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INTRODUCTION
TO
BIOCHEMISTRY
What Is Biochemistry?
Theword`BIOCHEMISTRY'-
means-Chemistry of Living
beings or Chemical Basis of
Life.
"Life" in Biochemistry point of
view is:
Hundreds of Biochemical
reactions andBiochemical
processes
Occurringinsub cellular
organelles of a cell in an
organized manner.
Biochemistry is a branch
of life science:
Whichdealswiththe
Study of Biochemical
Reactions and Processes
Occurringin living cells of
organisms.
Branches of Biochemistry
Medical Biochemistry-Dealswith
chemical basis of human body.
Clinical Biochemistry-Deals with
clinicaldiseases/pathological
conditions of human body.
Clinical Biochemistry
supports:
Diagnosis, Therapy and
Research ofMedicalfield.
Bacterial Biochemistry-Dealswith
Microbes.
Plant Biochemistry- DealswithPlants.
Animal Biochemistry-Dealswithanimals.
Industrial Biochemistry-Dealswith
industrialproductsinvolvedwith
microorganisms.
Historical Developments
of
Biochemistry
Biochemistryemergedinthelate 18th
and early 19th century.
Theterm Biochemistry wasfirst
introducedbytheGerman Chemist Carl
Neuberg in 1903.
Inthe1940s Clinical Biochemistry
evolved, as an autonomous field.
S.No
Pioneer Workers
Discovery/Work
1
Berzilus
EnzymesCatalysis
2
EdwardBuchner
EnzymeExtraction
3
LouisPasteur
FermentationProcess
4
Lohmann
RoleofCreatinePO4in
muscles
5
HansKreb
TCACycle
6
BantingandMacleod
Insulin
7
FiskeandSubbarow
RoleofATPs
S.No
Pioneer Worker
Discovery/Work
8
WatsonandCrick
DoubleStranded
DNA
9
Landsteiner
ProteinStructure
10
PeterMitchell
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
11
Nirenberg
GeneticCodeon
mRNA
12
PaulBerg
RecombinantDNA
Technology
13
KarryMullis
PolymeraseChain
Reaction
14
Khorana
SynthesizedGene
Aim And Objectives
To Study
Biochemistry
?To know the various
Biomolecules composed in
Human body:
?Chemistry/Structure
?Occurrence/Location
?Functions/Role
?Determination of mode of
action of Biomolecules isby:
?Isolation and Structural
elucidation ofBiomolecules.
?Understand completely
all the organized
Biochemical processes
?Occurringinliving cells
at the molecular/sub
cellular level .
?Identification of disease
mechanisms:
?StudyofInborn Errors of
metabolism.
?StudyofOncogenes in cancer
cells.
Syllabus Of Biochemistry
Medical Biochemistry
Medical or Human Biochemistry isa
branchofBiochemistrywhichdeals
with:
Biochemical constituents of human
body
Their interactions in body cells
To maintain normal health, growth
and reproduction andrelated diseases.
Chemical Composition of Human
body
Study of Biochemical
aspects of Cell and its
sub cellular organelles.
Studyofvarious Biochemical constituents of
cell:
(Chemistry,properties,functions,metabolism
andrelateddisorders).
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Nutrition and Metabolism of
Biomolecules
Study of Food and its
constituents
Dietary Nutrients
builds human body
and maintain health
Majorprerequisite for the
maintenance of health isthat
Thereshouldbeoptimal
dietary intakeof
constituentswithgood
quality andappropriate
quantity.
Biochemicalresearch
hasimpactonNutrition
&Preventive Medicine.
Metabolism of Biomolecules
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Uptakeand
Assimilationoffoodconstituents
inhumanbody.
Catabolic and Anabolic
pathways related to
Biomolecules for Human
vitality:
Energy rich biomolecules get
catabolized in body cells to liberate
chemical form of energy ATP usedfor
variousbodyactivities.
Variousbiomoleculesare
biosynthesized to perform vital
functions of human body.
