? Endocrine Functions
? Renal blood flow normally drains pproximately
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20% of the cardiac output, or 1000 mL/min.? Blood reaches each nephron through the
afferent arteriole leading into a glomerular
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capillary where large amounts of fluid and
solutes are filtered to form the tubular fluid.
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? The distal ends of the glomerular capil aries coalesce to
form an efferent arteriole leading to the first segment
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of a second capil ary network (cortical peritubularcapil aries or medul ary vasa recta) surrounding
the tubules.
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? Thus, nephrons have two capil ary beds arranged in a
series separated by the efferent arteriole that
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regulates the hydrostatic pressure in both capil arybeds.
? The distal capil aries empty into smal venous branches
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that coalesce into larger veins to eventual y form the
renal vein.
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? The proximal tubule is responsible for
reabsorbing ~60% of filtered NaCl and water,
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as well as ~90% of filtered bicarbonate andmost critical nutrients such as glucose and
amino acids.
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? The proximal tubule uses both cellular and
paracellular
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transportmechanisms.
? The loop of Henle consists of three major
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segments: descending thin limb, ascending thinlimb, and ascending thick limb.
? These divisions are based on cel ular morphology
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and anatomic location, but also correlate with
specialization of function.
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? Approximately 15?25% of filtered NaCl isreabsorbed in the loop of Henle, mainly by the
thick ascending limb.
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? The loop of Henle has an important role in
urinary concentration by contributing to the
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generation of a hypertonic medullary interstitiumin a process cal ed countercurrent multiplication.
? The loop of Henle is the site of action for the
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most potent class of
diuretic agents (loop diuretics) and also
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contributes to reabsorption of calcium andmagnesium ions
? The distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs ~5% of
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the filtered NaCl.? This segment is composed of a tight
epithelium with little water permeability.
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? The collecting duct modulates the final
composition of urine.
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? The two major divisions, the cortical collectingduct and inner medullary collecting duct,
contribute to reabsorbing ~4-5% of filtered
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Na+ and are important for hormonal
regulation of salt and water balance.
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Arteries/brain/adrenals
Kidneys/adipose tissues
Renal Function Tests
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? Blood Urea
? Serum Creatinine
? Serum Electrolytes
? Serum Calcium
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? Serum PhosphateUrine Examination
? Dip stick
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? Microscopy? 24 hrs Urine
Renal Imaging
? Skiagram
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? USG? CT scan
? MRI