FirstRanker Logo

FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice is a hub of Question Papers & Study Materials for B-Tech, B.E, M-Tech, MCA, M.Sc, MBBS, BDS, MBA, B.Sc, Degree, B.Sc Nursing, B-Pharmacy, D-Pharmacy, MD, Medical, Dental, Engineering students. All services of FirstRanker.com are FREE

📱

Get the MBBS Question Bank Android App

Access previous years' papers, solved question papers, notes, and more on the go!

Install From Play Store

Download PGI PG PGI 2016 May Solved Question Paper

Download PGIMER (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh) PGI 2016 May Solved Question Paper

This post was last modified on 11 August 2021

1.Trueaboutinferiorobliquemuscle:
a)Suppliedbyinferiordivisionof3rdCN
b)Primaryeyeaction-Extorsion,abduction&depression
c)Themusclepassbelowinferiorrectus
d)Originfromlacrimalbone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Nerveentersthemusclefromocularsurface
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.(A)Suppliedbyinferiordivisionof3rdCN(C)Themuscle
passbelowinferiorrectus
Itoriginatesfromorbitalplateofmaxillalateraltotheorificeof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

nasolacrimalduct.
Itistheonlymuscletotakeoriginfromfrontoftheorbit.Otherrecti
muscletakeoriginfromannulusofzinn.
Occulomotornerveinorbit:Thelarger,lowerdivisiondividesinto3
branchesforthemedialrectus,theinferiorrectus6theinferior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

oblique.Allbranchesenterthemuscleontheirocularsurfaces
exceptthatfortheIOwhichentersitsposteriorborder'

2.TrueaboutSubmandibularglandduct
obstructionbystone:
a)Presentsasamassbelowbodyofmandible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)StoneinWhartonductcanbepalpatedbelowmucous
membraneoffloorofmouth
c)Startspainjustafterstartingameal
d)Paincarriedbyglossopharyngealnerve
e)Alltheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e.Alltheabove
Thesubmandibularsalivaryglandisacommonsiteofcalculus
formation.
Thepresenceofatenseswellingbelowthebodyofthemandible,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

whichisgreatestbeforeorduringamealandisreducedinsizeor
absentbetweenmeals,isdiagnosticofthecondition.
Examinationofthefloorofthemouthwillrevealabsenceofejection
ofsalivafromtheorificeoftheductoftheaffectedgland.
Frequently,thestonecanbepalpatedintheduct,whichliesbelow

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

themucousmembraneofthefloorofthemouth'
Allthe3pairsofsalivaryglandsaresuppliedbyefferent
(Parasympathetic&sympathetic)&afferentnerves(chordatympani-
br.ofVIInerve&IXnerw).Afferentfiberscarrypainimpulsefrom
salivarygland

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


3.Trueaboutpalatinetonsil:
a)Cryptsislinedbysquamousepithelium
b)SuppliedbyIXCN
c)Tonguedepressorisusedforexamination
d)Arterialsupplyisbytonsillarascendingbranchofgrater

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

palatineartery
e)Presentinoropharynx
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.(A)Cryptsislinedbysquamousepithelium;(B)Supplied
byIXCN;(C)Tonguedepressorisusedforexamination;(E)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Presentinoropharynx
Palatinetonsil
ThePalatinetonsilsaretwoprominentmassessituatedoneon
eithersidebetweentheglossopalatineandpharyngopalatine
arches.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Eachtonsilconsistsfundamentallyofanaggregationoflymphoid
tissueunderlyingthemucousmembranebetweenthepalatine
arches.
Inthechildthetonsilsarerelatively(andfrequentlyabsolutely)
largerthanintheadult

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thefolliclesofthetonsilarelinedbyacontinuationofthemucous
membraneofthepharynx,coveredwithstratifiedsquamous
epithelium
Arteriessupplyingthetonsilarethe:
Dorsalislinguaefromthelingual

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theascendingpalatineandtonsillarfromtheexternalmaxillary
Theascendingpharyngealfromtheexternalcarotid

Thedescendingpalatinebranchoftheinternalmaxillary
Atwigfromthesmallmeningeal.
Theveinsendinthetonsillarplexus,onthelateralsideofthetonsil

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thenervesarederivedfromthesphenopalatineganglion,andfrom
theglossopharyngeal.

4.Trueaboutarticularcartilage:
a)Inzonelchondrocytesaresmaller
b)Zone2containsarticularcartilageprogenitorcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Zone3containscalcifiedcartilage
d)Zone4containcalcifiedcartilage
e)Chondrocytesareactivecell
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.(A)Inzonelchondrocytesaresmaller;(C)Zone3contains

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

calcifiedcartilage;(E)Chondrocytesareactivecell
Therearefourzones(layers)ofarticularcartilagefromthearticular
surfacetosubchondralbone.
1.Superficialzone(Zone-1)
Itisthethinnestzone.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itconsistsoftwolayers:(i)Asheetofdenslypackedcollagenwith
littlepolysaccharideandtocells,coversthejointsurface,and(ii)
flattenedelipsoid-shapedchondrocytes,withtheirmajoraxis
paralleltojointsurface.
2.Transitionzone(Zone2)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Compositionisintermediatebetweensuperficialzoneandmiddle
zone.
3.Middlezoneorradialzoneordeepzone(Zone-3)
Thechondrocytesarespheroidalinshapewiththeirmajoraxis
perpendiculartojointsurface.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Chondrocytesaremostactivesyntheticallyinthiszone.
Thiszonecontainsthelargestdiametercollagenfibrils,thehighest
concentrationofproteoglycansandthelowestconcentrationof
water.

4.Calcifiedcartilagezone(Zone-4)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itseparatesthemiddlezonefromsubchondralbone.
Thecellsaresmallwithsmallamountofendoplasmicreticulumand
golgiapparatuswithverylittlemetabolic

5.Trueaboutinnervationofparotidgland:
a)Postganglionicparasympatheticfibresecretomotor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)PreganglionicparasympatheticfibrerelayinOticganglion
c)Preganglionicparasympatheticnervebeginininferiorpetrosal
nucleus
d)Sympatheticnervearevasomotor
e)Postganglionicparasympatheticfibrespassthroughthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

glossopharyngealnerve
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans:a.Postganglionicparasympatheticfibresecretomotor.b.
PreganglionicparasympatheticfibrerelayinOticganglion.d.
Sympatheticnervearevasomotor.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Development:
Parotidglandisthefirstsalivaryglandtoappear,inearly6'week.
Itisectodermalinoriginanddevelopsfromthebuccalepithelium
justlateraltotheangleofmouth
Structuresemergingfromparotid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thefollowingstructuresemergefromtheparotidgland:
Anteriorborder:
Parotidduct
3Terminalbranchesoffacialnerve:
Thezygomaticandbuccalbranches:towardthetemporalregion,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

eyelidsandcheek,respectively.
Mandibularbranch:Runalongthebodyofthemandibletowardsthe
mouth
Apex:
5thterminalbranchoffacialnerve:Cervicalbranchcontinuesinto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


theneck(toplatysma).
Anterior&posteriordivisionsofretromandibularvein
Posteriorborder:
Posteriorauricularnerve
Posteriorauricularartery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Posteriorauricularvein
Alongbase:
superficialtemporalartery
temporalbranchoffacialnerve
Auriculotemporalnerve

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

STRUCTURESWITHINGLAND:
Arteries:
Externalcarotidarteryentersthroughposteromedialsurface
Maxillaryartery
Superficialtemporalvessel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Posteriorauricularartery
Veins:
Theretromandibularveins
FacialNerve
ParotidDuct(Stenson'sduct)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theductturnsopensintothevestibuleofthemouth(gingivo-buccal
vestibule)oppositethecrownoftheupper2ndmolartooth
Nervesupply:
PARASYMPATHETIC:auriculotemporalnerve
SYMPTHETICSUPPLY-
plexusaroundtheexternalcarotidartery.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SENSORYNERVES:auriculotemporalnerve,exceptforparotid
fascia&overlyingskinwhichareinnervatedbyGreatauricular
nerve(C2,C3).


