? Compound lipids are class of
Lipids
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? Chemically Esters of Fatty acids
with Alcohols attached with
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Additional groups.? Additional Groups in Compound Lipids may
be either of these:
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?Phosphoric acid?Nitrogenous Base
?Carbohydrate moieties
?Proteins
?Sulfate groups
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3 Main Compound Lipids
?Phospholipids
?Glycolipids
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?LipoproteinsPhospholipids
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Phospholipids? Compound Lipids
? Components:
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? Alcohol- Glycerol/Sphingol
? Fatty Acids- PUFAs and SFAs
? Additional Group- Phosphoric acid and Nitrogenous
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/Non Nitrogenous moiety? Nature- Amphipathic
? Phospholipids (PL) Chemical y Possess:
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?Fatty acids esterified to Alcohol and?Phosphoric acid attached with
Nitrogenous /non nitrogenous base.
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Types Of
Phospholipds
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Based upon AlcoholPresent in Phospholipid structure
? Two Types of Phospholipids are :
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?Glycerophospholipids:Glycerol containing Phospholipids
?Sphingophospholipids:
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Sphingosine/ Sphingol containingPhospholipids.
Glycerophospholipids/
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Glycerophosphatides
Names & Structures
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OF
7 Glycerophospholipids
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Simplest GlycerophospholipidPHOSPHATIDIC ACID
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? Depending upon Nitrogenous and NonNitrogenous moiety attached.
? Examples of 7 Glycerophospholipids are:
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1. Phosphatidic Acid (Simplest PL)
2. Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin)
3. Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (Cephalin)
4. Phosphatidyl Serine (Cephalin)
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5. Phosphatidyl Inositol/ Lipositol6. Phospatidal Ethanolamine/ Plasmalogen
7. DiPhosphatidyl Glycerol /Cardiolipin
Phosphatidic Acid
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? Phosphatidic acid is a simplestGlycerophospholipid.
? Phosphatidic acid has Glycerol esterified
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with two Fatty acids at C1 and C2 .
? C3 is esterified with Phosphoric acid.
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? Phosphatidic acid serve as aprecursor for biosynthesis of
other Glycerophospholipids
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? Either by linking of
?Nitrogenous or
?Non nitrogenous base
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Phosphatidyl Choline/Lecithin
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? Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) ismost commonest and abundant
Glycerophospholipid in body.
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? Phosphatidyl Choline is commonly calledas Lecithin.
? Derived from word `Lecithos' meaning
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Egg Yolk.
? Phosphatidic acid is linked to a
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Nitrogenous base Choline to formPhosphatidyl Choline.
Cephalins
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?Type of Glycerophospholipids
?Nitrogen base is Ethanolamine
or Serine.
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?Phosphatidylethanolamine and
Phosphatidylserine are
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Cephalins.Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine
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Phosphatidyl Serine
? An Amino acid Serine
linked to Phosphatidic acid
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forms Phosphatidyl Serine.
Phosphatidyl Inositol/ Lipositol
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Phosphatidyl Inositol Tri Phosphate
(PIP3)
? Inositol/Myo Inositol a Polyol
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derived from Glucose
? Non Nitrogenous ,
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Carbohydrate Derivative.? Inositol linked to Phosphatidic
acid forms Phosphatidylinositol.
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? Phospahatidyl Inositol 3,4,5 Tri
Phosphate (PIP3) in presence of
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enzyme Phospholipase C? Generates Diacyl Glycerol and
Inositol Tri Phosphate.
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Phosphatidalethanolamine/
Plasmalogen
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? Plasmalogen possess an Etherlinkage at C1.
? Fatty acid is linked to C1 of
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Glycerol, by an Vinyl(CH=CH2)
Ether (C-O-C)linkage instead of
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usual Ester bond.? Nitrogen base linked are
Ethanolamine/Choline.
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Diphosphatidylglycerol/
Cardiolipin
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Di Phosphatidyl Glycerol
? Cardiolipin was first isolated from
Cardiac Muscles of Calf and hence
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the name derived.
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? Diphosphatidylglycerol/Cardiolipin ischemically composed of
? Two molecules of Phosphatidic acid
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linked to one Glycerol .
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SphingoPhospholipids/Sphingophosphatides
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? Sphingomyelin is an example
of Sphingophospholipid.
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? Sphingophospholipid isSphingosine based Lipid
? Which has Sphingosine linked
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with Fatty acid-Phosphate
and Choline.
