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Download MBBS Biochemistry PPT 13 Hemoglobin Structure And Function Lecture Notes

Download MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) 1st year (First Year) Biochemistry ppt lectures Topic 13 Hemoglobin Structure And Function Notes. - biochemistry notes pdf, biochemistry mbbs 1st year notes pdf, biochemistry mbbs notes pdf, biochemistry lecture notes, paramedical biochemistry notes, medical biochemistry pdf, biochemistry lecture notes 2022 ppt, biochemistry pdf.

This post was last modified on 05 April 2022

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FUNCTION

Case 1

A 11-year-old male child was admitted with a history of

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having been found unconscious in the bathroom by the elder

brother of the patient.

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There was no evidence of associated tonic-clonic

movements, tongue bite, frothing from mouth, vomiting,

bladder, and bowel incontinence or trauma. There was no

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history of fever, seizures, headache, vomiting, and substance

abuse prior to this episode.
At the time of admission, patient was unresponsive. Pupils

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were normal size and well reacting to light, and plantar reflex

was extensor bilaterally and systemic examination was

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normal.

Patient was intubated, mechanically ventilated, and was

started on antiedema measures and other supportive

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treatment

MRI: bilateral gyral swelling of the frontal and parietal lobes.

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Patient improved and was extubated on the fourth day of

admission and was discharged in satisfactory condition after

seven days without any neurological sequelae.

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Ref: Sharma S, Gupta R, Paul BS, et al: Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in our homes.

Indian J Crit Care Med 2009;13:169-170.
Case 2

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A 25-year-old male was found lying unconscious and brought

out after breaking open the bathroom door after one hour.

Similar Examination and MRI like Case 1

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He had residual hypoxic damage in the form of persistent

vegetative state and was discharged to a domiciliary care on

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request.

Discussion

Gas geysers have emerged as a cost-effective efficient

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method for heating water at homes. Gas geysers run on

LPG, the combustion of which leads to generation of CO,

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hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides.

CO toxicity occurs by competitive binding of CO to the

hemoglobin heme groups shifting the oxygen-

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hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left.

The predilection for the globus pallidus may relate to

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hypotensive effect of CO poisoning in the watershed territory

of the arterial supply.
Treatment: ?

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Hints:

Competitive Inhibitor

Affects oxygen dissociation curve

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Learning objectives
Structure of Hemoglobin

Binding of oxygen to Hemoglobin

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Binding of CO to hemoglobin

Importance of Oxygen
Why these many symptoms by inhaling a

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gas?
ANOXIA
Oxygen needs to be transported from lungs to tissues

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efficiently to protect against anoxic episodes

What is the mechanism for this efficient transport?

What is the biomolecule responsible and its characteristics

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that supports this function?

Hemoglobin(Hb)

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Hemoglobin

Quaternary structure
Hemoglobin

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Heme(4)

Globin(4)

Heme : Prosthetic group

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Globin: Protein part

Protoporphyrin

ring

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HbA: 2, 2

Fe2+
Structure of Heme

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Iron containing pigment heme is attached to protein globin

Heme is iron porphyrin complex

called Iron protoporphyrin IX

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Conjugated double bonds

Red color to Heme.

Functional form Iron in Heme is-

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Ferrous form(Fe++)

Reduced state
Structure of Globin

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Adult Hemoglobin has 4 Polypeptide chains : 2 and 2

Heme Pocket

Heme Pocket is a crevice/

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hol ow hydrophobic area

Formed in the interior of

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Globin subunits

Heme group is tucked

between E and F helices

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of Globin subunit.

Amino acids in Globin chain are identified by Helix name

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and Position of a.a in that helix.

E7 His ( Distal His), F8 His ( Proximal His)
Oxygen binding of Hemoglobin

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Iron has 4 covalent bonds

with pyrrole rings, Fifth

coordination bond with

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proximal histidine(F8),

Sixth coordination bond

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with divalent oxygen

Divalent oxygen is linked to

Fe++ of Heme and

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imidazole group of Distal

histidine(E7)

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Where did CO bind in Case 1 and 2?

