Ocular Pharmacology -II
h
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Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this class students shall have a basic
understanding of :
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? Therapeutic agents for glaucoma
? Anti-inflammatory agents
? Tear substitutes
? Drugs and biological agents used in Ophthalmic
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surgery
? Ocular toxicology
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OverviewOverview of ocular anatomy & physiology
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of ocular therapeutic agents
Ocular Routes of Drug Administration
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Therapeutic & Diagnostic applications of Drugs in OphthalmologyOphthalmic Effects of Selected Vitamin Deficiencies
Systemic Agents with Ocular Side Effects
Conclusion
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Agents used for treatment ofOpen angle Glaucoma
1. Prostaglandin analogues
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2. Beta receptor antagonists3. Alpha receptor agonists
4. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
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Prostaglandin AnalogsFirst- line medical therapy for Glaucoma
PGF2 analogs -
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Good efficacy
Once daily application
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Absence of systemic side effects1.Latanoprost 2. Travoprost 3.Bimatoprost
Facilitate aqueous outflow through uveoscleral outflow
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pathway
Prostaglandin Analogs
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Side effectsOcular irritation & pain
Blurring of vision
Increased iris pigmentation
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Macular edemaAdrenergic blockers
?Nonselective blockers ? Timolol maleate
- Levobunolol
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- Metipranolol- Carteolol
? -1 antagonist - Betaxolol
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Mechanism of Action of Blockers?Lower IOP by reducing aqueous formation
- Down regulation of adenylylcyclase due to 2
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receptor blockade in ciliary epithelium
- Reduction in ocular blood flow
Adverse Ef ects of Ocular Adrenergic
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blockers
Ocular
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Systemic1. Stinging, redness &
1. Bronchospasm in
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dryness of eye
asthmatics & COPD
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2. Corneal hypoesthesiapatients
3. Allergic
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2. Bradycardia &
blepharoconjunctivitis
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accentuation of Heart4. Blurred vision
block
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Minimization of systemic
adverse ef ects
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Alpha Adrenergic agonists? Brimonidine (Alpha-2 agonist)(0.1%,0.2%)
? Usually used as an add on agent
? Mainly reduces aqueous production
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? Also increases uveoscleral outflow? To be used cautiously in children and elderly as it
may cause fatigue and drowsiness.
Carbonic anhydrase Inhibitors (CAI)
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?Systemic -Acetazolamide
?Topical CAI ? Dorzolamide , Brinzolamide
?Inhibits carbonic anhydrase (isoenzyme II) on ciliary
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body epithelium Reduces formation of bicarbonateions Reduces fluid transport Reduces aqueous
formation Decrease IOP
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?Use ? Only as add on drug to topical blockers or PG
analogs
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Systemic CAI ? Final medication option before resorting to laser orincisional surgical treatment
Carbonic anhydrase Inhibitors (CAI)
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Side effects
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ParesthesiaFrequent urination
GI disturbances
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Hypokalemia
Topical Miotics
?Only of historical importance in open angle
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glaucoma
?- Ciliary muscle contraction
- Increase drainage through trabecular meshwork
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?Drug-- -Pilocarpine 1,2,4%.?Less useful drug ? Numerous side effects & three to
four times a day dosing
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Stepped Medical Approach to Treatment of Open
Angle Glaucoma
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Start monotherapy with Latanoprost ortopical blocker
If target I.O.P. not at ained, either change over to
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alternative drug or use both the above concurrently
Brimonidine/dorzolamide ? Use only when there
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are contraindications to PG analogs/ blockersor to supplement their action
Oral acetazolamide/Topical miotics ? Last
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resort
Angle closure Glaucoma
1. Hypertonic Mannitol ( 20%)
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IV infusion 1.5 -2 g/kg2. Acetazolamide - 0.5 g oral
3. Miotic - Pilocarpine (1-4%)
4. Timolol 0.5 % - instil ed 12 hourly.
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Definitive treatment ? Surgical/Laser iridotomy
Anti-
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inflammatory
Corticosteroid
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NSAIDstimulus
Steroids
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Phospholipase A2NSAIDS
Lipoxygenases
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Leukotrienes
Corticosteroids
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CLASSIFICATIONShort acting
Hydrocortisone, Cortisone, Prednisolone
Intermediate acting
Triamcinolone, Fluprednisolone
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Long actingDexamethasone ,Betamethasone
Therapeutic Uses of Topical steroids
1. Significant ocular allergy
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2. Anterior uveitis3. Postoperative inflammation following refractive,
corneal & intraocular surgery
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4. To reduce potential scarring of surgical site (AfterGlaucoma filtering surgery )
NEVER GIVE STEROIDS IF YOU ARE SUSPECTING ACTIVE INFECTION
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Steroids in ocular conditions......
? Systemic steroids & by sub-Tenon's capsule
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injection ? Posterior Uveitis?Intravitreal injection ?