? Sphingosine is linked with a Fatty
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acid by an amide linkage to form
Ceramide.
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? Ceramide is then linked toPhosphoric acid and Choline to
form Sphingomyelin.
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Properties Of Phospholipids
Amphipathic Nature Of PL
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? Phospholipds are Amphipathic/
Amphiphil ic in nature.
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? Since the structure of PL possessboth polar and nonpolar groups.
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? Hydrophilic/Polar groups ofPhospholipids:
?Phosphoric acid
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?Nitrogenous groups? Hydrophobic/non polar groups
of Phospholipids :
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?Fatty acid/Acyl chains
Exogenous And Endogenous Sources
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Of PhospholipidsOccurrence And Distribution Of
Phospholipids
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? Various types of PhospholipidsAssociated to al over body cel s.
? Most predominantly associated to
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Biomembranes
? Myelin Sheath
? Alveoli in Lungs
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Functions Of Phospholipids (PL)1. Biomembrane Components
2. Lung Surfactant
3. Lipid Digestion and Absorption
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4. LCAT activity for Cholesterol Esterification and Excretion5. Lipotropic Factor
6. Clotting Mechanism
7. Cardiolipin role
8. Coenzyme Role
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9. Choline from Lecithin Methyl Donor10. Detoxification role of Lecithin
11. Eicosanoids biosynthesis
12. Nerve Impulse Conduction
13. Second Messenger of Hormone Regulation
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Glycerophospholipid Functions
Lecithin Is Most Functional Phospholipid
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1. Phospholipids Components Of
Biomembranes
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Phospholipid Bilayer of
Plasma membrane
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Cholesterol intercalates among Phospholipids.
Cholesterol fills in the spaces left by the kinks of
PUFAs .
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Cholesterol stiffens the bilayer and makes membraneless fluid and less permeable.
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? Role Of Lecithin? The Glycerophospholipid Lecithin is
the major structural components of
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biomembranes.
? An Amphipathic phospholipid bilayer
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has polar head groups of PL directedoutwards.
? Membrane Phospholipid bilayer
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,constituent of cel membranesimparts:
?Membrane Structural Integrity
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?Membrane Fluidity
?Membrane Flexibility
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?Selective Permeability? Phospholipids may have fatty
acids which are saturated or
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unsaturated.
? This affects the properties of
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the resulting bilayer/celmembrane:
?Most membranes have
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phospholipids derived fromunsaturated fatty acids.
?Unsaturated fatty acids add
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fluidity to a bilayer since
`kinked' tails do not pack
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tightly together.? Phospholipids (PL) derived from unsaturated
phospholipids al ow faster transport of
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nonpolar substances across the bilayer.
? Polar substances are restricted to cross
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the membrane .
? PL bilayer in membranes protect the cel
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from an entry of polar reactive andinterfering substances and serve as
security guards of cel s.
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? Membranes of Nerve cel s, whichare stiffer contain a much higher
percentage of phospholipids
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derived from saturated fatty acids.
? They also contain high levels of
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Cholesterol which stiffensmembrane structure.
2.Phospholipid As Lung Surfactant
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? DiPalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline serve
as an Lung surfactant.
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? It Lowers surface tension and keeps
Alveoli of lungs blown. (prevent
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adherence of alveoli)? Enables effective exchange of gases
(Oxygen) in Lungs.
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? After expiration of air the
alveoli gets deflated.
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? The lung surfactant reduces
the surface tension and al ow
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the alveolar wal s toreinflate.
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?Phospholipid as Lungsurfactant
?Prevent body to suffer
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from Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (RDS).
3.Phospholipids
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Help In Digestion And Absorption Of
Dietary Lipids
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? Phospholipids being amphipathicin nature act as good emulsifying
agents.
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? Along with Bile Salts they help in
digestion and absorption of non
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polar dietary Lipids.4.Phospholipid Lecithin
Helps In Cholesterol Excretion
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? Lecithin helps in Cholesterol
Esterification by LCAT activity.
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? Cholesterol Ester is laterdissolved in Bile and further
excreted it out.
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? Lecithin serve as a storage depot
of Choline.
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? Choline is a store of labile Methyl
groups
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? Hence Choline participate inTransmethylation reactions .
? Choline is used for generation of
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neurotransmitter `Acetyl Choline"
which helps in nerve impulse
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transmission.? Choline serve as Lipotropic factor
hence helps in Lipoprotein formation in
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Liver to mobilize out Lipids and prevent
from Fatty Liver.
