Pick One First Most Important Thing
? Health
? Wealth
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? Happiness? Success
? Peace
Answer
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Health Is Priority Of Al Human Beings
What is Most Important
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Factor For Health?
Energy
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Chemical Form Of EnergyATP
ATP Producing Factors
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? Air (Oxygen )? Food/Diet (Nutrients)
Any Guesses For Todays Topic?
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Specific Learning Objectives
? What is Nutrition ?
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? Importance of Studying Nutrition? Nutritional Goals and Guidelines
? Food Nutrients and their roles
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? Calorific Values/Energy content
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of Food nutrients? Energy requirement by a body
? Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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? Respiratory Quotient(RQ)
? Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)
? Balanced Diet and its Importance
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? RDA of various Nutrients
? Nutritional Disorders and Preventive Measures
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? PEM- Kwashiorkor and Marasmus? Obesity
INTRODUCTION
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What is Nutrition?Nutrition is a wide branch of Science
which deals with:
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vHuman food its role in human body
vEnergy contents of food nutrients
vEnergy requirement by Human Body
vNutritional Disorders
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Importance Of Studying Nutrition
Evidenced Based Eating
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(EBE)
Know Do's and Don'ts Of Eating
So That One Can Understand Its Truth of
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Significance
Implement Do's and Avoid Don'ts
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Of EatingEvaluate Its Significance in form of
Strength and Health
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Spread To Others - Family and Patients
STUDY OF NUTRITION
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WILLANSWER FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS
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? WHY TO EAT FOOD ?? What and How to Eat Food?
? What are dietary nutrients and their role
in human body?
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? What are Macro and Micronutrients?
? What Quality and Quantity of dietary
nutrients to be ingested?
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? What happens if food is eaten in a
balanced/imbalanced manner?
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vKnowledge Of Nutrition ExploresvHow thoughtful y and rightly one can
choose particular food/ type of diet?
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vPlanning of balanced diet in various
phases and conditions for good health
vNutritional Studies Involves
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vRelation of Nutrients in health and
disease
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vUnderstand and Prevent Nutritionaldisorders due to under and over
nutrition
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vNutrigenomics- Effect of Nutrients on
Genes
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What Is Main Purposeof Eating Food ?
?Food/Diet is a prime
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requisite for human bodyhealth, survival and
existence
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Importance of Food NutrientsWhat we eat is directly/indirectly
related to
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Composition and Function of
Sub Cellular Organelles,
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Cells,Organs,System,Body as Whole
? Main purpose of Food is to:
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? Supply basic building blocks, to build
Macrobiomolecules, for structural
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composition of Cells,Organs,System and itsfunction
? Provide Energy (Fuel) for cellular activities
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? Enable to ingest and provide accessory
growth factors
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? Role Of Human Food
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? Build Cel and Subcel ular Structures? Maintain all body functions
? Regulates Metabolism
? Therapeutic benefits of food
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?Healing of diseases?Prevention of diseases
? Remember Proper Nutrition
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? Maintains normal growth, health
and reproduction.
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? Rewards healthy and happy life? Improves life span
Remember
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Defective NutritionIs Root Cause Of Many Disorders
How Should Be Our Eating?
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One Should EatTo Live
A Healthy and Happy Life
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SOP's Of Eating Nutritive Food
? Simple
? Natural
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? Balanced (Mixed)? Appropriate quality and quantity
? Fixed
? Regular
? Timely
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? Utilization of unutilized stores (Fasting)Essentials for Healthy Life
?Ingest food Nutrients
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with?Proportionate Quantity
?Appropriate Quality
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?Ignorance and wrongfood habits are
?Responsible for most
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il nesses of Human being
? `Prevention Is Better Than Cure'
?Good and Proper diet is a
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best way to prevent many
diseases.
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? A sound knowledge of nutrition to adoctor is of paramount importance
?To maintain his/her own good
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health
?Advice for planned diets/Moderate,
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to patients to maintain their goodhealth's.
DIETARY GOALS
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Phase Wise Diet? Maintenance of a state of positive health and optimal
performance in populations at large by maintaining
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ideal body weight.
? Ensuring adequate nutritional status for pregnant
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women and lactating mothers.? Improvement of birth weights and promotion of
growth of infants, children and adolescents to achieve
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their ful genetic potential.
? Achievement of adequacy in al nutrients
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and prevention of deficiency diseases.? Prevention of chronic diet-related disorders.
? Maintenance of the health of the elderly and
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increasing life expectancy
Nutritional Goal Is To Accomplish
Structural Composition And Function
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Of Every Body Cel To best
? Quantity of food promotes a constant
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BMI? Quality of food promotes functionality
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43DIETARY GUIDELINES
Do's and Don'ts Of Eating Food
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? Eat variety of foods to ensure a balanced diet.
? Ensure provision of extra food and healthcare to
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pregnant and lactating women.? Promote exclusive breastfeeding for six months and
encourage continue breastfeeding til two years or
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as long as one can.
? Feed home based semi solid mixed foods to an
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infant after six months.? Ensure adequate and appropriate diets for
children and adolescents, both in health and
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sickness.? Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits
? Ensure moderate use of edible oils and animal
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foods and
? Very less use of ghee/ butter
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? No use of Vanaspati/ trans fats? Avoid undereating /very less eating to
loose weight.
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? Overeating to prevent overweight and
obesity
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? Exercise regularly and be physical yactive to maintain ideal body weight.
? Restrict salt intake to minimum
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? Ensure use of safe and clean foods with naturalantioxidants
? Adopt right pre-cooking processes and appropriate
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cooking methods.
? Drink plenty of clean water and take beverages in
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moderation? Minimize the use of processed foods rich in salt,
refined sugar and trans fats.
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? Include micronutrient-rich foods in diets of elderly
people to enable them to be fit and active
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? Nutrition Influences on:? Health
?Appearance
?Behavior
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?Mood48
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Mixed Type Of Diet Is A Healthy DietComposition of Food
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and
Their Role in Human Body
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orNutritive Value of Nutrients
What To Eat?
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And
What Not To Eat?
?Nutrients are organic
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or inorganic molecules
?Crucial y required for
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human growth & wel -being.
? Food items derived from
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plant or animal sources
contain nutrients.
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? ~ 40 nutrients identified and present infood items.
Chief Nutrients
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OfFood Substances
Six Main Nutrients of Food Items
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? Carbohydrates
? Lipids (Fats)
? Proteins
? Vitamins
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? Minerals? Water (Most Important)
Classification Of Nutrients
? There are four ways to classify 6 classes of
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nutrients:
I. Essential or Nonessential Nutrients
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I . Organic or Inorganic NutrientsI I. Macronutrient or Micronutrients
IV. Calorific or Non calorific Nutrients
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? Essential Nutrients ?? Nutrients not biosynthesized in body or
cannot make enough of to meet the bodies
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need.
? These nutrients must be obtained from foods.
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?Examples:? Vitamins
? Minerals
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? Some of the amino acids and fatty acids.
? Nonessential Nutrients ?
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? Nutrients readily biosynthesized bybody from other ingested nutrients
Examples:
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?Cholesterol
?Non Essential Amino acids
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?Non Essential Fatty acids? Organic Nutrients - contain carbon
? Carbohydrates
? Lipids
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? Proteins? Vitamins
? Inorganic Nutrients - do not contain carbon
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? Minerals? Water
? Macronutrients-
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? Required in large quantities?Carbohydrates
?Lipids
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?Proteins
?Water
? Micronutrients
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? Required in small quantities.
? Minerals
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? Vitamins? Energy-yielding nutrients /Calorific
Nutrients:
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?Carbohydrates
?Lipids
?Proteins
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66? Non energy yielding/Non Calorific
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?Vitamins?Minerals
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Main Food Groups
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Fruit and VegetablesFruits and vegetables grow
on plants: underground, on
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Take
the ground or in trees.
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5 a dayEvery day we should eat at
least 5 portions of fruit and
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everyday!
vegetables. (A portion is
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about a handful.)Fruit and vegetables give us
fibre and vitamins and
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minerals.--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Grains and PulsesThis food group includes
wheat, corn, barley, rice,
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lentils, beans etc.
What is..?
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These are all from plantsRice is the staple food in China
and form a staple part of
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and much of the East. What is
the diet for people all over
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it in the West (UK, USA)?the world.
Grains and pulses give us
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carbohydrates and proteins.Nuts are another source of
protein.