- Age-related Macular degeneration (ARMD)
- Diabetic Retinopathy
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- Cystoid Macular Edema (CME)?Parenteral steroids followed by tapering oral doses
? Optic Neuritis
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ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
SCLERITIS
ANTERIOR UVEITIS
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OPTIC NEURITIS
Toxicity of Steroids
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1. Posterior subcapsular cataracts
2. Secondary infections
3. Secondary open-angle glaucoma
4. Delayed wound healing
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" Soft steroids (e.g., Loteprednol )
reduce the risk of elevated IOP "
SYSTEMIC side effects of steroids
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Peptic ulcerHypertension
Increased blood sugar
Osteoporosis
Mental changes
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Activation of tuberculosis and other infectionsTopical NSAIDs & their Ocular Uses
Sr. No. Topical NSAID
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Ocular Use1
Flurbiprofen
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To counter unwanted intraoperative miosis during cataract
surgery
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2Ketorolac
-Seasonal al ergic conjunctivitis
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-Cystoid Macular Edema (CME ) occuring after cataract
surgery
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3Diclofenac
-Postoperative inflammation
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-Cystoid Macular Edema (CME ) occuring after cataract
surgery
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4Bromfenac
Postoperative pain & inflammation after cataract surgery
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5
Nepafenac
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Postoperative pain & inflammation after cataract surgeryTear Substitutes
?Hypotonic or isotonic solutions ?
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Eg: CarboxymethylcellulosePolyvinyl alcohol
Polyethylene and propylene glycol
? Indications
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Ocular irritation in various diseasesDry eye disease
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Therapeutic Uses of Tear Substitutes?Ocular diseases ? Al ergic conjunctivitis
- Blepharitis
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- Corneal dystrophies
- Chemical Burns
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?Systemic diseases ? Sjogren's syndrome- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Vitamin A deficiency
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- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Immunosuppressive & Antimitotic Agents
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Agents commonly used ?1. 5-fluorouracil
2. Mitomycin C
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Used
? In Glaucoma surgery, to
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improve success of filtrationsurgery by limiting
postoperative wound-healing
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process.
? In corneal surgery, to reduce
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risk of scar ing after excision ofpterygium
Immunomodulatory Agent
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Topical Cyclosporine? Approved for the treatment of chronic dry
eye associated with inflammation
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-Decreases inflammatory markers in lacrimal
gland & increases tear production
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Ocular diagnostic drugs? Fluorescein dye
? Available as drops or strips
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? Uses:
? To stain corneal abrasions
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applanation tonometrydetecting wound leak
fluorescein angiography
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? Caution:
? Stains soft contact lens
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? Fluorescein drops can becontaminated by Pseudomonas sp.
Ocular diagnostic drugs
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? Rose bengal stain? Stains devitalized epithelium
? Uses: severe dry eye, herpetic keratitis
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Anaesthetics In Ophthalmic Procedures? Proparacaine & tetracaine drops ?
Uses ? Tonometry
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Gonioscopy
Removal of foreign bodies, sutures
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on conjunctiva and cornea? Adverse effects: toxic to corneal epithelium
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allergic reaction (rarely)Drugs & Biological Agents
Used in Ophthalmic Surgery
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Sr. Drugs & BiologicalUse in Ophthalmic Surgery
No. Agents
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1Povidone iodine (5% solution)
To prepare periocular skin & to ir igate cornea,
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conjunctiva & palpebral fornices
2
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Viscoelastic substancesMaintain spaces & protects surfaces during
(chondroitin sulphate,
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anterior segment surgery
hydroxypropylmethylcel ulose)
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3Ophthalmic Glue-
a) Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive Corneal ulcerations & Perforations
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b) Fibrinogen Glue
To secure conjunctiva & corneal grafts.
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4Anterior Segment Gases
Reat achment of Descemet's membrane to stroma
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a) Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
of Cornea
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b) Perfluoropropane5
Vitreous Substitutes
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Reat achment of retina fol owing Vitrectomy.
