Download MBBS Biochemistry PPT 64 Introduction To Biochemistry Lecture Notes

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BIOCHEMISTRY

What Is Biochemistry?
Theword`BIOCHEMISTRY'-
means-Chemistry of Living

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beings or Chemical Basis of
Life.
"Life" in Biochemistry point of

view is:

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Hundreds of Biochemical

reactions andBiochemical
processes

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Occurringinsub cellular

organelles of a cell in an

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organized manner.
Biochemistry is a branch

of life science:

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Whichdealswiththe

Study of Biochemical
Reactions and Processes

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Occurringin living cells of

organisms.

Branches of Biochemistry

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Medical Biochemistry-Dealswith

chemical basis of human body.

Clinical Biochemistry-Deals with

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clinicaldiseases/pathological
conditions of human body.

Clinical Biochemistry

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supports:

Diagnosis, Therapy and

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Research ofMedicalfield.


Bacterial Biochemistry-Dealswith

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Microbes.

Plant Biochemistry- DealswithPlants.

Animal Biochemistry-Dealswithanimals.

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Industrial Biochemistry-Dealswith

industrialproductsinvolvedwith

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microorganisms.
Historical Developments

of

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Biochemistry

Biochemistryemergedinthelate 18th

and early 19th century.

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Theterm Biochemistry wasfirst

introducedbytheGerman Chemist Carl
Neuberg in 1903.

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Inthe1940s Clinical Biochemistry

evolved, as an autonomous field.
S.No

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Pioneer Workers

Discovery/Work

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1

Berzilus

EnzymesCatalysis

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2

EdwardBuchner

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EnzymeExtraction

3

LouisPasteur

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FermentationProcess

4

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Lohmann

RoleofCreatinePO4in
muscles

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5

HansKreb

TCACycle

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6

BantingandMacleod

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Insulin

7

FiskeandSubbarow

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RoleofATPs

S.No

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Pioneer Worker

Discovery/Work

8

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WatsonandCrick

DoubleStranded
DNA

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9

Landsteiner

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ProteinStructure

10

PeterMitchell

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Oxidative
Phosphorylation

11

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Nirenberg

GeneticCodeon
mRNA

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12

PaulBerg

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RecombinantDNA
Technology

13

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KarryMullis

PolymeraseChain
Reaction

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14

Khorana

SynthesizedGene

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Aim And Objectives

To Study

Biochemistry

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?To know the various

Biomolecules composed in
Human body:

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?Chemistry/Structure

?Occurrence/Location

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?Functions/Role
?Determination of mode of

action of Biomolecules isby:

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?Isolation and Structural

elucidation ofBiomolecules.

?Understand completely

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all the organized

Biochemical processes

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?Occurringinliving cells

at the molecular/sub

cellular level .

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?Identification of disease

mechanisms:

?StudyofInborn Errors of

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metabolism.

?StudyofOncogenes in cancer

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cells.

Syllabus Of Biochemistry
Medical Biochemistry

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Medical or Human Biochemistry isa

branchofBiochemistrywhichdeals

with:

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Biochemical constituents of human

body

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Their interactions in body cells
To maintain normal health, growth

and reproduction andrelated diseases.

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Chemical Composition of Human

body
Study of Biochemical

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aspects of Cell and its
sub cellular organelles.

Studyofvarious Biochemical constituents of

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cell:

(Chemistry,properties,functions,metabolism

andrelateddisorders).

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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins

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Minerals
Water
Nutrition and Metabolism of

Biomolecules

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Study of Food and its

constituents

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Dietary Nutrients

builds human body
and maintain health
Majorprerequisite for the

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maintenance of health isthat

Thereshouldbeoptimal

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dietary intakeof
constituentswithgood
quality andappropriate
quantity.

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Biochemicalresearch

hasimpactonNutrition
&Preventive Medicine.
Metabolism of Biomolecules

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Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Transport

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Uptakeand
Assimilationoffoodconstituents

inhumanbody.

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Catabolic and Anabolic

pathways related to

Biomolecules for Human

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vitality:
Energy rich biomolecules get

catabolized in body cells to liberate

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chemical form of energy ATP usedfor
variousbodyactivities.

