? Steps of humoral immune response
? Steps of cellular immune response
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? Cytokines
? Unwanted effects of immune system
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? AIDSImmune system
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AcAcquired/Adaptive/Specific Immunity
Adaptive immunity is body's
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ability to eradicate possibly
harmful foreign materials or
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abnormal cells by developingspecific immune response
against a particular antigen.
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Acquired/Adaptive/Specific Immunity
Acquired immunity has two components: humoral immunity and cellular immunity.
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Humoral immunity is mediated by B Lymphocytes-
Cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes-
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MHC Antigens: Major Histocompatibility Complex /HLA Ag (Human Leukocytes Associated Ag)
These were first identified on the membrane of human leukocytes for the first time.
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These glycoproteins are encoded by Histocompatibility Gene on short arm of chromosome 6
These are the self antigens, which are very specific to a person and present on the surface
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membrane of all the nucleated cells of body EXCEPT RBCs.Self to Nonself recognition- Second level caution
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MHC Antigens ? 2 TypesMHC Class I MHC Class II
Expressed on almost all cells Expressed mainly on specialized APCs
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CD molecule
T-helper cells express CD4 which, facilitates the
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binding of MHC-II to the helper T cells receptors.Cytotoxic T-cells express the molecule CD8 with the
T-cell receptor (TCR). CD8 facilitates the binding of
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MHC-I to the T cell receptors
Antigens
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Antigen: Elicits a specific immune response in a host.
Epitope: antigenic
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Haptens - low molecular weight molecules that are not antigenic but when covalently bound to alarge protein called a `carrier protein' forming Hapten-Carrier Conjugate and become antigenic.
Humoral & Cellular Immunity
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Humoral Immunity
It is a `B cells' generated - antibody mediated immune response especially
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effective against bacterial antigens.Cellular Immunity
It is a `T cells' mediated immune response especially effective against
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intracellular organisms like viruses, parasites, fungi and others like cancer cells
and transplant cells (few bacterial infection like tubercular bacilli).
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Events between entry of ag, its processing and presentation by antigen
presenting cells (Macrophages/B cells) to helper T cells.
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Ingestion of AgEnzymatic degradation of Ag
Presentation of theses processed Ag
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(epitopes)
in association with MHC II to Helper T
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cells (TH2) or CD4 cells.(TH2)
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1)TCR are surrounded by Adhesion protein to clomplementary proteins of APC12) Processed Ag to TCR MHCII ?Immunogenic synapse.
Humoral Immunity
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Clones of B cells recognize antigens (ClonalSelection) through the TH2, Gets activated by
the released cytokines
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Differentiate into plasma cells and memory
cellsThe immunoglobulins are secreted
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Humoral Immunity ? Antibody- Basic Structure
? 2 identical heavy chains
? 2 identical light chains
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? Each heavy chain ? has a constant anda variable region and each light chain
L
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L
has a constant and a variable region.
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? Fab ? fragment antigen binding site,? Fc- Fragment complement and some
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H H
immune cell binding site.
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CoHumoral Immunity - Effector Phase-Antibodies
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Humoral Immunity - Effector Phase-Antibodies-Mechanism of ActionAntibodies released into
the blood stream will
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bind to the antigens
that they are specific for.
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Humoral Immunity - Effector Phase-Antibodies-Mechanism of ActionHumoral Immunity ? Action of B-Memory Cells
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Self AssessmentHumoral immunity is mediated by .................. lymphocytes.
Cellular immunity is mediated by .............. .... lymphocytes.
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..................... fragment of antibody is antigen binding site.
........................fragment of antibody is complement and some immune cel binding site.
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Presentation of theses processed Ag occurs in association with ............................to Helper T cells.Thank you
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