Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology
The most common primary intraocular malignancy of
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childhood
3% of all childhood cancers
The second most common malignant intraocular tumour
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1 in 18,000 live births25-30% cases are bilateral but asymmetric
Survival rates are over 95% in specialized centers but are
much lower in the developing world.
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Genetics & HistopathologyRB1 is the tumour suppressor gene in which
mutations/deletion predisposes to retinoblastoma.
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Tumours are composed of small basophilic cells (retinoblasts)with large hyperchromatic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm.
Characterized by the formation of structures known as
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rosettes
Flexner?Wintersteiner,
Homer?Wright and fleurettes
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Growth may be endophytic (into the vitreous) with seeding
of tumour cells throughout the eye, or
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Exophytic (into the subretinal space) leading to retinaldetachment, or mixed, or the retina may be diffusely
infiltrated.
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Optic nerve invasion may occur, with spread of tumour along
the subarachnoid space to the brain.
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Metastatic spread is to regional nodes, lung, brain and bone.
Flexner?Wintersteiner Rosettes
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Endophytic growth
Optic nerve infiltration
Types of retinoblastoma
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1. Heritable (hereditary, germline) retinoblastoma accounts for
40%.
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One of the pair of alleles of RB1 is mutated in all the cells in the body.When a further mutagenic event (`second hit' according to the `two-hit'
hypothesis proposed by Knudson) affects the second allele, the cell may
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then undergo malignant transformation.Because of the presence of the mutation in all cells, a large
majority of these children develop bilateral and multifocal
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tumours.
Pinealoblastoma (`trilateral retinoblastoma', which occurs in
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up to 10%, usually before the age of 5),Osteosarcomas,
Soft tissue sarcomas and melanomas
The risk of a second malignancy is about 6%
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Increases five-fold if external beamirradiation has been used to treat the original tumour,
The second tumour tends to arise within the irradiated field.
2. Non-heritable (non-hereditary, somatic) retinoblastoma.
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60% CasesThe tumour is unilateral,
Non transmissible and
Does not predispose the patient to second non-ocular cancers.
If a patient has a solitary retinoblastoma and no positive
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family history, Its very likely that
Non-heritable
The risk in each sibling and the patient's offspring is about
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1%.
Screening of at-risk family members.
Siblings at risk of retinoblastoma should be screened by
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Prenatal ultrasonography,Ophthalmoscopy soon after birth and
Then regularly until the age of 4 or 5 years.
Early diagnosis correlates with a higher chance of preserving
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vision, salvaging the eye and preserving life.If a child has heritable retinoblastoma, the risk to siblings is
2% if the parents are healthy, and 40% if a parent is affected.
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Parents should also be screened
Clinical features
Bilateral cases present with in 1 yr of age
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Unilateral cases present up to 2 yrs of ageLeukocoria (white pupillary reflex) is the commonest
presentation (60%) and may first be noticed in family
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photographs.Leukocoria
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Strabismus is the second most common (20%); fundusexamination is therefore mandatory in all cases of childhood
squint.
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Painful red eye with secondary glaucoma
Painful red eye with uveitis
Poor vision.
Inflammation or pseudoinflammation
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NystagmusUveitis
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Iris nodules with pseudohypopyonClinical features
Routine examination of a patient known to be at risk.
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Orbital inflammation mimicking orbital or preseptal
cellulitis may occur with necrotic tumours
Orbital invasion or visible extraocular growth
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Metastatic disease involving regional lymph nodes
and brain before the detection of ocular involvement is
rare.
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Orbital cel ulitisOrbital invasion
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SignsAn intraretinal tumour
is a homogeneous,
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dome-shaped whitelesion that becomes
irregular, often with
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white flecks of
calcification.
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Signs
An endophytic tumour
projects into the
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vitreous as a white mass
that may `seed' into the
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gel.Signs
An exophytic tumour
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forms multilobularsubretinal white
masses and causes
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overlying retinal
detachment
Clinical Stages
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I. Quiescent stage.II. Glaucomatous stage.
III. Stage of extraocular extension.
IV. Stage of distant metastasis.
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Clinical StagesI. Quiescent stage.
Lasts for about 6 months to1year.
Leukocoria
Nystagmus
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StrabismusDiminution of vision
Retinal detachment
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Clinical StagesII. Glaucomatous stage.
Pain, redness, watering.
Eyeball is enlarged leading to
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proptosis.Conjunctival congesion.
Corneal haze.
Increased intraocular pressure.