6.Whichofthefollowingmuscleissupplied
bymediannerve:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Oppenenspollocis
b)Adductorpollicis
c)LateralhalfoftheFlexordigitorumprofundus
d)Superficialheadofflexorpollicisbrevis
e)Deeppartofflexorpollicisbrevis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.a.Oppenenspollocis;c.LateralhalfoftheFlexor
digitorumprofundus;d.Superficialheadofflexorpollicis
brevis
Therearefourshortmusclesofthumb(pollex),theyareabductor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pollicisbrevis,opponenspollicis,flexorpollicisbrevisandadductor
pollicis.Thefirstthreeofthesemusclesformthethenareminence.
Allthesemusclesaresuppliedbymediannerveexceptforadductor
polliciswhichisinnervatedbyulnarnerve.

7.Trueaboutabductionatshoulderjoint:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction
b)Serratusanterior&trapeziusalsohelpinabduction
c)Multipennatedeltoidclavicularfiberismainabductor
d)Axillarynerveinjuryhasnoeffectonabduction
e)Musculotendinouscuffstabilizesshoulderjoint

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.(a)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction(b)Serratusanterior
&trapeziusalsohelpinabduction(e)Musculotendinouscuff
stabilizesshoulderjoint.
MOVEMENTSOFSHOULDERJOINT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Movementineverydirection(Flexion,extension,abduction,
adduction,rotation,circumduction)
SpinalCordregulatingShouldermovements(C5,C6,C7&C8)
Flexion,Abduction,&lateralrotation(C5,C6,).
Extension,Adduction,&Medialrotationis(C6,C7,C8)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Movementsthattakeplaceduringabductionofshoulderare
axialrotationofhumerusatacroclavicularjoint,elevationof
humerus&movementatclavicularendofsternoclavicularjoint.

PLANE
HUMERAL RANGE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TYPEOF
AXISOF MUSCLES
FACTOR
OF
HEAD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OF
MOVEMENT
MOTION INVOLVED
LIMITING
MOTION

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

GLIDING MOTION
Total-0-
165?or
-Inferior
175?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

glenohumeral
Full
ligament
internal
-Tightnessof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


internal
-Tightnessof
Inferiorly
rotationof
Frontal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Saggital Deltoid,
theinferior
Abduction
inglenoid humerus0-
plane

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

axis
Supraspinatus
joint
cavity
60?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capsuleof
Full
the
external
gleno-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

rotationof humeraljoint
humerus0-
90?

8.Organwhichhavenolymphaticsupply:
a)Eyeball

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Brain
c)Liver
d)Kidney
e)Spinalcord
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Eyeball;b.Brain&e.Spinalcord
Lymphcapillariesareabsentfromthecellularstructureslikebrain,
spinalcord,splenicpulp,bonemorrow,articulatecartilage,
epidermis,hair,nail&cornea.
Lymphaticvesselarefoundinalltissue&organofbodyexceptthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

centralnervoussystem,eyeball,internalear,epidermisoftheskin,
cartilage&bone.

9.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is/are
trueaboutsphinctersofbody:
a)Lower5cmofoesophagealactasoesophagealsphincter&itis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

notmorphologicallydifferentfromotherportionofoesophagus
b)Oesophageal&pyloricsphincterremainsintopicallycontracted
state
c)Pre-capillarysphincterispresentinb/wmetarteriole&capillary
d)Pudendalnervesuppliesthesphincterurethrae

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Sphincterofoddiliesatjunctionofduodenum&CBD
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans.b.Oesophageal&pyloricsphincterremainsintopically
contractedstate;c.Pre-capillarysphincterispresentinb/w
metarteriole&capillary;d.Pudendalnervesuppliesthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sphincterurethrae;e.Sphincterofoddiliesatjunctionof
duodenum&CBD
Thecommonbileductenterstheduodenumatduodenumpapilla.
ItsorificeissurroundedbythesphincterofOddi6itusuallyunites
withthemainpancreaticductjustbeforeenteringtheduodenum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Atthelowerendoftheesophagus,extendingupwardabout3cm
aboveitsjunctionwithstomach,itisbroadloweresophageal
sphincter.
Loweroesophagealsphincter,aspecializezoneofcircularsmooth
musclesurroundingtheoesophagusatitstransitthroughthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

diaphragmandformuchofitsshortabdominalfloor
Atthepointwhereeachtruecapillaryoriginatesfromametarteriole,
asmoothmusclefiberusuallyencirclesthecapillary.Thisiscalled,

theprecapillarysphincter.Thissphinctercanopen&closethe
entrancetothecapillary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pyloricsphincterremainslightlytonicallycontractedalmostallthe
time.Despitenormaltoniccontractionofthepyloricsphincter,the
pylorususuallyisopenenoughforwater&otherfluidstoemptyfrom
thestomachintotheduodenumwithease.

10.Muscle(s),whichformthefloorofpelvic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

floor:
a)Obturatorinternus
b)Piriformis
c)Puborectalis
d)Pubococcygeus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Ischiococcygeus
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.c.Puborectalis;d.Pubococcygeus;e.Ischiococcygeus
Thepelvicfloorisformedbythelargelevatorani(withparts
includingthepubococcygeus,puborectalis,andiliococcygeus)and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

themuchsmallercoccygeus.

11.TrueaboutAtlanto-axialjoint:
a)Vertebralarterypassthroughgroveonarchofatlasvertebrae
toforamenmagnum
b)Permitsflexion&extension

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Permitsidetosidemovementofhead
d)Permitsflexiononly
e)Permitsrotation
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Vertebralarterypassthroughgroveonarchofatlas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

vertebraetoforamenmagnum;c.Permitsidetosidemovement
ofhead;e.Permitsrotation
Thereare3atlantoaxialarticulations-twolateralatlantoaxialjoints
b/wthelateralmassesofCl&C2vertebrae&onemedian
atlantoaxialjointb/wthedensofC2&theanteriorarchtransverse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ligamentoftheatlas
Movement(mainlyrotation)atallthreeatlantoaxialjointspermitsthe
headtobeturnedfromsidetoside,asoccurswhenrotatingthe
headtoindicatedisapproval(the'NO'movement)
Themostimportantfactorsmaintainingstabilityaretheligaments,of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

whichthetransverseatlantalligamentisthestrongest.
Thealarligamentsareweaker

12.AllaretrueaboutCSFexcept:
a)Totalvolumeis250ml
b)Pressureis60-180mmofH2O

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Formedfromchoroidplexusof3rdventricle
d)Formedfromchoroidplexusoflateralventricle
e)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.Totalvolumeis250ml

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ThemajorsourceofCSFisthechoroidalplexusofall4ventricles,
mainlyintwolateralventricles.
OthersourcesofCSFareependymalcellsoftheventriclesandthe
brainitself,viaperivascularspaces.
ThetotalvolumeofCSFinanadultisabout125-150ml.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TherateofformationofCSFisabout500-550ml/day.ThustheCSF
isreplaced3-4timeseveryday.
CSFpHis7.33
112mmH20istheaveragenormalCSFpressure

13.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Whichofthefollowingplaymost
importantroleinmemory:
a)Synapticnetwork
b)Electricconductionnetwork
c)Conductivitycircuit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Conductivitynetwork
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.SynapticNet.
[Ref:Ganong25th/283-88;Guyton12th/67;AKJain6th/1039-40]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Synapticnetworkssinglebestanswer"Long-termmemoryinvolves
changesinthestructureofneuronsincludinggrowthofnew
processesandsynapses.
So,totheextentthatyourememberanythingaboutthismaterialon
memorytomorrow,ornextweek,ornextyear,itwillbebecause

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

structuralchangesinsynapsesarebeginninginyourbrains.

