Download MBBS Biochemistry PPT 64 Introduction To Biochemistry Lecture Notes

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INTRODUCTION

TO

BIOCHEMISTRY

What Is Biochemistry?
Theword`BIOCHEMISTRY'-
means-Chemistry of Living
beings or Chemical Basis of
Life.
"Life" in Biochemistry point of

view is:

Hundreds of Biochemical

reactions andBiochemical
processes


Occurringinsub cellular

organelles of a cell in an
organized manner.
Biochemistry is a branch

of life science:

Whichdealswiththe

Study of Biochemical
Reactions and Processes

Occurringin living cells of

organisms.

Branches of Biochemistry
Medical Biochemistry-Dealswith

chemical basis of human body.

Clinical Biochemistry-Deals with

clinicaldiseases/pathological
conditions of human body.

Clinical Biochemistry

supports:

Diagnosis, Therapy and

Research ofMedicalfield.


Bacterial Biochemistry-Dealswith

Microbes.

Plant Biochemistry- DealswithPlants.

Animal Biochemistry-Dealswithanimals.

Industrial Biochemistry-Dealswith

industrialproductsinvolvedwith

microorganisms.
Historical Developments

of

Biochemistry

Biochemistryemergedinthelate 18th

and early 19th century.

Theterm Biochemistry wasfirst

introducedbytheGerman Chemist Carl
Neuberg in 1903.

Inthe1940s Clinical Biochemistry

evolved, as an autonomous field.
S.No

Pioneer Workers

Discovery/Work

1

Berzilus

EnzymesCatalysis

2

EdwardBuchner

EnzymeExtraction

3

LouisPasteur

FermentationProcess

4

Lohmann

RoleofCreatinePO4in
muscles

5

HansKreb

TCACycle

6

BantingandMacleod

Insulin

7

FiskeandSubbarow

RoleofATPs

S.No

Pioneer Worker

Discovery/Work

8

WatsonandCrick

DoubleStranded
DNA

9

Landsteiner

ProteinStructure

10

PeterMitchell

Oxidative
Phosphorylation

11

Nirenberg

GeneticCodeon
mRNA

12

PaulBerg

RecombinantDNA
Technology

13

KarryMullis

PolymeraseChain
Reaction

14

Khorana

SynthesizedGene
Aim And Objectives

To Study

Biochemistry

?To know the various

Biomolecules composed in
Human body:

?Chemistry/Structure

?Occurrence/Location

?Functions/Role
?Determination of mode of

action of Biomolecules isby:

?Isolation and Structural

elucidation ofBiomolecules.

?Understand completely

all the organized

Biochemical processes

?Occurringinliving cells

at the molecular/sub

cellular level .
?Identification of disease

mechanisms:

?StudyofInborn Errors of

metabolism.

?StudyofOncogenes in cancer

cells.

Syllabus Of Biochemistry
Medical Biochemistry

Medical or Human Biochemistry isa

branchofBiochemistrywhichdeals

with:

Biochemical constituents of human

body

Their interactions in body cells
To maintain normal health, growth

and reproduction andrelated diseases.

Chemical Composition of Human

body
Study of Biochemical

aspects of Cell and its
sub cellular organelles.

Studyofvarious Biochemical constituents of

cell:

(Chemistry,properties,functions,metabolism

andrelateddisorders).

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Nutrition and Metabolism of

Biomolecules

Study of Food and its

constituents

Dietary Nutrients

builds human body
and maintain health
Majorprerequisite for the

maintenance of health isthat

Thereshouldbeoptimal

dietary intakeof
constituentswithgood
quality andappropriate
quantity.

Biochemicalresearch

hasimpactonNutrition
&Preventive Medicine.
Metabolism of Biomolecules

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Uptakeand
Assimilationoffoodconstituents

inhumanbody.

Catabolic and Anabolic

pathways related to

Biomolecules for Human

vitality:
Energy rich biomolecules get

catabolized in body cells to liberate
chemical form of energy ATP usedfor
variousbodyactivities.

