? Vitamin A deficiency is a lack of vitamin A in humans. It is
common in developing countries but rarely seen in
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developed countries
? Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A
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deficiency .? Night blindness is the difficulty for the eyes to adjust to dim
light. Affected individuals are unable to distinguish images in
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low levels of illumination. People with night blindness have
poor vision in the darkness, but see normally when adequate
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light is present.Xerophthalmia Vernacular Terms
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Matang ManokChicken Eyes Tagalog
Mata Ajam
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Chicken Eyes
Indonesian
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Khwak Moan Dusk Blindness KhmerGred Gradei Scaly as Fish
Thai
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Mager Aagh Fish Scales Bengali
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KorapothuScaly
Singhalese
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VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
? Ocular manifestation: Xerophthalmia
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The eye fails to produce tears that leads to conjunctival dryness anddamage
"Dry eye".
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Blindness may result since plays role in phototransduction? Phototransduction
Is a process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the cells
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Xerophthalmia ClassificationXN
Night Blindness
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X1A
Conjunctival Xerosis
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X1BBitot's Spot with Conjunctival Xerosis
X2
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Corneal Xerosis
X3A
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Corneal Xerosis with ulcerationX3B
Keratomalcia
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XF
Xerophthalmic Fundus
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XSCorneal scars from Xerophthalmia
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CORNEAL OPACITIES
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Treatment Schedule (orally)Immediately on diagnosis:
<6 months
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50, 000 IU
6 months-12 months
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100, 000 IU> 12 months
200, 000 IU
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Next day
Same age-specific dose
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At least two weeks laterSame age-specific dose
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
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? Vitamin A deficiency also diminishes the ability to fight
infections. In countries where children are not immunized ,
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infectious disease like measles have higher fatality rates.? Even mild, subclinical deficiency can also be a problem, as it
may
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? Increase children's risk of developing respiratory and diarrheal
infections
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? Decrease growth rate? Slow bone development
? Decrease probability of survival from serious il ness.
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CAUSES OF VITAMIN A
DEFICIENCY
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? The major cause is diets which include few animal sources of pre-
formed vitamin A .
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? Breast milk of a lactating mother with vitamin A deficiency containslittle vitamin A ,which provides a breast-fed child with too little
vitamin A.
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CAUSES OF VITAMIN ADEFICIENCY
? In addition to dietary problems, there are other
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causes of vitamin A deficiency
? Iron deficiency can affect vitamin A uptake.
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? Excess alcohol consumption can deplete vitamin A? A stressed liver may be more susceptible to vitamin A
toxicity.
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HYPERVITAMINOSIS A? Hypervitaminosis A refers to the effects of excessive vitamin
A (specifically retinoid) intake
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? Hypervitaminosis A occurs when the maximum limit for liver
stores of retinoids is exceeded.
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? The excess vitamin A enters the circulation causing systemictoxicity.
? Betacarotene (is an organic compound which is a strongly-
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coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits. -
Carotene is also the substance in carrots that colours them
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orange) a precursor of vitamin A, is selectively converted intoretinoids, so it does not cause toxicity.
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HYPERVITAMINOSIS A? Signs of acute toxicity include
? Nausea
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? Vomiting
? Headache
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? Dizziness? Blurred vision
? Loss of muscular coordination
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Hypervitaminosis A
Other effects
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? Birth defects? Liver problems
? Skin discoloration
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? Hair loss
? Excessive skin dryness
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? Angular cheilitis is an inflammatory lesion at the labial cornerof the mouth, and often occurs bilateral y. The condition manifests
as deep cracks or splits. In severe cases, the splits can bleed when
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the mouth is opened and shal ow ulcers or a crust may form.