Variousbiomoleculesare

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biosynthesized to perform vital
functions of human body.

Tomaintainnormal health of

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a human body:

Biomolecules in human

body work

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Cooperatively with good

coordination ,Regulation and

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Interrelationship.
Roles Of Important Biomolecules

Carbohydratesservesasprimary

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sourceofenergy.

Lipids servesassecondarysource

ofenergy.

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Proteinsarestructural and

functional unitsofhumanbody

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whichareofprimeimportanceand

survivalofhumanbeings.
Vitamins: FatsolubleandWater

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solublevitaminshavespecificfunctions

whichserveasaccessory growth

factors.

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Minerals: Inorganicelementsmajor

andminortypehasimportantrolein

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building and functioning of human

bodies.

Enzymesarebiomoleculeswhichare

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Biocatalystscatalyzes specific biochemical
reactionsofmetabolicpathwaysand
consideredasfunctional units of
metabolism.

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HormonestheEndocrinesubstances,

chemical messengers of human body.

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They bringgoodcoordination and regulate

enzyme activities of metabolism.
Elements of Molecular Biology

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Nucleic acids andMolecular

Genetics

DNA,RNAandProteinsynthesis

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Regulationofgeneexpression
RecombinantDNAtechnology

Biochemical Processes

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of

Human Body
Membranetransport mechanisms and signal

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transduction

Biochemical mechanisms of hormone action-Cellular

Homoeostasis

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Functions of Neurotransmitters

Oxygentransport,Bioenergetics,Mitochondrial

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Respiratory chain

TheImmune response

Interrelationships Of Biochemistry

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Biochemistry Is A Fundamental

Subject Of Medicine/MBBS

Biochemistryis

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relatedtoalmost
everySubjectof
Medicine.

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ThereisrelationshipofBiochemistrywith

ManysubjectsofMBBSCourse.
Physiology

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Pathology
Pharmacology
Immunology - Microbiology
Toxicology
Medicine and Allied Subjects

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Community Medicine-Nutrition
Genetics

Importance Of Biochemistry

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Knowledge To A Doctor
Clear understanding

concepts of Biochemistry

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Isaprerequisite to

become A Good Doctor

Athoroughunderstanding

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knowledge, of Biochemistry

by a Doctor helpsin:

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Right Diagnosing and

treating a patient .
The Scope for

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Study and Research

in Biochemistry is

Endless

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Principal driving force in

Clinical Biochemistry.

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New emerging techniques

and methodologies to study
new Biomarkers
Thescope of Biochemistry

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istounderstand
Thefunctionality of the

living cells, tissues and the

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entire living system.

Biochemistry

Teaching Schedule

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Biochemistry Teaching

Schedule-

Theory Lectures

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Tutorials
Practicals
Seminar/Quiz

Class Attendance

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Mandatory Attendance ?

75%inTheory

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80%inPractical

Aggregate <75% -Detained
Produce Medical Certificates

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And

Apply to Sub Dean

(Academics)

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Inabsenceduetoillnesswith

immediateeffects.

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Study Material For Biochemistry

Lecture Notes
Books
E?Books

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Internet websites
Books For Biochemistry

1. Lippincott's
2. Harper

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3. Vasudevan
4. USatyanarayana
5. RanaShindeandChatterjea
6. SKGupta
7. MohammedRafi

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8. PankajaNaik
9. Raju
10. Puri

Biochemistry Examination Pattern

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Exam Pattern And Marks

Exams

Theory

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Practical Total

Marks

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Marks

Marks

Mid Semester

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100

75

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175

End Semester

100

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75

175

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Pre Prof

200

75

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275

( 2 Papers)

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Prof/Final

200

75

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150

( 2 Papers)

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Total Marks

150

150

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300

MBBS First Prof Exam Dates

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Mid Semester Examination :
November2016

End Semester Examination :
January/February2017

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Pre Prof Exam /Preliminary

Examination :May2017

Professional Exam/Final

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Examination:July2017

Oneshouldscore

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50% in Theory and
50% in Practical
Exam

Separatelytopassin

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thesubject
Oneshouldscore40%Marksin

InternalExams/FinalInternal

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AssessmentMarks.