14.CyanidepoisoningblockKinflux&Na
efflux.ButATPreversethiseffect.Sotrue
statement(s)relatedtomechanismof
actionofcyanideis/are:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Kinflux&NaeffluxisregulatedbyNa-KATPaseenzyme
b)Kinflux&NaeffluxisregulatedbyNa-Kpump
c)ATPprovideenergyforthischannel
d)Na-KATPasechannelisATPindependent
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans:a.Kinflux&NaEffluxIsRegulatedByNa-K-ATpase
Enzymeb.Kinflux&NaEffluxIsRegulatedByNa-Kpumpc.
ATPprovidesenergyforthischannel.
[Ref:Reddy32nd/595;Katzung13th/1010;Guyton12th/357;AK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Jain6th/459;Harrison19th/262e-7]
Cyanide:
Directlypoisonsthelaststepinthemitochondrialelectrontransport
chain,cytochromea3,whichresultsinashutdownofcellularenergy
production.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thispoisoningresultsfromcyanidehighaffinityforcertainmetals,
notablyCoandFe+++.Cytochromea3containsFe+++,towhich
CN-binds.
CyanidePoisoning:
Itinhibitstheactionofcytochromeoxidase,carbonicanhydrase&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

probablyofotherenzymesystem.
Itblocksthefinalstepofoxidativephosphorylation&preventsthe

formationofATP&itsuseasanenergysource.

15.TrueaboutCarbonmonoxidepoisoning:
a)COhas100timesmoreaffinitythan02forHb

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Causerightsideshiftingof02dissociationcurve
c)Oxygen-haemoglobinsaturationcurvebecomeshyperbolic
shape
d)PulseoximetrycanaccuratelydetectlevelofCO
e)10-15%levelofCOnormallymayoccurinhealthynonsmoker

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:c.Orygen-haemoglobinsaturationsaturationCurve
BecomesHyperbolicShape
[RefGanong25th/650-51;Guyton12th/352;AKJain6th/431;
httpst/pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu/page/(www.nebi.Nlm.nih.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gov)
Carbon-monoxide-poisoning:
Carbonmonoxideshiftstheoxygen-haemoglobinsaturationcurveto
theleftandchangesittoamorehyperbolicshape.
Lessoxygenisavailableforthetissues.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

plasmalevelofcarboxyhemoglobinisnormallyquitelow.
Atbaseline,levelsupto3percent,naybeseeninnonsmokers,
whilesmokersmayhavelevelsupto10-15%percent.
LeftshiftofO2-Hbdissociationcurveoccurin-COpoisoningHbF,
myoglobinebdecreaseinbodytemperature.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

COhasabout240timestheaffinityofO2forHb;thismeansthatCO
willcombinewiththesameamountofHbas02whentheCOpartial
pressureis240timeslower.

16.Deadspaceisincreasedin:
a)Positivepressureventilation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Extensionofneck
c)Anticholinergicdrug
d)Endotrachealtubeintubation
e)Emphysema
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:a.Positivepressureventilationb.Extensionofneckc.
AntiCholinergicdruge.Emphysema
RefAjayYadav5th/4-5;Ganong25th/632-33;Guyton323;AKlain
6th/421
AnatomicalDeadSpaceIncreasedin:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OIdage
Neckextension
jawprotrusion
Bronchodilators
Increasinglungvolume(moreininspiration)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Atropine(causebronchodilation)
Anaesthesiamask,circuits
Intermittentpositivepressureventilation(IppV)&positiveend
expiratorypressure(PEEP)
AlveolarDeadSpaceincreasedby:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lungpathologiesaffectingdiffusionatcapillarymembranelike
interstitiallungdisease,pulmonaryembolism,pulmonaryedema&
ARDS
Generalanaesthesia
IPPV

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


PEEP
HYPotension

17.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
cardiacinnervation:
a)T1-T5issympatheticsupply

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Inferior&superiorcervicalganglianotinvolveininnervation
c)Parasympatheticsupplyisfromvagusnerve
d)Greatcardiacnervearisefromsuperiorcervicalganglia
e)InferiorcervicalgangliagivesoffInferiorcardiacnerve
CorrectAnswer-A:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:a.T1-T5issympathetice.Inferiorcervicalgangliagives
offinferiorcardiacnerve
[Ref:BDC6th/Vol.I267;Grayb40th/982;Guyton12th/178;AKlain
6th/324]
CardiacInnervation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thecervicalgangliaareparavertebralgangliaofthesympathetic
nervoussystem.
Thecervicalganglionhasthreeparavertebralganglia.
Superiorcervicalganglion(largest)-adjacenttoC2&C3
Middlecervicalganglion(thesmallest)-adjacenttoC6;target:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

heart,neck.
Inferiorcervicalganglion.Theinferiorganglionmaybefusedwith
thefirstthoracicgangliontoformasinglestructure,thestellate
ganglionadjacenttoC7.
Themiddlecardiacnerve(greatcardiacnerve),thelargestofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

threecardiacnerves,arisesfromthemiddlecervicalganglion.
Nervesemergingfromchemicalsympatheticgangliacontributeto
thecardiacplexus.

SymPatheticsupply:T1toT5spinalsegments.
SympatheticpreganglionicfibrespassintothesymPathetictrunkto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

superionmiddle&inferiorcardiacganglion
Sympatheticpostganglionicfibrespassesviasuperiormiddle&
inferiorcardiacsympatheticnerves
Parasympatheticsupplytoheartisviatwovagusnerveswiththeir
cellbodieslocatedinthemedullainthenucleusambiguus.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


18.Trueaboutcortisollevelinbloodplasma:
a)Morningconcentrationis17-18nmol/d1
b)Morningconcentrationis5-23pg/dL
c)Eveningconcentrationisalmosthalfofmorningconcentration
d)Eveningconcentrationis5-23i.ig/dL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans:b.Morningconcentrationis5-23microg/dLc.Evening
concentrationisalmostHalfOfMorningConcentration
Eveningconcentrationisalmosthalfofmorningconcentration(a/c

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

belowreferencevalues).
Cortisolconcentrationat8.00aminmorning5-20mcg/dL(140-550
nmol/L).

19.Saccadicceyemovementiscontrolledby:
a)Parietallobe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Prefrontallobe
c)Temporallobe
d)Frontalcortex
e)Occipitallobe
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:d.Frontalcortex
[RefGanong25th/189,195-96;Guyton12tlt/786;AKJain1115-16]
Normallysaccadicmovementsarevoluntarybutcanbearousedby
peripheralvisualorauditorystimulibystimulationoffrontaleye
fields(area8).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thusthesemovementsareprogrammedinthefrontalcortex.
Thebilateralfrontaleyefieldsinthispartofthecortexareconcerned
withthecontrolofsaccades,andanareajustanteriortothesefields
isconcernedwithvergenceandthenearresponse.

20.TrueaboutnormalECG:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)NormalPRintervalis0.12-0.20s
b)PRinternalcorrespondenceinitiationofPwavetoinitiationofR
wave
c)QTinternalcorrespondenceinitiationofQwavetoinitiationofT
wave

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)NormalQRSinterval<0.12s
e)NormalQTcinterval
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans:a.NormalPRintervalis0.12-0.20sd.NormalQRSinterval
[Ref:Ganong25th/524;Guyton12th/179-80;ECGmadeEasyby

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hamptot4th/6-71]
ThePRintervalismeasuredfromthebeginningofPwavetothe
beginningofQRScomplex.
AQTcintervallongerthan0.45sislikelytobeabnormal.
NormalQRSintervaldurationisnogreaterthan0.12s.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

QTintervalisameasureofthetimebetweenthestartoftheQwave
andtheendoftheTwaveintheheart'selectricalcycle.



21.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
SIADH:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Desmopressinisusedfortreatment
b)Vasopressinlevelisinappropriatelyhigh
c)Plasmaosmolalityishigherthanurineosmolality
d)TedOsmolalityofurine
e)TedOsmolalityofplasma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans:b.VasopressinlevelisinappropriatelyHighd.Ted
Osmolalityofurine
[RefHarrison19th/2280;Ganong25th/698;AKJain6th/673-74]
Desmopressinisveryusefulinthemanagementofdiabetes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

insipidus.
SyndromeofInappropriateAntidiureticHormone
Thesyndromeof"inappropriate'hypersecretionofantidiuretic
hormone(SIADH)occurswhenvasopressinisinappropriatelyhigh
relativetoserumosmolality.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vasopressinisresponsiblenotonlyfordilutionalhyponatremia
(serumsodium<135mmol/L)butalsoforlossofsaltintheurine
whenwaterretentionissufficienttoexpandtheECFvolume,
reducingaldosteronesecretion
Features:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hyposmolality
Increasedurineosmolality
Urineosmolalitybecomeshigherthanplasmaosmolality
UrinaryNa+exceeds20mEq/L


22.Whichofthefollowingfeature(s)is/are

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

suggestiveofnehogrnicDIincomparison
tocentralDI:

a)Desmopressinnasalsprayrestoreurineoutputtonormallevel
b)Basalvasopressinlevel>1pg/ml
c)NormalposteriorpituitarybrightspotisnotvisibleonMRIscan

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Changeinwaterlossduringfluiddeprivationtest
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:b.Basalvasopressinlevel>1pg/ml
[RefGanong25th/698;Guyton12th/488-89;AKJain6th/674]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FailuretoProduceADH:"Central"DiabetesInsipidus.
Thetreatmentforcentraldiabetesinsipidusisadministrationofa
syntheticanalogofADH,desmopressin,whichactsselectivelyon
V2receptorstoincreasewaterpermeabilityinthelatedistaland
collectingtubules.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Desmopressincanbegivenbyinjection,asanasalspray,ororally,
anditrapidlyrestoresurineoutputtowardnormal.
ThepolyuriaanilpolydipsiaofnephrogenicDIarenotaffectedby
treatment*ithstandarddosesofDDAVP.


