of
Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
Definition of Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classification of CarbohydratesStudy of Biomedically Important
Carbohydrates:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MonosaccharidesDisaccharides
Polysaccharides
Mucoproteins and Glycoproteins.
Biomedical Importance of Carbohydrates.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IntroductionWhat are Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are organic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biomolecules abundantly present in
the nature.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Found in the cells of plants andanimals.
The term "Carbohydrate" was coined
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by "Karl Schmidt".
Carbohydrates Biosynthesis
Carbohydrates are predominantly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesized by plants through
photosynthesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose is synthesized in plantsfrom CO2, H2O, and solar energy
from the sun.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Photosynthesis
chlorophyll
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sunlight Glucose(Simple Carbohydrate)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(+)-Glucose Starch or Cellulose
(Complex Carbohydrates Of Plants)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Animals and Human beings
cannot biosynthesize
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates
predominantly.
To fulfill metabolic and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structural role in human
beings,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is essential to ingestcarbohydrates through
food substances of plant and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal origin.
Thus Carbohydrates are chief
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
constituents of human food.R.D.A for Dietary Carbohydrates=
400-600 gm/day.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
However in a criticalcondition when cells are
deprived of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Human body biosynthesizes
Glucose using the non
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carbohydrate precursorspresent in body via
Gluconeogenesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Functions of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates serve as
primary source of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
energy/Fuel of body
( Metabolic role).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrate (Glucose)is oxidized in living cells
of human body to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
produce CO2, H2O, and
energy(ATP).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates provide
skeletal framework to cells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,tissues, and organs ofbody.(Structural role)
Carbohydrates are associated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to many other roles with
human beings.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DEFINITION OFCARBOHYDRATES
Old Definition of Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Empirical formula/General formula forsimple carbohydrates : Cn (H2O)n
Where n = number of carbon atom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
present in carbohydrate structure.
Old Definition-
Carbohydrates are "Hydrates of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbon"
Old definition is not valid since-
Certain Carbohydrates ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rhamnose did not fit in theempirical formula of carbohydrates.
Certain non Carbohydrates ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactate and Acetate fitted in theempirical formulae.
Observe the following
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chemical structures ofsimple Carbohydrates:
Glucose and Fructose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldose
Ketose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(e.g., Glucose) have(e.g., Fructose) have
an aldehyde group at a ketone group,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
one end.
usually at C2.
Simple Carbohydrates has many
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydroxyl groups (Polyhydroxy).
Simple Carbohydrates has carbonyl/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
functional groups as Aldehyde orKetone.
Simple Carbohydrates(Glucose/Fructose)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
repeatedly linked to form its condensed
complex carbohydrates for ex Starch,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inulin.The hydroxyl groups may be free
or substituted by any other
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
groups.
Simple Carbohydrates on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chemical reactions producesderivatives of Carbohydrates.
New Definition of Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates are organicbiomolecules, abundantly
present in the plant and animal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bodies, chemically composed of
Polyhydroxy Aldehyde or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Polyhydroxy Ketone, theircondensed products or their
derivatives.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classification Of Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depending Upon Number of Saccharide Units
Four Main Classes of Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharides(1 Saccharide Unit)
Disaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(2 Saccharide Units)
Oligosaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
( 3-10 Saccharide Units)Polysaccharides
( More than 10 Saccharide Units)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharides Sub ClassificationMonosaccharides are sub
classified on the basis of:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Functional Group
Number of Carbon atoms.
Number of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldoses
Ketoses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbon Atoms(Aldehyde-CHO)
(Ketone -C=O)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
Aldo Triose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Keto TrioseTriose
Glyceraldehyde
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Di HydroxyAcetone
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldo TetroseKeto Tetrulose
Tetrose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Erythrose
Erythrulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5Aldo Pentose
Keto Pentulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pentose
Ribose, Xylose, Arabinose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ribulose, Xylulose6
Aldo Hexose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Keto Hexose
Hexose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose, Galactose ,MannoseFructose
7
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldo Heptose
Keto Heptulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HeptoseSedoHeptose
SedoHeptulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DisaccharidesDisaccharides has 2
Monosaccharide units
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked by glycosidic bond.
Disaccharides may be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reducing or non reducingType Of Disaccharides
Reducing Disaccharides ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactose (Glu-Gal)
Maltose (Glu-Glu)
Non reducing Disaccharides-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sucrose(Glu-Fru)
Oligosaccharides Sub Classification
Oligosaccharides has 3-10
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharide units linked
by glycosidic bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oligosaccharides are subclassified on the basis of
number of Saccharide units.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Number of
Type Of Oligosaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharide(3-10 Monosaccharide Units )
Units
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
Trisaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Maltotriose (Glu-Glu-Glu)Raffinose (Glu-Fru-Gal)
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tetrasaccharides
Stachyose (Glu-Fru-2Gal)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5Pentasaccharides
Verbascose (Glu-Fru-3Gal)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Polysaccharide Sub ClassificationPolysaccharides/ Glycans
contain more than 10, same/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
different Monosaccharideunits linked by glycosidic
linkages.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types of Polysaccharides
Homopolysaccharides/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Homoglycans-Contains more than 10 same repeating
units.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heteropolysaccharides /
Heteroglycans-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Contains more than 10, differentrepeating units.
POLYSACCHARIDES/ Glycans
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
( More than 10 Monosaccharide Units )Homopolysaccharides/ Homoglycans
( > 10 Same Repeating Units )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucosans
Fructosans
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Repeating Unit of Glucose/Polymer (Repeating Unit ofof Glucose)
Fructose/Polymer of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch
Fructose)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycogenCellulose
Inulin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextrin
Dextran
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hetero Polysaccharides( More than 10 Different
Repeating Units )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnimalHeteropolysacchrides
Mucopolysaccharides (MPS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OR
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types And Examples ofMucopolysaccharides
Acidic Non Sulfated MPS:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyaluronic AcidAcidic Sulfated MPS:
Heparin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparan Sulfate
Chondritin Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dermatan SulfateKeratan Sulfate
Neutral MPS:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Blood Group Substances
Plant Heteropolysaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AgarPectin
Lignin
Gum
What are Sugars?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sugars are chemically simple
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disaccharides.Sugars are Crystalline Solid substances.
Soluble in water
Sweet in taste
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure possess asymmetric /chiralcarbon atoms/stereogenic centers.
The carbonyl/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
functional groups of
Carbohydrates may be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
present as free orbound (involved in
glycosidic bonds).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of SugarsReducing Sugars
Non Reducing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SugarsReducing Sugar
Sugar structure possessing free or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
potential(reactive) aldehyde or
ketone group is termed as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reducing sugar.Reducing sugars show reducing
property efficiently in alkaline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
medium and reduces certain
metallic ions as- Cu++;Bi++;Fe+++
Reducing Sugars answer following
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tests positive
Benedict's Test
Fehling's test
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nylander's TestForm Osazones.
Reducing Shows Mutarotation
(Change in Optical activity)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples Of Reducing Sugars
All Monosaccharides are reducing sugars.
Monosaccharides are strong reducing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
agents.
Monosaccharides?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ribose, Glucose, Galactose, Fructose.Disaccharides are weak reducing agents.
