

the rest of the visual area is

destroyed by a posterior

cerebral thrombosis.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Posterior cerebral a. syndrome
1. Visual disorder : Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia & cortical

blindness with bilateral involvement of the occipital lobe branches

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. visual agnosia
3. dyslexia, Anomic aphasia, color naming and discrimination problems
4. memory defect
5. involuntary movements: chorea, intention tremor, hemibal ismus
6. contralateral hemiplegia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

7. Weber's syndrome: occulomotor nerve palsy
8. B?lint's syndrome: loss of voluntary eye movements optic ataxia,

asimultagnosia (inability to understand visual objects).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Circle of wil is

? 1, Internal carotid artery.

? 2, Posterior cerebral

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---


artery.

8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 3, Anterior cerebral

artery.

? 4, Anterior cerebral

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---


artery.

? 5, Middle cerebral artery.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? 6, Basilar artery.

? 7, Vertebral artery.
? 8, anterior

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

communicating artery .




--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---