Botulinum Toxin Type A
FDA approved - Strabismus & Blepharospasm
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associated with dystonia, facial wrinkles (glabellar
lines), axillary hyperhydrosis & spasmodic Torticolis
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MOA ? Prevention of acetyl choline release atneuromascular junction ? temporary paralysis of
locally injected muscle
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Ophthalmic Effects of Selected
Vitamin Deficiencies & Zinc Deficiency
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Deficiency Effects in AnteriorEffects in Posterior Segment
Segment
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Vitamin A
Conjunctiva(Bitot's spot,
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Retina(Nyctalopia)xerosis)
Retinal pigment epithelium
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Cornea (Keratomalacia ,
(hypopigmentation)
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Punctate keratopathy)Vitamin B1 - -
Optic nerve (Visual field
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defects)
Vitamin B6 Cornea(Neovascularization) Retina (Atrophy)
Vitamin B12 - - -
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Optic nerve (Visual field
defects)
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Vitamin CLens (? Cataract formation) - - - -
Ophthalmic Ef ects of Selected Vitamin
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Deficiencies & Zinc DeficiencyDeficiency
Ef ects in Anterior
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Ef ects in Posterior Segment
Segment
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Vitamin E- - - -
Retina & retinal pigment
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epithelium (? Macular
degeneration)
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Folic acid- - - -
Vein occlusion
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Vitamin K
Conjunctiva
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Retina (Hemor hage)(Hemor hage)
Zinc
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- - -
Retina & retinal pigment
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epithelium (? Maculardegeneration)
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OcularToxicology
Toxicology
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?Al opthalmic medications ? Potentially absorbed intosystemic circulation ? Undesirable systemic side effects
?Eg. Timolol (single eye drop) - Death
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? Local toxic effects ? Hypersensitivity reactions- Preservatives in eye drops & contact lens solutions ?
1. Benzalkonium chloride ? Punctate Keratopathy
2. Thimerosal ? Hypersensitivity reactions
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Complications of topical administration? Mechanical injury from the
bottle e.g. corneal abrasion
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? Pigmentation: epinephrine-
adrenochrome
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? Ocular damage: e.g.topical anesthetics,
benzylkonium
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? Hypersensitivity: e.g.
atropine, neomycin,
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gentamicin? Systemic effect: topical
phenylephrine can
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increase BP
Amiodarone
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? A drug for treatment of cardiac arrhythmia
? Causes optic neuropathy (mild decreased vision, visual field
defects, bilateral optic disc swelling)
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? Also causes corneal vortex keratopathy (corneal verticillata)
which is whorl-shaped pigmented deposits in the corneal
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epitheliumDigitalis
? A drug for treating cardiac failure
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? Causes chromatopsia (objects appear yellow) withoverdose
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Chloroquines? E.g. chloroquine,
hydroxychloroquine
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? Used in malaria,
rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
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? Cause vortex keratopathy(corneal verticillata) which
is usually asymptomatic
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but can present with glare
and photophobia
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? Also cause retinopathy(bull's eye maculopathy)
Chorpromazine
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? An antipsychotic drug
? Causes corneal punctate epithelial opacities, lens
surface opacities
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? Rarely symptomatic
? Reversible with drug discontinuation
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Thioridazine? A psychiatric drug
? Causes a pigmentary retinopathy after high dosage
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Diphenylhydantoin? An epilepsy drug
? Causes dosage-related cerebellar-vestibular effects:
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? Horizontal nystagmus in lateral gaze? Diplopia, ophthalmoplegia
? Vertigo, ataxia
? Reversible with discontinuation of the drug
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Topiramate
? A drug for epilepsy
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? Causes acute angle-closure glaucoma (acute eyepain, redness, blurred vision, haloes).
? Treatment is by cycloplegia and topical steroids
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(rather than iridectomy) with the discontinuation of
the drug
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)? Cholesterol lowering agents
? E.g. pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin,
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atorvastatin, rosuvastatin? Can cause cataract in high dosages specially if
used with erythromycin
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Ethambutol
? An anti-tubercular drug
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? Causes a dose-related optic neuropathy? Usually reversible but occasionally permanent
visual damage might occur
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Systemic Agents with Ocular Side Ef ectsSr. Name of Drug
Ocular Side Effect
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No.
1. Topiramate
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Angle Closure Glaucoma2.
Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine
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Chloroquine amblyopia ( Bul 's Eye
Maculopathy )
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3.Tamoxifen
Crystal ine Maculopathy
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4.
Vigabatrin
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Progressive & Permanent bilateral concentricvisual field constriction
5.
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Sildenafil/Vardenafil/tadalafil
Nonarteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
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(NAION )6.
Ethambutol, Chloramphenicol ,
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Toxic Optic Neuropathy (Progressive bilateral
Rifampin
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central scotomas & vision loss )7.
Ocular Steroids
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Elevated IOP & Glaucoma
8.
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SteroidsCataract
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Systemic Agents with Ocular Side Ef ects.......Sr. Name of Drug
Ocular Side Effect
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No.
9.
Rifabutin + Clarithromycin /
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Iridocyclitis & Hypopyon
Fluconazole
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10.Isotretinoin
Dry eye & meibomian gland dysfunction
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11.
Amiodarone
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Drug deposits in cornea ( Corneaverticil ata )
12.
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Chlorpromazine & Thioridazine
Brown pigmentary deposits in the
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cornea13.
Gold
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Chrysiasis ( gold deposits in cornea &
conjunctiva )
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14.Tetracyclines
Yel ow discoloration of light-exposed
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conjunctiva
Visual field constriction
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CataractThank you