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Dairy ProductsDairy foods are made from milk (usually
cow's milk, but can be from other animals
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like goats or sheep). Dairy foods give us
proteins and fats. They are also a good
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source of calcium which is good for bonesand teeth.
Weird fact
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These foods include:
?Cheese (hard, soft, cottage)
Ourbrainsare
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80%fat.
?Yogurt
?Food high in milk or milk products.
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Meat, Fish and Eggs
The main nutrients derived from meat are
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proteins, but it also gives us fats and some
minerals.
The meat and fish group includes: Foodie fact
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?Chicken and all poultry
Sushi (raw fish) is
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?Fish and shellfishnow Marks and
Spencer's best-selling
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?Beef, pork and lamb
lunchtimesnack.
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?Eggs are included in this group too.Athletes eat lots of protein; they help to
build muscles.
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Body Composition--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
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GROUPS OF NUTRIENTS:?Carbohydrates
?Proteins
?Lipids
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?Vitamins?Minerals
?Water
Carbohydrates
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?Nutritional Carbohydrates:
?Sugars-simple Carbohydrates
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?Starch-complex Carbohydrates
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? Simple Carbohydrates:
? Mono and Disaccharides include:
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vGlucosevFructose
vLactose
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vFruits,Milk,Juices and
Sweets
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?Complex Carbohydrates
are Present in
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?Starches?Cellulose
vLegumes
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vWhole grains? Simple Carbohydrates
? pop, candy, sweets, fruits
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? Recent studies reported Refined sugars areBrain damaging and Poisons
? Complex Carbohydrates
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? pasta, rice, breads, potatoes
80
Dietary Fiber
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?Dietary Fiber
?Indigestible complex
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Carbohydrate?Non calorific
Substances As Dietary Fiber
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? Cellulose? Hemicellulose
? Pectin's
? Gum
? Lignin
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? Mucilage? Sources Of Dietary Fibers
? Richly present in plant food
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substances.
? Poorly present in refined and
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commercial food products.Types Of Dietary Fibers
? Soluble Dietary Fiber ?
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? Decreases Cholesterol levels? Found in oat bran, fruits and veggies
? Insoluble Dietary Fiber-
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? Reduces risk of colon cancer? Found in wheat bran and grains
? Recommendation of Dietary Fiber:
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? 25-40 gm per day
Check
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are we getting enoughDietary Fiber through foods ?
Ways to Get More Fiber
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? Eat more fruits
and vegetables
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? Eat whole grainfoods
Advantages Of Dietary Fiber
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? Act as roughage? Holds water
? Forms soft and bulky feces
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? Increases bowel movement
? Easy defecation
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? Prevents constipationAdvantages Of Dietary Fiber Contd---
?Dietary fiber corrects
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?Hyperglycemia
?Hypercholesterolemia
Advantages Of Dietary Fiber Contd---
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? Fiber Reduces risk of:?Diverticular disease of colon
?Colon cancer
?Varicose veins
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Advantages Of Dietary Fiber Contd---
?Good satiety and non
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calorific value of dietaryfiber
?Helps in management of
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obesity.
Disadvantages Of Dietary Fiber
? It binds with trace
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elements and reduces its
absorption.
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? Decreases absorption of fatsoluble vitamins.
A Grain of Wheat
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BRAN
- B vitamins
- minerals
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ENDOSPERM
- dietary fiber
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- starch- protein
- some iron and
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GERM
B vitamins
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- Essential fats- minerals
- vitamins
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(B's , E and folacin)
? Germinated legumes have
partial dextrinization of
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Starch.
? Which is good for digestion,
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absorption and utilization.Role Of Carbohydrates
v Readily available source
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v Supply primary energy needsv Antiketogenic
v Build structure of cells
v Store calories as Glycogen
v Excess Carbs convert to Fat
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v Amino acid synthesisv Cellulose as roughage
Quantity And Quality Of
Carbohydrates To Be Ingested
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? RDA for Carbohydrates-
400-600 gm/day
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? An Adult individual withhis/her routine activities
should adjust the
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Carbohydrates intake.
? Ingestion of Starchy food is more
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preferable.
? Refined sugars have high glycemic
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index so quantity should be reduced.? Excess of Glucose transforms to
Lipids viz Fatty acids,TAG,Cholesterol
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? Dietary fiber in form of Celluloses to
be ingested.
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Hypoglycemia and HyperglycemiaRelates To Glycemic Index (GI) of Foods
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?Dietary Proteins
?Provide essential amino acids
? Building blocks for tissue
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Proteins
?Proteins are of structural and
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Functional importance?Maintain growth, repair and
function of the body cel s and tissues.
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Nutritional Classification Of Proteins
? Dietary Proteins nutritional y
classified into two groups:
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?Complete Proteins
?Incomplete Proteins
? Complete Proteins/ First Class
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Proteins/High Biological y Valued
? Complete Protein contains adequate
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amounts of al essential amino acids.SOURCES INCLUDE:
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Animal Origin Proteins
?Fish
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?Meat?Poultry Meat and Eggs,
?Milk, Cheese and yogurt
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?Soya Bean products
? Incomplete Proteins
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? Incomplete Proteins lack one or more
essential amino acids (limiting amino acid).
SOURCES INCLUDE:
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? Beans? Pulses ( Limit in Met)
? Nuts
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? Whole grains (Limit in Lys and Thr)
? Types of Amino Acids (20 AA)
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? Nutritional y Nonessential AA (10) ? can bebiosynthesized by body
? Nutritional y Essential AA (8) ? Not biosynthesized
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must be made available through diet
? Nutritional y Semi-essential AA (2)- Made in body to
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less amount need also from dietDietary Protein Requirements
? RDA average = 0.8-1.0 g/kg body weight/Day
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? RDA Athlete = 1.2-1.6 g/kg/day?High levels of Dietary
Protein intake
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above 2 g/kg/day
can be harmful
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to the bodyEvaluating Protein Quality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Biologic Value (BV) of Protein:?Amount of ingested Nitrogen
retained in the body
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compared with Nitrogen
absorbed.
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Biological Value Of Proteins?Dietary Proteins differ in
their quality i.e
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?Efficiency of digestibility
and absorption capacity.
? An effectiveness of dietary
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Protein is in
? Providing amount of
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essential amino acids fortissue Protein biosynthesis.
Biological Value = Nitrogen Retained x 100
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Nitrogen AbsorbedBiological Value of Protein is
Percentage of Nitrogen
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absorbed and retained in the
body.
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? Thus BV of Protein
indicates effectiveness
of utilization of dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteins? Proteins with high biological
value(B.V) are also termed as:
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? Superior Proteins?Complete proteins
?First class Proteins
?All animal origin Proteins
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rich in all essential amino
acids are of high B.V.
? Dietary Proteins with high
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biological value
? Support good tissue
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biosynthesis and retain theProteins in body for their
functional use.
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? Net Protein Utilization (NPU):
?Percentage of Nitrogen
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consumed that is retained in
the body.
? Biological value of protein affects
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Nitrogen balance.?Low B.V proteins leads to negative
nitrogen balance.
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?Increased loss of NPN substance
Urea in urine.
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? Plant proteins are of low B.V? Since deficient in one or two
essential amino acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Complete Proteins withhigh biological value
?Maintain Positive/Nitrogen
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equilibrium
Source Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
B.VLimiting Amino
Protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid
Egg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
94Nil
Milk
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
84
Sulfur containing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
amino acidsFish
85
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tryptophan
Meat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
75Sulfur containing
amino acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Soya Beans
65
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sulfur containingamino acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source OfB.V
Limiting Amino
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Protein
acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rice68
Lysine and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Threonine
Wheat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
58Lysine and
Threonine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pulses
58
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sulfur containingamino acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mutual SupplementationOf
Dietary Proteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Improves Biological Value
Of Proteins
? Eating combination of Pulses and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Grains provides al required
essential Amino acids for tissue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Protein biosynthesis.? Dal and Roti
?Rice and Dal
? Idli and Sambhar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Rajma Chanwal?Chhole Chanwal
Functions Of Dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteins? Supply amino acids for growth &
repair of body tissues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Biosynthesize all tissue Proteins
?Hemoglobin
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?Nucleoproteins?Glycoprotein
?Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Protein serve as a source ofenergy :
?When there is shortage of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids & Carbohydrates in the
body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proteins has role in metabolismosmoregulation ,transport and
acid-base balance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Enzymes
?Hormones
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?Antibodies?Receptors
?Transport Proteins
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?Osmotic Proteins
?ETC Components
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Collagen (bones)?Keratin (nails & hair)
? Dietary lipids predominantly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contains Triacylglycerol (TAG).? TAG to human body serves as a
secondary source of energy on
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long term basis.