Reducing Disaccharides-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactose, Maltose.Non Reducing Sugars
Sugar structure not possessing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
free or potential aldehyde orketone group in its structure is
termed as non reducing sugar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non reducing sugar does not
show reducing property and do
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
not reduce metallic ions.Non reducing sugars give following
reducing tests negative.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Benedict's Test
Fehling's test
Nylander's Test
Do not form Osazones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non Reducing sugars do not exhibitMutarotation (Change in Optical activity)
Examples of Non reducing Sugars
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non reducing Disaccharides.Sucrose (Biomedically Important)
Trehalose (Glu-Glu linked with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(1-1) glycosidic bond)Polysaccharides/Complex
Carbohydrates are Non reducing.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sugar/Sugar Derivatives
Percent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SweetnessGlucose
75
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose
175
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Sweetest Sugar)(Highest)
Galactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30
Sucrose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100Lactose
20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Maltose
30
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Xylitol250
Non Carbohydrate Percent Sweetness
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Synthetic SweetnersSaccharin
45,000 times
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aspartame
18,000 times
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Asp-Phe)Thaumatin and
10,000 times
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monellin
Cyclamate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1000 timesBiomedical Importance of Sugars
Sugars are sweetening
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
agents used in
preparations of fruit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
juices, sweet recipeswhich gives delicious taste.
Sugars have dietary and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
calorific value.Ingested sugars are digested
,absorbed and assimilated to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
produce chemical form of
energy ?ATP, which is further
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
used for body activities.Carbohydrates are
Optically Active and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Show Stereoisomerism
All Carbohydrates except Di Hydroxy
Acetone(DHA) possess asymmetric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carbon atoms in their structure.
Presence of Asymmetric carbon atoms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
confer two properties:Optical Activity
Stereoisomerism.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Optical ActivityOptically active solutions when
placed in the tube of Polarimeter.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
If moves the plane of polarized
light toward right are dextro
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
rotatory (d/+).If moves the plane of polarized
light toward left are laevo rotatory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(l/-).
Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
due to presence of
chiral carbon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
atoms/stereogeniccenters.
Stereoisomers are type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isomersWhich have same chemical and
molecular formula,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The structure slightly differs in
the spatial orientation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
groups around the carbon atom.Biomedically Important
Monosaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)Monosaccharides are simplest class
of Carbohydrates.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They are composed of onesaccharide unit.
Monosaccharides cannot be further
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrolyzed.
Monosaccharides are building
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
blocks/monomeric units of higherforms of Carbohydrates.
Glyceraldehyde/Glycerose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simplest Carbohydrate
(Reference sugar)
Glyceraldehyde is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a Monosaccharide
Chemically ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldo TrioseC3H6O3
Occurrence/Sources of Glyceraldehyde
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In Cytoplasm of cells
Biomedical Importance's
Glyceraldehyde -3-Phosphate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is an intermediate of
Glycolysis and HMP shunt.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glyceraldehyde is reducedto Glycerol which is used
during Lipid and Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesis.
DihydroxyAcetone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is a MonosaccharideDHA is a Functional
Isomer of Glyceraldehyde.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry Of DHADihydroxy Acetone is a
Keto Triose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C3H6O3
DHA has no chiral atom
in its structure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence/Sources Of DHAIn Cytoplasm of Cells
Biomedical Importance's Of DHA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dihydroxy Acetone
Phosphate(DHAP) is an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intermediate of Glycolysis.DHAP is readily
interconvertable to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glyceraldehyde -3-PO4.
Erythrose
Chemistry :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Erythrose is a Monosaccharide
Erythrose is an Aldo Tetrose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C4(H2O)4Occurrence/Sources :
In Cytosol of cells
Biomedical Importances :
Erythrose -4-Phosphate is an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intermediate of HMP shunt.
Ribose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry :Ribose is a Monosaccharide.
Ribose is an Aldo Pentose
C5(H2O)5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence/Sources :In cells
Biomedical Importances of Ribose :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ribose is an important component of
Ribonucleotides which forms RNA.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ribose is component of certain NucleotideCoenzymes-
ATP, NAD+, NADP+,FAD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MonosaccharideDerived from Ribose/
Derivative of Ribose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry :Deoxyribose is a Aldo Pentose
Deoxyribose has one Oxygen atom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
less than Ribose at C2.Deoxyribose has no ?OH group at
C2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Instead has ?H at C2.
Occurrence/Sources :
In cells
Biomedical Importances Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deoxyribose :
Deoxyribose is a component of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deoxyribonucleotides whichforms DNA.
Arabinose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arabinose is a
Monosaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry :Arabinose is a Aldo Pentose
C5(H2O)5
Occurrence/Sources:
Gum Arabic and Cherries.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomedical ImportancesArabinose is a component
of Glycoproteins.
Xylose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Xylose is a Monosaccharide
Chemistry :
Xylose is an Aldo Pentose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C5(H2O)5
Occurrence/ Sources :
Wood Gum
Biomedical Importances :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Xylose is a component ofGlycoproteins and Proteoglycans
Xylulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Xylulose is a
Monosaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry :Xylulose is a Keto Pentose
C5(H2O)5
Occurrence/ Sources :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In CellsBiomedical Importances of Xylulose:
Xylulose -5-Phosphate is an
intermediate of HMP Shunt.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Xylitol reduced compound of Xylulose
is used as sweetener (250% Sweetness).
Ribulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry:
Ribulose is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MonosaccharideRibulose is a Keto
Pentose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C5(H2O)5
Occurrence/ Sources :
In Cytosol of cells.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomedical Importancesof Ribulose:
Ribulose-5-Phosphate occurs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as an intermediate of HMP
Shunt.
Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Grape sugar
Chief blood sugar
Main sugar of body cells.
Also termed as Dextrose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry of Glucose
Glucose Chemically ?
Aldo Hexose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Molecular Formula-C6H12O6
C1 is an Anomeric
carbon of Glucose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C1 has
carbonyl/Functional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
group.Structures Of Glucose
Cyclic forms for sugars
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fischer projections for a D Glucose7P1-95
Fischer's and Haworth's Projection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fischer's Projection
Cyclization of Glucose to hemiacetal is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
spontaneous to form stable ring structures.Haworth's Projection
Gluco Furanose -5 membered ring with Oxygen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
atom in it.
Gluco Pyranose -6 membered ring with Oxygen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
atom in it.Monosaccharides can cyclize to
form Pyranose / Furanose forms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b =64%a = 36%
Chair Conformation Of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Blood Glucose is morethermodynamically stable in
D Glucopyranose form.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence/Sources of GlucoseGlucose is found in free or bound
state in nature.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose is a component of
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose found-In fruits, humanblood and body cells.
Physical properties of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose possess asymmetric/chiral
carbon atoms in its structure, this
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
confers 2 physical properties:Optical Activity
Stereoisomerism
Optical Activity of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Optical activity for an aqueous
solution of Glucose is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dextrorotatory(+/d)It rotates the plane of plain
polarized light in Polarimeter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards right.
Hence Glucose is also termed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as Dextrose.Specific rotation of Glucose
optical activity:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pure -D Glucose = specific rotation
+112.2 ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pure -D Glucose = specific rotation+18.7 ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isomers of GlucoseCyclic structure of Glucose posses 5
asymmetric carbon atoms.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The number of isomers is 2n, where n is
the number of asymmetric centers.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
According to Vant Hoff rule 25Glucose posses 32 possible Isomers.
Functional / Structural Isomers of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlucoseGlucose (Aldo Hexose) and
Fructose (Keto Hexose) .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
These are Functional Isomers
their structure differs only at
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
functional groups.Stereoisomer's Of Glucose
Stereoisomers are type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isomers which have samemolecular formula; structure
differs only in the orientation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of groups in space.
Glucose Stereoisomers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D and L GlucoseAnomers
Epimers
D and L Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enantiomers/ Mirror imagesof each other/Left and Right
Hand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non superimposible/Non
overlapping.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
To identify D and L Glucose
Look at the penultimate carbon atom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Glucose (C5) /Farthest assymetriccarbon atom from carbonyl carbon
atom.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In D Glucose -OH is at R.H.S.
In L Glucose -OH is at L.H.S.
