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Content of the cubital fossa.
- Median nerve, terminal termination of brachial artery
- Beginning of radial and ulnar artery
- Tendon of biceps muscle
- Radial nerve
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Name the muscle supply by ulnar nerve.
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- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
- 3rd & 4th lumbricals
- Hypothenar muscles
- Interossei muscles
- Adductor pollicis
- Palmaris brevis
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Whitlow?
- A purulent infection in the pulp space is called whitlow
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Nerve causing wrist drop & Pointing Index.
- Wrist drop - radial nerve
- Pointing index - Median nerve
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Mention typical appearance of skin in cancer of mammary gland.
- Peau d'orange is the typical appearance of skin in cancer of mammary gland which is caused by cutaneous lymphoedema where the infiltrated skin is tethered by the sweat ducts it cannot swell leading to an appearance like orange skin
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Define duodenal Cap.
- In the skiagram taken after barium meal the first part of the duodenum is seen as a triangular shadow which is called duodenal Cap.
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Why varicocele is more common on left side than on right side?
- Because left testicular vein drain in to left renal vein at the right angle is crossed by the colon So there are chances of compression of left renal vein when colon is loaded & in case of left renal carcinoma which leads to dilatation of left testicular vein (Varicocele) In Right side the right testicular vein drain directly in to IVC so there is least chance of compression & dilation of right testicular vein So...
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What is phimosis?
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- It is a congenital condition in which there is a narrowing of the opening of the foreskin of penis so it can not be retracted
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Nerve Causing foot drop
- Common peroneal nerve
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Enumerate the structure passing through both Sciatic foramina
- (PIN Structure) Pudendal nerve, Internal pudendal vessel, Nerve to obturator internus
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Name the artery accompanying phrenic nerve in thorax
- Internal thoracic artery
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Mention the ganglion contributes lowest splanchnic nerve
- T12-L2
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What is the significant of triangular of Koch and tendon of Todaro
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- Tendon of Todaro is tendinous structure connecting the valve of inferior vena cava ostium to the central fibrous body lies posteriorly in the formation of triangular of Koch in the right atrium
- Triangular of Koch important in CVS disease for used as a anatomical landmark for location of atrioventricular node during electrophysiological procedures such as pacing & ablation
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Type & Subtype of first Carpometacarpal Joint
- Type - Synovial
- Subtype- Saddle
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What is mesotendon
- The synovial layers that pass from a tendon to the wall of a tendon sheath where tendon lies within osteofibrous canal
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Why breast abscess in drained by radial incision
- Radial incision is given for draining breast abscess to avoid cutting the lactiferous duct of breast which also runs radially so that incision will be parallel to the lactiferous duct
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Define foetus in foetu.
- It is a condition in which a mass of tissue resembling foetus forms inside the body of foetus.
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Give the nerve supply of adductor pollicis
- Ulnar nerve
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Type & Subtype of sternoclavicular joint.
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- Type - Synovial
- Subtype - Saddle
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Name the preaxial Vein of the upper limb.
- Cephalic Vein
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Define Hilton's law.
- Nerve that innervates the Joint also tends to innervate the muscle that moves that Joint & the skin that cover the distal attachments of those muscle eg. Axillary Nerve
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What is golfer's elbow?
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- It is a medial epicondylitis, is a inflammatory condition of the medial epicondyle of elbow The muscle of anterior forearm that causes flexion of fingers & thumb and pronation of wrist come together in a common tendinous sheath which is inserted to the medial epicondyle of humerus at the elbow Joint in response to minor injury this point on insertion become inflamed This condition is known as golfer's elbow
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What is the difference between lumbricals of the hand?
- 1st & 2nd lumbricals are unipennate and are supply by median nerve whereas 3rd & 4th lumbricals are bipennate and are supply by ulnar nerve
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Carpal tunnel Syndrome is caused by injury to which nerve?
- Median nerve
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Boundaries of anatomical snuff box.
- Ant. border tendon of extensor pollicis longus
- Post. border tendon of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
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Tendons forming rotator cuff.
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Subscapularis
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What is ulnar paradox
- Ulnar nerve innervates the medial half of flexor digitorum profundus If ulnar nerve lesion occurs more proximally (closer to the elbow) the flexor digitorum profundus may also be denervated. As a result flexion of interphalangeal joints is weakened which reduces the claw like appearance of the hand This is called ulnar paradox because one would normally expect more debilitating injury to result in a more deformed appearance
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What is Virchow's node
- It is a lymph node in the left supraclavicular fossa It takes its supply from lymph vessels In the abdominal cavity.