?TAG stored as reserve food
in adiposecytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Provides energy in
between meals , fasting
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and starvation condition.? The other forms of dietary
lipids viz
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? Phospholipids and
Cholesterol has structural
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and functional role in thebody.
?Fats/Oils are type of
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neutral lipids,insoluble in water.
?Fatty acids are the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
building blocks of
various tissue Lipids .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types of Fatty Acids? Saturated Fatty Acids
? Animal sources
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Solid at room temperature
? High intake is associated with an increased risk of heart disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAS and PUFAS)? Vegetable sources
? Liquid at room temperature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Associated with a reduced risk of heart disease
? Trans Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hydrogenation to alter "state" of fat example Vanaspati Dalda? Increase shelf-life & market availability
? Repeated heating of Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Composition of Oils (%)Type
Sat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Poly Mono
safflower
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
09
75
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sunflower10
66
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
24
corn
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1359
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
28
soybean
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1458
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
28
sesame
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1442
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
44
peanut 17
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3251
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palm
49
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0942
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
olive
14
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0878
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
canola
07
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3558
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Those Fatty acids are
considered as good
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Who on entry in body geteasily metabolized and
give good effect to body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Those Fatty acids are considered asbad
? Which are more stable and get less
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metabolized and remain for long
time in the body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As the fatty acids remain for longtime it increases the risk of
Atherosclerosis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Quality and Quantity Of Dietary Lipids
? Quantity of Dietary Lipids 60 gm/day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Quality of Dietary Lipids:? TAG with mixture of Fatty acids linked
? Fatty acids in ratio of MUFA:PUFA:SFA 1:1:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Zero Trans Fatty acids
? Equal proportion of Antioxidants To protect In
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vivo PUFA's? Adequate Carbohydrate Diet-No too much
excess of Glucose to transform into Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and Cholesterol
? Fatty food is associated
?With fat soluble vitamins A,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D, E, and K
?Sources of Linoleic acid-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
essential fatty acid that isneeded for growth and
healthy skin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Recommendations for
Fat Consumption
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Dietary Fat Recommendations? Less than 30% of calories in diet
from dietary Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Less than 1/3 of dietary fat
should be saturated.
? Ways to Decrease Intake of Fat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Minimize "fast" foods and Snacks
?Minimize processed foods
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Use better cuts of Red meat?Use low fat alternatives
?No Pork Meat/ Fat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Choose foods with "Natural Lipids"
Food s Should be rich In
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)? Linoleic acid (LA)
? Linolenic (LNA) or Alpha
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linolenic acid or (ALA)
? Arachidonic Acid
Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Linolenic Acid (18:3n
-3) belongs to the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
omega-3 family offatty acids
?Linoleic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(18:2n-6) belongs
to the omega-6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
familyRole Of Essential Fatty Acids
(EFAs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? LA can be converted to both Arachidonic and Linolenicacids
?Essential FA are necessary for growth, skin &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hair integrity.
?Regulation of Cholesterol metabolism.
?Lipotropic activity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Decreased platelet adhesiveness andreproduction.
? Rich Dietary Sources of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linoleic Acid :
?Soya oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Sunflower oil?Safflower oil
?Sesame seeds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Corn oil
?Most nuts
? Dietary Sources Of Linolenic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acid :
? Flax seeds(abundantly )
?Walnuts(Small quantities)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cold pressed Canola oil?Wheat germ
?Dark green leafy vegetables
? Diets with <1-2% EFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
will affect growth rate,
cause dry scaly rash
and poor wound
healing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The right ratio of LA to ALA in thediet
? About 3:1 or 2:1, is important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? An imbalance in the ratio? May lead to a variety of mental
disorders,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? including hyperactivity,depression, brain allergies, and
schizophrenia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Docosa Hexenoic Acid (DHA-C22)? Is high in the phospholipids of brain gray matter .
? DHA is rich in Algae and Fishes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the main component of CNS importance for its
function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Depletion of DHA in the brain can result in learningdeficits/Cognitive Function.
?DHA appears to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
be important forvisual and
neurological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
development
? EPA and DHA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
supplementation duringpregnancy
? Has evidenced beneficial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
effects on long-term
cognitive development in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
childrenFunctions Of Lipids
v A concentrated & reserve secondary source of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
energyv Physical protection for vessels, nerves, organs
v Insulate against changes in temperature
v Structure of body tissues, cell membranes &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nuclei
v Carry the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
v Give appetite appeal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
v Aid satiety (delay emptying time of thestomach)
v Spare Protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
v Supply Linoleic acid, the other essential fattyacids.
? High intake of animal origin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
food is linked to increased
blood Cholesterol .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Excess Cholesterol can leadto an increased risk of
Atherosclerosis and heart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vitamins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Organic substances that arevital for human body.
? Vitamins are accessory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
growth factors to human
body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Vitamins are classified into two groups:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Water-soluble Vitamins:
? Vitamins dissolve in water and pass easily into
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the blood during digestion.? The body does not store these so they need to
be replenished regularly.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Includes vitamins C, and Vitamin B Complex
members B1 ,B2, B3,B5, B6, Folic acid, and B12.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Excesses of water solublevitamins will be excreted in the
urine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, B-6 and Niacin can be
toxic when ingested in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unusually large amounts.--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fat-soluble vitamins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? These include vitamins A, D, E, andK.
? These Vitamins are absorbed,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stored, and transported through
dietary fat.
? Body stores these vitamins in fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissue, liver, and kidneys.
? Excess buildup in tissues can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
toxic.Fat Soluble Vitamins? Consist of Vitamins A, D, E, and K
? Absorbed at the small intestine in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
presence of bile (and fattysubstances).
? Overdoses can be toxic (A and D)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vitamin Supplementation?? Not necessary if diet is healthy
? Multivitamins are safe (100% RDA)
? Not all vitamins are "pure"
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Can be toxic at high dosesVitamin A Role in vision, growth and Fish Liver
differentiation of germinal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sweet
epithelial cells,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
potatoes,anticancer
Carrots
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vitamin B
Form Coenzymes, help
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Green leafyenzymes in metabolic
vegetables,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reactions
Fruits, yeast
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vitamin CCollagen synthesis,
Citrus fruit,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Steroidogenesis, Iron
tomatoes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metabolism, Healing skin,preventing colds
Vitamin D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calcium metabolism,
Milk
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Strengthen bonesSunlight
Vitamin E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Potent Antioxidant,
Vegetable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Helps strengthen cellsOils, nuts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Most of the vitamins except very few are
not biosynthesized in human body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Vitamins are associated with various plantand animal origin foods of nature.
? Ingestion of foods rich in vitamins is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mandatory for a good health.
? Vitamins helps to maintain growth ,health
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and reproduction.? They do not generate calories/Non calorific
? Most Vitamin B complex members serve as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coenzymes for Enzyme action.
? Vitamins help to regulate many vital
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body processes that include:? Digestion
? Absorption
? Metabolism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Bone Ossification? Vision
? Antioxidant role
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Minerals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Minerals
? Inorganic elements found in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
food that are essential for lifeprocesses
? About 25 are essential Minerals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Minerals are classifiedas:
?Macro minerals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Trace minerals
? Macro Minerals: Sodium,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Potassium, Chloride, Calcium,Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur
? Trace Elements: Iron, Zinc,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Selenium, Molybdenum, Iodine,
Copper, Manganese, Fluoride,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ChromiumMacro Minerals
?Calcium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Is needed for boneand teeth rigidity
?Helps in blood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
clotting,
?Muscle contraction &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
normal nervefunctions.