--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

23.AllareUreacycleenzymesexcept:
a)Ornithinetranscarbamylase
b)Carbamoyl-phosphatesynthetaseI
c)Argininosuccinase
d)Citrullinesynthase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Argininosuccinicacidsynthetase
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer:(D)Citrullinesynthase[RefHarper30th/290-96,
29th/274-88;Lippincott


24.Non-polaraminoacidsare:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Proline
b)Lysine
c)Isoleucine
d)Arginine
e)Asparginine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans:a.Prolinec.Isoleucine[RefHarper30th/16-22;Lippincott
6th/1-9;Satyanarayan4th/48]
AcidicandPolarsidechainsAsparticAcidGlutamicAcid
BasicandPolarsidechainsArginine,Lysine,Histidine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Uncharged&PolarsidechainsAsparginine,Glutamine,Serine,
Threonine,Tyrosine
NonPolarAminoAcidswithNonPolarsidechainsGlycine,
Alanine,Valine,Leucine,Isoleucine,Proline.

25.Trueaboutsqualene:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Presentinsubhumanprimateonly
b)Itisoneofthemajorcarbohydratesofbody
c)Itinvolvesinthesynthesisofcholesterol
d)Itinvolvesinthesynthesisofsteroids
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans:(C)Itinvolvesinsynthesisofcholesterol,(D)Itinvolvesin
synthesisofsteroids
Squaleneisahydrocarbonandatriterpene,andisanaturaland
vitalpartofthesynthesisofallplantandanimalsterols,including

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cholesterol,steroidhormones,andvitaminDinthehumanbody.
Squaleneisusedincosmetics,andmorerecentlyasan
immunologicadjuvantinvaccines.
Itisanatural30-carbonorganiccompoundoriginallyobtainedfor
commercialpurposesprimarilyfromsharkliveroil(henceitsname),

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

althoughplantsources(primarilyvegetableoils)arenowusedas
well,includingamaranthseed,ricebran,wheatgerm,andolives.
Squaleneandomega2fattyacidhasunlikeomega3fishoilsmore
completeandeffectivechemicalgroups.

26.Molecularweightofproteincanbe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

determined/estimatedby:
a)SDS-PAGE
b)Gelfiltrationchromatography
c)Agarosegelelectrophoresis
d)Ultracentrifugation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)FRETmicroscopy
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans:(A)SDS-PAGE(B)Gelfiltrationchromatography(D)
Ultracentrifugation[RefHarper30th/28;Shinde7th/772-74;
Satyanarayan4th/725,60;Vasudevan5th/482-851

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

"SDS-PAGEiscommonlyusedformolecularweightdetermination
ofproteins"(Vasudevan5th/482)
"SDS-PAGEisapopulartechniquefordeterminationofmolecular
weightofproteins"(Satyanarayan4th/725)
"Sodiumdodecylsulfate-polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis(SDS-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PAGE)isareliablemethodfordeterminingthemolecular
weight(MW)ofanunknownprotein".
"Thegelfiltrationchromatographytechniqueisusedfor"Separation
ofproteinmolecules,purificationofproteins&molecularweight
determinations"Ultracentrifugationisanindispensabletoolforthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

isolationofsubcellularorganelles,proteins,&nucleicacids.In
addition,thistechniqueisalsoemployedindeterminationof
molecularweightofmacromolecules\

27.GelusedinRNAelectrophoresis:
a)Agarosegel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Polyacrylamideplaingel
c)PolyacrylamideSDS(Sodiumdodecylsulphate)impregnated
Polyacrylamidegel
d)A&C
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Agarosegel
SeparationofRNAinagarosegelsisusedforanumberofdifferent
purposes,includingNorthernblotstomonitorRNAexpression
levels,checkingRNAintegrityandsizeselectionofRNAforcloning

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

experiments.
SeparationofRNAbasedonfragmentlengthrequiresconditions
thataredifferentfromDNAanalysis.
ThemostfrequentlyuseddenaturantsforRNAagarosegel
electrophoresisareformaldehyde,formaldehyde/formamide,and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

glyoxalplusDMSO.
ThemostefficientRNAdenaturantismethylmercuryhydroxide.
Becauseofthehazardsassociatedwiththisdenaturant,itisthe
leastusedsystemforRNA

28.Whichoffollowingreleases/provide

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

energy:
a)ConversionofADPtoATP
b)Breakingofhighenergybondtolowenergybond
c)Conversionofpyruvatetolactate
d)Electricalgradientacrossinner&outersideofmitochondria]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

membrane
e)Passageofe-throughFADinelectrontransportchain
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans:(B)Breakingofhigh...(D)Electricalgradientacross...(E)
Passageofe-throughFAD...
.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inabsenceof0xygenpyruvateisreducedtolacticacid(without
producingATP).Inanaerobicglycolysis,pyruvateactsasa
temporaryH-store.
Itdehydrogenation(oxidizes),thereducedNADH+H+backto
oxidizedNAD+,sothatglycolysiscancontinueevenintheabsence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of02.Inpresenceof02,lacticacidcanbeoxidizedintopyruvicacid
again.
ElectrontransportiscoupledtothephosphorylationofADPbythe
transport("pumping")ofprotons(H+)acrosstheinnermitochondrial
membranefromthematrixtotheintermembranespaceat

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ComplexesI,III,andIV.
Thisprocesscreatesanelectricalgradient(withmorepositive
chargesontheoutsideofthemembranethanontheinside)anda
pHgradient(theoutsideofthemembraneisatalowerpHthanthe
inside).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Theenergygeneratedbythisprotongradientissufficienttodrive
ATPsynthesis.Thus,theprotongradientservesasthecommon
intermediatethatcouplesoxidationtophosphorylation.

29.Whichofthefollowingisfeature(s)of
diabeticketoacidosis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Decreasedtriglyceridelevel
b)Increasedfattyacidlevel
c)TLipoprotein
d)Decreasedketonebodies
e)HighAniongapacidosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans:(B)Increasedfattyacidlevel(C)TLipoprotein(E)High
Aniongapacidosis[RefHarper30th/231;Lippincott6th/339,
345;Satyanarayan4th/481,682;Harrison19th/2417-18]
DKAischaracterizedbyhyperglycemia,ketosis,andmetabolic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

acidosis(increasedaniongap)alongwithanumberofsecondary
metabolicderangements,Leukocytosis,hypertriglyceridemia,and
hyperlipoproteinemiaarecommonlyfoundaswell
Increasedlacticacidproductionalsocontributestotheacidosis.The
increasedfreefattyacidsincreasetriglycerideandVLDLproduction.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VLDLclearanceisalsoreducedbecausetheactivityofinsulin-
sensitivelipoproteinlipaseinmuscleandfatisdecreased.
Hypertriglyceridemiamaybesevereenoughtocausepancreatitis.
Reducedinsulinlevels,incombinationwithelevationsin
catecholaminesandgrowthhormone,increaselipolysisandthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

releaseoffreefattyacids.Normally,thesefreefattyacidsare
convertedtotriglyceridesorvery-low-densitylipoprotein(VLDL)in
theliver.