Tobeeligibletoattend

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ProfessionalExam.

< 40% Marks

in Final Internals Detained

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Tips For Success In Exams
Attend regularly yourteaching

schedulewithfull concentration

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andnote the lecture points.

Afterclassessame day write down

all lecture points in Fair note book.

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BeInteractive and Communicative

to clear your subject doubts.

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Analyze your own Capacity
Do not compare yourselfwith

others.

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Organize the schedule
Truly and sincerely work hard

withgood stamina and
determination.

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Daily Study the Subjects

Give time for each subject

5 hours of study after classes

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Givedaily one hour for

Biochemistry

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Learntosacrifice and

compensate.

InbetweenCheck your study

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status and compensate.

Relentlesslyworkhardto

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acquire understanding
knowledge.
Don't leave optionstrycoverallthe

matterthoughtinclasses.

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Habit of early to Bed and early to

rise.

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Iffeel depress or have any problem

in stay and study contact your

teachers immediately for help.

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AnyQueries?

AnyConfusions?

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AnyDoubts?
THANKYOU

DrAnissaAtifMirza
BiochemistryDepartment

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A.I.I.M.SRishikesh.

Introduction

To

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Biochemistry Practicals
Clinical Biochemistry

Biochemical Aspects

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of

Health and Disease
Healthy body

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Healthy body inbiochemical

pointofviewiswith-

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Normal metabolic functionsin

thebodycells.

Balanced levels ofallthe

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biochemical constituents

Unhealthy/Diseased body

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Unhealthy/Diseasedbody

inbiochemicalpointofviewis
with:

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Derangement in their

metabolic functions.

Imbalanced levels of

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biochemical constituents
Health dependsonaharmonious

balanceofbiochemicalreactions

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occurringinthebody

Diseasereflectsabnormalitiesin

biomolecules,biochemical

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reactions,orbiochemical
processesinahumanbody.

Types Of Diseases

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Due to Biochemical Alterations

NutritionalDisorders
InbornErrorsofMetabolism
Endocrine/MetabolicDisorders

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Genetic/MolecularDisorders
ImmunologicalDisorders
List of Biochemical Disorders

Nutritional Disorders

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Thesearedisorderscaused

due to defect in pattern of
nutrition:

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Over Nutrition

Under Nutrition
Examples Of

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Nutritional Disorders

KwashiorkarandMarasmus.(PEM)
Obesity

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IronDeficiencyAnemia.
Tetany
Pellagra
BeriBeri
Scurvy

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Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders

Thesedisordersaredue to defect in

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Endocrine system.

Hypo and Hyper activity of Endocrine

organs.

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Derangement in Hormones whichaffect

the Enzyme activities of metabolic

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reactions .

Thisin turn causes derangement in

metabolism.

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Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders

DiabetesMellitus
DiabetesInsipidus
Hypothyroidism

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Hyperthyroidism
AddisonsDisease
CushingsSyndrome.

Genetic/Molecular Disorders

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Thesedisordersaredue to defect in DNA

molecule.

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Gene mutations in structural or regulatory

genes

Mutatedgenesonexpressionleads to structural

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defective Proteins.

DefectivestructuralProteinsin turn affect the

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functionality of the Proteins leading to
disorder.
Genetic/Molecular Disorders

InbornErrorsofMetabolism

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Cancer
SickleCellAnemia
Thallasemias
XerodermaPigmentosa
Hyperlipoproteinemias

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ChromosomalDefects

Inborn Errors Of Metabolism

Disordersduetocongenital defect in

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Enzymes.

Causeddue to defective/mutated genes

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of Enzymes.

SinceEnzymes are functional units of

metabolism,their congenital defect leads

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to inborn errors in Metabolism.
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism

PrimaryGout
GlycogenStorageDisorders

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Phenylketonuria.
Albinism
GauchersDisease

Immunological Disorders

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CausedduetodefectiveImmune

System

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Hypersensitivity
AutoimmuneDisorders-

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Multiple Myelomas
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry In

Diagnosis Of Diseases

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Role Of Clinical Biochemistry

Laboratory
Biochemistry and Medicine

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are Intimately related

Inaspecificdiseasedconditionthere

occursderangementsinthehormonal

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actions

Whichaffects,homeostaticmechanisms

andmetabolicprocesses

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Whichinturnaltersthenormal

concentrationsofbiochemical
constituentsinbodycellsandtheir

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fluids.
Metabolic changes associated with specific

disordersmaygiverisetoachangesinthebody
fluids.