Tomaintainnormal health of
a human body:
Biomolecules in human
body work
Cooperatively with good
coordination ,Regulation and
Interrelationship.
Roles Of Important Biomolecules
Carbohydratesservesasprimary
sourceofenergy.
Lipids servesassecondarysource
ofenergy.
Proteinsarestructural and
functional unitsofhumanbody
whichareofprimeimportanceand
survivalofhumanbeings.
Vitamins: FatsolubleandWater
solublevitaminshavespecificfunctions
whichserveasaccessory growth
factors.
Minerals: Inorganicelementsmajor
andminortypehasimportantrolein
building and functioning of human
bodies.
Enzymesarebiomoleculeswhichare
Biocatalystscatalyzes specific biochemical
reactionsofmetabolicpathwaysand
consideredasfunctional units of
metabolism.
HormonestheEndocrinesubstances,
chemical messengers of human body.
They bringgoodcoordination and regulate
enzyme activities of metabolism.
Elements of Molecular Biology
Nucleic acids andMolecular
Genetics
DNA,RNAandProteinsynthesis
Regulationofgeneexpression
RecombinantDNAtechnology
Biochemical Processes
of
Human Body
Membranetransport mechanisms and signal
transduction
Biochemical mechanisms of hormone action-Cellular
Homoeostasis
Functions of Neurotransmitters
Oxygentransport,Bioenergetics,Mitochondrial
Respiratory chain
TheImmune response
Interrelationships Of Biochemistry
Biochemistry Is A Fundamental
Subject Of Medicine/MBBS
Biochemistryis
relatedtoalmost
everySubjectof
Medicine.
ThereisrelationshipofBiochemistrywith
ManysubjectsofMBBSCourse.
Physiology
Pathology
Pharmacology
Immunology - Microbiology
Toxicology
Medicine and Allied Subjects
Community Medicine-Nutrition
Genetics
Importance Of Biochemistry
Knowledge To A Doctor
Clear understanding
concepts of Biochemistry
Isaprerequisite to
become A Good Doctor
Athoroughunderstanding
knowledge, of Biochemistry
by a Doctor helpsin:
Right Diagnosing and
treating a patient .
The Scope for
Study and Research
in Biochemistry is
Endless
Principal driving force in
Clinical Biochemistry.
New emerging techniques
and methodologies to study
new Biomarkers
Thescope of Biochemistry
istounderstand
Thefunctionality of the
living cells, tissues and the
entire living system.
Biochemistry
Teaching Schedule
Biochemistry Teaching
Schedule-
Theory Lectures
Tutorials
Practicals
Seminar/Quiz
Class Attendance
Mandatory Attendance ?
75%inTheory
80%inPractical
Aggregate <75% -Detained
Produce Medical Certificates
And
Apply to Sub Dean
(Academics)
Inabsenceduetoillnesswith
immediateeffects.
Study Material For Biochemistry
Lecture Notes
Books
E?Books
Internet websites
Books For Biochemistry
1. Lippincott's
2. Harper
3. Vasudevan
4. USatyanarayana
5. RanaShindeandChatterjea
6. SKGupta
7. MohammedRafi
8. PankajaNaik
9. Raju
10. Puri
Biochemistry Examination Pattern
Exam Pattern And Marks
Exams
Theory
Practical Total
Marks
Marks
Marks
Mid Semester
100
75
175
End Semester
100
75
175
Pre Prof
200
75
275
( 2 Papers)
Prof/Final
200
75
150
( 2 Papers)
Total Marks
150
150
300
MBBS First Prof Exam Dates
Mid Semester Examination :
November2016
End Semester Examination :
January/February2017
Pre Prof Exam /Preliminary
Examination :May2017
Professional Exam/Final
Examination:July2017
Oneshouldscore
50% in Theory and
50% in Practical
Exam
Separatelytopassin
thesubject
Oneshouldscore40%Marksin
InternalExams/FinalInternal
AssessmentMarks.
Tobeeligibletoattend
ProfessionalExam.