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Name the arteries which form anastomosis around acromian process
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- 1. Acromian branch of thoracoacromian artery
- 2. Acromian branch of Suprascapular artery
- 3. Acromion branch of posterior circumflex humeral artery
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What is the common site of the compression of the axillary vein? What will be the effect
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- Between the first rib and the costoclavicular ligament during strenuous shoulder activity
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What is Klumpke's Paralysis.
- It is a form of paralysis involving muscle of forearm & hand, resulting from a birth brachial plexus injury in which C8 & T1 nerves are injured with the following disabilities.
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What is morula?
- It is an embryo at the early stage of the embryonic development consisting of 32 cells In a solid ball contained within zona pellucida
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Branches of medial Cord of brachial plexus
- Medial Pectoral nerve
- Medial Cutaneous nerve of arm
- Medial Cutaneous nerve of forearm
- Medial root of median nerve
- Ulnar Nerve
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Give two example of the pivot Joint.
- Superior radioulnar Joint
- Atlanto axial Joint
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Name the structure piercing the clavipectoral fascia
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- Cephalic Vein, thoracoacromion artery & Vein, lateral pectoral nerve & lymphatics
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Which nerve root are involved in loss of biceps tendon reflex
- C5 & C6 (Axillary nerve)
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Define gastrulation
- It is a process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of the cells
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Name the branches of musculocutaneous nerve
- Branch to the Coracobrachialis, brachialis & biceps brachii.
- Branch to humerus bone which enters the nutrient foramina which carried with the accompanying artery
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Give the action of lumbricals.
- Flexion of metacarpophalangeal Joints while extending both interphalangeal Joints of the digits on which it Inserts.
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Mention the function of yolk sac
- It acts as developmental circulatory system of the embryo before Internal circulation begins
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Enumerate lateral rotator of the shoulder.
- Deltoid, infraspinatus, Teres minor muscle
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Define exomphalos
- It is a failure of midgut to return into abdominal cavity at the birth
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Bronchopulmonary segment is not a broncho-Vascular Segment. Why?
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- Because bronchopulmonary segment does not have its own vein
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What is the etiology of the congenital polycystic kidney
- It is autosomal recessive disease in which numerous cysts filled with urine appear in the substance of the kidney due to dilation of part of nephrons, particularly the loops of Henle
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Name the artery related to indirect inguinal hernia
- Inferior epigastric artery
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Define Carina
- It is an area at which trachea is divided into two primary bronchus
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Which posterior intercostal artery is large?
- Right posterior Intercostal artery is large than left
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Enumerates the boundaries of ovarian fossa
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- Ant. Obliterated umbilical artery & broad Ligament of uterus
- Post. Ureter & Internal iliac artery
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Which structure forms suspensory ligament of Penis
- Deep membranous layer of superficial fascia of abdominal wall
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What is tendinous insertion
- Rectus sheath attached to anterior wall of rectus abdominis muscle by septa is called....
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Define antiflexion & anteversion.
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- Normally the long axis of the uterus form an angle of about 90 degree with the long axis of Vagina The angle is open forwards. The forward bending of the uterus relative to the vagina is called anteversion. The uterus is also slightly flexed on it self. It is referred to as ante flexion. The angle of antiflexion is 125 degree
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Define Peyer's patches.
- It is a large oval patches of closely aggregated nodules of the lymphoid tissue in the walls of small intestine especially in the ileum
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Define pericardium.
- It is an area of the chest wall covering the heart.
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Enumerate the part of large Intestine, has peritoneal folds.
- Transverse colon, Sigmoid colon & appendix.
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Explain - Leather bottle stomach
- It is a type of stomach cancer where the entire stomach is invaded leading to a Leather bottle like appearance with blood coming out of it.
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What is the function of pulmonary ligament
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- It provides a dead space into which pulmonary veins expand during increase venous return eg exercise
- The lung roots also descends on to it with descent of diaphragm
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What does crista terminalis represents.
- It represents a Junction between sinus venosum & heart in the embryo
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Name the pleura
- Costomediastinal & Costodiaphragmatic recess
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Tributaries & termination of Coronary sinus.
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- Tributaries Termination
- 1. Greater Cardiac vein - left end of coronary sinus
- 2. Small Cardiac vein - Right end of Coronary sinus
- 3. Middle Cardiac vein - Right end of Coronary Sinus
- 4. Posterior vein of left - Middle of coronary sinus Ventricle
- 5. Oblique vein of left - Left end of Coronary sinus atrium
- 6. Right marginal vein - Right atrium
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Name the peritoneal connection of the Spleen.