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Biochemical profile of a particular body fluid is

analyzedforexample

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Blood Glucose in Diabetes mellitus;

Glucose levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in

bacterial meningitis (whicharegreatlyreduced).

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Hence, specific parameters are looked for in a

specificbodyfluidwhenadiseaseissuspected

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Suspecteddiseasedcasesbya

physicianareinvestigatedforthe
levelsofbiochemicalparameters

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Invarious collected biological

specimensviz
Blood/plasma/serum/urine/CSF
/otherbodyfluids

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vThecollectedspecimensareanalyzed

inaClinicalBiochemistryLaboratory
usingvarious analytical methods to
obtaintheresults.

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vTheobtainedresults are compared

withthevalueswithrespective
normal/reference range.

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vResultsarereportedtoaphysician

forconfirmingthediagnosisand
treatmentofthepatient.

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Role Of Clinical Biochemistry

Laboratory
RoleofaClinicalBiochemistryLaboratoryis

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to find out

Theconcentration of biochemical

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parameters fromvarious biological
specimens,

Usingspecific methodologies ,reagents,

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instruments and equipments ,glasswares
and plastic wares.

Theresult values obtained are compared

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with reference range and interpreted.

ThusClinical Biochemistry, is

an applicative arm of medical

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Biochemistry,

Tosupport diagnosis ,

treatment and prognosis of

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human diseases or pathological
conditions.
Scope of Clinical Biochemistry

ClinicalBiochemistryincludestwomain

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components:

Methodological and Interpretative.

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Whichisdrivenbythediscovery of

biomarkers, and the availability of
appropriate measurement methods.

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Biochemistry Instruments
Biochemistsshouldhaveknowledgeofimportant

instrumentstheirusesandworkingprinciples.

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1.PhotoelectricColorimeter,Spectrophotometer,

Flowcytometers,AAS.

2.SemiAutoanalyzers,FullyAutomatedAnalyzers.

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3.ElectrolyteAnalyzers
4.ELISAreader
5.ECiQ
6.ElectrophoreticandChromatographicUnits.
7.RealTimePCR

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8.DistillationPlant,Balances,Centrifuges,Water

baths,Incubator,Oven,Coolers,Refrigeratorsetc.

Biochemistry Depend Upon

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Chemicals and Reagents
Biochemistry Chemicals and

Reagents

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UseofAnalyticalGrade/Ultrapure

chemicalsforreagentpreparations.

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Useofreadymadereagentkits.
Useofstandards,controlsand

calibrators.

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Qualitycontrolspecimens(Internal

andExternalQ.C)

Biochemistry

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Glasswares/Plasticwares

UseofBorosilmadeGlasswares/Tarsan
Testtubes

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Pipettes:Glass,Finepipettes
Flasks
Beakers
MeasuringCylinders
ReagentBottles

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Diagnostic Investigations

of

Clinical Biochemistry

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Types Of Biochemical Investigations

RoutineInvestigations
StatInvestigations-24x7hrs

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SpecialInvestigations
BiochemicalProfiles
OrganFunctionTests
Individual laboratory tests are

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rarely ordered and reported
singly; usually combinations of
labtestsareused.

Thephysicianshouldhoweverbe

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judicious in selecting the tests
that really give a clue to the
diagnosisofadisease.