< 40% Marks
in Final Internals Detained
Tips For Success In Exams
Attend regularly yourteaching
schedulewithfull concentration
andnote the lecture points.
Afterclassessame day write down
all lecture points in Fair note book.
BeInteractive and Communicative
to clear your subject doubts.
Analyze your own Capacity
Do not compare yourselfwith
others.
Organize the schedule
Truly and sincerely work hard
withgood stamina and
determination.
Daily Study the Subjects
Give time for each subject
5 hours of study after classes
Givedaily one hour for
Biochemistry
Learntosacrifice and
compensate.
InbetweenCheck your study
status and compensate.
Relentlesslyworkhardto
acquire understanding
knowledge.
Don't leave optionstrycoverallthe
matterthoughtinclasses.
Habit of early to Bed and early to
rise.
Iffeel depress or have any problem
in stay and study contact your
teachers immediately for help.
AnyQueries?
AnyConfusions?
AnyDoubts?
THANKYOU
DrAnissaAtifMirza
BiochemistryDepartment
A.I.I.M.SRishikesh.
Introduction
To
Biochemistry Practicals
Clinical Biochemistry
Biochemical Aspects
of
Health and Disease
Healthy body
Healthy body inbiochemical
pointofviewiswith-
Normal metabolic functionsin
thebodycells.
Balanced levels ofallthe
biochemical constituents
Unhealthy/Diseased body
Unhealthy/Diseasedbody
inbiochemicalpointofviewis
with:
Derangement in their
metabolic functions.
Imbalanced levels of
biochemical constituents
Health dependsonaharmonious
balanceofbiochemicalreactions
occurringinthebody
Diseasereflectsabnormalitiesin
biomolecules,biochemical
reactions,orbiochemical
processesinahumanbody.
Types Of Diseases
Due to Biochemical Alterations
NutritionalDisorders
InbornErrorsofMetabolism
Endocrine/MetabolicDisorders
Genetic/MolecularDisorders
ImmunologicalDisorders
List of Biochemical Disorders
Nutritional Disorders
Thesearedisorderscaused
due to defect in pattern of
nutrition:
Over Nutrition
Under Nutrition
Examples Of
Nutritional Disorders
KwashiorkarandMarasmus.(PEM)
Obesity
IronDeficiencyAnemia.
Tetany
Pellagra
BeriBeri
Scurvy
Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders
Thesedisordersaredue to defect in
Endocrine system.
Hypo and Hyper activity of Endocrine
organs.
Derangement in Hormones whichaffect
the Enzyme activities of metabolic
reactions .
Thisin turn causes derangement in
metabolism.
Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders
DiabetesMellitus
DiabetesInsipidus
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
AddisonsDisease
CushingsSyndrome.
Genetic/Molecular Disorders
Thesedisordersaredue to defect in DNA
molecule.
Gene mutations in structural or regulatory
genes
Mutatedgenesonexpressionleads to structural
defective Proteins.
DefectivestructuralProteinsin turn affect the
functionality of the Proteins leading to
disorder.
Genetic/Molecular Disorders
InbornErrorsofMetabolism
Cancer
SickleCellAnemia
Thallasemias
XerodermaPigmentosa
Hyperlipoproteinemias
ChromosomalDefects
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism
Disordersduetocongenital defect in
Enzymes.
Causeddue to defective/mutated genes
of Enzymes.
SinceEnzymes are functional units of
metabolism,their congenital defect leads
to inborn errors in Metabolism.
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism
PrimaryGout
GlycogenStorageDisorders
Phenylketonuria.
Albinism
GauchersDisease
Immunological Disorders
CausedduetodefectiveImmune
System
Hypersensitivity
AutoimmuneDisorders-
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Multiple Myelomas
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry In
Diagnosis Of Diseases
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry
Laboratory
Biochemistry and Medicine
are Intimately related
Inaspecificdiseasedconditionthere
occursderangementsinthehormonal
actions
Whichaffects,homeostaticmechanisms
andmetabolicprocesses
Whichinturnaltersthenormal
concentrationsofbiochemical
constituentsinbodycellsandtheir
fluids.