Variousbiomoleculesare

biosynthesized to perform vital
functions of human body.

Tomaintainnormal health of

a human body:

Biomolecules in human

body work

Cooperatively with good

coordination ,Regulation and

Interrelationship.
Roles Of Important Biomolecules

Carbohydratesservesasprimary

sourceofenergy.

Lipids servesassecondarysource

ofenergy.

Proteinsarestructural and

functional unitsofhumanbody

whichareofprimeimportanceand

survivalofhumanbeings.
Vitamins: FatsolubleandWater

solublevitaminshavespecificfunctions

whichserveasaccessory growth

factors.

Minerals: Inorganicelementsmajor

andminortypehasimportantrolein

building and functioning of human

bodies.

Enzymesarebiomoleculeswhichare

Biocatalystscatalyzes specific biochemical
reactionsofmetabolicpathwaysand
consideredasfunctional units of
metabolism.

HormonestheEndocrinesubstances,

chemical messengers of human body.

They bringgoodcoordination and regulate

enzyme activities of metabolism.
Elements of Molecular Biology

Nucleic acids andMolecular

Genetics

DNA,RNAandProteinsynthesis
Regulationofgeneexpression
RecombinantDNAtechnology

Biochemical Processes

of

Human Body
Membranetransport mechanisms and signal

transduction

Biochemical mechanisms of hormone action-Cellular

Homoeostasis

Functions of Neurotransmitters

Oxygentransport,Bioenergetics,Mitochondrial

Respiratory chain

TheImmune response

Interrelationships Of Biochemistry
Biochemistry Is A Fundamental

Subject Of Medicine/MBBS

Biochemistryis

relatedtoalmost
everySubjectof
Medicine.


ThereisrelationshipofBiochemistrywith

ManysubjectsofMBBSCourse.
Physiology
Pathology
Pharmacology
Immunology - Microbiology
Toxicology
Medicine and Allied Subjects
Community Medicine-Nutrition
Genetics

Importance Of Biochemistry

Knowledge To A Doctor
Clear understanding

concepts of Biochemistry

Isaprerequisite to

become A Good Doctor

Athoroughunderstanding

knowledge, of Biochemistry

by a Doctor helpsin:

Right Diagnosing and

treating a patient .
The Scope for

Study and Research

in Biochemistry is

Endless

Principal driving force in

Clinical Biochemistry.

New emerging techniques

and methodologies to study
new Biomarkers
Thescope of Biochemistry

istounderstand
Thefunctionality of the

living cells, tissues and the
entire living system.

Biochemistry

Teaching Schedule
Biochemistry Teaching

Schedule-

Theory Lectures
Tutorials
Practicals
Seminar/Quiz

Class Attendance

Mandatory Attendance ?

75%inTheory

80%inPractical

Aggregate <75% -Detained
Produce Medical Certificates

And

Apply to Sub Dean

(Academics)

Inabsenceduetoillnesswith

immediateeffects.

Study Material For Biochemistry

Lecture Notes
Books
E?Books
Internet websites
Books For Biochemistry

1. Lippincott's
2. Harper
3. Vasudevan
4. USatyanarayana
5. RanaShindeandChatterjea
6. SKGupta
7. MohammedRafi
8. PankajaNaik
9. Raju
10. Puri

Biochemistry Examination Pattern
Exam Pattern And Marks

Exams

Theory

Practical Total

Marks

Marks

Marks

Mid Semester

100

75

175

End Semester

100

75

175

Pre Prof

200

75

275

( 2 Papers)

Prof/Final

200

75

150

( 2 Papers)

Total Marks

150

150

300

MBBS First Prof Exam Dates

Mid Semester Examination :
November2016

End Semester Examination :
January/February2017
Pre Prof Exam /Preliminary

Examination :May2017

Professional Exam/Final

Examination:July2017

Oneshouldscore

50% in Theory and
50% in Practical
Exam

Separatelytopassin

thesubject
Oneshouldscore40%Marksin

InternalExams/FinalInternal

AssessmentMarks.

