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Download MBBS Orthopaedics PPT 10 Legg?Calve?Perthes Disease Lecture Notes

Download MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) Orthopaedics PPT 10 Legg?Calve?Perthes Disease Lecture Notes

This post was last modified on 07 April 2022


Legg?Calv?Perthes disease

Learning objectives

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It is a self limiting disorder of the hip

produced by ischemia and varying

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degrees of necrosis of the femoral head.

It is a self limiting disorder of the hip produced by ischemia and varying degrees of necrosis of the

femoral head.

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Epidemiology
? Incidence : 1:1000
? Usual age : 4-8 years
? Boys:girls ? 5:1

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? Higher incidence in Caucasian, Chinese,

Japanese, Inuits, Northern Europe
Aetiology-

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Coagulation disorders.

Arterial status of femoral head.

Abnormal venous drainage.

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Abnormal growth and development.

Trauma.

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Hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder.

Genetic component.

Environmental influences.

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As a sequel to synovitis.

Pathogenesis
? Ischemia of femoral head

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Up to 4 months

1. Metaphyseal vessels

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2. Lateral epiphyseal

3. Scanty vessels in ligamentum

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teres

4-7 years

1. Lateral epiphyseal vessels

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2. Metaphyseal supply DISSAPEAR

Susceptible to ischemia,

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as it depend entirely on

lateral epiphyseal vessel.

7 years

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1. Vessels in ligamentum teres have

developed

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Pathology-Stage 1-Ischaemia

Pathological process 3-4
years1 ? ischemia and bone

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death

? Al /part of bony nucleus

of femoral head is dead

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? Cartilaginous part ?

remains viable and

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thicker

? Thickening and edema of

synovium and capsule

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Stage 2 ? revascularization and repair

Stage 3 ? Distortion and remodeling

? Repair process

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- Rapid and complete :

shape is restored

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- Tardy : bony collapse

and growth distortion
Clinical feature

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Symptoms

? Typically male ? 4-8 years

? Painless limping ? continues for weeks or

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recur intermittently

? Pain in groin, thigh and knee ? activity related,

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relieved by rest

Signs

? Hip pain with passive range of movement

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? Reduced range of movement (abduction &

internal rotation)

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? Hip flexion contracture

? Leg length discrepancy

? Mild muscle wasting ? thigh, calf, buttock

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? Tredenlenburg test ; positive
Investigation
? X-ray of both hips (AP & Frog lateral view)

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? Bone scan

? CT scan ? follow up

? Arthrography : to see congruity, head deformity

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and determine method of treatment

? Blood inflammatory marker

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- FBC

- ESR

- CRP

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X-ray
? Widening of joint space
? Sclerosis
? Necrotic phase : increase density of ossific nucleus

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? Fragmentation : alternating patches of density and

lucency

? Lateral uncovering of femoral head

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? Acetabular remodelling
Waldenstr?m classification based on

radiographic changes
Stage 1 ( increased density)

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- ossific nucleus smaller and denser

- subchondral fracture

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- radiolucencies in the metaphysis

Caffey's sign

Subchondral fracture

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in the anterolateral

aspect of the femoral

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capital epiphysis

Produces crescentic

radiolucency

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Waldenstr?m classification based on

radiographic changes

Stage 2 (fragmentation

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and revascularization)

- lucency in epiphysis

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- pil ars are

demarcated

- metaphyseal changes

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resolve

-acetabular contour

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change


Stage 3 (healing or reossification stage)

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- new bone formation
- homogenous epiphysis

Stage 4 (remodel ing)

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- femoral head is reossified and remodels
- acetabular remodel ing
Classification

According to radiologic stage of

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disease ?

Waldenstr?m classification

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According to prognostic outcome ?

? Herring lateral pil ar

According to defining outcome ?

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Stulberg classification

The Herring lateral pil ar classification?

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lateral pil ar not

>50% of height of

<50% of height of

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affected

lateral pil ar preserved lateral pil ar preserved

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Herring stage A

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Good prognosis

Herring stage B


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Herring stage C

Prognostic features
? Child under 6 years ? excel ent
? Age on higher side

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? Progressive loss of hip motion more so abduction
? Obese child
? Progressive uncovering of the epiphysis


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Differential diagnosis
? Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
? Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
? Mucopolysaccharidoses
? Hypothyroidism

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? Other Causes of Avascular Necrosis

? Sickle cell disease
? Steroid medication
? Sequela of traumatic hip dislocation

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? Treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip

? Septic arthritis

D/D-Hypothyroidism

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D/D-Multiple Epiphyseal dysplasia

Management-Principles

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1. Prevent deformity to femoral head before

remodel ing phase

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2. Restore and maintain ROM
3. Concept of containment
4. Relief of symptoms
Guidelines to treatment
? Decision are based on :

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? Stage of disease
? Prognostic x-ray classification
? Age and clinical feature particularly range of

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abduction and extension

Guidelines by Herring (1994)

? Child <6 years(age at onset)

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? Symptomatic treatment-Rest/Analgesics

? Operative intervention-no added benefit
Age at onset 6-8 years

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Group B

Group A

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Uncontained/Restricted

Symptomatic

abduction

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Contained

Medial capsular

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release

Surgical

Symptomatic

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Petrie casting for 6

containment

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weeks

Age at onset 8-11 years

? Surgical treatment gives better outcome

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? In very early stage when fragmentation yet to

appear,do perfusion MRI

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? If severe ischaemic changes-Surgical

containment

? Group B,B/C-Surgical containment

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Symptomatic
? Pain control
? Hospitalization for bed rest and short period

traction

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? Gentle exercise to maintain movement

Containment

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Harrison and Menon stated ;

`if the head is contained within the acetabular

cup, then like jelly poured into a mold the head

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should be the same as the cup when it is

al owed to come out after reconsitution `

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Containment ? non operative

Containment ? surgical

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? Done before irreversible deformation of femoral

head occurs (early in fragmentation stage )

Varus 20

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Femoral VDRO osteotomies

Surgical

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Derotation 20-30

containment

Pelvic

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Salters

osteotomies

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osteotomies
Femoral varus derotational osteotomy

Pelvic osteotomy

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Summary