Metabolic changes associated with specific
disordersmaygiverisetoachangesinthebody
fluids.
Biochemical profile of a particular body fluid is
analyzedforexample
Blood Glucose in Diabetes mellitus;
Glucose levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in
bacterial meningitis (whicharegreatlyreduced).
Hence, specific parameters are looked for in a
specificbodyfluidwhenadiseaseissuspected
Suspecteddiseasedcasesbya
physicianareinvestigatedforthe
levelsofbiochemicalparameters
Invarious collected biological
specimensviz
Blood/plasma/serum/urine/CSF
/otherbodyfluids
vThecollectedspecimensareanalyzed
inaClinicalBiochemistryLaboratory
usingvarious analytical methods to
obtaintheresults.
vTheobtainedresults are compared
withthevalueswithrespective
normal/reference range.
vResultsarereportedtoaphysician
forconfirmingthediagnosisand
treatmentofthepatient.
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry
Laboratory
RoleofaClinicalBiochemistryLaboratoryis
to find out
Theconcentration of biochemical
parameters fromvarious biological
specimens,
Usingspecific methodologies ,reagents,
instruments and equipments ,glasswares
and plastic wares.
Theresult values obtained are compared
with reference range and interpreted.
ThusClinical Biochemistry, is
an applicative arm of medical
Biochemistry,
Tosupport diagnosis ,
treatment and prognosis of
human diseases or pathological
conditions.
Scope of Clinical Biochemistry
ClinicalBiochemistryincludestwomain
components:
Methodological and Interpretative.
Whichisdrivenbythediscovery of
biomarkers, and the availability of
appropriate measurement methods.
Biochemistry Instruments
Biochemistsshouldhaveknowledgeofimportant
instrumentstheirusesandworkingprinciples.
1.PhotoelectricColorimeter,Spectrophotometer,
Flowcytometers,AAS.
2.SemiAutoanalyzers,FullyAutomatedAnalyzers.
3.ElectrolyteAnalyzers
4.ELISAreader
5.ECiQ
6.ElectrophoreticandChromatographicUnits.
7.RealTimePCR
8.DistillationPlant,Balances,Centrifuges,Water
baths,Incubator,Oven,Coolers,Refrigeratorsetc.
Biochemistry Depend Upon
Chemicals and Reagents
Biochemistry Chemicals and
Reagents
UseofAnalyticalGrade/Ultrapure
chemicalsforreagentpreparations.
Useofreadymadereagentkits.
Useofstandards,controlsand
calibrators.
Qualitycontrolspecimens(Internal
andExternalQ.C)
Biochemistry
Glasswares/Plasticwares
UseofBorosilmadeGlasswares/Tarsan
Testtubes
Pipettes:Glass,Finepipettes
Flasks
Beakers
MeasuringCylinders
ReagentBottles
Diagnostic Investigations
of
Clinical Biochemistry
Types Of Biochemical Investigations
RoutineInvestigations
StatInvestigations-24x7hrs
SpecialInvestigations
BiochemicalProfiles
OrganFunctionTests
Individual laboratory tests are
rarely ordered and reported
singly; usually combinations of
labtestsareused.
Thephysicianshouldhoweverbe
judicious in selecting the tests
that really give a clue to the
diagnosisofadisease.
Routine Biochemical Investigations
Blood Glucose {Fasting,PostprandialandRandom}
Non Protein Nitrogenous Substances -BloodUrea ,Uric
Acid, Creatinine.(KFT)
Serum and urinary Proteins-TotalProteins,Albumin(LFT)
Lipids-TriAcylGlycerol,Cholesterol,Lipoproteins.
Enzymes-AST,ALT,GGT,ALP,ACP(LFT)
Bilirubin-Total,Direct,Indirect(LFT)
Electrolytes-(Na,K)
Minerals-(Ca,P)
Blood-pH,AnionGap,pO2,pCO2,Bicarbonates.