30.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
pHofsolution:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Absoluteconcentrationofacid&salt
b)Relativeconcentrationofacid&saltinsolution
c)IncreaseoftemperatureincreasespH
d)AriseinH+concentrationdecreasespH
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans:(B)Relativeconcentration...,(D)AriseinH*concentra
tion....
"WhenpHmeasuredatroomtemperaturethereisnodirect
correlationbetweenpHandtemperature.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AriseinH+concentrationdecreasespHwhileafallinH+
concentrationincreasespH.ThereverseistrueforOH-
concentration
Theratioofsalttoacidconcentration-Actualconcentrationsofsalta
acidinabuffersolutionmaybevaryingwidely,withnochangein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pH,solongastheratiooftheconcentrationsremainsthesame

31.Truestatement(s)aboutMagnetic-
activatedcellsorting:
a)Itisamethodtoseparatespecificcellfromcomplexmixture
b)Fluorescentdyesareuses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Antibody-coatedmagneticnanoparticlesareused
d)Antibodiesusedarespecificforcertaincellsurfacemarkers
e)Magneticfieldisapplied
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans:(A)Itisamethod...,(C)Antibody-coatedmagnetic...,(D)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Antibodiesusedare...,(E)Magneticfieldisappli...
MACS,isaproceduredevelopedbyMiltenyiBiotectoseparatecells
fromcomplexmixturesusingantibody-coatedmagneticnano
particles.
Theantibodiesarespecificforcertaincellsurfacemarkers,either

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

expressedonyourpopulationofinterest(positiveselection),or
expressedonundesiredcelltypes(negativeselection).
Afteraddingtheantibody-coatedbeadstothecellmixtureand
incubating,thesuspensionisaddedtoaspecialsingle-use
separationcolumnaffixedtoamagnet,towhichthebeadsstick,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

whileunlabeledcellsflowthrough.

32.Silverstainingisdonefor:
a)DNA
b)RNA
c)Karyotypinganalysis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Protein
e)Collagen
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-(A)DNA(B)RNA(C)Karyotypinganalysis(D)Protein
(E)Collagen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Silverstainingisahighlysensitivemethodfordetectingproteinsand
nucleicacids(dsDNA&RNA)inpolyacrylamideslabgels.
Silverstainingistheuseofsilvertoselectivelyaltertheappearance
ofatargetinmicroscopyofhistologicalsections;intemperature
gradientgelelectrophoresis;andinpolyacrylamidegels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Silverstainingisthemostsensitivemethodforpermanentstaining
ofproteinsornucleicacidsinpolyacrylamidegels.
Histologicalcharacterization:Silverstainingaidsthevisualizationof
targetsofinterest,namelyintracellularandextracellularcellular
componentssuchasDNAandproteins,suchastypeIIIcollagen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andreticulinfibresbythedepositionofmetallicsilverparticlesonthe
targetsofinterest.

33.Non-codingRNAis/are:
a)miRNA
b)SiRNA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)tRNA
d)mRNA
e)rRNA
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.miRN...,b.SiRNA...,c.tRNA...,e.rRNA...,[RefHarper

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

30th/394-95,368;en.wikipedia.org;Lippincott6th/417]
AlleukaryoticcellshavetwomajorclassesofRNA,theprotein
codingRNAs,ormessengerRNAs(mRNAs),andtwoformsof
abundantnon-proteincodingRNAsdelineatedonthebasisofsize:
thelargeribosomalRNAs(rRNA)andlongnoncodingRNAs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(lncRNAs)andsmallnoncodingRNAstransferRNAs(tRNA),the
smallnuclearRNAs(snRNAs)andthemicroandsilencingRNAs
(miRNAsandsiRNAs).
ThemRNAs,rRNAsandtRNAsaredirectlyinvolvedinprotein
synthesiswhiletheotherRNAsareparticipateineithermRNA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

splicing(SnRNAs)ormodulationofgeneexpressionbyaltering
mRNAfunction(mi/SiRNAs)and/orexpression(lncRNAs).These
RNAdifferintheirdiversity,stability,andabundanceincells

34.PolymeraseIIIsynthesizes:
a)Fragment28SofrRNA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Fragment23SofrRNA
c)Fragment5SofrRNA
d)tRNA
e)mRNA
CorrectAnswer-C:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:c.andd[RefHarper30th/395-98;Lippincott428]
"RNApolymeraseIIIsynthesizestRNA,5SrRNA,andsomesnRNA
andsnoRNA"(Lippincott428)

35.TwostrandsofDNAis/areheldby:
a)Glycosidicbond

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hydrogenbond
c)Covalentbond
d)Ionicbond
e)Vanderwaalforce
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer(b)hydrogenbond[RefHarper30th/359;Lippincott
6th/396-97;Satyanarayan4th/75]
Thetwostrandsareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbondformed
bycomplementarybasepairs"(Satyanarayan4th/75)
"Thebasepairsareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds:twobetween

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AandTandthreebetweenGandC.Thesehydrogenbonds,plus
thehydrophobicinteractionsbetweenthestackedbases,stabilize
thestructureofthedoublehelix.


36.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
Translation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)N-formylmethionineisfirstaminoacidinprokaryotes
b)UsesenergyinformofGMP
c)ElongationfactorEF-1&EF-2usedinprokaryotes
d)ElongationfactorPisusedineukaryoticorganism
e)Threeinitiationfactorsarerequiredinprokaryotes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans:a.N-formylmethionine...,e.Threeinitiation[RefHarper
30th/419-23;Lippincott6th/438-42;Satyanarayan4th/554-60]
Ineukaryotes,thefirstaminoacidincorporatedismethionine(AUG
codon).Butinprokaryotes,thesamecodonattractsN-formyl

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

methionine,whichisthefirstaminoacid"(Vasudevan5th/432)
"ElongationfactorPisaprokaryoticproteintranslation
factor
requiredforefficientpeptidebondsynthesison70S
ribosomesfromfMet-tRNAfMet.Itprobablyfunctionsindirectlyby
alteringtheaffinityoftheribosomeforaminoacyl-tRNA,thus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

increasingtheirreactivityasacceptorsforpeptidylStepsinProtein
Synthesis
Inprokaryotes,threeinitiationfactorsareknown(IF-1,IF-2,andIF-
3),
whereasineukaryotes,thereareoverten(designatedeIFto
indicateeukaryoticorigin).
EukaryotesalsorequireATPforinitiation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


37.Nucleicacidamplificationtechniquesare:
a)PCR
b)RealtimePCR
c)DNACloning
d)NextgenerationDNAsequencing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans:a.PCR...,b.Realtime....[RefHarper30th/458;Robbins
9th/180;Lippincott6th/479;Harrison19th/150e-7;http://link.
springer.corn]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Real-timePCRautomatesthelaboriousprocessofamplificationby
quantitatingreactionproductsforeachsampleinevery
Cycle.
Thereareseveralmethodsforamplification(copying)ofsmall
numbersofmoleculesofnucleicacidtoreadilydetectablelevels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TheseNAATsincludePCR,LCR,stranddisplacementamplification,
andself-sustainingsequencereplication.
Theamplifiednucleicacidcanbedetectedafterthereactionis
completeor(inreal-timedetection)asamplificationproceeds.The
sensitivityofNAATsisfargreaterthanthatoftraditionalassay

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

methodssuchasculture.

38.Secondmessengeris/are:
a)Ca2+
b)DNA
c)Histone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)cDNA
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Ca2+[RefHarper30th/501,91-92,179,343;Lippincott
6th/94-951

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Nucleotides,suchascyclicadenosinemono-phosphate(cAMP)and
cyclicguanosinemonophosphate(cGMP),serveassecond
messengersinsignaltransductionpathways.
Twoofthemostwidelyrecognizedsecondmessengersystemsare
thecalciumlphosphatidylinositolsystem,andtheadenylylcyclase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

system,whichisparticularlyimportantinregulatingthepathwaysof
intermediarymetabolism.