Tobeeligibletoattend

ProfessionalExam.

< 40% Marks

in Final Internals Detained

Tips For Success In Exams
Attend regularly yourteaching

schedulewithfull concentration
andnote the lecture points.

Afterclassessame day write down

all lecture points in Fair note book.

BeInteractive and Communicative

to clear your subject doubts.

Analyze your own Capacity
Do not compare yourselfwith

others.

Organize the schedule
Truly and sincerely work hard

withgood stamina and
determination.
Daily Study the Subjects

Give time for each subject

5 hours of study after classes

Givedaily one hour for

Biochemistry

Learntosacrifice and

compensate.

InbetweenCheck your study

status and compensate.

Relentlesslyworkhardto

acquire understanding
knowledge.
Don't leave optionstrycoverallthe

matterthoughtinclasses.

Habit of early to Bed and early to

rise.

Iffeel depress or have any problem

in stay and study contact your

teachers immediately for help.

AnyQueries?

AnyConfusions?

AnyDoubts?
THANKYOU

DrAnissaAtifMirza
BiochemistryDepartment
A.I.I.M.SRishikesh.

Introduction

To

Biochemistry Practicals
Clinical Biochemistry

Biochemical Aspects

of

Health and Disease
Healthy body

Healthy body inbiochemical

pointofviewiswith-

Normal metabolic functionsin

thebodycells.

Balanced levels ofallthe

biochemical constituents

Unhealthy/Diseased body

Unhealthy/Diseasedbody

inbiochemicalpointofviewis
with:

Derangement in their

metabolic functions.

Imbalanced levels of

biochemical constituents
Health dependsonaharmonious

balanceofbiochemicalreactions
occurringinthebody

Diseasereflectsabnormalitiesin

biomolecules,biochemical
reactions,orbiochemical
processesinahumanbody.

Types Of Diseases

Due to Biochemical Alterations

NutritionalDisorders
InbornErrorsofMetabolism
Endocrine/MetabolicDisorders
Genetic/MolecularDisorders
ImmunologicalDisorders
List of Biochemical Disorders

Nutritional Disorders

Thesearedisorderscaused

due to defect in pattern of
nutrition:

Over Nutrition

Under Nutrition
Examples Of

Nutritional Disorders

KwashiorkarandMarasmus.(PEM)
Obesity
IronDeficiencyAnemia.
Tetany
Pellagra
BeriBeri
Scurvy

Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders

Thesedisordersaredue to defect in

Endocrine system.

Hypo and Hyper activity of Endocrine

organs.

Derangement in Hormones whichaffect

the Enzyme activities of metabolic

reactions .

Thisin turn causes derangement in

metabolism.
Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders

DiabetesMellitus
DiabetesInsipidus
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
AddisonsDisease
CushingsSyndrome.

Genetic/Molecular Disorders

Thesedisordersaredue to defect in DNA

molecule.

Gene mutations in structural or regulatory

genes

Mutatedgenesonexpressionleads to structural

defective Proteins.

DefectivestructuralProteinsin turn affect the

functionality of the Proteins leading to
disorder.
Genetic/Molecular Disorders

InbornErrorsofMetabolism
Cancer
SickleCellAnemia
Thallasemias
XerodermaPigmentosa
Hyperlipoproteinemias
ChromosomalDefects

Inborn Errors Of Metabolism

Disordersduetocongenital defect in

Enzymes.

Causeddue to defective/mutated genes

of Enzymes.

SinceEnzymes are functional units of

metabolism,their congenital defect leads
to inborn errors in Metabolism.
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism

PrimaryGout
GlycogenStorageDisorders
Phenylketonuria.
Albinism
GauchersDisease

Immunological Disorders

CausedduetodefectiveImmune

System

Hypersensitivity
AutoimmuneDisorders-

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Multiple Myelomas
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry In

Diagnosis Of Diseases

Role Of Clinical Biochemistry

Laboratory
Biochemistry and Medicine

are Intimately related

Inaspecificdiseasedconditionthere

occursderangementsinthehormonal
actions

Whichaffects,homeostaticmechanisms

andmetabolicprocesses

Whichinturnaltersthenormal

concentrationsofbiochemical
constituentsinbodycellsandtheir
fluids.
Metabolic changes associated with specific

disordersmaygiverisetoachangesinthebody
fluids.