Enantiomers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Physical and chemicalproperties of Enantiomers are
same, except optical rotation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sugars present in human
body are of `D' series.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enzyme Racemaseinterconvert `D'
and `L' isomers.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anomers-Glucose and -Glucose.
Anomers has group variations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
at C1 Anomeric carbon atom ofGlucose .
In Fischer's projection at C1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Glucose has -OH group atR.H.S
In Fischer's projection at C1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Glucose has ?OH group atL.H.S.
Glucose anomers of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Haworth's projection showsas follows.
-Glucose has -OH group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
below the plane.
-Glucose has OH group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
above the plane.In the body
physiologically the most
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thermodynamicallystable form of Glucose
is D Glucopyranose .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnomerismGlucose anomers are not stable
and tend to interconvert
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
constantly by opening and
reclosure of ring.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anomerism is interconversion ofone form of anomer to another.
Anomerism exhibit Mutarotaion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Epimers
Epimers are stereoisomers which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
has variation in the orientation ofgroups at C 2/ C3 / C4 of Glucose.
Epimers of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactose (C4 Epimer)
Mannose (C2 Epimer)
Mannose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactose(C2 Epimer)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(C4 Epimer)
When Mannose and Galactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures are compared thereis variation at two different
carbon atoms (C2 and C4).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mannose and Galactose are
not Epimers but they are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Diastereoisomers".Mutarotation
Mutarotation is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in specificrotation of an optically
active substance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Criteria for an optically
active substance to exhibit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mutarotaion:Anomerism:
In aqueous solution the optically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
active substance should exist in twoor more stereoisomeric forms by
ready interconversions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose Exhibits MutarotationGlucose in aqueous solution shows
`Anomerism'.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose in aqueous solution
readily interconvert from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose to Glucose and attainan equilibrium mixture to exhibit
mutarotation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mutarotation is a physico chemicalproperty
Shown by certain optically active
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
substances ,who in aqueous solution has
capacity to interconvert from one
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stereoisomeric form to other and attaina constant equilibrium mixture,
This changes an initial specific rotation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to a constant specific rotation with the
passage of time.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemical PropertiesOR
Chemical Reactions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OR
Derivatives Of Glucose
Reduction Reaction Of Sugars
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reduction Reaction
Glucose Sorbitol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Sugar) (Sugar Alcohol)During reduction reaction
the C1 carbonyl group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(-CHO) is reduced to primaryalcohol group (-CH2OH).
Sorbitol is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Polyol/Polyhydroxy Alcohol.
Sugar Alcohols taken in food are
of less calorific value.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They yield half energy in
comparison to sugars.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They are poorly absorbed.Sugar alcohols if ingested reduces
weight.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They are prescribed for Diabetics.Abnormal levels of Sorbitol found
in Diabetics, leads to Cataract
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Excess Blood Glucose in
Diabetics, get reduced to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sorbitol which furtherdeposits in the lens of eye
and forms Cataract.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxidation Reaction Of SugarGluconic Acid
(Aldonic Acid)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(-CHO to -COOH)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxidation ReactionGlucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucuronic Acid
(Uronic Acid)
(-CH2OH to -COOH)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucosaccharic Acid(Dibasic Aldaric Acid)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(-CHO &-CH2OH to ?COOH)
Aldehyde oxid'n
aldonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acidTerminal CH2OH
oxid'n Uronic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldehyde + Terminal CH2OH oxid'n
Aldaric acid/Saccharic acid
Uronic Acid of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucoronic acid is componentof Mucopolysaccharides.
Glucuronic acid serve as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
conjugating agent in
detoxification reactions.
N-Glucosamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N Acetyl GlucosamineN Acetyl Galactosamine
Are Important constituents
of Mucopolysaccharides,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycoproteins and
Glycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Esteification
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose -6-PhosphatePhosphorylation Reaction (Robinson Ester)
OR
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose-1-Phosphtae
(Cori Ester)
Reducing Property Of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reducing property of
Glucose is Enolization/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tautomerization reaction.Glucose show efficient
reducing property in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alkaline medium .
Glucose in alkaline
medium forms Enediol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enediol is a strong
reducing agent which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reduces cupric ions tocuprous ions.
Glucose give positive test results
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
for following reducing tests:
Benedicts Test
Barfoeds Test
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fehlings TestNylanders Test.
Benedicts Test-Reduction of Cupric
ions in mild alkaline medium.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Barfoeds Test-Reduction of Cupric
ions in weak acidic medium.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fehlings Test- Reduction of Cupricions in strong alkaline medium.
Nylanders Test-Reduction of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bismuth ions in strong alkaline
medium.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycosidesGlycosides are derivatives of sugar.
Glycosides has Aglycone moiety linked to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C1 (anomeric carbon atom) of sugar by anacetal linkage.
Sugar Acetal Linkage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aglycone
Moiety
Aglycone moieties-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Non Sugar, Hydroxyl groupcontaining compounds)
?Methanol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Sterol?Phenol
?Glycerol
Types of Glycosides-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucoside
(Contains Sugar as Glucose)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactoside
(Contains sugar as Galactose)
Occurrence and Uses of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycosides
Glycosides are naturally
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
occurring substancespresent in plants and
animal bodies; which are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
extracted and used as
drugs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycosidesExamples and Therapeutic Use
S.No
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples ofTherapeutic Use
Glycosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
Cardiac Glycosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In treatment of cardiacDigoxin /Digitonin
insufficiency.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ovabain
2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhlorizinIn treatment of Diabetes
(Glucose Transporter Inhibitor) mellitus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
Streptomycin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Antibiotic used to treatbacterial infections.
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucovanillin
Flavoring agent in Ice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
creams and Puddings.Biomedical Importance of Glucose
Glucose is a reduced compound and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
has bond energy in its structure.
Glucose in body cells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxidized/Catabolized to liberatechemical form of energy-ATP.
1 Glucose molecule on complete
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oxidation produces 32 ATPs.
Glucose serve as primary source of
energy to all body cells.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose is an universal fuel of fetus.
Brain, Erythrocytes ,lens cells, spinal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cord, peripheral nerves are completelydependent on Glucose for its energy.
After well fed condition the free and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excess body Glucose is transformed to
Reservoir /Storage forms of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Starch (In Plants)? Glycogen (In animals)
Glucose still in excess is transformed to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat (TAG) and stored as depot fat.
(Unlimited).
Glucose is used for biosynthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of:
Glucuronic acid
Glucosamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N-Acetyl GlucosamineGalactose
Non essential amino acids
Glycosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GalactoseChemistry of Galactose
Galactose is a Monosaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldo HexoseC4 Epimer of Glucose
Occurrence/Sources
Galactose is never found free
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is a component of :
Milk Sugar Lactose
Mucopolysaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins.Galactose on reduction form
Dulcitol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactose on strong oxidationforms Mucic acid.
(Galactosaccharic acid).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactose is abnormally elevated
in blood and excreted in urine ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GALACTOSEMIA.Biomedical Importance
Galactose has dietary and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
calorific value.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactose is transformed toGlucose in Liver and metabolized.
Galactose is used in biosynthesis of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucopolysaccharides,Glycoproteins, Glycolipids.
Galactose along with Glucose forms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactose in lactating mothers .Galactose is part of
nerve and brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biochemicals, so
milk is essential to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infants.Mannose
Mannose is a Monosaccharide
Chemically -Aldo Hexose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C2 Epimer of GlucoseOccurrence/Sources of Mannose
In Plants
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mannan (Polymer of Mannose)Biomedical Importance Of
Mannose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mannose component ofGlycoproteins.
Mannitol reduced compound of
Mannose is used as Diuretic to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
treat Acute Renal failure.Fructose
Fructose is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharide
Fructose is Sweetest Sugar.