6. Phospholipids Releases
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Arachidonic Acid For Eicosanoid
Biosynthesis
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? Lecithin at 2nd carbon hasArachidonic acid (PUFA).
? It donates Arachidonic acid which
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is a precursor for Eicosanoid
biosynthesis.
? Phosphatidyl Inositol also
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provides Arachidonic acid for
Eicosanoids biosynthesis.
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?Lecithin helps CYT450system for drug
detoxification.
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8. Phospholipids Has RoleIn Blood Coagulation
? Role Of Cephalin
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? Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine has
role in blood coagulation.
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? It converts clotting factorProthrombin to Thrombin by
factor X.
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? Phosphatidyl Serine has rolein Apoptosis (Programmed
Cel death).
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10.Role Of Phospholipids In
Hormonal Action
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Mediates Cel Signal Transduction? Role Of Phosphatidylinositol
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? Phosphatidyl InositolTriphosphate (PIP3) is a
constituent of cel membrane
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? It mediate hormone action /cel
signal transduction and maintain
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intracel ular Calcium.? Inositol tri phosphate and Diacylglcerol
are released from PIP3 by membrane
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bound Phospholipase C? The Inositol triphosphate and DAG
serve as second messenger to hormones
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Oxytocin and Vasopressin.
?Plasmalogen
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associated to brain andmuscles helps in Neural
functions.
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? Role Of Cardiolipin? Cardiolipin is rich in inner
mitochondrial membrane and
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supports Electron Transport
Chain and cellular respiration.
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? Cardiolipin exhibitsantigenic properties and
used in VDRL serological
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tests for diagnosis Syphilis.
? Phospholipid serve as Coenzyme
for certain Enzymes :
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?Lipoprotein Lipase
?Cytochrome Oxidase
Functions OF Sphingophospholipids
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? Sphingomyelins are rich in
Myelin sheaths which surrounds
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and insulate the axons of
neurons.
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? Sphingomyelin helps in nerveimpulse transmission.
Disorders Related To Phospholipids
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? Respiratory Distress Syndrome(RDS)
? Suffered by premature born infants.
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? Caused due to deficiency of Lungsurfactant DiPalmitoyl Phosphatidyl
Choline.
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? Since Lung is last organ to mature.
? Premature babies has insufficient lung
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surfactant lining in the alveoli walls.
? Which supports no normal respiration.
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? Has respiration difficulties due toalveolar col apse.
?Signs And Symptoms Of
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RDS?Low ATP production
?Weakness ,Lethargy
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?Low Cellular Functions
?Poor Coordination
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Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) Ratioof Amniotic Fluid
Assessment Of Fetal Lung Maturity
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And
Diagnostic Criteria For RDS
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? Lecithin /Sphingomyelin (L/S)
ratio of amniotic fluid, col ected
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by Amniocentesis is a goodindicator to evaluate fetal lung
maturity.
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? Prior to 34 weeks of gestation the
concentration of Lecithin and
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Sphingomyelin in amniotic fluid isequal.
? In Later weeks of gestation the
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Lecithin levels are markedly increased.
? At ful term L/S ratio is > 2/>5
? In pre term infants L/S ratio
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is 1.5 or < 1 results to suffer
from RDS.
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OTHER RDS SufferersIndividual with Lung Damage and
Dysfunctions
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? Old aged Persons
? Smokers
? Severely Infected Lungs
? Lungs toxicated and damaged by chemicals
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? Old age persons and Adults with
Lung damage
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(Due to Smoking/ Infections)
? Who unable to biosynthesize the
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lung surfactant may also exhibitRDS.
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Prevent And Manage RDS? Pregnant Women Diet for biosynthesis of L and S
? Pregnant Women Activities and Positions
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? Prevent Damaging Environment Exposures
Membrane Related Disorders
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Due To Defective Phospholipds
Multiple Sclerosis Due to Defect In
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Sphingomyelins and Myelin SheathsDefect In Sphingomyelins
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May AffectNerve Impulse Conduction
Membrane Carbs,Lipids and Proteins
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Structural y Important For Functional Role
? Deranged Cellular Environment
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? Cell membrane Damage? Tissue Necrosis
? Cell Death
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain
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DefectsDue to Phospholipid Deficits
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Fatty Liver
Due to Phospholipid Defects
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