Hint :
Competitive binding

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Affects Mitochondrial ETC
(Respiratory Chain/
Cellular respiration)
To generate AT P

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(Oxidative Phosphorylation)
Treatment for CO Poisoning

Treatment includes immediate removal of the victim from the

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exposure and administration of high-flow or 100% oxygen by

a non-rebreather reservoir oxygen mask

Prevention: The geyser should not be switched on after

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locking the door from inside, ventilation should be kept open

Gas geyser unit should be placed outside the bathroom with

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a hose of hot water going inside.

References
1. Victor W. Rodwell, David A. Bender, Kathleen M. Botham, Peter J. Kennel y, P. Anthony Weil.

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Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th Edition

2. Denise R. Ferrier; Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry, 7th Edition

3. Kasper, Fauci, Hauser et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th Edition

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Why 2,3 BPG reduces in stored blood?
During storage of RBCs, large amounts of lactate are formed

and blood pH drops rapidly.

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When the pH falls below 7.2, the bisphosphoglycerate

phosphatase wil be activated and the normally high

concentration of 2,3-DPG is rapidly depleted

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Duhm J, Gehrlach E. Metabolism and function of 2,3- diphosphoglycreate in red blood cells.

Greenwalt TJ, Jamieson GA, editors. The human red cell in vitro. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1974. p. 111-48.
Where was 2,3 BPG in Glycolysis?

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Was it 1,3 BPG or 2,3 BPG?

What do 2,3 BPG has to do with

Oxygenation and Oxygen transport?

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In Hb 4 polypeptide chains

are visualized as two

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identical dimers, ()1

and ()2 held by

Ionic bonds and

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Hydrophobic interactions,

Two dimers are linked to

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each other by weak polar

bonds.
Taut and Relaxed forms of Hb

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T Form of Hb

R Form Of Hb

Deoxy Hb is in T form

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Oxy Hb is in R form binds

binds with CO2,H+ and

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only with Oxygen

2,3BPG
T form has salt bridges

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Salt bridges are broken in

linked in between the dimer between the dimer subunits

subunits

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during oxygenation of Hb.

More constrained form

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Less constrained form

T form has low affinity for R form has higher affinity

Oxygen

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for Oxygen

T form of Hb predominates R form of Hb predominates

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in low pO2

at high pO2
How does these bonds break on

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Oxygenation?

Changes in Hb on oxygenation

Fe moves into plane of of heme

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22 moves 150 relative to 11

(0.3A0 to 0.1A0 )

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Features of oxygenation of Hb
Oxygen links to Ferrous form of Iron, of Heme ( Reversible,

non-enzymatic, no oxidation of Ferrous)
One Hb molecule with 4 Heme can bind to four O2

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molecules

Shows c operative binding like allosteric regulatio

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Fol ows Hil s equation

Due to tetrametric structure o Hb

Makes it efficient in oxygen transport

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How cooperative binding mechanism

makes Hb efficient in oxygen transport

Allows 100% saturation at pO2 much lower than

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what it actually requires

Hemoglobin picks up the largest possible load of

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Oxygen in the lungs, and delivers the Oxygen

where and when needed.

Role of 2,3 BPG in release of oxygen

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One molecule of 2,3-BPG binds

to a pocket, formed by the two -

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globin chains, in the center of

the deoxyhemoglobin tetramer
This pocket contains several

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positively charged amino

acids(lysine, valine) that form

ionic bonds with the

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negatively charged

phosphate groups of 2,3-

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BPG.

Stabilizes T form of deoxyHb

Consequence of Transfusing stored blood

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Hemoglobin deficient in 2,3-BPG thus acts as an oxygen

"trap" rather than as an oxygen transport system.

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Transfused RBCs are able to restore their depleted supplies

of 2,3-BPG in 6?24 hours.

However, severely il patients may be compromised if

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transfused with large quantities of such 2,3-BPG?"stripped"

blood
The maximum storage time for red cells has been

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doubled (21 to 42 days, with median time of 15 days)

by changes in H+, phosphate and hexose sugar

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concentration

Response of 2,3-BPG levels to chronic

hypoxia or anemia

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Al osteric effect of 2,3 BPG

on oxygen affinity

2,3 BPG concentration

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increases in RBC in

hypoxia/ anemia

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HbF: Low affinity for 2,3

BPG
Thank You!

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