Laevulose (Laevorotatory)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry Of FructoseFructose is a Keto Hexose
C6H12O6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C2 is anomeric carbon ofFructose
Occurrence/Sources Of Fructose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In Fruits, HoneyBody cells, Semen.
Fructose is component
of Sucrose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose is more stable inD Fructofuranose form.
Selivanoff `s test is characteristic
test for Fructose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(positive result-Cherry red
color).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose on reduction formsSorbitol and Mannitol.
Fructose-6-PO4 (Neubergs Ester )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose-1,6- Bis Phosphate(Harden Young Ester).
Abnormal excretion of Fructose in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
urine is noted in persons suffering
from Essential Fructosuria.
Biomedical Importance Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose
Fructose has dietary and calorific
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
value.In Liver Fructose is transformed to
Glucose and metabolized.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose present in semen serves as
nutrient for Sperms.
Biomedically Important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are class of
Carbohydrates, chemically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
composed of two, same or
different Monosaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
units, linked by glycosidicbond.
General Formula of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disaccharides
Cn(H2O)n-1
Glycosidic Bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycosidic bonds are
Acetal/ Ketal bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
involving the anomericcarbon of Monosaccharides.
The Aldehyde/Ketone groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
participate in glycosidic bond,
Its involvement looses reducing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
property since, they wont remainfree.
Glycosidic bonds are formed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with the interaction of twohydroxyl groups of adjacent
sugar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
residues(Monosaccharide)
with an elimination of water
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
molecule.Glycosidic
Linkage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycosidic bonds arecovalent, strong bonds
,linking one Monosaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to another.
Glycosidic bonds are formed
with / configuration.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Different glycosidic bonds
form a different molecule
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with different properties.Types of Glycosidic bonds:
? ( 1-4)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? (1-6)? 1-2
? (1-1)
? (1-4)
Reducing end- End with free
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anomeric carbon, not involved
in formation of glycosidic bond.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non reducing end- End withno free anomeric carbon, since
involved in formation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycosidic bond.
Types of Disaccharides
Reducing Disaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose
(Malt Sugar, Product of Starch digestion))
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isomaltose (product of Starch digestion)Lactulose (Laxative)
Cellobiose ( Product of Cellulose)
Non Reducing Disaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sucrose (Cane Sugar )
Trehalose
Lactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Milk Sugar)Components and Linkage
of Lactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactose is a Reducing Disaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(1-4 ) glycosidic bondD Galactose
D Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source / Occurrence Of Lactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Milk and Milk products.Lactating Mothers body.
Biomedical Importance Of Lactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactose has dietary and calorificvalue.
GIT enzyme Lactase digests
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactose by cleaving (1-4)
glycosidic bond and releases free
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactose and Glucose.Lactase deficiency in GIT leads
to suffer from Lactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intolerance.Certain bacteria can ferment
lactose to lactic acid - souring of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
milk
(Lactobacillus).
Lactose may occur in urine during
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
trimester of pregnancy.
Maltose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Maltose is a reducingDisaccharide
Malt Sugar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components and Linkage OfMaltose
D Glucose - D Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(1-4 ) glycosidic bondGlucose to form Maltose
+
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Condensation
Hydrolysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
H2OSource / Occurrence Of Maltose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Malt grain, Germinating seeds,Maltova.
In human GIT, source of Maltose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is through Starch and Glycogen
digestion by Amylase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activity.Maltose is obtained in
GIT as an end product of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch and Glycogendigestion.
Biomedical Importance Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Maltose
Maltose has dietary and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
calorific value.GIT enzyme Maltase digests
Maltose by cleaving (1-4)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glycosidic bond and releases
two Glucose units.
Isomaltose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isomaltose is a reducing
Disaccharide.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isomaltose is a productof Starch and Glycogen
digestion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components and Linkage Of
Isomaltose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D Glucose - D Glucose(1-6 ) glycosidic bond
Source /Occurrence Of Isomaltose
In human GIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isomaltose is obtained
from Starch and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycogen digestionby -Amylase activity.
Biomedical Importance of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IsomaltoseIsomaltose has dietary and
calorific value.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isomaltose is digested by GIT
enzyme Isomaltase to release
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
two Glucose units by cleaving(1-6 ) glycosidic bond.
Cellobiose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellobiose is a reducing
Disaccharide.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disaccharide obtained fromCellulose Digestion.
Components and Linkage Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CellobioseD Glucose - D Glucose
(1-4 ) glycosidic bond
Source / Occurrence of Cellobiose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellobiose obtained from
Cellulose digestion In GIT of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ruminants ( Cattle) .Cellobiose is absent in
human GIT, since enzyme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulase is absent which do
not digest Cellulose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomedical Importance ofCellobiose
Cellobiose is absent in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
human beings.
Not of biomedical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Importance.Lactulose
Lactulose is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ReducingDisaccharide
Type, Components and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linkage of Lactulose
D Galactose - D Fructose
(1-4 ) glycosidic bond
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source / Occurrence Of LactuloseIn Plants
Lactulose:
Prepared by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alkaline
rearrangement of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lactoseBiomedical Importance Of
Lactulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lactulose has therapeutic
value; act as osmolar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
laxative.Relieves Chronic
Constipation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oral administration ofLactulose relieves hyper
Ammonaemia in patients of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hepatic Encephalopathy.
Treatment of Systemic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Encephalopathy By Lactulose.Mechanism of action:
Lactulose is not digestible.
Bacterial flora convert it to Lactic and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acetic acids that irritate the intestinal
wall.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increases acidity of intestine ,thismoves ammonia from blood to the
intestine for neutralization.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Relieves Hyperammonaemia.
Sucrose
Sucrose is a Non Reducing Disaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cane sugar/ Common Table Sugar /Beet sugarComponents and Linkage Of
Sucrose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D Glucose- D Fructose
1- 2 glycosidic bond.
Why Sucrose is Non reducing?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose (C1) and Fructose(C2)
anomeric carbon atoms are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
involved in formation ofGlycosidic bond.
No free anomeric carbon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
atoms.
Hence Non reducing.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sucrose has nofree aldehyde
/ketone group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hence non
reducing
Sucrose is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dextrorotatory (d/+)
with specific rotation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
+66.50.Source /Occurrence Of Sucrose
In Plants ? Sugar cane,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beet root.
Commercially prepared
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from sugar cane.Invert Sugar
Invert sugar is a product
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Sucrose hydrolysis.Invert Sugar is a product
of Inversion Process.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Invert Sugar is ahydrolytic mixture of
free Glucose and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose obtained from
Sucrose hydrolysis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inversion processA non reducing and
dextrorotatory Sucrose, on acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrolysis/by action of enzyme
Invertase ,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Produces a hydrolytic mixture offree, Glucose(+52.50) and
Fructose(-930) which is reducing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and laevorotatory(- 20.40).
Invert Sugar is Reducing.
Invert sugar is laevorotatory.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(since Fructose has high magnitude of optical
rotation -930)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Invert Sugar is sweeter than Sucrose(since it contains free Fructose,a sweetest
sugar)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Uses Of Invert Sugar
Sweetening agent as it
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is more sweet thanSucrose.
Used in adulteration of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Honey.
Biomedical Importance Of Sucrose
Sucrose has dietary and calorific
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
value.
Sucrase or Invertase enzyme of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GIT cleaves 1- 2 Glycosidicbond of Sucrose and release free
Glucose and Fructose ? i.e. Invert
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sugar.
Biomedically Important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OligosaccharidesOligosaccharides are
composed of 3-10
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharide units linkedby glycosidic bonds.
Oligosaccharide may be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
branched or unbranched
chain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Oligosaccharides arenot digested by human hence
has no calorific value.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oligosaccharides are
components of Glycoproteins.