Special Investigations
GlucoseToleranceTest
Vitamins
Hormones
Minerals(Mg,Zn,Cu,Fe,I)
Drugs
BenceJonesProteins
Electrophoresis
Chromatography
Organ Function Tests
LiverFunctionTests(LFTs)
CardiacProfile(CFT)
PancreaticFunctionTests(PFTs)
RenalFunctionTests/KidneyFunctionTests
(KFTs)
GastricFunctionTests(GFTs)
ThyroidFunctionTests(TFTs)
AdrenalFunctionTests(AFTs)
ReproductiveFunctionTests
Biochemical Test profiles
And Biomarkers
LipidProfile
CardiacProfile
DiabeticProfile
BoneMarkers
AnemiaMarkers
TumorMarkers
Importance of Laboratory
Tests
Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of
biochemicalconstituentsfromthe
biologicalspecimensarecarriedoutin
ClinicalBiochemistryLaboratory.
Resultsobtainedofquantitative
estimationsareinterpreatedcomparing
withnormalorreferencerangeof
laboratory.
BiochemicalInvestigation
resultshelpindiagnosis of the
disorder with severity of the
disease.
Thereportvalueshelpsthe
cliniciantobettermanageand
treatthepatientsunderhis
care.
ThusResultsofBiochemical
investigationsplays
importantroleinscreening,
diagnosis,prognosisand
treatmentofdisorders.
Precautions During Tests
ProperUseofReagents
StandardizationandCalibrationofInstruments
SOPstobefollowed
CarefullyandStrictlyfollowtheprotocols
Accuratepipetting
ProperreadingofO.Dvalues/Results
Interpreateresultswithrightunitswithnormalor
referencerangeoflaboratory
RunQualityControlProgrammes
Agood understanding
Knowledge of Biochemistry
related to health and disease at
molecularlevel
Makesatrue and good Doctor
for his/her Clinical Practice.
Biochemistry Practical Syllabus
Instrumentations
QualitativeExperiment-AbnormalUrineAnalysis
QuantitativeExperiments-Glucose,Urea,Bilirubinetc
OrganFunctionTests-LFT,KFT,GFT
BiochemicalProfiles
FluidAnalysis-CSF,AmnioticFluids
GlucoseToleranceTest
ClinicalCases-Liver,Carbohydrate,Lipds,Proteins
ImmunologicalTechniques
MolecularBiologyTechniques
Biochemistry Manual
And Its Checking
Biochemistry
Practical Exam Pattern
Practical Exam 75 Marks
Questions
Internal Exam
Professional
Pattern
Exam Pattern
Spott Questions
10spots
20Marks
2x10=20Marks
Qualitative
15Marks
15Marks
Experiment
Quantitative
15Marks
15Marks
Experiment
Grand Viva
20Marks
20Marks
Manual
05Marks
05Marks
Way To Live Life
BeBalancedinallthelifeactivities
Workasperyourpriorities
Trytoadjustaspertheneedandconditionoflife
Tryyourbesttosurvive
LivesimpleandnaturalLife
KnowyourDo'sandDon'tsofLife
DoRightJudgements
WorkwithFocusandTimeManagement
NeverGoAgainsttheNature
AdmireandFeeltheNaturesLife
Think,ThankandPraisethecreatorofNature
ImbibeNaturalprocesseswithinourselves
PracticelifelikeNaturalprocesses
S.
Human Body Activities Human Practical Life
No
1
Processes/Mechanisms Actions/Character/Nature
2
Analyzed/Sensed
Analyzed/Sensed
Neurotransmitters
SelfLogic,Thoughtprocess,
Hormones
,GoodAdviceand
Experience
3
Homeostasized-
Regulated-
HomeostaticMechanisms Trust , Obedience, Respect
Implementation
4
Balanced Processes
Limited Activities
5
Healthy Human Life
Success in Human Life
Thank You
This post was last modified on 05 April 2022