?Phosphorous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Helps build strongbones & teeth
?Forms various
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphorylated
compounds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sodium, Chloride,Potassium
? Serve as body Electrolytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Work together to regulate
the fluids in the body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Help regulate the nervoussystem, muscle functions
& nutrient absorption in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the cells
? Magnesium
? Helps regulate body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
temperature,
? Muscle contractions & the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nervous system? Helps cells metabolize
Carbohydrates, Fats, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteins
? Sulfur
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Helps in detoxificationreactions (PAPS)
? Is present in sulfur containing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
amino acids in proteins
? A component of constituents
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of mucopolysaccharides &essential compounds
Microminerals
? Iron combines with Protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to form Hemoglobin
? Iodine is needed by Thyroid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gland to produce Thyroxine? Copper is necessary in
formation of Hemoglobin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fluorine helps reduce
incidence of tooth decay
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Zinc plays an important rolein the formation of protein
? Zn assists in wound healing,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
blood formation and general
growth & maintenance of all
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues? Cobalt is a component of
vitamin B12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Manganese is necessary fornormal development of bones
and connective tissues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Chromium maintains normal
glucose uptake into cells &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
helps insulin bind to cells? Selenium along with vitamin E
protects cells from destruction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Glutathione Peroxidase
contains Selenium.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Molybdenum is a component ofXanthine oxidase and Aldehyde
oxidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Functions Of Minerals
? Body cannot manufacture Minerals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
but are needed for forming healthybones and teeth .
? Regulate many vital body processes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Aids in muscle function? Help transmit messages in nervous
system
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mineral Guidelines? Dietary supplementation of
Calcium is beneficial for post-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
menopausal women
? Salt should be limited in diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of hypertensives.Calcium
? Important for preventing osteoporosis
? RDA = 800-1000 mg/day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Found in dairy products and vegetablesHigh protein diets leach calcium from
bones and promote osteoporosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Iron
? Important component of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hemoglobin? Iron deficiency is known as
anemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue)
Antioxidants
? Antioxidants are chemical substances which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
defend free radical activities.
? Antioxidants prevents Peroxidation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biomolecules ?PUFA,DNA etc? Antioxidants protect membrane damage.
? Antioxidants prevent Oxidative Stress.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Sources Of Antioxidants
? Pigmented Fruits and Vegetables
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Broccoli? Bananas
? Berries
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cherries
? Cantaloupe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Carrot? Mango
? Papaya
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Pumpkin
? Red Pepper
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Spinach? Strawberries
? Sweet potato
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
These contain Fibre ,Minerals, Vitamins
and Antioxidants
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Water makes up
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
around 65% ofbody weight
Remember
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?It's important to drink
at least 8 glasses of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
water a day tomaintain health.
Role Of Body Water
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Water is essential to keep the bodyhealthy.
? It helps to cook , swal ow and digest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
food.
? It keeps the body hydrated.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Water Helps to MaintainMany body functions.
? Chief component of blood plasma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which serves as a transport media
? Bodies solvent helps in metabolic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reactions(Hydrolase and Hydratase)? Lubricates joints and mucous
membranes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Serve as Shock absorber in eyes,
spinal cord, and amniotic sac (during
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pregnancy).
? Absorb , transport and eliminate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nutrients and metabolic wastes.? Perspiration/sweating helps to
maintain normal body temperature.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Remember
?Man can live for many
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
days without food,?But cannot live few
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
days without water.Calorific Values Of Food
Constituents
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OREnergy Content Of Food
Nutrients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calorimetry
?Calorimetry is a term used
to measure energy content
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of food nutrients.
? Calorific value of food is defined
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as :? An amount of energy released
by combustion of 1 gram of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nutrient
(Carbohydrate/Lipid/Protein)
Determination
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of
Calorific Values of Food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Instrument Used ForNutrients Energy Measurement
OR
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Computing Calorific Values Of Nutrients
?Bomb Calorimeter is an
instrument used to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
determine Calorific values
of food nutrients.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What Is Bomb Calorimeter?Bomb Calorimeter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a closed metal ic Oxygenchamber with electrical y heated
platinum wires.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? When food is placed inside it and
operated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It combust Nutrients placed inside itand determines calorific value of
foods.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Nowadays there are highly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
automated efficient
combustion Calorimetric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems available? To compute an energy
contents of food and body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Unit For MeasuringCalorific Values Of Food Nutrients
Calorie/kilocalorie
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Calorie /kilocalorie is a Unit
for measuring heat energy, of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
food and energy requirementfor body.
? When you hear "Calorie," it is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
real y a Kilocalorie
210
Is There Any Difference
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Between Calorie and kilocalorie?
? "Calorie" we refer to in food is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
actually kilocalorie.? One (1) kilocalorie is same as one
(1) Calorie(upper case C).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Calories and kilocalories are used
interchangeably to mean same thing.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calorie and Kilocalorie? "Calories" when we're talking about food
? "kilocalories" when we're talking about exercise
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Definition of Calorie? 1 Calorie is amount of heat
required to raise temperature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of 1 gram of water with 1
degree Celsius.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calorific Values of Nutrients? Macronutrients ( Calorific Values):
?Fats = 9 Cal/g
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Carbohydrates = 4 Cal/g?Proteins = 4 Cal/g
( 5.3 Cal/g in Bomb Calorimeter)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Carbohydrates and
Fats are completely
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oxidized in body toCO2 and H2O.
? Proteins are not completely
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oxidized in the body.? Nitrogenous excretory product
Urea, stil contain oxidizable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carbon and hydrogen in it.
? Micronutrients (Non Calorific)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Vitamins = 0 Cal/g?Minerals = 0 Cal/g
?Water = 0 Cal/g
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calculation of Calorific Valueof
Food Stuffs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Food energy is an amount of
energy liberated by food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nutrients.? Through digestion absorption
and assimilation of food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nutrients.
Calorific values of Foods
? Food Items contain mixture of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nutrients.
? Calorific value of foods depends
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
upon an amount of nutrientspresent in it.
From Total Energy Content
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50-60 % Of Energy
Is Provided By Carbohydrates
Energy is provided by the following
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates: (Primary Source)
Energy Provided 60% (45-65%) of the diet
1gm provides 4 kcal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fats:
Energy Provided 35% (25-45%) of the diet
1gm short-chain provides 5.3 kcal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1gm medium-chain provides 8.3 kcal1gm long-chain provides 9 kcal
Proteins:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Energy Provided 11% (9-15%) of the diet1gm provides 4 kcal
How To Calculate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Energy Content Of Foods?Calculate Calorific Value of
100 gm Wheat Flour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100 gram of Wheat Flour Contains? 69.6 gm Carbohydrates
? 12.0 gm Proteins
? 1.5 gm Fat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Calories of 100 gm Wheat flour=
(69.6x4)+(12x4)+(9x1.5)=340 Calories
? Energy Content of foods is computed as:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Multiplying amounts of calorificnutrients in 100 gm of food with their
physiological calorific values.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Final y adding up their values.
Energy Requirements by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A Human body? Human body daily requires sufficient
amount of energy to expend on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various body activities.? This energy need is provided by
combustion/oxidation of food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nutrients of calorific values.
?Usual y Carbohydrates and Fats
?In Emergencies Proteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Energy Requirement By
Human Body Differs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In DifferentPhases Of Life
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Approximately 80-120kcal/kg body weight for
1st year of life.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Approximate 2500
Kcal/day for an Adult
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individualAn Amount of Energy Needed by a body is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Utilized for Fol owing Factors:1. Basal Metabolism (BMR)
2. Physical Activities
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Specific Dynamic Action of foods(SDA)/
Thermic effect of Food Nutrients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RQ for mixed diet is .82
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from 40% CHO & 60%fat.
? Non-protein RQ is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
between 0.7 and 1.0.
? Thermal equivalents
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of oxygen for differentnon-protein mixtures.
BMR > Activity > Dietary Thermogenesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Basal Metabolic Rate
(BMR)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What Is? Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) ?
?BMR is minimum amount
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of energy required by a
body to maintain life in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
basal condition.? Basal condition of body is :
1) Post Absorptive Phase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2) Awake condition
3) Thermo neutral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment4) Complete physical and
mental rest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?BMR is minimum restingenergy expended by an
individual in an awake,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alert , post absorptive
phase present in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thermoneutralenvironment.