Biomedically Important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Polysaccharides/Glycans
Polysaccharides are complex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
class of Carbohydrates,Chemically composed of more
than ten, same or different
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharide units or their
derivatives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Repeatedly linked by glycosidiclinkages.
General
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Formula ofPolysaccharides
(C6H10O5 )n
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Iodine test is a
characteristic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
test forPolysaccharides
Iodine test is based on Physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
property of adsorption.Iodine get adsorbed on complex
structure of Polysaccharides to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
give characteristic color.
Homopolysaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Homopolysaccharides are typeof Polysaccharides composed of
more than 10, same type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharide units
repeatedly linked by glycosidic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bonds.Glucosan
Type of Homopolysaccharide
Repeating unit,of Glucosan is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose
Glucosan is a Polymer of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose.Examples Of Glucosans
Starch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycogenCellulose
Dextrin
Dextran
Fructosan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Type of
Homopolysaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Repeating unit inFructosan is Fructose.
Fructosan is a Polymer of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fructose.
Example Of Fructosan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InulinStarch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Plant HomopolysaccharideChemistry Of Starch
Starch is Glucosan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Repeating Unit -D Glucose (approx 7000)
Components of Starch-
Amylose and Amylopectin
Amylose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amylose is 15-20%
Linear structure
D Glucose linked by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(1-4) glycosidic bond.Amylopectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amylopectin is 80-85 %
Branched structure
Branching point appears after every
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
25-30 Glucose units.It has (1-6) glycosidic bond at branching
point.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(1-4) glycosidic bonds in linear structure.Starch is white ,odourless, tasteless
powder .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch is insoluble in cold water, but get
solubilized on heating and form gel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/paste.Starch is a non reducing Carbohydrate.
Starch -Negative Benedicts Test.
Starch on Iodine reaction gives blue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
color.
Source/Occurrence Of Starch
Plants- Seeds, Tubers, Roots, Raw fruits.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Sources of Starch.
Grains- Rice ,Wheat, Jawar, Bajra
Potatoes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beetroot.Sago (Tapioca)
Vermicelli
Suji.
Raw Mangoes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomedical Importance Of Starch
Starch is a storage form of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and serves as reservoir of energy inplants.
To humans Starch is a predominant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
form of dietary Carbohydrate
ingested through foods which has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
high dietary and calorific value.Digestion of Starch
In mouth- by salivary Amylase
In intestine -by pancreatic Amylase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amylase cleaves, (1-4) glycosidic
bonds of Amylose and Amylopectin and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
releases Maltose and Isomaltose.Maltose and Isomaltose is then
digested by Maltase and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isomaltase to release free Glucose
units.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus Starch on digestion givesthousands of free Glucose units
which have high calorific value.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycogenAnimal Homopolysaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Animal StarchChemistry Of Glycogen
Glycogen is chemically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucosan.
Repeating Unit ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D Glucose (25-30 thousandGlucose units)
Glycogen is like Amylopectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure ,but it is highly branchedBranching points appear after
every 8-10 Glucose units, linked by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(1-6) glycosidic bond.
Linear structure has Glucose linked
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with (1-4) glycosidic bond.Glycogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycogen has more a(16)branches.
The highly branched structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
permits rapid glucose release
from glycogen stores, in muscle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
during exercise.Source/Occurrence Of Glycogen
Glycogen is present in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal-
Liver (75 gm)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Muscle (125 gm).Non-Veg diet is a source
of dietary Glycogen to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
human beings, which hashigh dietary and calorific
value.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
After well fed condition, free
and excess of Glucose is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
condensed to Glycogen viaGlycogenesis.
Rate of Glycogen synthesis ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver- 6-8 %,
Muscle 1-2 %
Glycogen is broken
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
down to Glucose viaGlycogenolysis when
body Glucose lowers in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fasting and starvation
condition.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomedical Importance OfGlycogen
Glycogen is a storage form of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose in animal and human body
after well fed conditions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It serves as reservoir of Glucosewhich can be used in emergency
conditions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
( Fasting /Between meals )
Glucose stored in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
polymeric/condensed
form minimizes osmotic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
effects and occupy lessspace.
Glycogen produces less
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
osmotic pressure and occupy
small space.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycogen is sparingly soluble inwater.
On Iodine reaction Glycogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gives deep red color.
Dietary Glycogen in
GIT is digested by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
- Amylase to Maltose
and Isomaltose and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
finally to thousands ofGlucose Units.
Liver Glycogenolysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in Human body
regulates Blood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose levels infasting condition.
Muscle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycogenolysisprovides energy for
muscle activities in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fasting condition.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CelluloseNon digestible carbohydrate
Cellulose serve as dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fiber.
Chemistry Of Cellulose
Cellulose is a Glucosan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Repeating Unit - D Glucose.(approx 2,500- 14,000 ).
Cellulose is a linear ,unbranched
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure where D Glucose unitsrepeatedly linked by (1-4 ) glycosidic
bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source/Occurrence Of Cellulose
Cellulose is an abundant carbohydrate of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nature exclusively present in Plants cell wall.Dietary rich sources of Cellulose
Whole Grains (outer covering)
Green leafy vegetables
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cabbage, CucumberLegumes, Nuts, Beans
Dates
Fruits and Vegetable salads.
Biomedical Importance of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose
In plants Cellulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
present in cell wallprovides structural
and mechanical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
support.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Wood, cotton andpaper are composed
primarily of cellulose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In humans, dietaryCellulose is not digested
and absorbed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enzyme Cellulase is absent
in human GIT.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose has no calorificvalue.
Dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose in
humans serves
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as dietary fiber.Cellulose has Effect on Fecal Mass
Formation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose acts as a roughage.It holds water ,helps in forming soft and bulky
feces.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increases intra luminal pressure.Reduces transit time of feces to remain in gut.
Eliminates daily, metabolic wastes and toxins
out of the body, through feces.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defecation with greater ease and good
frequency.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose preventsconstipation, and reduces risk
of :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vcolon cancer
vvaricose veins
v diverticulosis of intestine
v hemorrhoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose reduces the absorptionof :
Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CholesterolAmeliorate the conditions of :
?Diabetes mellitus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Atherosclerosis respectively.Cellulose being non
calorific and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
possessing high satiety
value helps in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
managing obesity inhumans.
For maintenance of good health
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ingest dietary fibers.RDA for dietary fiber to
maintain good health:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Adults= 20-25 gm/day.
Children's= 5-10 gm/day.
Disadvantage of dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose-
It decreases absorption of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
minerals.Dextrin
Intermediate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrolyticproduct of Starch
digestion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemistry Of Dextrin
Dextrin is a Glucosan
Repeating Unit - D Glucose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextrin is less complex than starch
structure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextrin is broken Starch molecule.Types Of Dextrin
Amylodextrin -Violet to Iodine reaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Erythrodextrin- Red to Iodine reactionAchrodextrin -Colorless to Iodine reaction.
Source/Occurrence of Dextrin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In human GIT Dextrin is obtained asan intermediate hydrolytic product
of Starch digestion by the action of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Amylase activity.
Dextrin is Present in commercially
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prepared infant foods.Biomedical Importance Of Dextrin
Dextrin has mucilage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nature(sticky) hence used as
binding and adhesive agent.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextrin is used as infant food.Dextran
Dextran is a Bacterial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HomopolysaccharideChemistry Of Dextran
Dextran is a Glucosan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Repeating Unit ? D Glucose.Highly branched, complex, network
like structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose units linked by
(1-4) ,(1-6) and (1-3) glycosidic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linkages.Source/Occurrence Of Dextran
Dextran is obtained from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sucrose solutionincubated with bacteria
Leuconostoc
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mesenteroides
Biomedical Importance Of Dextran
Dextran solution is high molecular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
weight, viscous solution with
osmotic pressure equivalent to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
plasma Albumin.Dextran maintains blood volume
and osmotic pressure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextran solution is used as
Plasma substitute/plasma
volume expander
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextran infusion manages a
hemorrhagic case and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prevent fromhypovoluemic shock.
