Download MBBS Biochemistry PPT 80 Polysaccharides Lecture Notes

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? Polysaccharides are complex class of

Carbohydrates,

? Chemically composed of more than ten,

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same or different Monosaccharide units or

their derivatives

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? Repeatedly linked by glycosidic linkages.
? General Formula of Polysaccharides

(C H O )n

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6 10 5

? Iodine test is a characteristic test for

Polysaccharides

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? Iodine test is based on Physical property

of adsorption.

? Iodine get adsorbed on complex structure

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of Polysaccharides to give characteristic

color.

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Glucosan

? Type of Homopolysaccharide
? Repeating unit,of Glucosan is Glucose
? Glucosan is a Polymer of Glucose.

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Starch

Glycogen
Cellulose

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Dextrin
Dextran
Fructosan

? Type of Homopolysaccharide

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? Repeating unit in Fructosan is Fructose.
? Fructosan is a Polymer of Fructose.
? Inulin

Starch

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? Plant Homopolysaccharide
? Starch is Glucosan
? Repeating Unit -

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D Glucose (approx 7000)

? Components of Starch-
? Amylose and Amylopectin
Amylose

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? Amylose is 15-20%
? Linear structure
? D Glucose linked by (1-4) glycosidic

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bond.

CH OH

CH OH

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CH OH

2

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CH OH

2

2

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2

H

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O H H

O H H

O H H

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O H

H

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H

H

H

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( OH H

O

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OH H

OH H

OH H

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O

O

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O

O)

H OH

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H OH

H OH

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H OH

amylose( -1,4 links)

Amylopectin

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? Amylopectin is 80-85 %

? Branched structure

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? Branching point appears after every

25-30 Glucose units.

? It has (1-6) glycosidic bond at branching

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point.

? (1-4) glycosidic bonds in linear structure.
? Starch is white ,odourless, tasteless powder .

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? Starch is insoluble in cold water, but get

solubilized on heating and form gel /paste.

? Starch is a non reducing Carbohydrate.

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Starch -Negative Benedicts Test.

? Starch on Iodine reaction gives blue color.
Source/Occurrence Of Starch

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? Plants- Seeds, Tubers, Roots, Raw fruits.

? Dietary Sources of Starch.

? Grains- Rice ,Wheat, Jawar, Bajra

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? Potatoes

? Beetroot.

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? Sago (Tapioca)

? Vermicelli

? Suji.

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? Raw Mangoes

Digestion of Starch

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? In mouth- by salivary Amylase

? In intestine -by pancreatic Amylase

? Amylase cleaves, (1-4) glycosidic bonds of

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Amylose and Amylopectin and releases Maltose

and Isomaltose.

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? Maltose and Isomaltose is then digested by

Maltase and Isomaltase to release free Glucose

units.

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? Thus Starch on digestion gives thousands of free

Glucose units which have high calorific value.
Glycogen

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? Animal Homopolysaccharide
? Animal Starch
? Glycogen is chemically Glucosan.
? Repeating Unit ?

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D Glucose (25-30 thousand Glucose

units)

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? Glycogen is like Amylopectin structure ,but

it is highly branched

? Branching points appear after every 8-10

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Glucose units, linked by (1-6) glycosidic

bond.

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? Linear structure has Glucose linked with

(1-4) glycosidic bond.

? On Iodine reaction Glycogen gives deep

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red color.
Glycogen

? Glycogen has more (1 6) branches.

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? The highly branched structure permits

rapid glucose release from glycogen

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stores, in muscle during exercise.

? Glycogen is present in animal-

? Liver (75 gm)

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? Muscle (125 gm).
? After well fed condition, free and excess of

Glucose is condensed to Glycogen via

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Glycogenesis.

? Rate of Glycogen synthesis ?

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? Liver- 6-8 %,

? Muscle 1-2 %

? Glycogen is broken down to Glucose via

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Glycogenolysis when body Glucose lowers

in fasting and starvation condition.