? An energy required in basal condition is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
consumed for an involuntary actions of
body viz
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Pumping of Heart?Blood Circulation
?Respiration process by Lungs
?Muscular Twitching and reflexes
?Intestinal Peristalsis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Metabolic Reactions?Renal Functions
Determination Of BMR
BMR= Total heat production in Cal/hr
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Body surface area in Sq.m
Normal Values Of BMR
? Males= 35-40 kcal/ sq.m /hr
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Females= 30-35 kcal/ sq.m /hr
Preparation Of Patient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
For BMR Estimation? In early morning subject should be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in:?Post absorptive phase (12 hr Fast)
?Physical y and mental y relaxed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Lying position, awake condition
?Room Temperature should be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
around 21-25 degree centigrade?Normal humidity
Methods For BMR Calculation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Direct Method For BMR
Determination Using :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Benedict Roth Apparatus
?Dubois Apparatus
? Benedict-Roth Apparatus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Calculates an amount ofOxygen consumed under a
specific basal condition.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Oxygen consumption for 2-6
minutes and measure the value
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from graph.? Indirect Method of BMR
Determination:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Analysis of an expired air
?Determining O2 consumption and
CO2 output.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Total heat production is determined
and is then
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Calculated per sq.m of body surface perhour
? Indirect Calorimetry:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calculates Respiratory Quotient? Oxygen Consumption
? Carbon Dioxide Production
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Spirometer or Respirometer
apparatus is used to measure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
an amount of Oxygenconsumed and Carbon dioxide
produced.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? This helps in calculating an
energy expenditure.
Respiratory Quotient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is
ratio of volume of carbon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dioxide produced to volume ofOxygen consumed by an
individual in a given interval of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
time.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Volume of CO2 ProducedRQ = Volume of O2 Consumed
At the CELL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Each substrate has its own RQ value.
(Carbohydrates (1.0) vs Fatty acids (0.7))
? Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Amt of CO2 produced/O2 consumed
?Varies for different Calorific Nutrients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Amount of CO2 formed does not alwaysequal amount of O2 consumed
RQ for CHO and FAT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrate (Glucose):
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RQ = 6CO2 / 6O2 = 1.00Fat (Palmitic Acid):
C16H32O2 + 23O2 16CO2 + 16H2O + Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RQ = 16CO2 / 23O2 = 0.70
?R.Q of Protein is 0.8
?R.Q of Mixed diet is 0.85
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? R.Q in Heavy work exceeds more than 1.
?During heavy exercise tissue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metabolism is increased.?CO2 out put is increased by
enhanced pulmonary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ventilation
?Oxygen consumption is not
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proportionately increased.? Thus R.Q is an indicator of metabolic
status.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? R.Q of food stuffs depend upon:? Type of food Nutrients
?Their varying proportions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?RQ value can be used tofind an amount energy
produced per litre of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxygen consumed
? Conditions increasing R.Q
? Violent Exercise
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fever? Acidosis
? Conditions Decreasing R.Q
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Starvation? Diabetes mellitus
? Alkalosis
Significance Of R.Q
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? R.Q value helps in:?Estimation of Basal Metabolic Rate
?Type of food oxidized
?Diagnosis of various pathological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
conditions such as Acidosis ,
Diabetes mel itus ,fever etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? To estimate Calories needed forbasal metabolism/hour:
?For Men: Multiply body weight
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(lbs) by 11
?For Women: Multiply body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
weight (lbs) by 10Average Calories Required for Basal Metabolism is
70 C/hr or 1680 C/day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factors Affecting BMRBMR is Influenced By Many Factors.
? Age
? Sex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Body Surface Area? Climate/Environmental Temperature
? Nutritional Status
? Hormones-Insulin Therapy
? Pregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Activity- Exercises
? Circadian Rhythms
? Emotional State
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Smoking and Caffeine
? Body temperature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Diseases? Digestive Processing
(Specific Dynamic Action)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Aquatic Salinity (Osmoregulation)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BMR and Metabolism? High rate of Metabolism Increased BMR
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Decreased Metabolism Decreased BMR
Age
? Infants and children have much
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
higher BMR than adults.
? Growth increases BMR.
? Highest BMR is noted at age of 5-6 yrs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(58kcal/sq.m/hr)
? BMR is gradually decreased as age
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proceedsGender/Sex
? BMR of men is always higher
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
than women.
? Men possess
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? increased lean muscle mass.? increased physical activities.
Body Surface Area
? Body surface area is related to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
height and weight of an
individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? BMR is directly proportional to thebody surface area.
?Increased Body Surface
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(lean muscle) area has
greater BMR.
?Lean muscle mass is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
more metabolical y
demanding than Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissue(Adipose cytes).? Lean tal persons with greater
muscle mass has higher BMR.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obese short persons with
lower lean muscle mass has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lower BMR.? Lower body Fat percentage
higher is the BMR.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Higher body Fat percentagelower is the BMR.
Climate/Environment Temperature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? BMR is decreased in summer
? BMR is increased in winters
? People living in warmer climates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
has lower BMR than living incolder climates
Nutrition and Metabolic Status
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?BMR is lower inpersons with
malnutrition and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
starvation.
Endocrine Secretion/Hormones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thyroid hormone influencesdirectly on BMR
?BMR is increased in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyperthyroidism
?BMR is decreased in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hypothyroidism.? High levels of Growth hormone
and Epinephrine also increases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BMR.? BMR lower in Diabetes mel itus
? On Insulin therapy BMR is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
increased
Pregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?BMR is raised by 5%in pregnancy.
BMR And Physical Activity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ACTIVITY LEVELPERCENTAGE OF BASAL
METABOLISM CALORIES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inactive: sitting most of the
30%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
day; <2 hours moving aboutslowly or standing
Moderate: sitting most of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50%
the day; walking or standing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2-4 hours, no strenuousactivity
Active: physically active for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
75%
>4 hours a day; little sitting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
or standing; some strenuousactivity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus BMR Increases With
Rate Of Physical Activity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Circadian Rhythms? BMR is lower in sleep
? BMR is higher in awake
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Emotional State? Stress increases BMR
Smoking and Caffeine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Smoking and ingestion
of Caffeine increases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BMR.Body Temperature
? BMR increases with increasing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body temperature.? An elevation of body temperature
above 370C will increase BMR by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
13% per 0C.
? Thus in Fever BMR is raised.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BMR In Diseased Conditions? BMR is Increased in
? Fevers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Leukemia? Cardiac Failure
? Hypertension
? Metabolic disorders
? Surgery
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Infections? Anorexia
Factors Affecting BMR
List Of Conditions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increasing And Decreasing BMR
S.No BMR Increased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BMR DecreasedHigh Metabolism
Low Metabolism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
At Growing Age
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Infant and Geriatric2
Active Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sedentary Body
3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ExerciseNo Exercise
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Males
Females
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5Winters
Summers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6
Hyperthyroidism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hypothyroidism7
More Body Surface Low Body Surface area
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Area
S.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BMR Increased
BMR Decreased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
No8
Pregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
No Pregnant Women9
Fevers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Malnutrition
10 After Surgeries
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Starvation11 Lean Body
Obese body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
12 Smoking
Non Smoker
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
13 Day and NightOnly Day workers
Workers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
14 Insulin Therapy
Diabetes Mellitus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15 StressNo Stress
Significance Of BMR Calculation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? BMR values help in calculatingenergy requirement of an
individual body which help in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
planning of diets.
? To know an effect of food and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
drugs on BMR.? BMR value checks basal
metabolism and disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
conditions.
? BMR values help in assessing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thyroid function.Energy Required For
Physical Activities
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Energy requirement for anindividual per day varies from:
vPerson to Person
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vMode of life stylevType of Occupation
? Action to Action
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Duration of Action?Intensity of Action
Energy Requiring Factors For Physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Activities? Age
? Sex
? Body Surface Area ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Body weight ,Size and Height
Workers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calories/DayB.M.R %
Light Workers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2200-2500
30-40%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Teachers, Doctors, OfficeWorkers
Moderate Workers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2500-3000
40-50%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Students, House wivesHeavy Workers
3000-3500
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50-60%
Farmers ,Miners, Athlete
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Very Heavy Workers3500-4000
60-100%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rickshaw Pullers,
Construction Workers
Activity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Energy Expenditure in
Calories/ hour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sitting25 Calories/hour
Standing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30 Calories/hour
Writing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30 Calories/hourCar Driving
60 Calories/hour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Typing
75 Calories/hour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Walking Upstairs800 Calories/hour
Every physical activity needs energy above BMR
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Energy Cost of Physical Activities
Activity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cal/KgBW/HourBicycling (fast)
7,6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bicycling (slow)
2,5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dancing (foxtrot)3,8
Dancing (waltz)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3,0
Dish washing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1,0Driving
0,9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Table tennis
4,4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Marathon run7,0
Sawying
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5,7
Walking 5 km/h
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2,0Writing
0,4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Playing piano
2,0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sewing0,6
Specific Dynamic Action
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(SDA)Thermogenic Effect Of Food
(TEF)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diet Induced
Thermogenesis (DIT)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SDA also termed asCalorigenic Action Of Food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? SDA is an extra heat produced over and
above calculated calorific value when
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
food nutrients consumed by a body.