Sephadex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sephadex is a modified Dextran.The dextran macromolecules are cross-
linked to give a three-dimensional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
network of polysaccharide chains.Insoluble in water but absorb water
and swell.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Uses: In Chromatographic separation.
Fructosan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Homopolysaccharidewith repeating units as
Fructose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InulinDiagnostic Carbohydrate
Diagnoses Kidney Function-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GFR of Kidney.Chemistry Of Inulin
Inulin is a Fructosan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Repeating Unit-D Fructose units (33-35 units)
Repeatedly linked by
(1-2) glycosidic bonds.
Source/Occurrence Of Inulin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Naturally present in Plants
Roots and tubers of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DandelionsOnion and Garlic bulbs
Chicory Plant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomedical Importance Of Inulin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inulin is non digestible and nonabsorbable form in human GIT, hence
have no calorific value.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inulin solution infused intravenously
during Inulin Clearance Test,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
checks Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR) of Kidney (120-125 ml/min).
Heteropolysaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heteropolysaccharides are typeof Polysaccharides composed of
more than 10 different
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharide units or
their derivatives repeatedly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked by glycosidic bonds.Animal Heteropolysaccharides
Mucopolysaccharides (MPS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Human HeteropolysaccharidesAnimal Heteropolysaccharides
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Mucopolysaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
were first isolated from
Mucin hence the name
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucopolysaccharides.Mucopolysaccharides
chemically composed of more
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
than 10 Monosaccharide unitsand its derivatives repeatedly
linked by glycosidic bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucopolysaccharides
are complex, long,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linear, unbranched,polyanionic.
The Glycosaminoglycans has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disaccharide repeating unitlinked by glycosidic bonds of
Uronic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amino Sugar
Uronic Acid ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucuronic acid /Iduronic acid(Iduronic acid is 5' Epimer of Glucuronic acid)
Amino Sugar-
Glucosamine / Galactosamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Acetylated or Sulfated or Both)Jeanloz suggested the
term GAG's as these
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biomolecules hasamino sugars as
repeating units.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Properties of GAG's
GAG's are polyanionic and acidic due
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to presence of?COO- and SO4-- -
GAG's are hydrophillic and attract
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
water and helps in distributing
water.
MPS due to repulsion of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
charges:
It appear slippery or sticky
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in appearance/mucus likesecretions
It expand to occupy large
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
space.
MPS/GAG's imparts following
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
physical properties-Turgor
High Viscosity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
High Density
High Buoyancy.
Body Mucopolysaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acidic Non Sulfated MPS:
Hyaluronic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acidic Sulfated MPS:Heparin
Heparan Sulfate
Chondritin Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dermatan SulfateKeratan Sulfate
Neutral MPS:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Blood Group SubstancesHyaluronic Acid
Acidic Non sulfated MPS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Repeating Disaccharide UnitGlucuronic acid
NAcetylGlucosamine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence and Functions Of
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid is present as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ground substance/cementing
substance in extra cellular
spaces of connective tissue.
Hyaluronic acid in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
synovial fluid of joints
and vitreous humor of
eye serve as lubricant
and shock absorbant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyaluronic acid
around ovum
gives protection.
Hyaluronic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
plays role in cell
migration during
morphogenesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enzyme "Hyaluronidase " hydrolysesHyaluronic acid.
Hylauronidase present in head of sperm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
, hydrolyzes the Hyaluronic acid present on
ovum which facilitates its penetration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and fertilization.Snake venom is rich in Hyaluronidase,
thus snake bite hydrolyzes and liquifies the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyaluronic acid present in extracellular
spaces of cells ( TOXIN )
Heparin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Most Acidic Sulfated MPS.
Disaccharide Repeating Unit:
Glucuronate sulfate ( minor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
)
Iduronate sulfate (major)
N-Glucosamine Sulfate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Heparin, a soluble
glycosaminoglycan found in granules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of mast cells and is highly sulfated.?Heparin has an extended helical
conformation.
Occurrence and Functions Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparin
Heparin present in blood vessels,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver, Lung, Spleen andMonocytes
Heparin is a natural anticoagulant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prevents intravascular bloodcoagulation by inactivating
clotting factor IX and XI.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
When released into theblood, it inhibits clot
formation by interacting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with the protein
antithrombin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparin is an indirectThrombin inhibitor .
Rapid inactivator of Thrombin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus antithrombotic agent.Prevents intravascular blood
clotting.
Heparin releases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
enzyme Lipoprotein
Lipase from endothelial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lining and serve ascoenzyme for it.
Lipoprotein Lipase is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid clearing Enzyme
of blood.
Therapeutic Use of Heparin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparin is infused to prevent and
treat thrombous located in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vein/artery in MI cases.Deep Vein Thrombosis.
Pulmonary Embolism
Strokes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparin(LMW Heparin)
injections are given to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
M.I patientsTo liquify blood ,prevent
thrombosis and clear
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
blood with lipids.
Heparan Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acidic Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide
Disaccharide repeating units
Glucuronate Sulfate (major)/ Iduronate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sulfate (minor)-N Acetyl Glucosamine
Occurrence and Functions Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparan SulfateHeparan Sulfate present on
extracellular cell surfaces or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
plasma membranes and serves
as receptors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Participate in cell growth, celladhesion, and cell -cell
communication.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparan sulfate in basementmembrane of kidney helps in
determining charge selectiveness
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Glomerular filtration.
Heparan sulfate are also
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
components of aorta, liver,fibroblasts, synaptic and vesicles.
Chondritin Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acidic Sulfated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucopolysaccharide
Disaccharide Repeating Unit
Glucuronate-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N ?Acetyl Galactosamine ?Sulfated.Chondritin Sulfate A-4 sulfated.
Chondritin sulfate C-6 sulfated.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence and Functions Of
Chondritin Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chondritin Sulfate is present inconnective tissues-bones,
cartilage, tendons .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It gives mechanical strength,
compressibility and support to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
connective tissues.Chondritin sulfate
present in cornea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
give over all shape toeye.
Dermatan Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acidic Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide.
Chondritin sulfate-B / -Heparin
Disaccharide Repeating Unit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
L-Iduronate-N-AcetylGalactosamine-sulfated
Occurrence and Functions Of
Dermatan Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dermatan sulfate especially present in
skin, blood vessels and heart valves
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gives mechanical strength andstructural support to these tissues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dermatan sulfate plays structuralrole in sclera of eye.
Keratan Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acidic Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide
Keratan Sulfate is a MPS without Uronic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid instead contains Galactose.Disaccharide Repeating Unit
Galactose-N-Acetyl Glucosamine ?sulfated
Keratan sulfate present in cartilage,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aorta walls, gives structural
supports and mechanical strength.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Keratan sulfate present in cornea
and lens of eye has role in lens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transparency and shape of eye.Blood Group Substances
Blood group substances are Neutral MPS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Blood Group
substances
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactose, Fucose,N-Acetyl Glucosamine, N-Acetyl
Galactosimne
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Blood group substances
neutral MPS, present
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
on cell surfaces ofErythrocytes serves as
blood group antigens.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Applied aspects of
Mucopolysaccharides/ GAGs
On ageing or during
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pathogenesis the biosynthesis of
certain specific
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucopolysaccharide/Glycosaminoglycan is either
increased or decreased leading
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to disorders and manifestations.