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? Dietary Glycogen in GIT is digested by

- Amylase to Maltose and Isomaltose

and finally to thousands of Glucose Units.

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Liver Glycogenolysis in Human body

regulates Blood Glucose levels in fasting

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condition.

Muscle Glycogenolysis provides energy for

muscle activities in fasting condition.

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Sr. No

Starch

Glycogen

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Starch is Plant Homopolysaccharide. Glycogen is animal Homopolysaccharide

1.
2. Starch is composed of Amylose Glycogen is highly branched structure

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(Linear)&Amylopectin (Branched) with branching points appearing after

every 8-10 Glucose residues.

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3. Starch is composed of 4000-7000 Glycogen is composed of 6000-30,000

Glucose units.

Glucose units.

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4. Starch is a storage form of Glucose Glycogen is storage form of Glucose and

and reserve food material in plants. reserve form of energy in animals and

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human beings.

5. Starch is stored in roots, tubers, Glycogen is stored in Liver and Muscles

seeds, raw fruits of plants.

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of animal and human body.

6. Starch serves as predominant dietary Glycogen is dietary form of

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Carbohydrate form in Veg and

Carbohydrate only in Non-Veg eaters.

Nonveg eaters.

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7. Starch with Iodine test gives deep Glycogen with Iodine test gives deep red

Blue color.

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color.

Cellulose

? Non digestible carbohydrate

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? Cel ulose serve as dietary Fiber.

? Cellulose is a Glucosan

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? Repeating Unit - D Glucose.

(approx 2,500- 14,000 ).

? Cel ulose is a linear ,unbranched structure where D Glucose

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units repeatedly linked by (1-4 ) glycosidic bonds.
Source/Occurrence Of Cellulose

? Cellulose is an abundant carbohydrate of nature exclusively

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present in Plants cell wall.

? Dietary rich sources of Cellulose

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? Whole Grains (outer covering)

? Green leafy vegetables

? Cabbage, Cucumber

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? Legumes, Nuts, Beans

? Dates

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? Fruits and Vegetable salads.

? In plants Cellulose present in cel wal provides structural and

mechanical support.

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Cellulose has Ef ec t on Fecal Mass

Formation

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? Cellulose acts as a roughage.
? It holds water ,helps in forming soft and bulky feces.
? Increases intra luminal pressure.
? Reduces transit time of feces to remain in gut.
? Eliminates daily, metabolic wastes and toxins out of

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the body, through feces.

? Defecation with greater ease and good frequency.
?Cellulose prevents constipation,

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and reduces risk of :

colon cancer
diverticulosis of intestine

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hemorrhoids

?Cellulose reduces the absorption of :

?Glucose

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?Cholesterol

?Ameliorate the conditions of :

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Diabetes mellitus

Atherosclerosis respectively.

Cellulose being non calorific and

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possessing high satiety value helps

in managing obesity in humans.
? For maintenance of good health ingest

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dietary fibers.

? RDA for dietary fiber to maintain good

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health:

? Adults= 20-25 gm/day.

? Children's= 5-10 gm/day.

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? Disadvantage of dietary Cellulose-
? It decreases absorption of minerals.

Dextrin

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? Intermediate hydrolytic product of Starch

digestion

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? Dextrin is a Glucosan
? Repeating Unit - D Glucose.

? Dextrin is less complex than starch

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structure.

? Dextrin is broken Starch molecule.
Types Of Dextrin

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? Amylodextrin -Violet to Iodine reaction

? Erythrodextrin- Red to Iodine reaction

? Achrodextrin -Colorless to Iodine reaction.

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Source/Occurrence of Dextrin

? In human GIT Dextrin is obtained as an intermediate

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hydrolytic product of Starch digestion by the action

of

-Amylase activity.

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? Dextrin is Present in commercially prepared infant

foods.
Biomedical Importance Of Dextrin

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? Dextrin has mucilage nature(sticky) hence

used as binding and adhesive agent.

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? Dextrin is used as infant food.

