Idiopathic (Autoimmune) Thrombocytopenic Purpura(ITP)
Acute ITP
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Self limited disorder following viral infection (HIV, CMV, HEPATTIS C,
RTI)
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1 - 4 wk after exposure to a common viral infection
The peak age is 1-4 yr
The classic presentation of ITP is a previously healthy 1-4 yr old child
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who has sudden onset of generalized petechiae and purpuraRecover within few weeks to 6 months
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Chronic ITP? More common in adult woman in child Bearing age (20-40yrs)
? Insidious onset
? Associated with SLE, AIDS, Auto immune thyroiditis
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Pathogenesis of chronic ITP
Formation of Ig G humoral auto antibodies against gp IIb ? IIIa /
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Ib ? IX in spleenIn 80% cases these Ab demonstrated in plasma / on platelet
surface
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Opsonized platelet are recognized by the Fc receptor on splenic
macrophages, ingested, and destroyed
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ITP (Pathophysiology)(cont.)
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SYMPTOMS
? Petechiae
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? Bruises or purpura? Bleeding of mucous membranes: epistaxis, gingival bleeding
? Acute gastrointestinal bleeding
? Menorrhagia
? Hematuria
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? Acute CNS hemorrhage: the rarest but MOST FEAREDconsequence of low platelets
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Lab diagnosisPlatelet count reduced(10,000-50,000)
Peripheral smear-Reduced platelet with giant platelet
Bone marrow ? increased megakaryocytes
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Large non lobulated single nuclei (immature forms) with
reduced granularity presence of vacuole
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Treatment(Cont.)
1.
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IVIG
2.
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High-dose corticosteroids3.
splenectomy
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4.
Platelet transfusion
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32Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
Purpura
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Definition? Syndrome of Coomb's negative microangiopathic hemolysis
and thrombocytopenia in the absence of an alternative
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explanation for these manifestations.
? Presence of Fever, Neurological and renal abnormalities :
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classic Pentad.Pathogenesis
? Endothelial damage from immunological damage by diverse
condition like pregnancy metastatic cancer chemotherapy hiv
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? Release of procoagulant like vwf from endothelium
? Formation of micro thrombi
Diagnosis
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? Primary diagnostic criteria
? Thrombocytopenia ( often below <20,000)
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? Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia? Negative Coomb's test.
? Fragmented red cells (schistocytes) on peripheral smear
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? LDH elevation is the hal mark of RBC destruction and
tissue injury related to ischemia.
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? examination of biopsy (gingival) demonstrate microthrombiin arterioles, capil ary and venules not associated with
inflammatory changes in vessel wal
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? Bone marrow shows mild myeloid and megakaryocytic
hyperplasia
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ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a
thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13)--also known as von
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Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (VWFCP)--is a zinc-containingmetalloprotease enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand factor (vWf), a
large protein involved in blood clotting.
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The unprocessed form of von Willebrand factor interacts easilywith cel fragments called platelets, which circulate in the bloodstream
and are essential for blood clotting
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? Tests for ADAMTS13 deficiency or inhibitors are not readily availableand lack standardization.
Differential Diagnosis
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? Disseminated intravascular coagulation.
? Sepsis: cytomegalovirus, rocky mountain spotted fever,
meningococcemia.
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? Preeclampsia/eclampsia, HELLP.
? Disseminated malignancy.
? Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
? Evans syndrome
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? Malignant hypertension.Treatment
? Plasma exchange:
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? Untreated TTP has 80-90% mortality.? Removes ULvWF multimers, autoantibody and replaces
metalloproteinase.
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? Randomized controlled trial (Rock et al, 1991)
? FFP as the replacement fluid is most widely used and cost effective.
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Treatment? Cryosupernatant plasma (Rock et al 2000)
?Theoretically superior to FFP in refractory disease
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?Removal of cryoprecipitate from donor plasma
results in removal of vWF ( only 18%), with no
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change in metalloproteinase concentration.? Solvent-detergent plasma (Moake et al 1998)
?Lacks high molecular weight forms of VWF
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?Inactivates lipid-enveloped viruses.
