What are Glycolipids?
? Glycolipids are type of compound
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Lipids.
? Chemical y Esters of Fatty acids with
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Alcohol and contain additional groupas Carbohydrate moieties
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Types Of GlycosphingolipidsBased Upon
? Alcohol
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? Fatty acid
? Number and Type of Carbohydrate
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moieties and there derivativeslinked to a Ceramide
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Types OF GlycolipidsBased on Alcohol
1. Glycoglycerolipids
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( More In Plants)
Glycerol as Alcohol
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2. Glycosphingolipids(Predominant in Animals and Human)
Sphingosine as Alcohol
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GlycosphingolipidsPredominant Animal Glycolipids
? Ceramide linked with one or
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more sugar residues /there
derivatives
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Human GlycosphingolipidsAl has Ceramide in Their Str
1) Cerebrosides
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2) Gangliosides3) Globosides
Cerebrosides
Simplest GlycoSphingolipids
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Monoglycosylceramide
Cerebrosides
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? Cerebrosides are type ofGlycosphingolipids
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? Ceramide linked with onesugar residue
Types of Cerebrosides
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? Depending upon Carbohydrate moietyTypes of Cerebrosides are:
?Glucocerebrosides
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(Occur In Extra neural/Other tissues)
?Galactocerebrosides
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(Present In Neural)Structures Of Cerebrosides
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Galactocerebroside
Cerebrosides
Fatty Acid Composed In
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Kerasin
Lignoceric acid (C24)
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SFACerebron
Cerebronic acid (C24)
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Hydroxy SFA
Types of Cerebrosides based on Fatty acids:
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NervonNervonic acid (C24)
MUFA
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Oxynervon
Oxynervonic acid (C24)
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MUFAGangliosides
Complex Glycosphingolipids
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Gangliosides? Gangliosides are Type of
Glycosphingolipids
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? In comparison to Cerebrosides,
Gangliosides are more
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complex.NANA in Gangliosides
? Characteristic feature of
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Gangliosides is
? Structure contains one or more
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N-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid(NANA)/Sialic acid residues
? NANA/Sialic acid is derived
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from N-Acetyl Mannoseand Pyruvate.
? Gangliosides structure has
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Carbohydrate moieties as
?Glucose
?Galactose
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?N-Acetyl Galactosamine?N-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid
(NANA)/Sialic acid.
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Structure Of Gangliosides
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? GM3 is more common andsimplest Ganglioside.
? GM3 has single Sialic acid
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and less carbohydrate
moieties.
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? GM1 is a more complexGanglioside.
? GM1 is obtained from GM3.
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Types Of Gangliosides
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? Depending upon the Chemical structure andChromatographic separations
? More than 30 Types of Gangliosides are
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isolated:
Types Of Gangliosides
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? Based on Number and Position ofNANAs in Ganglioside structure
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? Various types and subtypes ofGangliosides are existing in human
body
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Types of Gangliosides
?Gangliosides with one NANA residue
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? GM1
? GM2
? GM3
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?Gangliosides with two NANA residues? GD
?Gangliosides with three NANA residues
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? GT
Sources Of GlycoSphingolipids
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? Dietary has no much role
? All forms of Glycolipids Endogenously
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Biosynthesized? Utilized for Structure and Functional Role
Occurrence/Distribution
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Of Glycolipids
? Glycosphingolipids are widely distributed
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? In every cel and tissue of human body
? Occur particularly in outer leaflet of Cel
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membrane/Glycocalyx /Cel Rafts? They are richly present in nervous cel s.
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?Glycolipids occur on theouter surface of every
cel membrane as
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component of
Glycocalyx /(Cel raft).
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?Cerebrosides: Richly present in
?White matter of brain
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?Myelin sheath
?Gangliosides: Predominantly
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present in?Grey matter of brain
?Ganglions and Dendrites
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Functions Of Glycolipids? Glycolipids are richly present
in nervous tissue, they help in:
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? Development and function of
brain.
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? Nerve impulse conduction? Glycolipids present in cell membranes
Serve as :
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?Antigens? Blood group Antigens
? Embryonic Antigen
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?Receptor sites for Hormones.
? Glycolipids of cel membrane serve as:
? Markers for cel ular recognition which
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helps in:
?Cel Functioning
?Cel -Cel interaction
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?Cel Signaling/Signal Transduction?Anchoring sites for Antigens, Toxin and
Pathogens
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?Cel Growth and Differentiation? GM1 serve as receptor
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/anchoring site to :?Cholera toxin
?Tetanus toxin
?Influenza viruses
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? The Cholera toxin on binding
to intestinal cel s
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? Stimulates secretion of
Chloride ions into gut lumen.
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? Resulting in copious diarrheaof Cholera.
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?In various malignanciesdramatic changes in
membrane Glycolipid
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composition are noted.
Globosides
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? Globosides are type of
Glycolipids.
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? Structurally Ceramide linkedwith Oligosaccharide is
Globosides.
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Sulfatides/Sulfolipids
? Sulfolipids are compound
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Lipids.
? Sulfolipids are Ceramide
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linked to Sulfated sugar units/Oligosaccharides.
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? Structurally Sulfolipids may alsohas Glycerolipids containing
Sulfate groups.
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? Sulfolipids are component of
nervous tissue.
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Lipidosis
Lipid Storage Disorders
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Inborn Errors Of Lipid MetabolismLysosomal Storage Disorders
Rare Genetic
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Lipid Associated Disorders? Niemann Picks Disease
? Tay Sach's Disease
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? Gauchers Disease
? Farbers Disease
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? Krabbes Disease? Sandhoff's Disease
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Niemann Picks Disease
Autosomal Recessive Disorder
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Lipid Storage Disorders
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Related To GlycosphingolipidsDisorders Of GlycoSphingolipids
?Gaucher's Disease
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?Tay Sach's Disease
?Farbers Disease
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?Krabbes Disease? Gaucher's Disease:
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? Defect: Deficiency of Cerebroside degradingenzyme Glucocerebrosidase.
? Biochemical Alteration: Abnormal
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accumulation of Cerebrosides in tissues.
? Consequences: Affect normal function of
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? Tay Sach's Disease:
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? Defect: Deficiency of Ganglioside degradingenzyme: Hexoseaminidase-A.
? Biochemical Alteration: Abnormal
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accumulation of Gangliosides in the tissues.
? Consequences: Affect normal function of
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Similarities and Dissimilarities
Of Cerebrosides and Gangliosides
Similarities Of
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Cerebrosides and Gangliosides
? Both are Glycolipids containing
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Carbohydrate moieties.? Both contain Sphingosine/Ceramide
in their structures.
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? Both are richly present in Nervous
tissue.
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Dissimilarities OfCerebroside and Gangliosides.
S.No
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CerebrosidesGangliosides
1
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Structural y Simple
Structural y complex
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Ceramide linked withCeramide linked to Glucose,
Glucose or Galactose.
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Galactose , NAGalactosamine ,and
NANA
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2Occur in White matter of Occur in Grey matter of brain and
brain and Myelin Sheaths. Ganglions.
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3
Types :
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Types :Glucocerebrosides
GM1,GM2, GM3,GM4
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Galactocerebrosides
4
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Function : Conducts nerve Transfer Biogenic Aminesimpulse
5
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Related Disorder:
Related Disorder:
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Gauchers DiseaseTay Sachs Disease