Dex tran

? Dextran is a Bacterial Homopolysaccharide

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? Dextran is a Glucosan

? Repeating Unit ? D Glucose.

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? Highly branched, complex, network like structure

Glucose units linked by

(1-4) ,(1-6) and (1-3) glycosidic linkages.

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?
Source/Occurrence Of Dextran

? Dextran is obtained from Sucrose solution

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incubated with bacteria Leuconostoc

mesenteroides

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? Dextran solution is high molecular weight,

viscous solution with osmotic pressure

equivalent to plasma Albumin.

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? Dextran maintains blood volume and osmotic

pressure.
? Dextran solution is used as

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? Plasma substitute/plasma volume

expander

? Dextran infusion manages a hemorrhagic

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case and prevent from hypovoluemic

shock.

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Sr.No

Dextrin

Dextran

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1. Dextrin is plant

Dextran is bacterial

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Homopolysaccharide

Homopolysaccharide.

2. Dextrin is an intermediary

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Dextran is a Glucosan obtained

hydrolytic product of Starch from Sucrose solution incubated
digestion.

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with Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

3. Structure of Dextrin contains Structure of Dextran contains

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(1-4) & (1-6) glycosidic (1-3),
bonds.

(1-4) & (1-6) glycosidic bonds.

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4. Dextrin solution is used in

Dextran solution is used as plasma

commercially prepared infant volume expander in relieving

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feedings and mucilage for

hypovoluemic shock in cases of

pasting stamps.

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hemorrhage.
Fructosan

? Homopolysaccharide with repeating units as

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Fructose.

Inulin

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?Diagnostic Carbohydrate

? Diagnoses Kidney Function- GFR of

Kidney.

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?Natural y present in Plants

? Roots and tubers of Dandelions

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? Onion and Garlic bulbs

? Chicory Plant.
Chemistry Of Inulin

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? Inulin is a Fructosan

? Repeating Unit-

D Fructose units (33-35 units)

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? Repeatedly linked by

(1-2) glycosidic bonds.

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? Inulin is non digestible and non absorbable form in human GIT, hence have no

calorific value.

? Inulin solution infused intravenously during Inulin Clearance Test, checks

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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of Kidney (120-125 ml/min).

Heteropolysaccharides

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?Heteropolysaccharides are type of

Polysaccharides composed of more than 10

different

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? Monosaccharide units or their derivatives

repeatedly linked by glycosidic bonds.
Animal Heteropolysaccharides

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Mucopolysaccharides (MPS)

?Human Heteropolysaccharides

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?Animal Heteropolysaccharides

?Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
? Mucopolysaccharides were first isolated

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from Mucin hence the name

Mucopolysaccharides.

? Mucopolysaccharides chemically

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composed of more than 10

Monosaccharide units and its derivatives

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repeatedly linked by glycosidic bonds.

? Mucopolysaccharides are complex, long,

linear, unbranched, polyanionic.

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The Glycosaminoglycans has

Disaccharide repeating unit linked

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by glycosidic bonds of

Uronic Acid

Amino Sugar

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? Uronic Acid ?

Glucuronic acid /Iduronic acid

(Iduronic acid is 5' Epimer of Glucuronic acid)

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? Amino Sugar-

Glucosamine / Galactosamine

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(Acetylated or Sulfated or Both)

Jeanloz suggested the term GAG's as these

biomolecules has amino sugars as repeating units.

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Properties of GAG's

? GAG's are polyanionic and acidic due to

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presence of

?COO- and SO4-- -

? GAG's are hydrophil ic and attract water and

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helps in distributing water.

? MPS due to repulsion of charges:

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? It appear slippery or sticky in appearance/mucus

like secretions

? It expand to occupy large space.

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? MPS/GAG's imparts fol owing physical

properties-

?Turgor

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?High Viscosity

?High Density

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?High Buoyancy.