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Routine Biochemical Investigations

Blood Glucose {Fasting,PostprandialandRandom}
Non Protein Nitrogenous Substances -BloodUrea ,Uric

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Acid, Creatinine.(KFT)

Serum and urinary Proteins-TotalProteins,Albumin(LFT)
Lipids-TriAcylGlycerol,Cholesterol,Lipoproteins.
Enzymes-AST,ALT,GGT,ALP,ACP(LFT)

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Bilirubin-Total,Direct,Indirect(LFT)
Electrolytes-(Na,K)
Minerals-(Ca,P)
Blood-pH,AnionGap,pO2,pCO2,Bicarbonates.
Special Investigations

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GlucoseToleranceTest
Vitamins
Hormones
Minerals(Mg,Zn,Cu,Fe,I)

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Drugs
BenceJonesProteins
Electrophoresis
Chromatography

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Organ Function Tests

LiverFunctionTests(LFTs)
CardiacProfile(CFT)
PancreaticFunctionTests(PFTs)

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RenalFunctionTests/KidneyFunctionTests

(KFTs)

GastricFunctionTests(GFTs)

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ThyroidFunctionTests(TFTs)
AdrenalFunctionTests(AFTs)
ReproductiveFunctionTests
Biochemical Test profiles

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And Biomarkers

LipidProfile
CardiacProfile
DiabeticProfile

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BoneMarkers
AnemiaMarkers
TumorMarkers

Importance of Laboratory

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Tests

Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of

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biochemicalconstituentsfromthe
biologicalspecimensarecarriedoutin
ClinicalBiochemistryLaboratory.

Resultsobtainedofquantitative

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estimationsareinterpreatedcomparing
withnormalorreferencerangeof
laboratory.
BiochemicalInvestigation

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resultshelpindiagnosis of the
disorder with severity of the
disease.

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Thereportvalueshelpsthe

cliniciantobettermanageand
treatthepatientsunderhis
care.

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ThusResultsofBiochemical

investigationsplays
importantroleinscreening,

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diagnosis,prognosisand
treatmentofdisorders.
Precautions During Tests

ProperUseofReagents

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StandardizationandCalibrationofInstruments
SOPstobefollowed
CarefullyandStrictlyfollowtheprotocols
Accuratepipetting
ProperreadingofO.Dvalues/Results

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Interpreateresultswithrightunitswithnormalor

referencerangeoflaboratory

RunQualityControlProgrammes

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Agood understanding

Knowledge of Biochemistry
related to health and disease at

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molecularlevel

Makesatrue and good Doctor

for his/her Clinical Practice.

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Biochemistry Practical Syllabus

Instrumentations
QualitativeExperiment-AbnormalUrineAnalysis
QuantitativeExperiments-Glucose,Urea,Bilirubinetc

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OrganFunctionTests-LFT,KFT,GFT
BiochemicalProfiles
FluidAnalysis-CSF,AmnioticFluids
GlucoseToleranceTest
ClinicalCases-Liver,Carbohydrate,Lipds,Proteins

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ImmunologicalTechniques
MolecularBiologyTechniques

Biochemistry Manual

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And Its Checking
Biochemistry

Practical Exam Pattern

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Practical Exam 75 Marks

Questions

Internal Exam

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Professional

Pattern

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Exam Pattern

Spott Questions

10spots

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20Marks

2x10=20Marks

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Qualitative

15Marks

15Marks

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Experiment

Quantitative

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15Marks

15Marks

Experiment

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Grand Viva

20Marks

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20Marks

Manual

05Marks

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05Marks
Way To Live Life

BeBalancedinallthelifeactivities

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Workasperyourpriorities
Trytoadjustaspertheneedandconditionoflife
Tryyourbesttosurvive
LivesimpleandnaturalLife
KnowyourDo'sandDon'tsofLife

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DoRightJudgements
WorkwithFocusandTimeManagement
NeverGoAgainsttheNature
AdmireandFeeltheNaturesLife
Think,ThankandPraisethecreatorofNature

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ImbibeNaturalprocesseswithinourselves
PracticelifelikeNaturalprocesses
S.

Human Body Activities Human Practical Life

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No

1

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Processes/Mechanisms Actions/Character/Nature

2

Analyzed/Sensed

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Analyzed/Sensed

Neurotransmitters

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SelfLogic,Thoughtprocess,

Hormones

,GoodAdviceand

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Experience

3

Homeostasized-

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Regulated-

HomeostaticMechanisms Trust , Obedience, Respect

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Implementation

4

Balanced Processes

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Limited Activities

5

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Healthy Human Life

Success in Human Life

Thank You

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