39.Trueaboutgeneticcode:
a)FollowMendelianlaw
b)Itistotalnumberofchromosomeinthebody

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Itisnucleotidesequencewhichcodesforaminoacids
d)ItcodesforDNA
e)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:c.Itisnucleotidesequencewhichcodesforaminoacids

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

M
endelianGeneticsiswidelyregardedasthecornerstoneof
classicalgenetics.Itisasetofprimarybeliefsrelatingtothe
transmissionofhereditarycharacteristicsfromparentorganismsto
theiroffspring
Thegeneticcodeisadictionarythatidentifiesthecorrespondence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

betweenasequenceofnucleotidebasesandasequenceofamino
acids.
TheNucleotideSequenceofanmRNAMoleculeConsistsofa
SeriesofCodonsThatSpecifytheAminoAcidSequenceofthe
EncodedProtein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


40.Restrictionendonucleasecleaves:
a)dsDNA
b)RNA
c)Histone
d)Protein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)ssDNA
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.dsDNA
Restrictionendonucleases(restrictionenzymes),which
cleavedouble-stranded(ds)DNAintosmaller,moremanageable

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fragments,hasopenedthewayforDNAanalysis"
Restrictionenzyme(REorRestrictionEndonuclease)isanenzyme
thatcleavedouble-strandedDNAQatspecificrecognitionnucleotide
knownasrestrictionsitesQ
ThecutDNAfragmentsbyREmayhavestickyends(cohesive

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ends)?
orbluntsends?dependingonthemechanismusedby
enzyme
DNAfragmentswithstickyendsareparticularlyusefulfor
recombinantDNAexperiments(hybridorchimericDNAmolecules)
Restrictionenzymeisnamedaccordingtotheorganismfromwhich

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

itwasisolated


41.PhospholipaseA2acton:
a)Phosphoglycericacid
b)Phosphate
c)Ca+

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Phosphatidyl-inositol
e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d.Phosphatidyl-inositol
Phospholipaseshydrolyzethephosphodiesterbondsof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

phosphoglycerides,witheachenzymecleavingthephospholipidata
specificsite.
Phospholipasesreleasemoleculesthatcanserveasmessengers
(forexample,DAGandIP3),orthatarethesubstratesforsynthesis
ofmessengers(forexample,arachidonicacid.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Phospholipasesareresponsiblenotonlyfordegrading
phospholipids,butalsofor"remodeling"them.Forexample,
phospholipasesAlandA2removespecificfattyacidsfrom
membrane-boundphospholipids;thesecanbereplacedwith
alternativefattyacidsusingfattyacylCoAtransferase.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


42.EnzymeusedinDNArepairis/are:
a)DNAgyrase
b)DNApolymerase
c)Restrictionendonuclease
d)DNAligase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans:b.DNApoly...,d.DNA(RefHarper30th/382,389-92;
Lippincott6th/411-131
Whenthestrandcontainingthemismatchisidentified,an

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

endonucleasenicksthestrandandthemismatchednucleotide(s)
is/areremovedbyanexonuclease.
Additionalnucleotidesatthe5'-and3'-endsofthemismatchare
alsoremoved.Thegapleftbyremovalofthenucleotidesisfilled,
usingthesisterstrandasatemplate,byaDNApolymerase.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

The3'-hydroxylofthenewlysynthesizedDNAisjoinedtothe5'-
phosphateoftheremainingstretchoftheoriginalDNAstrandby
DNAligase

43.Nucleosomecontains:
a)DNA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)RNA
c)Chromatin
d)Histone
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:a.DNAd.Histone[RefHarper30th/371-72;Lippincott6th/
409]
Histonesarehighlyalkalineproteinsfoundineukaryoticcellnuclei
thatpackageandordertheDNAintostructuralunitscalled
nucleosomes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theyarethechiefproteincomponentsofchromatin,actingas
spoolsaroundwhichDNAwinds,andplayingaroleingene
regulation.
WhenthehistoneoctamerismixedwithpurifieddsDNAunder
appropriateionicconditions,thesamex-raydiffractionpatternis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

formedasthatobservedinfreshlyisolatedchromatin.Biochemical
andelectronmicroscopicstudiesconfirmtheexistenceof
reconstitutednucleosomes.
Inthenucleosome,theDNAissupercoiledinalefthandedhelix
overthesurfaceofthedisk-shapedhistoneoctamer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


44.Serotonin,amediatorofinflammationin
ourbody,issecreted/releasedby:
a)Leukocytes
b)Endothelialcell
c)Mastcell

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Platelet
e)Macrophage
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Platelet
Serotonin:Itisfoundintheintestinalmucosa,braintissue&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

platelets.
Releaseofserotonin(andhistamine)fromplateletsisstimulated
whenplateletsaggregateaftercontactwithcollagen,thrombin,
adenosinediphosphate(ADP),andantigen-antibodycomplexes.

45.Autosomalrecessivedisease(s)is/are:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Sicklecellanaemia
b)Phenylketonuria
c)Tuberousscelerosis
d)Familialpolyposiscoli
e)Marfansyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-(A)Sicklecellanaemia(B)Phenylketonuria
1.Metabolic-
Cysticfibrosis
Phenylketonuria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Galactosemia
Homocystinuria
Wilsondisease
Hemochromatosis
2.Hematopoietic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sicklecellanemia
Thalassemias
3.Endocrine
Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia
4.Skeletal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ehlers-Danlossyndrome
5.Nervous
Friedreichataxia
Spinalmuscularatrophy

46.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeatures(s)of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lewybodydementia:
a)Plaquecontainingbeta-amyloidpeptide
b)Depositionofa-synucleinprotein
c)Oftenresistanttostandardtreatment
d)Commoninelderly

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Riskoffallingmaypresent
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Answer-(B)Depositionofa-synucleinprotein(C)Often
resistanttostandardtreatment(D)Commoninelderly(E)Risk
offallingmaypresent

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Alpha-synucleincontainingLewybodiesoccurinthebrainstem,
midbrain,olfactorybulb,andneocortex.
Thisisaneurodegenerativedisorderclinicallycharacterizedby
dementiaandsignsofParkinson'sdisease.
Commoninelderly.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TheDLBclinicalsyndromeischaracterizedbyvisualhallucinations,
parkinsonism,fluctuatingalertness,falls.

47.TrueaboutAlzheimer'sdisease:
a)Morecommoninolderage
b)Impairmentoftheabilitytoremembernewinformation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mainlyaffectslongtermmemory
d)Generalcognitivebehaviorimpairedinprodromalphase
e)Atrophyoffrontal&parietallobe
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Answer-(A)Morecommoninolderage(B)Impairmentofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

abilitytoremembernewinformation(D)Generalcognitive
behaviorimpairedinprodromalphase(E)Atrophyoffrontal&
parietallobe
Alzheimer'sdisease(AD)isaslowlyprogressivediseaseofthe
brainthatischaracterizedbyimpairmentofmemory.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Alzheimer'sdiseaseisCommonin5thand6thdecade.
EarlyStage-
Thisisconsideredasamild/earlystageandthedurationperiodis2-
4years.
Frequentrecentmemoryloss.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Writingandusingobjectsbecomedifficultanddepressionand
apathycanoccur.
Secondstage-
Thisisconsideredasamiddle/moderatestageandthedurationis2-
10years.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DementiaofAlzheimer'stypeisassociatedwithDepressive
symptoms,Delusions,Apraxiaandaphasia.
Pervasiveandpersistentmemorylossimpactslifeacrosssettings.
Moderatestage-

Increasedmemorylossandconfusion.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Laststage-
Thisisconsideredastheseverestageandthedurationis1-3years.
Extremeproblemswithmood,behavioralproblems,hallucinations,
anddelirium.

48.TrueaboutHypersensitivitypneumonitis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Occursduetoinorganicantigen
b)IncreasedCD8+Tcellsinbronchoalveolarlavage
c)Manifestsmainlyasanoccupationalandenvironmentdisease
d)Forsevereacutecases,oralsteroidsisgivenfor3-4weeks
e)Interstitialinflammatoryinfiltrateisseeninlung

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Answer-(B)IncreasedCD8+Tcellsinbronchoalveolarlavage
(C)Manifestsmainlyasanoccupationalandenvironment
disease(D)Forsevereacutecases,oralsteroidsisgivenfor3-
4weeks(E)Interstitialinflammatoryinfiltrateisseeninlung

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itismanifestedmainlyasanoccupationaldisease,inwhich
exposuretoinhaledorganicagentsleadstoacuteandeventually
chronicpulmonarydisease.
Bronchoalveolarlavagespecimensalsoconsistentlydemonstrate
increasednumbersofbothCD4+andCDB+Tlymphocytes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

HistologyshowsevidenceofaninterstitialinflammatoryinfiItratein
thelung.
Inacutecases,prednisoloneshouldbegivenfor3-4weeks,starting
withanoraldoseof40mgperday.

