Heart sounds
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? S1 ? "lubb" caused by the closing of the AV valves? S2 ? "dupp" caused by the closing of semilunar valves
? S3 ?associated with blood flowing into the ventricles
? S4 ?associated with atrial contraction
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Four heart sounds can be recorded by phonocardiography,but normally only the first and the second heart sounds,
are audible through a stethoscope
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First heart sound
? occurs when the
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atrioventricular (AV) valvesclose at the beginning of
ventricular contraction
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? generated by the vibration of
the blood and the ventricular
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wal? is louder, longer, more in
duration than the second heart
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sound
Second heart sound
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? occurs when aortic and
pulmonary semilunar valves
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close at the beginning ofventricular dilation
? generated by the vibration of
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the blood and the aorta
? Aortic valve closes slightly
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before pulmonary valve? Splitting of S2
Heart Murmur
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? Cardiac murmurs are abnormal heart sounds in the form
of noises resulting from turbulent blood flow,
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? Murmurs may be:? Systolic murmurs, if they occur during systole.
? Diastolic murmurs, if they occur during diastole
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? Causes:? Stenosis (narrowing) of heart valves
? Incompetence of heart valves
? Increase of blood flow or decrease of blood viscosity (as in anemia).
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Two Basic Types of Valvular Diseases
valvular stenosis:
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? narrowing of the valvevalvular insufficiency
(incompetence):
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? valve is unable toclose fully; so there is
regurgitation
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Phonocardiograms examples
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