Biochemical profile of a particular body fluid is

analyzedforexample

Blood Glucose in Diabetes mellitus;

Glucose levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in

bacterial meningitis (whicharegreatlyreduced).

Hence, specific parameters are looked for in a

specificbodyfluidwhenadiseaseissuspected

Suspecteddiseasedcasesbya

physicianareinvestigatedforthe
levelsofbiochemicalparameters

Invarious collected biological

specimensviz
Blood/plasma/serum/urine/CSF
/otherbodyfluids
vThecollectedspecimensareanalyzed

inaClinicalBiochemistryLaboratory
usingvarious analytical methods to
obtaintheresults.

vTheobtainedresults are compared

withthevalueswithrespective
normal/reference range.

vResultsarereportedtoaphysician

forconfirmingthediagnosisand
treatmentofthepatient.

Role Of Clinical Biochemistry

Laboratory
RoleofaClinicalBiochemistryLaboratoryis

to find out

Theconcentration of biochemical

parameters fromvarious biological
specimens,

Usingspecific methodologies ,reagents,

instruments and equipments ,glasswares
and plastic wares.

Theresult values obtained are compared

with reference range and interpreted.

ThusClinical Biochemistry, is

an applicative arm of medical
Biochemistry,

Tosupport diagnosis ,

treatment and prognosis of
human diseases or pathological
conditions.
Scope of Clinical Biochemistry

ClinicalBiochemistryincludestwomain

components:

Methodological and Interpretative.

Whichisdrivenbythediscovery of

biomarkers, and the availability of
appropriate measurement methods.

Biochemistry Instruments
Biochemistsshouldhaveknowledgeofimportant

instrumentstheirusesandworkingprinciples.

1.PhotoelectricColorimeter,Spectrophotometer,

Flowcytometers,AAS.

2.SemiAutoanalyzers,FullyAutomatedAnalyzers.
3.ElectrolyteAnalyzers
4.ELISAreader
5.ECiQ
6.ElectrophoreticandChromatographicUnits.
7.RealTimePCR
8.DistillationPlant,Balances,Centrifuges,Water

baths,Incubator,Oven,Coolers,Refrigeratorsetc.

Biochemistry Depend Upon

Chemicals and Reagents
Biochemistry Chemicals and

Reagents

UseofAnalyticalGrade/Ultrapure

chemicalsforreagentpreparations.

Useofreadymadereagentkits.
Useofstandards,controlsand

calibrators.

Qualitycontrolspecimens(Internal

andExternalQ.C)

Biochemistry

Glasswares/Plasticwares

UseofBorosilmadeGlasswares/Tarsan
Testtubes
Pipettes:Glass,Finepipettes
Flasks
Beakers
MeasuringCylinders
ReagentBottles
Diagnostic Investigations

of

Clinical Biochemistry

Types Of Biochemical Investigations

RoutineInvestigations
StatInvestigations-24x7hrs
SpecialInvestigations
BiochemicalProfiles
OrganFunctionTests
Individual laboratory tests are

rarely ordered and reported
singly; usually combinations of
labtestsareused.

Thephysicianshouldhoweverbe

judicious in selecting the tests
that really give a clue to the
diagnosisofadisease.