? SDA is referred as an increased heat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
production fol owing an intake of food.Dietary Proteins
Has Highest SDA Values
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 25 gm of dietary proteins whenconsumed in body should produce 100
Calories of energy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 25 x 4= 100 Calories
? But actual heat produced is 130 Calories
? Thus 30 Calories of energy is extra.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Protein rich meal eaten in hot
weather feels the body hot
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and sweaty.
? Protein rich meal in cold
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
weather provide cozy andcomfortable feeling.
Significance Of SDA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heat of SDA can be utilizedfor maintaining body
temperature but not for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
muscular activity.
? SDA produced heat is expended
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
for digestion and absorption offood.
Conditions with Decreased SDA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditions where amino acid catabolismdecreased
? SDA is decreased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Starvation
?Growth
?Pregnancy
?Convalescence period (Recovery )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SDA of food is an amount of energy
required to digest mixed food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, fruit &vegetable).
Approximately 10% of BMR is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
required as SDA of foodAdult 60 Kg, requires BMR =24 Cal/kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BMR= 1440 Cal
SDA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
= 144 Cal
Total = 1584 Cal (BMR+SDA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Balanced DietOR
Prudent Diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Wise, Wel Judged,Judicious,Wel Advised)
(Thoughtful, Careful, Right Way Of Eating)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Human body if considered as aMachine
?Food is our fuel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintaining General health andwel being of human body is first
priority
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Nutrition is a first need of human
beings to acquire good health.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Health and Unhealth of body directlydepends upon
? Nutritional status of an individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What and How We Build Our BodyDepends On What We Eat ?
Food Nutrients Determines:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Bodies composition and built of
cells/Organs/Systems
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Bodies capacity to grow, repair andreproduce
?Bodies strength to cope up with:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interacting environmental pol utants
?Multi tasking ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Routine StressWhat Is a Balanced Diet?
How Truly We Plan for Our Eating?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Let Us Think for a MomentDo We?
Yes /No?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
We Plan and Implement? Comparatively ? Comparatively
More
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Less
?Trips
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Career?Fests
?Academics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Parties
?Exams
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?GamesLets Us Well Plan Our Diet
And Implement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
For Eating Our Food
For
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HEALTH ,HAPPINESS, PEACE AND SUCCESS--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Balanced DietPlanned Diet
at Various Physiological States
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Balanced Diet A Healthy Diet
Features of Balanced Diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Balanced diet provides themixture of al dietary nutrients
in:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Adequate quantity
(Restrict to RDA values)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Good quality? Balanced Diet Provides
?Calorific needs
?Building blocks
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Accessory Growth factors?Balanced diet does not
al ow an individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?To ingest any one
dietary nutrient in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excess or less amount.?Thus Balanced diet
prevents a body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?To suffer from over or
under nutritional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disorders.? It is especial y important to
take care of eating during
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Growth, Pregnancy and
lactation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Remember a young plant, notgiven proper nutrients grows up
to a poor specimen with less/no
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fruits and flowers.
Right Diet wil
Build Human Body Systems Strongly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
And Protect Our Gene Functions
?Withstand Stress to carry out multi tasking activities
?Prevent from almost al diseases of any system
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Infection , Immune Disorders
?Depression
?Genetic Disorders
?Metabolic Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Hormonal Disorders?Anemia
Points To Consider
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While Planning For Balanced Diet1. Physiological States
2. BMR (Considering al factors)
3. Physical activities of an individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. SDA? Food included during planning of
balanced diet should be local y
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
available? Food should be within economic
means of people.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It should fit with local food habits.
? Balanced diet food items should be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
easily digestible and palatable.? Food eaten should contain al the
chief essential nutrients which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
suffice bodies health, growth and
reproduction.
? An individual should eat fol owing food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
groups in recommended quantity and
quality and maintain balanced diet.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cereals and Pulses?Milk
?Meat and Fish
?Vegetables and Fruits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? RDA values differ duringdifferent physiological states
of human body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? viz growth, pregnancy,
lactation and convalescence.
Points To Remember
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? During growth, pregnancy and
Lactation dietary intake should
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
be increased? To develop fetal growth and
maintain reproduction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Indian Balanced Diet
? Nutrition Expert Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
constituted by ICMR? Taking into account of Indian
available foods
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Has recommended composition
of Balanced diets for Indians.
Indian balanced diet composed of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cereals : Rice, Wheat,Jawar
? Pulses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Vegetables- Roots,Tubers? Fruits
? Milk and Milk products
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Oil
? Sugar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fish? Meat
? Eggs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Recommended Daily Al owance(RDA)
? RDA of Chief Nutrients for an Adult Individual
? Prescribed by WHO
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Modified by ICMR as per Indian conditionsNutrient
RDA in Grams
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates
400 gm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fats70 gm
Proteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
60 gm
Fiber
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
40 gm? Carbohydrate content of
Some common foods
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Food ItemCarbohydrate Content
Cane Sugar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100 %
Rice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
80%Wheat
70-80%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bread
50-60%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Potatoes25%
Vitamins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RDA
Vitamin A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3000- 4000 IU
Vitamin D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
200-400 IU
Vitamin E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9 mg
Vitamin K
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
70 ug
Vitamin C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
60 mgFolate
400 ug
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thiamine (B1)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.2 mgVitamins
RDA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biotin30 mcg
Riboflavin (B2)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.2 mg
Niacin (B3)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15mgPantothenic (B5)
5 mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pyridoxine (B6)
1.6 mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cyanocobalamin (B12)2.4 ug
Minerals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RDA
Calcium (Ca)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1200 mgPhosphorus (P)
700 mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Magnesium (Mg)
370 mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sodium (Na)500 mg
Chloride (Cl)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
750 mg
Potassium (K)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2000 mgMinerals
RDA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
150 ugIodine (I)
Iron (Fe)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10 mgCopper (Cu)
1.5 mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Zinc (Zn)
14 mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Selenium (Se)60 ug
Minerals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RDA
Molybdenum (Mo)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
75 ugManganese (Mn)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2 mg
Fluoride (F)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4 mgChromium (Cr)
50 ug
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Maintain Balanced Diet By
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Eating items from al food groups
?With appropriate quantity and good quality to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
provide all nutritionally essential nutrients.?Eating properly and regularly (Timely) without
skipping the whole meals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eat A Balanced Diet
Guidelines for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Healthy Eating
Fol ow principles in the Food Guide Pyramid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 75% of a day'sfood
? Should come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from grains,
vegetables and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fruits? Extra servings of green
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and yellow vegetablesmay be beneficial
? Extra consumption of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
citrus and other fruits
may be beneficial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Its necessary to maintain balanced dietsince:
?What we eat today, will affect our health
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in future.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tips For Eating Wel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Know And ImplementDo's and Don'ts of Eating
Eat More Natural
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and
Home Made Food
? Eat regular meals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Do not skip breakfast? Eat foods from al food groups
/According to food pyramid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Limit processed /Junk food?Prefer meals on starchy
foods
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Eat Egg and Fish
?Eat adequate amounts of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vitamins and minerals?Eat lots of fruit and
vegetables
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Eat fresh and natural foods
? Cut down saturated fats , trans fats and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
refined sugars.
? Try to eat less salt (no more than 5g/day)
? Say No to Alcohol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Limit Tea and coffee? Drink plenty of clean water
? Maintain a healthy weight.