?Drawback: parvovirus & hep A not inactivated.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)
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? An acute, subacute or chronic thrombo hemorrhagic disorder
occurring as a secondary complications in a variety of diseases.
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? As a consequence of the thrombotic diathesis, there is consumption ofplatelets, fibrin & Clotting Factors & secondary activation of
fibrinolytic mechanism.
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Causes of DIC
Major disorders associated with DIC
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1. Obstetric complications
Abruptio Placentae
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Retained dead fetusSeptic abortions
Amniotic fluid embolism
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Toxemia
2. Infections
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Gm ?ve sepsisMeningococcemia
Rocky mountain spotted fever
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Histoplasmasis
Aspergillosis
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Malaria3. Neoplasms
Carcinoma of pancreas, stomach, prostate & lung
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AML ? M3
4. Massive Tissue injury
Traumatic
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Burns
Extensive injury
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5. Miscel aneousAcute intravascular hemolysis, snake bite, giant
hemangiomas, shock, stroke, liver disease.
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PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY
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Two major mechanism triggers DIC1) Release of TF/ thromboplastin substances
into circulation
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TF ? Released from placenta, Granules of leukemiccells (AML)
Mucus released from adenocarcinomas(Directly
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activate Factor X)
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2) Endothelial InjuryRelease of TF, Pl- aggregation, increased intrinsic
pathway activity.
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widespread endothelial injury may be produced by
deposition of Ag ? Ab complexes (SLE),
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Temperature extremes (burns, heat stroke) ormicro-organisms (meningococci, rickettsiae)
Clinical course
Acute DIC associated with Bleeding diathesis initial y
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obstetric complications
Trauma
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endotoxic shockAmniotic fluids embolism
Chronic DIC associated with thrombotic disorders
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(cancer)
Retained dead fetus
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CarcinomatosisMassive tissue
Sepsis
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Endothelial
destruction
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InjuryRelease of TF
Widespread microvascular
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thrombosis
Activation
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of plasminVascular
MHA
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occlusion
Consumption
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of CF & PltIschemic tissue
damage
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Fibrinolysis Proteolysis
of CF
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FDP(-) of Thrombin Plt aggre
Bleeding
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& fibrin polymerization
Thrombi are most often found in the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys,
adrenals, spleen, and liver, in decreasing order of frequency, but any
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tissue can be affected.
Affected kidneys may have small thrombi in the glomeruli that evoke
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only reactive swelling of endothelial cells or, in severe cases,microinfarcts or even bilateral renal cortical necrosis.
Numerous fibrin thrombi may be found in alveolar capillaries associated
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with pulmonary edema and fibrin exudation, creating "hyaline
membranes" reminiscent of acute respiratory distress syndrome
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In the central nervous system, fibrin thrombi can cause microinfarcts,occasionally complicated by simultaneous hemorrhage, which can
sometimes lead to variable neurologic signs and symptoms.
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In meningococcemia, fibrin thrombi within the microcirculation of the
adrenal cortex are the probable basis for the massive adrenal
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hemorrhages seen in Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.An unusual form of DIC occurs in association with giant hemangiomas
(Kasabach-Merritt syndrome), in which thrombi form within the
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neoplasm because of stasis and recurrent trauma to fragile blood
vessels
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LAB FINDINGS IN DIC
TEST
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RESULTSPLATELET COUNT
MARKEDLY REDUCED
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PROTHROMBIN TIME
MARKEDLY INCREASED
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APTTMARKEDLY INCREASED
FDP
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MARKEDLY INCREASED
FIBRINOGEN
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NORMAL / DECREASEDAT II
MARKEDLY DECREASED
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PROTEIN C
MARKEDLY DECREASED
?RX Fresh frozen plasma
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Heparin