Routine Biochemical Investigations

Blood Glucose {Fasting,PostprandialandRandom}
Non Protein Nitrogenous Substances -BloodUrea ,Uric

Acid, Creatinine.(KFT)

Serum and urinary Proteins-TotalProteins,Albumin(LFT)
Lipids-TriAcylGlycerol,Cholesterol,Lipoproteins.
Enzymes-AST,ALT,GGT,ALP,ACP(LFT)
Bilirubin-Total,Direct,Indirect(LFT)
Electrolytes-(Na,K)
Minerals-(Ca,P)
Blood-pH,AnionGap,pO2,pCO2,Bicarbonates.
Special Investigations

GlucoseToleranceTest
Vitamins
Hormones
Minerals(Mg,Zn,Cu,Fe,I)
Drugs
BenceJonesProteins
Electrophoresis
Chromatography

Organ Function Tests

LiverFunctionTests(LFTs)
CardiacProfile(CFT)
PancreaticFunctionTests(PFTs)
RenalFunctionTests/KidneyFunctionTests

(KFTs)

GastricFunctionTests(GFTs)
ThyroidFunctionTests(TFTs)
AdrenalFunctionTests(AFTs)
ReproductiveFunctionTests
Biochemical Test profiles

And Biomarkers

LipidProfile
CardiacProfile
DiabeticProfile
BoneMarkers
AnemiaMarkers
TumorMarkers

Importance of Laboratory

Tests

Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of

biochemicalconstituentsfromthe
biologicalspecimensarecarriedoutin
ClinicalBiochemistryLaboratory.

Resultsobtainedofquantitative

estimationsareinterpreatedcomparing
withnormalorreferencerangeof
laboratory.
BiochemicalInvestigation

resultshelpindiagnosis of the
disorder with severity of the
disease.

Thereportvalueshelpsthe

cliniciantobettermanageand
treatthepatientsunderhis
care.

ThusResultsofBiochemical

investigationsplays
importantroleinscreening,
diagnosis,prognosisand
treatmentofdisorders.
Precautions During Tests

ProperUseofReagents
StandardizationandCalibrationofInstruments
SOPstobefollowed
CarefullyandStrictlyfollowtheprotocols
Accuratepipetting
ProperreadingofO.Dvalues/Results
Interpreateresultswithrightunitswithnormalor

referencerangeoflaboratory

RunQualityControlProgrammes

Agood understanding

Knowledge of Biochemistry
related to health and disease at
molecularlevel

Makesatrue and good Doctor

for his/her Clinical Practice.
Biochemistry Practical Syllabus

Instrumentations
QualitativeExperiment-AbnormalUrineAnalysis
QuantitativeExperiments-Glucose,Urea,Bilirubinetc
OrganFunctionTests-LFT,KFT,GFT
BiochemicalProfiles
FluidAnalysis-CSF,AmnioticFluids
GlucoseToleranceTest
ClinicalCases-Liver,Carbohydrate,Lipds,Proteins
ImmunologicalTechniques
MolecularBiologyTechniques

Biochemistry Manual

And Its Checking
Biochemistry

Practical Exam Pattern

Practical Exam 75 Marks

Questions

Internal Exam

Professional

Pattern

Exam Pattern

Spott Questions

10spots

20Marks

2x10=20Marks

Qualitative

15Marks

15Marks

Experiment

Quantitative

15Marks

15Marks

Experiment

Grand Viva

20Marks

20Marks

Manual

05Marks

05Marks
Way To Live Life

BeBalancedinallthelifeactivities
Workasperyourpriorities
Trytoadjustaspertheneedandconditionoflife
Tryyourbesttosurvive
LivesimpleandnaturalLife
KnowyourDo'sandDon'tsofLife
DoRightJudgements
WorkwithFocusandTimeManagement
NeverGoAgainsttheNature
AdmireandFeeltheNaturesLife
Think,ThankandPraisethecreatorofNature
ImbibeNaturalprocesseswithinourselves
PracticelifelikeNaturalprocesses
S.

Human Body Activities Human Practical Life

No

1

Processes/Mechanisms Actions/Character/Nature

2

Analyzed/Sensed

Analyzed/Sensed

Neurotransmitters

SelfLogic,Thoughtprocess,

Hormones

,GoodAdviceand
Experience

3

Homeostasized-

Regulated-

HomeostaticMechanisms Trust , Obedience, Respect

Implementation

4

Balanced Processes

Limited Activities

5

Healthy Human Life

Success in Human Life

Thank You

This post was last modified on 05 April 2022