Body Mucopolysaccharides
? Acidic Non Sulfated MPS:

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? Hyaluronic Acid

? Acidic Sulfated MPS:

? Heparin

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? Heparan Sulfate

? Chondritin Sulfate

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? Dermatan Sulfate

? Keratan Sulfate

? Neutral MPS:

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? Blood Group Substances

Hyaluronic Acid

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?Acidic Non sulfated MPS

? Repeating Disaccharide Unit

?Glucuronic acid

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?NAcetylGlucosamine.

?Hyaluronic acid is present as

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ground substance/cementing

substance in extra cellular

spaces of connective tissue.

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? Hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid of joints

and vitreous humor of eye serve as lubricant
and shock absorbant.

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? Hyaluronic acid around ovum gives

protection.

? Hyaluronic acid plays role in cell migration

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during morphogenesis.

? Enzyme "Hyaluronidase " hydrolyses

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Hyaluronic acid.

? Hylauronidase present in head of sperm ,

hydrolyzes the Hyaluronic acid present on

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ovum which facilitates its penetration and

fertilization.

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? Snake venom is rich in Hyaluronidase,

thus snake bite hydrolyzes and liquifies the

Hyaluronic acid present in extracellular

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spaces of cells ( TOXIN )
Heparin

?Most Acidic Sulfated MPS.

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Disaccharide Repeating Unit:

?Glucuronate sulfate ( minor )

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?Iduronate sulfate (major)

?N-Glucosamine Sulfate.

?Heparin, a soluble

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PDB 1RID

glycosaminoglycan

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found in granules of

mast cells and is highly

sulfated.

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?Heparin has an

extended helical

conformation.

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heparin: (IDS-SGN)5
Occurrence and Functions Of Heparin

?Heparin present in blood vessels, Liver,

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Lung, Spleen and Monocytes

?Natural anticoagulant.

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?In blood, it inhibits clot formation by

interacting with the protein antithrombin.
? Heparin is an indirect Thrombin inhibitor

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.

? Rapid inactivator of Thrombin.
? Thus antithrombotic agent.
? Prevents intravascular blood clotting.

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? Heparin releases enzyme Lipoprotein

Lipase from endothelial lining and serve

as coenzyme for it. Clearing factor

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Therapeutic Use of Heparin

? Heparin is infused to prevent and treat

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thrombous located in vein/artery in MI cases.

? Deep Vein Thrombosis.
? Pulmonary Embolism
? Strokes

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? Heparin(LMW Heparin) injections are given to

M.I patients

? To liquify blood ,prevent thrombosis and clear

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blood with lipids.
Heparan Sulfate

? Acidic Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide

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? Disaccharide repeating units
? Glucuronate Sulfate (major)/ Iduronate

Sulfate (minor)-N Acetyl Glucosamine

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Occurrence and Functions Of

Heparan Sulfate

? Heparan Sulfate present on extracel ular cell

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surfaces or plasma membranes and serves as

receptors

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? Participate in cell growth, cell adhesion, and

cell -cell communication.

? Heparan sulfate in basement membrane of

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kidney helps in determining charge

selectiveness of Glomerular filtration.

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? Heparan sulfate are also components of aorta,

liver, fibroblasts, synaptic and vesicles.
Chondritin Sulfate

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Acidic Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide

? Disaccharide Repeating Unit

? Glucuronate-

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? N ?Acetyl Galactosamine ?Sulfated.

? Chondritin Sulfate A-4 sulfated.

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? Chondritin sulfate C-6 sulfated.

Occurrence and Functions Of

Chondritin Sulfate

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? Chondritin Sulfate is present in connective

tissues-bones, cartilage, tendons .

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? It gives mechanical strength,

compressibility and support to connective

tissues.

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? Chondritin sulfate present in cornea give

over all shape to eye.
Dermatan Sulfate

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? Acidic Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide.

? Chondritin sulfate-B / -Heparin

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? Disaccharide Repeating Unit

? L-Iduronate-

? N-AcetylGalactosamine-sulfated

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? Dermatan sulfate especially present in skin, blood

vessels and heart valves gives mechanical strength and

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structural support to these tissues.