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Rarely acute iridocyclitis.Clinical Stages
III. Stage of extraocular
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extension.Fungation and involvement
of extraocular tissues
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resulting in marked
proptosis
Clinical Stages
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IV. Stage of distant metastasis.1. Lymphatic spread to preauricular and neighbouring lymph
nodes.
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2. Direct extension by continuity to the optic nerve and brainis common.
3. Metastasis by blood stream involves cranial and other
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bones.
Investigations
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Red reflex testing with a distant direct ophthalmoscopeExamination under anaesthesia
General examination
Tonometry.
Measurement of the corneal diameter
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Anterior chamber examinationOphthalmoscopy,
Cycloplegic refraction.
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InvestigationsUltrasonography
Aqueous LDH levels
Wide field photography
CT scan
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MRI for optic nerve evaluationBone scans and bone marrow aspiration
Genetic study
USG
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B Scan displays acaulifiower like mass
arising from the retina.
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A scan through the mass
shows a characteristic V-Y
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pattern.CT SCAN
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Differential diagnosisPersistent anterior fetal vasculature (persistent
hyperplastic primary vitreous)
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Coats diseaseRetinopathy of prematurity
Toxocariasis
Uveitis
Vitreoretinal dysplasia
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EndophthalmitisTreatment
1. Tumour destructive therapy.
When tumour is involving less than half of retina and optic
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nerve is not involvedChemoreduction followed by local therapy
(Cryotherapy, thermochemotherapy or brachytherapy) for
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large tumours (>12mm in diameter)Tumour <12 mm in diameter and <8mm in thickness
Radiotherapy (external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy)
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combined with chemotherapy is recommended for medium
size.
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Cryotherapy is indicated for a small tumour (<4.5 mmindiameter and <2.5 mm in thickness) located anterior to
equator.
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Laser photocoagulation is used for a small tumour locatedposterior to equator <3 mm from fovea.
Thermotherapy with diode laser is used for a small tumour
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located posterior to equator away from macula
2. Enucleation
Tumour involves more than half of the retina.
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Optic nerve is involved.Glaucoma is present and anterior chamber is involved.
Followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy if optic nerve is
involved.
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Intravenous carboplatin, etoposide and vincristine (CEV) are
given in three to six cycles according to the grade of
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retinoblastoma.Careful review at frequent intervals is generally required
following treatment, in order to detect recurrence or the
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development of a new tumour, particularly in heritabledisease.
Palliative therapy
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Retinoblastoma with orbital extension,Retinoblastoma with intracranial extension, and
Retinoblastoma with distant metastasis.
Chemotherapy,
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Surgical debulking of the orbit or orbital exentration, andExternal beam radiotherapy
Prognosis
If untreated the prognosis is almost always bad and the
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patient invariably dies.Rarely, spontaneous regression with resultant cure and
shrinkage of the eyeball may occur due to necrosis followed
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by calcificationPrognosis is fair (survival rate 70-85%) if the eyeball is
enucleated before the occurrence of extraocular extension.
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MCQs
1. Gene Rb1 responsible for retinoblastoma is located at:
A. 13q14
B. 14q13
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C. 13p14D. 14p13
MCQs
2. Pathognomic feature of retinoblastoma is:
A. Necrosis
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B. CalcificationC. Granulomatous reaction
D. None
MCQs
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3. Characteristic histopathological feature of retinoblastoma is:A. Flexner?Wintersteiner rosettes,
B. Granulomatous reaction
C. Homer?Wright and fleurettes
D. None
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4. On A scan characteristic pattern of Retinoblastoma is:A. Collar stud appearance
B. V-Y Pattern
C. Cauliflower pattern
D. All
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5. The most common clinical presentation of retinoblastoma is:
A. Nystagmus
B. Leukocoria
C. Strabismus
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D. Secondary glaucoma6. Which not a clinical presentation of Retinoblastoma
A. Nystagmus
B. Leukocoria
C. Strabismus
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D. Growth retardation7. Which not a differential diagnosis for Retinoblastoma
A. Coat's disease
B. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
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C. EndophthalmitisD. Central retinal vein occlusion
8. Leucocoria is seen in:
A. Cataract
B. Coat's disease
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C. Retinopathy of prematurityD. All
9. If retinoblastoma involves more than half of the retina, the
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treatment of choice is:A. Chemotherapy
B. External beam radiotherapy
C. Enuclaetion
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D. Cryotherapy10. The most preferred combination of chemotherapy for
retinoblastoma is:
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A. Methotrexate, etoposide & vinblastinB. Methotrexate, etoposide & vincristin
C. Carboplatin, etoposide & vinblastin
D. Carboplatin, etoposide & vincritin
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