Tumors cells-
Increased Hyaluronic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Increases cell migration)
Decreased Heparan Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Decreases cell adhesion)This Increases Metastasis
Rheumatic Arthritis-
Rheumatic nodule shows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
increased Hyaluronic acid
deposition.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atheroscleroticplaque-
Excess production of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dermatan Sulfate
Decreased production
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of heparin.Osteoarthritis-
Imbalance biosynthesis
of Hyaluronic acid,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chondritin Sulfate and
Keratan Sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MucoproteinsOr
Proteoglycans
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucoproteins/Proteoglycans
are conjugated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteins.
Mucopolysaccharides/
Glycosaminoglycans
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Prosthetic group) are never
found free but always covalently
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked to a core protein by N-Glycosidic/O-Glycosidic bond to
formMucoproteins/Proteoglycan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
O-Glycosidic /N-Glycosidic bondGlycosaminoglycans
Core
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Protein
Mucoproteins have
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydratecontent more than
10 % and are viscous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in nature.
Mucoproteins/
Proteoglycans are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
more complex,viscous, highly dense,
molecular aggregates.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GAG chainscore
protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteoglycans are
composed of as many as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
200 GAG chains covalentlybonded to a core protein
via Serine/ Threonine side
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chains.
Molecular weight range: 105 ? 107 Daltons.
GAG chains linked:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparan sulfateDermatan sulfate
Keratan sulfate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples of ProteoglycansAggrecan
(Hyaluronate-Core Protein non
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
covalently linked In Cartilage)
Biglycan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beta GlycanDecorin
Serglycin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Syndecan
Perlecan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VersicanMucoproteins has properties like of
Mucopolysaccharides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucoproteins widely distributed inExtracellular Matrix of connective
tissues ( Bone and Cartilage).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucoproteins provide structural
framework and mechanical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
support to those tissues whichconstitute them.
Mucopolysaccharidoses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucopolysaccharidoses are groupof inherited disorders related to
defective Mucopolysaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metabolism.
Cause:
Impaired degradation of GAG's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by defective Lysosomal
enzymes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Half life period of GAG'sis short.
3-10 days for most of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GAG's.
120 days for Keratan ?SO4.
Biochemical Alterations :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
No catabolism of GAG's.Abnormal widespread intra
Lysosomal deposition of GAG's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in functional tissues affectingtheir functions.
Excretion of MPS in Urine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Syndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enzyme DefectAccumulated GAG
Type
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Lysosomal)
I
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hurler's- L Iduronidase
DS, HS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Syndrome
II
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hunters'Iduronate Sulphatase
DS , HS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Syndrome
III
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sanfilippo'sHeparan Sulphatase
HS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Syndrome
IV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Morquio'sGalactosamine
KS, CS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Syndrome
Sulphatase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VScheie's
L- Iduronidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DS
Syndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VIMaroteaux
N-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DS
Lamy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AcetylGalactosamineSyndrome
-4-sulphatase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VII
SLY's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
- Glucuronidase.DS, HS
IX
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Naowicz
Hyaluronidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HASyndrome
All Mucopolysaccharidoses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are of autosomal recessiveinheritance.
Hunter's Syndrome is of X
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked inheritance.
Consequences /Clinical Manifestations:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lysosomal vesicles become swollen withincomplete degraded GAG's in it.
Coarse facial features.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thick skin, skeletal damage.Corneal Opacity, Hearing loss.
Mental Retardation.
Hepatosplenomegaly.
Cardio pulmonary defects.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Growth deficiency and skeletal dysplasia.Diagnosis:
Measuring concentration of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lysosomal Hydrolases.Detection of GAG in Urine.
Plant Heteropolysaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Agar-AgarAgar is obtained from red algae.(Sea weed)
Agar is formed of two main components,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Agarose and Agaropectin.Agarose is a neutral galactose polymer, free
from sulfate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Agaropectin is formed of galactose and
galacturonic acid units partially esterified
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with sulfuric acid.Uses of Agar
Preparation of bacteriological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
culture media.
Emulsifier, thickener for ice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
creams,puddings.Laxative-for treatment of ulcers
and chronic constipation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PectinObtained from apple pomace and
inner portion of citrus rind.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Form viscous solutions in water.
Composed of Arabinose, Galactose
and Galactouronic acid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Average molecular weight 100,000-
250,000.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Uses Of PectinPectin is topically applied as a paste in
cases of burns and ulcers.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It acts as a detoxifying agent by
conjugation with toxins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is of great importance in treatment ofdiarrhea and dysentery.
It is used as a gel and emulsion stabilizer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and in manufacture of jellies and jams.
Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins are conjugated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proteins
Where the prosthetic group,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
branched or unbranched chain ofOligosaccharide
Is linked to a protein backbone with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
O-Glycosidic or N-Glycosidiclinkage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
O-Glycosidic/N-Glycosidic bondsOligosaccharide
Chain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Protein
Carbohydrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
content ofGlycoprotein is
less than 10%.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N-linked saccharides are
attached via the amide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nitrogens of Asparagine
residues .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
O-linked saccharides areattached to hydroxyl groups
of Serine, Threonine or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydroxy Lysine .
N-linked Glycoproteins
O-linked Glycoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oligosaccharides have
different sequences of monosaccharide units
different sequences of glycosidic linkages.
different kinds of branching.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
This imparts a very high degree of
diversity for Oligosaccharides and
their structure-function relationships
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Varied glycosidic linkages inOligosaccharide chain of
Glycoproteins create enormous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
variability required for
identifying different cells.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
This variation is the basis forthe mechanism of cell-cell
recognition.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N-acetylneuraminate (N-acetylneuraminic acid,
also called sialic acid) is often found as a terminal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
residue of oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins.Sialic acid imparts negative charge to
glycoproteins, because its carboxyl group tends to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dissociate a proton at physiological pH, as shownhere.
Significance of Oligosaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chains in Glycoproteins :Stabilizes the Proteins against
denaturation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Protect Proteins from Proteolytic
degradation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enhances the solubility.Serve as a recognition signals to
facilitate cell-cell interaction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycoproteins of human body:All plasma proteins are
Glycoproteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structural protein Collagen of
bone is glycoprotein.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enzymes- Ribonuclease-B,Alkaline Phosphatase.
Hormonal receptors on cell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
membranes.Glycophorin is a major integral
membrane Glycoprotein of RBC's.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lubricant Mucin.
Proteins-Transferrin and
Ceruloplasmin are Glycoproteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids are
Glycocalyx of cell membranes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clotting factor-Prothrombin.Hormones-Thyroglobulin,
Erythropoietin, TSH, HCG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Immunoglobulin- IgG, IgA, IgD,IgE, IgM.
Biomedical Importance's of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates.Energy Aspects of
Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
have dietary and calorific value
Carbohydrates serve as primary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
source of energy, with calorificvalue 4Cal/gm.
Carbohydrates of Dietary and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calorific value
Starch (Predominant-Grains, Potatoes, Vegetables)
Glycogen (Non Veg diet)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sucrose (Common table Sugar)Lactose (Milk and Milk Products)
Maltose (Starch digestion, Malt)
Glucose (Glucon-D, Fruits)
Fructose (Fruits, Honey)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reserve Store Capacity OfCarbohydrates:
Dietary Carbohydrate (Glucose)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
when free and excess in the body
get transformed to reserve store
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
forms Glycogen and Triacylglycerol(Fat), which are utilized during
emergency conditions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non digestible Carbohydrate-
Cellulose serves as dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fiber :Cellulose act as roughage and
prevents from constipation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose has no calorific value
hence help in management of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
obesity.Carbohydrates as Dietary Fiber
Cellulose
Pectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LigninAgar
Gum
Hemicellulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates are components ofMucoproteins
Glycoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycolipidsBlood Group Substances
Structural and other functional
roles of Carbohydrates :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mucoproteins present in connective
tissues provide structural and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mechanical support.Hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid of
joints and vitreous humor of eye
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
serve as lubricant and shock
absorbent.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparin serves as naturalanticoagulant and prevents
intravascular coagulation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heparan sulfate present on cell
surfaces act as recognition elements on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cell membrane ,cell receptors andhelps in cell growth, cell adhesion,
and cell-cell communication.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pentose sugars Ribose andDeoxyribose are
components of Nucleotides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which build Nucleic acids ?