49.RScellhavingsameimmunophenotyping

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

arepresentinwhichsubtypesof
Hodgkin'slymphoma:

a)Nodularsclerosis
b)Lymphocytepredominant
c)Lymphocyterich

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Mixedcellularity
e)Lymphocytedepletion
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Answer-(A)Nodularsclerosis(C)Lymphocyterich(D)Mixed
cellularity(E)Lymphocytedepletion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inthefirstfoursubtypes-nodularsclerosis,mixedcellularity,
lymphocyte-rich,andlymphocytecells.

50.TrueaboutLyonisationofXchromosome:
a)InactivationofXchromosomeonlyinsomaticcell
b)InactivationofXchromosomeonlyingermcell

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)InactivationofXchromosomeinsomatic&germcellboth
d)MaximunnumberofBarrbodyisequaltoXchromosome
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.InactivationofXchromosomeonlyinsomaticcell

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Infemale,oneoftwoX-chromosome(eitherpaternalormaternal)is
inactivatedduringembryogenesisasstatedinLyonhypothesis.
Thisinactivationispassedtoallthesomaticcellwhilethegermcells
inthefemaleremainunaffected.

51.TwomostcommoncancerinIndian

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

womanis:
a)Carcinomabreast
b)Carcinomacervix
c)Carcinomacolon
d)Carcinomastomach

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Carcinomalung
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-(A)Carcinomabreast(B)Carcinomacervix
Inwomen,cancerbreast,cervixuteri,colorectum,ovary,lip&oral
cavity.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


52.Whichofthefollowingisparaganglioma:
a)AdrenalPheochromocytoma
b)Extra-adrenalPheochromocytoma
c)Carotidbodytumour
d)Carcinoidtumour

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Glomustympanicum
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-(B)Extra-adrenalPheochromocytoma(C)Carotidbody
tumour(E)Glomustympanicum
Pheochromocytornaisachromaffin-cellneoplasmthatcanarisean

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

adrenal(adrenalmedulla)orextraadrenaltumor.
Extraadrenalpheochromocytomaisalsoreferredtoas
paraganglioma.
Thecarotidbodytumorisaprototypeofaparasympathetic
paraganglioma.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Glomustympanicum:Mostcommontumourinmiddleear.

53.Feature(s)ofXIIIfactordeficiencyis/are:
a)Delayedwoundclosure
b)Clotsolubilitytestsareabnormal
c)TaPTT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)TPT
e)TBT
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-A,DelayedwoundclosureB,Clotsolubilitytestsare
abnormal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itcharacteristicallyleadstodelayedbleedingthatoccurshoursto
daysafterahemostaticchallenge.
Clotsolubilitytestsareabnormal.

54.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is/are
correctexcept:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)IncreasedPTinextrinsicpathways
b)IncreasedaPTTininstrinsicpathways
c)Ifplateletcountis>1.5lac/microL,thennormalhomeo-stasis
present
d)BTisdecreasedinplateletabnormality

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Aswer-D.BTisdecreasedinplateletabnormality
Hemostasisisspontaneousarrestofbleedingbyphysiological
Process.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Prothrombintime(PT):
Thisassayteststheextrinsicandcommoncoagulationpathways.
Partialthromboplastintime(PTT):
Thisassayteststheintrinsicandcommonclottingpathway.
Prolongationgenerallyindicatesadefectinplateletnumbersor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

function.

55.TrueaboutDentigerouscyst:
a)Arisesinrelationtouneruptedteeth
b)Itmostcommonlyencroachesmaxillaryantrum
c)Mandibularthirdmolariscommonsite

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Commoninmandible
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-A,ArisesinrelationtouneruptedteethC,Mandibular
thirdmolariscommonsiteD,Commoninmandible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Commoninlowerjaw(mandible)inwomen30-40years.
Itoccursinrelationtounerupted,permanent,molartooth,most
commonlytheupperorlowerthirdmolar.

56.Prognosticfactorsforcarcinoma
esophagusis/are:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Depthofinvasion
b)Lymphnodestatus
c)Tumourgrading
d)Stageofthedisease
e)All

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-E
Answer-E,All
StageThemostreliableprognosticfacforforesophagealcanceris
thestageofthetumouratthetimeofdiagnosis.
Tumoursize

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lymphnodesstatus
Cancerhasspreadtodistantorgans
Cancerthatremainsaftersurgery
Tumourgrade

57.Trueaboutsurgicaljaundice:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Increaseofserumbilirubin
b)Increaseacidphosphatase
c)Increasealkalinephosphatase
d)Urinebilirubinisabsent
e)Stoolsterocobilinogenabsent

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Answer-A,IncreaseofserumbilirubinC,Increasealkaline
phosphataseE,Stoolsterocobilinogenabsent
Obstructivejaundice-
1.Biluribin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Direct&Indirect-increased
2.Urinebilirubin-increased
3.Serumalbumin-generallyunchanged
4.Alkalinephosphatase-Increased
5.Sterocobilinogen-absent

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


58.Whichofthefollowingmarkerfavours
diagnosisofpreinvasive&invasive
cervicalcancer:

a)Ki67
b)OncoproteinE6

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)p16INK4,cyclinE,andKi-67
d)OncoproteinE8
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,Ki67B,OncoproteinE6C,p16INK4,cyclinE,andKi-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

67
TheexpressionofE7determinestheinactivationofpRbwitha
consequentincreaseoffreeE2Finthecell,leadingtobothan
increaseofcyclin-dependentkinaseinhibitorpl6(p16INK4a)and
aberrantproliferation(markedbyincreasedlevelsofKi-67

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

expression).

59.Whichofthefollowingmarker/mutation
is/areseeninpapillarycarcinomaof
thyroid:

a)Synaptophysin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)RET/PTC
c)P53
d)NTRK1
e)RAS
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B,RET/PTCD,NTRK1E,RAS
GeneticAlterationsinThyroidNeoplasia-
RET/PTC
BRAF
TRK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RAS

60.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
pregabalin:
a)Approveddrugfordiabeticneuropathy
b)Approvedfortreatmentofgeneralizedtonicclonicseizure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Peripheraledemaissideeffect
d)Somnolenceissideeffect
e)ApprovedforuseinPartialseizure
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.a.ApproveddrugForDiabeticneuropathy;c.Peripheral

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

edemaissideeffect;d.Somnolenceissideeffect;e.Approved
foruseinpartialseizures.
[RefKDT7th/419;Katzung13th/4M,419;Harrisontgth/2682;
PharmacologybySatoskar24th139)
Pregabalinside-effectincludes:Cognitivechanges,sedation&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

peripheraledema.
GABAanalog.
Antiseizureactivityandforitsanalgesicproperty.
Approvedforuseinneuropathicpain,includingpainfuldiabetic
peripheralneuropathy,postherpeticneuralgia&complexregional

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

painsyndrome.
Toxicityincluded-Somnolence,dizziness,ataxia

61.Drug(s)usedforoveractivebladder:
a)Oxybutinin
b)Tolterodine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mirabegron
d)OnabotulinumtoxinA
e)Pirenzepine
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.a.Oxybutynin;b.Tolterodine;c.Mirabegron;D.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OnabotulinumtoxinA
[R4KDf7th/117-18;Katzung13th/127-28;Rang&Date8th/366;
PharmacologybySatoskar24th/3OS-07]
OveractiveBladder:
AntimuscarinicdrugssuchasOxybutynin,Flavoxate,tolterodine&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

trospiumareusedforbothneurogenic&non-neurogenicoveractive
bladder.
Sollfenacin&darifenacinarethenewdrugs(M3antagonist)foruse
inoveractivebladder.
Mirabegronisbeta-3adrenergicagonistusedforoveractivebladder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OnabotulinumtoxinAisusedassingleintradetrusorinjection,to
treatoveractivebladder.