? Dermatan sulfate plays structural role in sclera of eye.

Keratan Sulfate

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? Acidic Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide

? Keratan Sulfate is a MPS without Uronic acid instead

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contains Galactose.

? Disaccharide Repeating Unit

? Galactose-N-Acetyl Glucosamine ?sulfated

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? Keratan sulfate present in cartilage, aorta walls, gives

structural supports and mechanical strength.

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? Keratan sulfate present in cornea and lens of eye has role in

lens transparency and shape of eye.
Applied aspects of

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Mucopolysaccharides/ GAGs

? On ageing or during pathogenesis the

biosynthesis of certain specific

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Mucopolysaccharide /Glycosaminoglycan

is either increased or decreased leading

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to disorders and manifestations.

? Tumors cells-

? Increased Hyaluronic acid (Increases cell

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migration)

? Decreased Heparan Sulfate (Decreases

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cell adhesion)

? This Increases Metastasis
? Rheumatic Arthritis-

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? Rheumatic nodule shows increased

Hyaluronic acid deposition.

? Atherosclerotic plaque-

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? Excess production of Dermatan Sulfate

? Decreased production of heparin

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? Osteoarthritis-

? Imbalance biosynthesis of Hyaluronic acid,

Chondritin Sulfate and Keratan Sulfate

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Glycoprotein Or Proteoglycans

? Proteoglycans are composed of as many as 200 GAG

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chains covalently bonded to a core protein via Serine/

Threonine side chains.

? Molecular weight range: 105 ? 107 Daltons.

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? GAG chains linked:

? Hyaluronic acid

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? Chondroitin sulfate

? Heparan sulfate

? Dermatan sulfate

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? Keratan sulfate

Examples of Proteoglycans

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?

Aggrecan

(Hyaluronate-Core Protein non covalently linked In

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Cartilage)

?

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Biglycan

?

Beta Glycan

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?

Decorin

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?

Serglycin

?

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Syndecan

?

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Perlecan

?

Versican

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Plant Heteropolysaccharides

Agar-Agar

? Agar is obtained from red algae.(Sea weed)

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? Agar is formed of two main components, Agarose and

Agaropectin.

? Agarose is a neutral galactose polymer, free from sulfate.

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? Agaropectin is formed of galactose and galacturonic acid

units partially esterified with sulfuric acid.
Uses of Agar

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?Preparation of bacteriological

culture media.

?Emulsifier, thickener for ice

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creams,puddings.

?Laxative-for treatment of ulcers

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and chronic constipation.

Pectin

?Obtained from apple pomace and inner portion

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of citrus rind.

?Form viscous solutions in water.

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?Composed of Arabinose, Galactose and

Galactouronic acid.

?Average molecular weight 100,000- 250,000.

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Uses Of Pectin

? Pectin is topically applied as a paste in cases of burns

and ulcers.

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? It acts as a detoxifying agent by conjugation with

toxins.

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? It is of great importance in treatment of diarrhea and

dysentery.

? It is used as a gel and emulsion stabilizer and in

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manufacture of jellies and jams.

Diagnostic Value of Carbohydrate:

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? Fructosan Inulin, is used to carry out:
? Inulin Clearance Test, which checks, Glomerular

Filtration Rate of kidney.
Therapeutic Value of Carbohydrates:

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? Cardiac Glycosides Digoxin- used to

treat cardiac insufficiency.

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? Glycosides Ovabain and Phlorizin- used

in treatment of Diabetes mellitus.

? Glycosides Streptomycin ,Erythromycin

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used to treat bacterial infections.

? Mannitol- Serve as osmotic diuretic used in

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treatment of Acute Renal Failure.

? Lactulose -Relives Hyperammonaemia in

patients of Hepato Encephalopathy.

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? Dextran- Used as plasma substitute in

hemorrhagic cases to prevent hypovoluemic

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shock.

? Hyaluronan- Used to treat osteoarthritis.