RNA and DNA and other
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nucleotide coenzymes.Diagnostic Value of Carbohydrate:
Fructosan Inulin, is used
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to carry out:
Inulin Clearance Test,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which checks, GlomerularFiltration Rate of kidney.
Therapeutic Value of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates:Cardiac Glycosides Digoxin- used
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to treat cardiac insufficiency.
Glycosides Ovabain and Phlorizin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
- used in treatment of Diabetesmellitus.
Glycosides Streptomycin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,Erythromycin used to treat
bacterial infections.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mannitol- Serve as osmotic diuretic usedin treatment of Acute Renal Failure.
Lactulose -Relives Hyperammonaemia in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patients of Hepato Encephalopathy.
Dextran- Used as plasma substitute in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hemorrhagic cases to preventhypovoluemic shock.
Hyaluronan- Used to treat osteoarthritis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sr.NoReducing Sugars
Non Reducing Sugars
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.
Reducing sugars possess free or potential
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non reducing sugars does notaldehyde or ketone group in it's structure
possess free or potential
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aldehyde or ketone group in it'sstructure
2.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reducing sugars show reducing property .ItNon Reducing Sugars does not
form an Enediol in alkaline medium which then
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
show reducing property.
reduces certain metallic ions of copper, bismuth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.Reducing Sugars answers following tests
Non Reducing Sugars answers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
positively- Benedicts, Fehlings,
following tests negatively-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nylanders, Osazone TestsBenedicts, Fehlings, Nylanders,
Osazone Tests
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.Reducing sugars exhibit Mutarotation
Non Reducing sugars does not
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
show Mutarotation5.
Examples of Reducing Sugars -
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples of Non Reducing Sugars
All Monosaccharide's are Reducing Sugars- ex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
orRibose, Glucose, Fructose etc
Non reducing Disaccharide-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reducing Disaccharides-Lactose, Maltose
Sucrose, Trehalose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sr. NoAmylose
Amylopectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.
Starch granule contains 15-20% of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch granule has 80-85% ofAmylose.
Amylopectin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.
Amylose is soluble and present in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amylopectin is insoluble part present atinner core of starch granule.
periphery of starch granule.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.
Amylose is a linear, unbranched
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amylopectin is a branched structure,structure composed of 200-1000
composed of more than 1000 D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D Glucose units repeatedly linked by Glucose units linked by (1-4)
(1-4) glycosidic bonds
glycosidic bond in linear and (1-6)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glycosidic bond at branching point,which appears after every 25-30
Glucose residues.
4.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Molecular weight of Amylose is
Molecular weight of Amylopectin is 1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
400000million .
5.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amylose gives blue color with Iodine Amylopectin gives reddish violet color
test.
with Iodine test.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sr. NoStarch
Glycogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch is Plant Homopolysaccharide. Glycogen is animal Homopolysaccharide
1.
2.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch is composed of Amylose
Glycogen is highly branched structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Linear)&Amylopectin (Branched)with branching points appearing after
every 8-10 Glucose residues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.Starch is composed of 4000-7000
Glycogen is composed of 6000-30,000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose units.
Glucose units.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.Starch is a storage form of Glucose Glycogen is storage form of Glucose and
and reserve food material in plants.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserve form of energy in animals andhuman beings.
5.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch is stored in roots, tubers,Glycogen is stored in Liver and Muscles
seeds, raw fruits of plants.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of animal and human body.
6.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch serves as predominant dietary Glycogen is dietary form of CarbohydrateCarbohydrate form in Veg and
only in Non-Veg eaters.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nonveg eaters.7.
Starch with Iodine test gives deep
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycogen with Iodine test gives deep red
Blue color.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
color.Sr.No
Starch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose
Starch is a Glucosan composed of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cellulose is a Glucosan composed of1.
DGlucose units, repeatedly linked DGlucose units ,repeatedly linked by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by (1-4) glycosidic bonds in linear (1-4) glycosidic bonds.and (1-6) glycosidic bonds at
branching point.
2.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starch present in plants serve as
Cellulose present in plant cell wall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
storage form of Glucose and reserve provides structural frame work to plants.food material.
3.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Starch is digested in human Dietary Cellulose is not digested inGIT by enzyme Amylase.
human GIT due to absence of enzyme
Cellulase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.
Starch has dietary and calorific value. Cellulose has no calorific value but serve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as dietary fiber.Sr.No
Dextrin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextran1.
Dextrin is plant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextran is bacterial
Homopolysaccharide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Homopolysaccharide.2.
Dextrin is an intermediary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextran is a Glucosan obtained
hydrolytic product of Starch from Sucrose solution incubated
digestion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
3.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure of Dextrin contains Structure of Dextran contains (1-(1-4) & (1-6) glycosidic 3),
bonds.
(1-4) & (1-6) glycosidic bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.
Dextrin solution is used in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextran solution is used as plasmacommercially prepared infant volume expander in relieving
feedings and mucilage for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypovoluemic shock in cases ofpasting stamps.
hemorrhage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
QUESTIONS
Q.1.Define carbohydrates.
Enumerate the biomedically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
important Carbohydrates.Q.2.Classify and sub classify
Carbohydrates with terms and suitable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
examples.
Q.3. Simple Sugars /Monosaccharides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.4. Define stereoisomerism.Enumerate the stereoisomers of
Glucose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.5. D & L Glucose
Q.6. Anomers
Q.7. Epimers
Q.8. What is optical activity? Give
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
its type.
Q.9. Mutarotaion
Q.10. Chemical Reactions of Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/Reactions of Monosaccharides.
Q.11. Write 8 derivatives of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monosaccharides and theirimportance.
Q.12. Glycosides and its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
importance.
Q.13. Osazones Reaction. Draw the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures of Glucosazone,Fructosazone, Lactosazone &
Maltosazone.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.14. Explain why Glucosazone &
Fructosazone show same shape.
Q.15. Disaccharides (Definition,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types, Components, Glycosidic bonds,
Sources ,Biomedical Importances).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.16. Invert sugar,Q.17. Lobry- de- Bruyn- Von
Ekenstein transformation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.18. Haworth and Fischer's projection ofGlucose.
Q.19. Why sucrose is a non-reducing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sugar?
Q.20. Homoglycans /
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HomopolysaccharidesQ.21. Glycosaminoglycans /Acid
Mucopolysaccharides (structure &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
function)/Animal Heteropolysaccharides
Q.22. Inulin and its importance.
Q.23. Differences between
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dextrin and Dextran.
Q.24. Cellulose & its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
importance.Q.25. Distinguish between
reducing & non-reducing sugars.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.26. Write the components and
glycosidic linkages involved in following
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carbohydrates.Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycogenCellulose
Amylose
Amylopectin
Q.27. Mucoproteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.29. Biomedical Importanceof carbohydrates.
Q.30. Mucic acid test.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.31. Test's to check thepresent of reducing sugars.
Q.32. Glycosidic bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.33. Glycoproteins of human body.
Q.34. Differentiate between Starch
and Cellulose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.35 Differentiate between Starch
and Glycogen.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Q.36 Mucopolysaccharidoses.Q.37 Diagnostic and therapeutic
uses of Carbohydrates.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
THANK YOU