- Gastrosplenic ligament extends from hilum of the spleen to greater curvature of stomach
- Lienorenal ligament extends from hilum of the spleen to anterior surface of the left kidney
- Phrenicocolic ligament not attached to spleen but supports both its anterior end
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Name the opening of prostatic urethra
- Opening of prostatic Utricle
- Opening of prostatic sinuses
- Opening of ejaculatory duct
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Give the anterior relation of right kidney.
- 1. Right Suprarenal gland
- 2. Liver
- 3. 2nd Part of Duodenum
- 4. Hepatic flexure of colon
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Structures that pierce the perineal membrane
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- In male
- 1. Single urethra
- Following are bilateral:
- 2. Ducts of bulbourethral gland
- 3. Artery & nerve to the bulb
- 4. Urethral artery
- 5. Dorsal artery of Penis
- 6. Deep artery of Penis
- 7. Posterior Scrotal nerve & vessels
- 8. branches of Perineal nerves
- In female
- 1. Urethra & 2. Vagina
- Following are bilateral
- 3. Artery & nerve to the bulb of vestibule
- 4. Dorsal artery of clitoris
- 5. Deep artery of clitoris
- 6. Post labial artery
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Types of Caecum
- 1. Conical type where appendix arises from the apex of the caecum.
- 2. Intermediate type. where right & left caecal pouch are equal in size & appendix arises from a depression below them.
- 3. Ampullary type- where right caecal pouch is much larger than the left & appendix arises from the medial side
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Contents of the hilum of kidney
- From anterior to posterior, renal vein, renal artery & renal pelvis
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Blood Supply of the stomach.
- Stomach is supplied by,
- 1. The left gastric artery a branch of the celiac trunk 2. The left Right gastric artery a branch of the common hepatic artery 3. The right gastroepiploic artery- a branch of the gastroduodenal artery 4. the left gastroepiploic artery - a branch of the splenic artery 5. 5-7 short gastric artery- a branch of the splenic artery
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Sites of portocaval anastomosis
- 1. Umbilicus
- 2. lower end to the oesophagus
- 3. Anal canal
- 4. Bare area of liver.
- 5. Posterior abdominal Wall 6. Liver
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Boundaries of the hesselbach's triangle
- Medially by Lateral border of rectus abdominis
- Laterally by inferior epigastric artery
- Below by inguinal ligament
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Branches of thoracic aorta
- Nine posterior intercostal arteries, Bronchial artery, Mediastinal artery, Esophageal artery, Pericardial artery, Superior phrenic artery & The subcostal arteries on each side
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Explain-palpation of spleen from right iliac fossa
- Normally the spleen cannot be palpated but when it becomes enlarge it then projects towards the right fossa in the direction of the axis of the 10th rib, So it can be palpated form right iliac fossa
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Tributaries of the coronary Sinus
- The great cardiac vein
- The middle cardiac Vein
- The small cardiac Vein
- The posterior vein of the left ventricle
- The oblique vein of the left atrium
- The right marginal vein
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Name the changes at the level of the T4
- At T4 tracheal bifurcation occurs, End of the azygous system in to SVC, Aortic arch starts and ends, The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around aortic arch
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Name the Source of development of arch of aorta
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- Ventral part of aortic Sac, left horn of aortic Sac, left 4th arch artery
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Covering of Spermatic cord
- From outward within
- 1. External spermatic fascia
- 2. Cremasteric fascia
- 3. Internal spermatic fascia
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What is the formation & length of bile duct.
- The bile duct is formed by the union of cystic & common hepatic duct near the porta hepatis It is 8 cm long & diameter is 6mm
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Two point of identification of typical thoracic Vertebra
- The body is heart shaped with roughly the same measurement from side to side & short anteroposteriorly The vertebral foramen is comparatively small & circular
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Structure opening in to right atrium
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- 1. SVC. 2. IVC 3. Coronary sinus 4. Anterior cardiac vein
- 5. Venae Cordis minimi 6. Right marginal Vein
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Two microscopic feature of gall bladder
- Presence of mucosal folds lined by simple tall columnar epithelium. presence of the fibromuscular layer composed of circulatory arranged smooth muscle fibre intermixes with connective tissue
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This download link is referred from the post: MBBS Lecture Notes for all subjects (updated for 2021 syllabus) - All universities