Bacterial and fungal
corneal ulcer/ Suppurative
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keratitisDept. Of Ophthalmology
?Keratitis-Inflammation of cornea
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?Corneal ulcer- Loss of corneal
epithelium with inflammation of
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surrounding tissue and stroma andsuppuration, with or without
hypopyon
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CORNEAL ULCER?One the common cause of blindness
?Included in National Programme for
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Control of Blindness
Classification of Keratitis
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BacterialA] Superficial
Infective
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l
Fungal
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Non-infectiveViral
Central
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Peripheral
Acanthamoebal
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B] Deep KeratitisCausative Organisms
Infections are almost always exogenous
Causative organism
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?(BACTERIAL):S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Uncommon: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, E. Coli
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?FUNGAL : Aspergillus and Fusarium sp.(mostcommon), Candida sp
Predisposing factors
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?Trauma: e.g. Contact lenses, trichiasis, surgery(in fungal typical history of trauma with vegetable
matter, mostly in harvesting season)
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?Topical steroids
?Lagophthalmos : e.g. Facial nerve palsy
Predisposing factors
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?Neurotrophic keratitis resulting from viralinfections and lesions of ophthalmic division of
Trigeminal nerve
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?Dry eye syndrome
?Deficiency states ( Vit. A ) and metabolic diseases (
DM)
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?Poor local hygiene and local infection ( chronic
dacryocystitis)
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Pathophysiology of ulcerProgressive
? Lymphocytes infiltrates in epithelium
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? Necrosis
infiltration
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? Greyish infiltration with circumcornealActive
hyperaemia
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ulceration
? Hypopyon and descemetocele
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? PhagocytosisRegression
? Ulcers begin to heal
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? Epithelium covers the ulcers
Cicatrization
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? Scars and opacities formationStages of corneal ulcer
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Assessment of Corneal ulcer? History, general, and systemic examination
? Visual acuity: may be low
? Eye and Ocular adnexa: Eye lid , lacrimal sac
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? Conjunctiva: circumcorneal congestion, chemosis? Corneal ulcer: size, site ,surface, margin, slough, corneal sensation,
thinning , satellite lesions
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? Anterior chamber: Cells, flare, hypopyon? Pupil
Clinical Features of Corneal ulcer
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SYMPTOMS:
1. Pain/Foreign body
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sensation2. photophobia
3. DV/Blurred vision
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4. Discharge/Watering
5. Redness
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6. White spot on CorneaClinical Features of Corneal ulcer
Signs:
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1. Bleparospasm2. Lid edema
3. Ciliary congestion of
conjunctiva
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4. Ulcer with greyish-
white necrotic slough
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5. Hypopyon+-Symptoms in Mycotic Corneal Ulcer
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are less prominent than an equalsize Bacterial ulcer
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signsSIGNS
BACTERIAL
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FUNGAL
Lids
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Swelling of lidsMight be present
Blepharospasm
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present
present
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Conjunctival chemosisPresent+++
Present++
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and hyperemia
Ciliary congestion
+++
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+++
Ulcer
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Greyish-whiteElevated rolled out
circumscribed infiltrate,
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margins
Yellowish-white oval/
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Satellite lesionirregular area of ulcer.
Dense suppuration
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Stromal edema
Endothelial palque
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HypopyonHypopyon
Hypopyon(infected,imm
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(sterile, whitish, mobile
obile,yellowish),
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commonComplications
Corneal perforation
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Endophthalmitis
,endophthalmitis
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Symptoms are less as compared to signsFUNGAL CORNEAL ULCER
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Differential Diagnosis of ulcer? Acute conjunctivitis
? Acute iridocyclitis
? Acute congestive glaucoma
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? Corneal OpacityComplications of Corneal Ulcer
I.
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Descematocele
II. Perforation and its complications : Anterior synechia , Iris
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prolapse, expulsion of lens and vitreous, Intraocular hemorrhage,i i. Endophthalmitis / panophthalmitis
iv. Secondary glaucoma
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v. Anterior capsular cataract
vi. Staphyloma formation
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VII. Corneal opacityMicrobiological Investigations
? The majority are managed without smears or cultures.
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? Scraping done: from ulcer margins and base of ulcer? Examination of Smear stained with Gram stain, Giemsa stain,
KOH mount for fungi.
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? Culture on blood agar, chocolate agar, thioglycollate broth, and
Sabouraud's dextrose agar
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ManagementPrinciples:
? Control of infection
? Symptomatic relief
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? Prevention of complicationsControl of Infection(for bacterial ulcer)
? Topical antibiotics
Fluoroquinolone eye drop:
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? Cipro/ ofloxacin? moxifloxacin(0.5%) drop.
? Gatifloxacin 0.3 % drop.
Alternatives
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? Fortified cephazolin eye drop
? Fortified tobramycin eye drop
? Fortified vancomycin eye drop
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Antimicrobials for Fungal corneal ulcer? Topical antifungal drops:
? - Natamycin 5 % 1 hourly by day and 2 hourly by night for 6 weeks to 6
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months? - Amphotericin B 0.15/ 0.3 % frequent instil ation
? Oral antifungal agents; Ketoconazole 200-600 mg/ day .Fluconazole 200-
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400mg/ day
? Scrapping done to help removal of slough and penetration of the drug
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? Along with antibiotics support to prevent secondary bacterial infectionsTreatment
?Cycloplegics : Atropine 1 % eye drop t.i.d.
?Hot fomentation
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?Systemic analgesics : Anti-inflammatory drugs
such as paracetamol & ibuprofen
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?Removal of local predisposing factor?Vitamins ( A, B-complex & C)
Treatment ( Non Healing Corneal Ulcer)
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?Debridement of ulcer
?Chemical Cuterization
?Cyano acrylate glue
?Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty
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?Treatment of complications: perforation,secondary glaucoma
Outcome of corneal ulcer
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? Healing with out opacity? Healing with opacity
? Staphyloma
? Secondary glaucoma
? Cataract
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? Phthisis bulbiSource
Text-Kanski, Parson's, Samar Basak, Pradeep
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SharmaPhotographs- above , Archives & Website