? Keep body active- Work/Exercise
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Regularly Recal the 8 tipsEnergy Balance and Imbalance
?Body weight is stable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
when energy consumed
is equal to energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
expended.?This is termed as
Nitrogen balance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Energy Balance:
Input vs Output
One pound of body weight is equal to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3,500 kilocalories
?Body weight increases,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
when energy consumedis greater than energy
expended.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Body weight decreaseswhen energy consumed is
less than it expenditure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Balanced Energy Intake: not losing or
gaining weight
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Negative Energy Balance?Weight loss: Energy intake < Energy
expended
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Positive Energy Balance
? Weight gain: Energy intake > Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
expendedSignificance Of Balanced Diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Balanced DietMakes Life
Healthy And Happy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Eating balanced diet right from thebeginning of life builds:
? Organ system of human body with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ful of strength and vital capacity
? This prepares body to face any
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
critical conditions.?Metabolic stress
?Infections etc
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Balanced diet Significantly? Maintains bodies normal growth , health
and reproduction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prevents from suffering of nutritional
disorders.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Increases span of healthy and happy life.Nutritional Disorders
Result/Outcome/Punishment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Due to ExtremeImbalanced/Uncontrol ed
Ingestion Of Nutrients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Ignorance,Negligence,Nonimplementation,
Disobedience)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Do Reflection Analysisof Dietary Habits
MALNUTRITION/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DEFECTIVE NUTRITIONq A pathological/diseased state
resulting from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
q Relative or absolute
deficiency or excess of one
or more essential nutrients.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Forms of Malnutrition
v
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Undernutrition:Kwashiorkor, Marasmus
Specific Deficiency:
Hypovitaminoses, Mineral Deficiencies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
v
Overnutrition:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obesity, Metabolic SyndromeSpecific Toxicities: Hypovitaminoses
v
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Imbalances: Electrolyte ImbalanceWhy Human beings suffer from
Nutritional Disorders?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Due to What Factors ?Do Reflection Analysis
? No Planning and Implementing in of Eating
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Thoughtful and Righteous way)
? Do's and Don'ts of Food Habits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Ignorance/Il iteracy?Lack of general awareness
?Negligence
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Disobedience
? Economical Status-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Low and High? No proper distribution
? No Regularity and Control on Diet habits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Wrong food habits
?No Control/Regulation on eating habits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?No Change (quit/adopt) for Good Cause? Results in Nutritional Disorders
? Availability of food is not uniform due to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Unequal distribution of food items?Unequal economical status of human
population
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?No proper planning in Occupations? Undefined Number of
?Farmers/Food Growers and Distributors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Doctors?Teachers
?Engineers
?Other Miscellaneous Professions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ETIOLOGY OF MALNUTRITIONTypes Of Nutritional Disorders
? Under Nutritional Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Over Nutritional DisordersUnder Nutritional Disorders
Under Nutritional Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a type of Malnutrition.? Less intake of food nutrients.
? Insufficient building blocks and
vital growth factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Insufficient energy sources.
Unhealthy GIT Affects
Absorption Of Nutrients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leads To
Nutritional Deficient Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chronic Use of Chemicals, Alcohol,Drugs Trauma and Infections
Lead To Il -health Of GIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Protein Energy Malnutrition(PEM)/Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PCM)
? Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Protein and Energy (Carbs and Lipids)
deficiency go hand in hand.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? This combination leads to protein-energy malnutrition
?PEM is worlds most
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
widespread malnutritionproblem in developing
countries.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PEM PRECIPITATING FACTORS
? LACK OF FOOD (Famine, Poverty)
? INADEQUATE BREAST FEEDING
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? WRONG CONCEPTS ABOUT NUTRITION? DIARRHOEA & MALABSORPTION
? INFECTIONS (Worms, Measles, T.B)
PEM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EPIDEMIOLOGY & ETIOLOGY? Seen most commonly in the first year of
life due to lack of breast feeding and the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
use of dilute animal milk.
? Poverty or famine and diarrhoea are the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usual precipitating factors? Ignorance & poor maternal nutrition are
also contributory factor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Development Of PEM
? Majority of world's children live in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
developing countries? Lack of food & clean water, poor
sanitation, infection & social
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unrest lead to LBW & PEM
? PEM leads to
? Increased Rates of Infant Mortality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PEM disorders caused due to lack of
adequate Proteins and Energy in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diet.? According to W.H.O PEM is most
important public health problem
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prevailing in developing countries.
? PEM most common in Africa, Central
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
America, South America, Middle
East, SE/E Asia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Also see in US?Homeless
?Inner-city
?Rural poverty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PEM most often affects
children:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?500 mil ion children aremalnourished
?>50% of deaths of <5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
children (5 mil ion/year)
? Adults may also be affected with PEM
?Men at greatest risk are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Those living in poverty
?Elderly living alone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Addicted person?Eating-disorders
?Long-term illness
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Forms Of PEM
? Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
includes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Kwashiorkor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Marasmus? Marasmic Kwashiorkar
(Noted during Starvation or Wasting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
extreme energy deprivation)
?Kwashiorkor
?Marasmus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Two Facets of PEM
PEM Forms Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Il ustrates
Two Faces Of Same Coin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
KwashiorkorRisk of Development
? Kwashiorkor means sickness of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
displaced/deposed /replaced child? It affects when a first born child, is
replaced by a second born child.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Kwashiorkar describe
sickness of weaning.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Weaning- Process ofwithdrawl of mothers milk
and replace with adult
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diet
KWASHIORKOR Historical Aspects
? Word Kwashiorkor was introduced in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
medical literature(1933),by Cecil y
Wil iams, a British Nurse.
? Kwashiorkor is Ghanaian name for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
an Evil Spirit
Biochemical Cause
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Kwashiorkar is an extremecondition of Protein Energy
Malnutrition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Caused due to ingestion of
Protein deficient diet.
Features of Kwashiorkor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Age of onset- 1 to 5 years
? Child gets displaced by mothers
attention.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ingestion of low dietary Proteins
? Weaning protocol not fol owed
? No milk fed instead low protein diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
like gruel prepared from grains andpotatoes is fed.
Biochemical Alterations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Amino acid deficiency for tissue
protein biosynthesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Serum Albumin levels markedlydecreased < 2gm%
? Digestive Enzymes lowered
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Overal body Proteins are lowered? Serum Cortisol levels decreased
Clinical Signs And Symptoms
? Enlarged abdomen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Pitting edema of trunk, limbs andeyelids (Low serum Albumin)
? Moon Face
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Anemia? Growth retardation
? Loss of weight, lethargic
? PSYCHOMOTOR CHANGES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? SKIN DEPIGMENTATION
? Failure of digestion and absorption due to
lack of digestive enzymes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Due to indigestion of food
vLoss of appetite and anorexia
vDiarrhea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vWater and Electrolyte imbalance? Subnormal Immunocompetence
(Low Immunity)
? Mental Changes observed-Low
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Neurotransmitters
? Fatty Liver-Low/No mobilization of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids? Sparse ,soft, thin and curly hairs
? Glossitis
? Conjunctivitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? One theory says Kwashiorkar is
a result of Liver insult with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypoproteinemia and oedema.
? Food toxins like Aflatoxin have
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
been suggested as precipitating
factors for Kwashiorkar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Kwashiorkor(Edematous Malnutrition)
? Underweight with Edema
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Stunted growth? Irritable, difficult to feed
? Highest mortality ?
50 to 60%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Treatment Of Kwashiorkar
? Gradual feeding with good
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
quality food proteins?Milk
?Egg
?Legumes /Pulses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Marasmus? Marasmus means neglected child
? Marasmus is a disorder of PEM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
where an infant is virtual ystarving
? Due to lack of both dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
calories and proteins.
? Term Marasmus is derived from the
Greek word, which means wasting.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Marasmus involves an inadequate
intake of Protein and Calories and is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
characterized by emaciation.? Marasmus represents the end result
of starvation where both proteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and calories are deficient.
