Paediatric Retinal Diseases
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Symptoms of Retinal Diseases? Diminution of vision without pain
? Night blindness
? Photopsia- sparks or lightening flashes
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? Metamorphopsia- distorted imagesmicropsia & macropsia
? Peripheral constriction of visual field
? Patient unaware of symptoms
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Symptoms of Retinal Diseases in Paediatric
cases
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? Diminution of vision without pain? Night blindness
? Photopsia- sparks or lightening flashes
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? Metamorphopsia- distorted images
? micropsia & macropsia
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? Peripheral constriction of visual field? Patient unaware of symptoms
? Jerky movements of eyes[Nystagmus]
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Normal Fundus
What do we examine in fundus?
? Fundal glow/ ocular media
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? Optic disc? Retinal blood vessels
? General (Background) fundus
? Macula & foveal reflex
? Peripheral fundus
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Examination of Fundus
(Ophthalmocopy)
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? Distant direct ophthalmoscopy? Direct ophthalmoscopy
? Indirect ophthalmoscopy
? Slit lamp assisted Fundus examination-
i] Hruby lens
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ii] +90 D / +78 d lensiii] 3-mirror contact lens
Types of Retinal diseases in Paediatric age
group
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? Retinopathy of Prematurity
? Retinitis Pigmentosa
? Phakomatosis
? Coat's disease
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? Hereditary Dystrophies of central retina andchoroid
? Myelinated nerve fibres
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Retinopathy of Prematurity(ROP)
? B/L abnormality
? Retinal neovascularization
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? Premature infants? <1500 gm
? <32 week gestational age
? Given high conc of Oxygen during first
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10 days of lifeROP -Signs
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Dilatation of retinal vessels+
hazy white patches in peripheral retina (temporal)
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Fibrous tissue
Proliferation & rol ing over (Pseudo glioma)
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Retinal detachment (Lost vision)ROP Staging
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? Stage 1= a faint demarcation line
? Stage 2= an elevated ridge
? Stage 3= extraretinal fibrovascular tissue
? Stage 4= sub-total retinal detachment
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? Stage 5= total retinal detachmentROP
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ROP- Treatment? 80% infants spontaneous regression
? Treatment required if disease progresses
i] Photocoagulation/ Cryotherapy of avascular,
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immature retina
ii] Scleral buckling for RD
? Prophylaxis is most important
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ROP Prophylaxis? Monitor umblical arterial Pa Oxygen level
(50-100 is normal)
? Examine temporal periphery of retina before
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the newborn/infant is discharged from
hospital (look for threshold disease)
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? All premature infants <32 week or <1500 gmshould be screened
? If ROP develops, follow-up exam
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
? Hereditary disease
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? Inheritance-Autosomal recessive? Consanguinity of parents
? Progressive night blindness
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? Constriction of visual field
? B/L
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? Symmetrical , diffuse pigmentary retinaldystrophy which affects Rods
? Mostly symptoms appear in young age
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
Signs-
?Bony specule
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pigmentation
?Arteriolar
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attenuation?Waxy pallor of disc
Retinitis Pigmentosa
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Investigations-
? Electro-retinography- amplitude
? Electro-oculography- absence of light
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peak? Visual fields- ring scotoma
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Retinitis Pigmentosa-VariantsAtypical RP
i. Retinitis
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pigmentosa sine
pigmento
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i . Retinitis puntataalbescens
i i. Sector retinitis
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pigmentosa
RP associated with systemic diseases-
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I. Laurence-moon-biedl syndrome(Bardet Biedle)I . Bassen-kornzweig syndrome (Abeta
lipoproteinemia)
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I I. Refsum's syndrome
IV. Usher's syndrome
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V. Cockayne's syndromeVI. Kearns-Sayre syndrome
VI . Friedreich's ataxia
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VI I.NARP syndrome
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
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? Failure of structures within primary vitreous to
regress
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? Unilateral white pupilary reflex in full terminfant
? May be Anterior/ Posterior
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? May be associated with cataract, Glaucoma,Micro ophthalmos, persistent hyaloid artery
? Bilateral cases may be associated with Patau's
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syndrome or Norries disease.
Coat's Disease
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? Chronic, progressive,vascular abnormality
? Telangiectic retinal vessels
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leak fluid
? Exudative bullous RD
? Boys 18months -18 years
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? Unilateral? White pupillary reflex
? Tt: early photocoagulation
/cryotherapy
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Stargardt disease
? Recessive, progresstive tapetoretinal
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dystrophy of central retina? Age 8-14 years
? Beaten bronze atrophy of fovea
? Extensive chorioretinal atrophy
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? Poor visionHereditary Dystrophies of central retina and
choroid
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Stargardtdisease/ fundus
flavimaculatus
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? Most common maculardystrophy
? Gradual impairment of
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central vision
Phakomatosis
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(Systemic associations present)
? Angiomatosis of retina with
cerebellar
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haemangioblastoma (Von
Hippel Lindau disease)
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? Tuberous sclerosis(Bourneville disease)
? Neurofibromatosis (Von
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Recling hausen disease)
Phakomatosis
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? Sturge-weber's syndrome- port wine stain alongdistribution of trigeminal nerve of affected side
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White pupillary reflex (Leukocoria)? Retinoblastoma- dealt in separate lecture
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White pupillary reflex (Leukocoria)i. Retinoblastoma
ii. ROP
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iii. Coats disease
iv. Congenital cataract
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v. Toxocara infestationvi. Persistant hyperplastic vitreous
vii. Retrolental hyperplasia
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viii.Retrolental inflammatory membrane due to
Uvitis
MCQs
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1] While working in a neonatal ICU your team
delivers a premature infant at 27 weeks of
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gestation and weighing 1500 gm. How soon willyou request fundus examination by an
ophthalmologist?
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(a) Immediately(b) Three to four weeks after delivery
(c) At 34 weeks' gestational age
(d) At 40 weeks' gestational age
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MCQs? With which of the following is PHPV
associated?
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(a) Patau's Syndrome
(b)Down syndrome
(c) Tuberous sclerosis
(d) Sturge Weber syndrome
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MCQsAmaurotic cat's eye reflex is seen in:
a.Papilloedema
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b. Retinoblastomac. Papillitis
d. Retinitis