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GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY
Dr. Dalya Ibrahim Ahmed
Department of Anatomy
THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY
- Anatomy
- Greek=to cut up, or dissect
- The science that deals with the structure of the body
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- Kinds:
- Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Developmental Anatomy
- Comparative Anatomy
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STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organism
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Anatomical Terminology
- Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor.
- The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.
- The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.
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Anatomical Terminology
- A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections.
- The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes.
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Sections and Planes
A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
Sections and Planes
A transverse plane, also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
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Sections and Planes
A sagittal plane or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves.
Sections and Planes
- A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagittal plane.
- A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
- A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the specimen at an angle.
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Body Cavities: Dorsal
- Cranial Cavity
- Houses the Brain
- Vertebral Canal
- Houses the Spinal Cord
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Body Cavities: Ventral (Lateral View)
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity (contains the "viscera")
- Abdominal Cavity
- Pelvic Cavity
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Other Cavities
- Oral cavity
- Nasal cavity
- Orbital cavities
- Middle ear cavities
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Directional Terms of the Body
Directional terms are precise and brief, and for most of them there is a correlative term that means just the opposite.
Relative and Directional Terms of the Body
Relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body :
- Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface
- Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface
- Dorsal =At the back side of the human body
- Ventral = At the belly side of the human body
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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body
Relative to the head or tail of the body:
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- Superior = Toward the head or above
- Inferior = Toward feet not head
- Caudal = At the tail end
- Cranial = At the head end
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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body
Relative to the midline or center of the body:
- Medial = Toward the midline of the body
- Lateral = Away from the midline of the body
- Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure
- Superficial = On the outside
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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body
Relative to point of attachment of the appendage:
- Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk
- Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk
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Body Regions
The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions.
- the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
- our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body's axis and make up the appendicular region
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This download link is referred from the post: MBBS Lecture Notes for all subjects (updated for 2021 syllabus) - All universities
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