Causes Of Marasmus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Age of onset- Below 1 year? Deficiency of both Calories and
Proteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Marasmus occurs in areas wherethere is severe starvation and
famine/draught conditions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biochemical Alterations In Marasmus?Serum Albumin levels 2-3
gm%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Serum Cortisol levels
increased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clinical Signs And Symptoms? Marked growth retardation
? Severe Muscle wasting
? Loss of sub cutaneous fat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Extreme loss of body weight? No Edema
? No mental changes
? No characteristic change in hair
? Appetite is normal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Skin becomes dry and atrophic? Child looks older than his age
?Feels Hungry
?Diarrhoea &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dehydration
?Alert but miserable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Differentiation Between
Kwashiorkar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AndMarasmus
Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
KwashiorkorMarasmus
Displaced Child
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Neglected Child
Age Of Onset
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1-5 yearsBelow 1 year
Cause
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deficiency of dietary
Deficiency Of dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ProteinProteins and Calories
Serum Albumin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
< 2gm%
2-3 gm%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EdemaSignificantly Present
Absent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Muscle Wasting
Not severe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Markedly severGrowth Retardation
Present
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Markedly noted
Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
KwashiorkorMarasmus
Attitude and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lethargic ,apathetic
Irritable and fretful
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AppearanceFace looks plump
Shrunken with skin and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bones
Appetite
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnorexiaNormal
Skin Changes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Crazy pavement
Dry and atrophic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DermatitisHair Changes
Sparse, soft thin and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
No characteristic
curly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
changeSerum Cortisol
Decreased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increased
Investigations for PEM
? Ful Blood Counts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Blood Glucose? Serum Electrolytes, Ca, P
? Serum Proteins and Albumin
? Septic screening
? Stool & urine for parasites & Microbes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Mantoux testNON-ROUTINE TESTS
? Hair analysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Skin biopsy? Urinary Creatinine
? Measurement of trace elements
levels, iron, zinc & Iodine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Complications of P.E.M? Hypoglycemia
? Hypothermia
? Hypokalemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hyponatremia? Heart failure
? Dehydration & shock
? Infections (bacterial, viral & thrush)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Treatment? Slow refeeding
?Small frequent feeding round the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
clock
?Patient encouragement of food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Nutritional rehabilitation?Play and teaching
?Control infections
In Acute/ life threatening Cases:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Fluid and Electrolytes
?K and Mg shifts
?Oral rehydration, slowly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
70-100 ml/kg
?Infections: Main cause of death
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Aggressive treatment?Other deficiencies
? Anemia and Heart failure,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Care with transfusions and no diuretics? Vitamin A: immediate treatment
? Dietary support:
? 3-4 g protein & 200 Cal /kg body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wt/day + Vitamins & Minerals? Prevention of hypothermia
? Counsel parents & plan future care
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
including immunization & dietsupplements.
KEY POINT FEEDING
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Continue breast feeding
? Add frequent smal feeds
? Use liquid diet
? Give vitamin A & Folic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? With diarrhea use lactose-free or soyabean formula
PROGNOSIS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Kwashiorkor have greater risk ofmorbidity & mortality compared to
Marasmus and under weight
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Early detection & adequate treatment
are associated with good outcome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Late il -effects on IQ, behavior &cognitive functions are doubtful and not
proven
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Over Nutrition Disorders
Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Adipose Tissue And Roles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Appetite Related Hormones--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obesity
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Generalized, excessiveaccumulation of fat in
subcutaneous & other tissues
? Classification of Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
according to "desirable"
standard weight :
? Overweight ~ >10%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obese ~ >20%Obesity Is Identified By
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Measurement Of Body Mass Index(BMI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What Causes Obesity
? 3 major factors contribute for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
development of obesity:?Genetic background (non-modifiable)
?High Dietary intake (modifiable)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Low Physical activity (modifiable)
q Psychic disturbances
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
q Endocrine & metabolicdisturbances (rare)
Obesity Affects Quality Of Human Life
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biochemical Alterations Of Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Increased stores of TAG in adiposecytes? Increased biosynthesis of Endogenous Lipids
? Affects receptor structures on cel membrane
? Derangements in endocrine activity
? Increased risk of Diabetes mel itus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Biochemical Derangements in Glucose andLipid Profile
? Increased Risk of Atherosclerosis , CAD ,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stroke
Dysregulation of Adipocytokines in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obesity
? Adipocytokines function as classic circulating
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hormones? Communicate with other organs including brain,
liver, muscle, the immune system, and adipose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissue itself.
? Dysregulation of Adipokines has been implicated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to increases inflammation, insulin resistance , type2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leptin and AdiponectinRegulate Feeding Behavior and Energy Expenditure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leptin? Leptin is a hormone that is produced mainly by
Adiposecytes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? " Leptin's primary target is in hypothalamus of
brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? "Leptin is a Master" Hormone that regulates bodyweight.
? It is often referred to as "satiety hormone" or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"starvation hormone.
? Leptin dampens/ suppresses appetite
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual lacking a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
functional leptin protein
or receptor manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
voracious feedingand leads to obesity
Adiponectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ADIPOQ gene
? Produced in adipose tissue
? Protein hormone involved in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Blood Glucose regulation? Fatty acid breakdown and oxidation
? Adiponectin reduces inflamation
? Adiponectin inversely correlated with body mass
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
index
Adiponectin mRNA serum levels are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decreased in obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Upper Abdominal Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Increased abdominal circumference (> 102 cm in men and
88 cm in women)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Waist to hip ratio (> 1.0 for women and >0.8 for men)? Visceral fat within abdominal cavity is more hazardous to
health than subcutaneous fat around abdomen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Also called, `Apple shaped obesity'
? Increased Risk of diabetes mellitus, stroke, coronary artery
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disease, Cancer and early deathComplications of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ObesityMetabolic Syndrome Major
Complication/Consequence Of Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Metabolic SyndromeX Syndrome
? Affects Receptors on Plasma membrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Protein Hormone Receptors altered
? Role of messengers for coordination and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
communication disturbed? Dysregulation of Enzyme activity
? Affects over all Metabolism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Insulin Resistance
? Hyperlipoproteinemias
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Central Obesity is Dreadful
Increases Risk Of Metabolic Syndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clinical Manifestations:
v Fine facial features on a heavy-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
looking stout childv Larger upper arms & thighs
v Genu valgum common
v Relatively small hands & fingers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tapering
v Adiposity in mammary regions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
v Pendulous abdomen with Striate
v Psychologic disturbances common
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
v Bone age advancedv In boys, external genitalia appear
small though actually average in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
size
v In girls, external genitalia normal &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
menarche not delayedObesity Affects Endocrine System
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obesity And Thyroid DysfunctionPickwickian Syndrome/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome? Pickwickian syndrome is a
condition in which severely
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
overweight people? Fail to breathe rapidly enough or
deeply enough
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Resulting in low blood oxygen
levels and high blood carbon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dioxide (CO2) levels?Rare complication
of extreme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
exogenous obesitySigns And Symptoms
?Severe cardio respiratory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
distress & alveolarhypoventilation
?Includes polycythemia,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypoxemia, Cyanosis, CHF?Low Metabolic rate
?Lethargic and Fatigue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obesity HypoventilationSyndrome have:
?Concurrent obstructive sleep
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
apnea, a condition
characterized by snoring.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Interrupted sleep?Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Management Of ObesityTreatment of Obesity
1st principle: Decrease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
energy intakeInitial medical exam to
diagnose pathological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
causes
Plan right diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a.Avoid all sweets, fried foods &fats
a.Limit milk- intake not >2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glasses/day
a.For 10-14 yrs, limit to 1100-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1300 cal diet for several months2nd principle: Increase energy
output:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
I. Obtain an activity historyI. Increase physical activity
I. Involve in hobbies to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prevent boredom
Advise To
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Stop Alcohol? Cessation of Smoking
Orlistat FDA Approved Drug Inhibits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pancreatic Lipase ,TAG Digestion In GIT
Thoughtful and Rightful Knowledge
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Implementation Wil Prevent ObesityOver Al Messages
Lets Al Of Us Fight For Malnutrition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eat Food Cautiously with AwarenessWith Good Purpose Than Sensual Pleasure
Our Body Is Precious Gift
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Health Is First Priority
THINK AND EAT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cautiously,ModeratelyCareful y and Rightly
Do Not Make Our Body As Dustbin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eat As Fol ows
Sleep And Food Cycle Affects Health
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Change for Positivity
?Adopt Do's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Quit Don'tsBest For Human Health
Thoughtful and Rightful
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eating And Living Style
Simple, Natural-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Planned ,Organized ,Regular, DisciplinedSimple , Humble, Care and Share
Yes for Good Stead Fast No For Bad
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4/4/2022
540
Questions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Short Notes
? Food Groups ,their constituents and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their role? Basal Metabolic Rate (B.M.R.) & its
importance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Calorific value of food and its
calculations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Respiratory Quotient.(R.Q)? Specific Dynamic Action (S.D.A.)
? Balanced diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Factors affecting BMR
? Biological value of Proteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Nitrogen Balance & types.? Role of Fiber in diet/Significance of
dietary fibers.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) /? Differentiate between Kwashiorkor
and Marasmus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obesity: Causes and ConsequencesTHANKS