62.Allaretrueaboutwarfarinexcept:
a)ActthroughinhibitionofcoagulationfactorIX
b)Protaminesulphatereversesitsaction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)MonitoringisdonethroughINR
d)TargetofINRwithwarfarinisgenerally2-3
e)Skinnecrosisisusuallyoccurin3-10daysofinitiationof
warfarin
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:b.Protaminesulphatereversesitsaction.
[RefKDT7th/620-24;Katzung13th/590-92;Rang&DaleSth/30q
PharmacologybySatoskar24th/jN-301]
Warfarininducedskinnecrosisisararecomplicationcharacterized
bytheappearanceofskinlesion3-10daysafterinitiationof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

treatment.
DoseofwarfarinadjustedtogiveanINRof2-4,theprecisetarget
dependingontheclinicalsituation.
Thereferencerangeforprothrombintimeisusuallyaround12-13
secondsandtheINninabsenceofanticoagulationtherapyis0.8-1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Warfarin:Doseregulationisdonebyprothrombintime&INR
(Heparin/aPTT/clottingtime.
AntagonistisVitK(c.fHeparin-Protaminesulphate).

63.TrueaboutM/Aofdoxorubicin:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Intercalateb/wDNAstrands
b)InhibitionofDNApolymerase
c)InhibitionofRNApolymerase
d)InhibitionoftopoisomeraseII
e)Inhibitionofproteinsynthesis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.A.Intercalateb/wDNAstrands;D.InhibitionOf
TopoisomeraseII
[Ref:KDT7th/867;Katzung13th/932'j5;G6G1lth/1358;
PharmacologybySatoskar24th/835)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Doxorubicin:Itactsasanon-specificinhibitoroftopoisomerase-II,
thusinterferingwithDNAreplication.

64.Anticholinergicdrugside-effectincludes:
a)Constipation
b)Urinaryretention

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mydriasis
d)Hypothermia
e)Blurringofvision
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:A.Constipation.B.UrinaryretentionC.MydriasisE.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Blurringofvision
[Ref:KDT7th/120;GdzG11th/194;Katzung13th/129;Rang&
Dale\th/164-65;PharmacologybySatoskar24th/301).
Bodytemperatureisfrequentlyelevated.
Unfortunately,children,especiallyinfants,areverysensitiveto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hyperthermiceffectsofatropine.
Constipation&urinaryretention(precipitationespeciallyinelderly)
canoccurwithatropine
Difficultyinswallowing,drymouth,ferer,dry-flushed&hotskin,
difficultyinmicturition,Mydriasis,photophobia,blurringofnear

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

vision,palpitations,dreadfulvisualhallucination,ataxia,delirium,
psychoticbehavior,weak&rapidpulse,hypotension,
cardiovascularcollapsewithrespiratorydepression,convulsion&
coma.

65.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

benefitsofSustainedreleaseformulation
ofdrugs:

a)Decreasedincidenceand/orintensityofundesiredeffects
b)Increasespotencyofthedrug
c)ReleaseofdrugislessinfluencedbypH

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Prolongdrugeffect
e)Decreasedfrequencyofadministration
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
AnsA.DecreasedIncidenceand/orIntensityofundesired
effects;c.ReleaseOfDrugIsLessInfluencedBypH;D.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Prolongdrugeffect;E.DecreasedFrequencyofadministration.
[Ref:KDf7th/35;G6'G11th/5;PharmacologybySatoskar24th/7;
http://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/review-sustained-release-
dosage'forms).
Sustainedreleaseimpliesslowreleaseofthedrugoveratime

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

period.
Itmayormaynotbecontrolledrelease
Advantagesofsustainedreleasedosageforms:
Controlofdrugtherapyisachieved.
Rateandextentofdrugabsorptioncanbemodified

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequencyofdrugadministrationisreduced.
Patientcompliancecanbeimproved.
Drugadministrationcanbemadeconvenient
Maximizingtheavailabilityofdrugwithminimumdose.
Thesafetymarginofhighpotencydrugcanbeincreased.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---



66.Trueaboutdrug-responsecurve(DRC):
a)SteepestinmiddleportionoftheDRC
b)InvertedUshapedcurvemaybeforsomedrug
c)Rectangularhyperbola-whenplottedinlogarithmicscale
d)Sigmoidshape-whenplottedinlogarithmisused

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Enablescomparisonofpotencyofdrugs
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.(A)SteepestinmiddleportionoftheDRC(B)InvertedU
shapedcurvemaybeforsomedrug(C)Rectangularhyperbola-
whenplottedinlogarithmicscale(E)Enablescomparisonof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

potencyofdrugs
Dose-ResponseRelationship:
Rectangularhyperbola.
Sigmoidalcurveindose-responserelationship:thesteepestportion
inthemiddle-wiki.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DRCisusedtomeasure-drugpotency,drugefficacy&drugsafety-
slideshare.
Somedrugscauselow-dosestimulationandhigh-doseinhibitionof
response.
TheseU-shapedrelationshipsforsomereceptorsystemsaresaidto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

displayhormesis.
Severaldrug-receptorsystemscandisplaythispropertye.g.,
prostaglandins,endothelin,andpurinergicandserotonergic
agonists,amongothers),whichislikelytobeattherootofdrug
toxicity.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


67.Trueaboutorganophosphoruspoisoning:
a)Atropineisbestforearlytreatment&maintenance
b)Pralidoximeisimportantforrestoringneuromuscular
transmission
c)Phenytoinistheprimarydrugusedforseizurecontrol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Mydriasispresent
e)Pralidoxime&atropineworkssynergistically
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.(A)Atropineisbestforearlytreatment&maintenance
(B)Pralidoximeisimportantforrestoringneuromuscular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

transmission(E)Pralidoxime&atropineworkssynergistically
[RefReddy32nd/495-97;G&Gltth/21};KDT7th/111:13th/979-80;
PharmacologybySatoskar24th/297]
OrganophosPhorusPoisoning:
AIIcaseofAnti-ChEpoisoningmustbepromptlygivenatropine2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mgi.Vrepeatedevery10mintilldryness&othersignsof
atropinizationappear.
Continuedtreatmentwithmaintenancedosesmayberequiredfor1-
2weeks
Theuseofoximesinorganophosphatepoisoningissecondaryto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thatofatropine.Moreventheclinicalbenefitofoximesishighly
variable.
Controlofconvulsionswithjudicioususeofdiazepam.
Ocularmanifestationsincludemarkedmiosis'ocularpain'
conjunctivalcongestion,diminishedvision,ciliaryspasm,Andbrow

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ache.
Atropineinsufficientdosageeffectivelyantagonizestheactionsat

muscarinicreceptorsites,andtoamoderateextentatperipheral
ganglionicandcentralsites

68.Whichofthefollowingdrug(s)actby

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inhibitingproteinsynthesisbyattaching
to50Sribosome:

a)Tetracycline
b)Ampicillin
c)Isoniazid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Imipramine
e)Ethionamide
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.(B)Ampicillin(C)Isoniazid
[KDT7th/734,768;Katzung13th/789]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tetracyclinesbindto30Sribosome&inhibitaminoacylRNA
attachmenttotheAsite
Erythromycin&clindamycinbindto50Sribosome&hinder
translocationoftheelongatedpeptidechainbackfromAsitetoP
site.PeptidesynthesismaybeprematurelyTerminated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ChloramPhenicolbindsto50Ssubunit'Itinterferewithpeptidebond
formation&transferofpeptidechainfromPsite
Aminoglycosidesbindtoseveralsitesat30S&50Ssubunits-freeze
initiation,interferewithpolysomeformation&causemisreadingof
mRNAcode

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


69.OCPefficacydecreaseswithconcurrent
administrationofwhichofthefollowing
drug(s):

a)Phenytoin
b)Ampicillin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Isoniazid
d)Imipramine
e)Ethionamide
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.(A)Phenytoin(B)Ampicillin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

[RefKDT7th/326;Katzung13th/712;Rang&DaIe9th/434:
PharmacologybySatoskar24th/967).
Contraceptivefailuremayoccurwithconcurrentadministration
of:
Enzymeinducer:Phenytoin,phenobarbital,primidone,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

carbamazepine,rifampin,ritonavir-Metabolismofestrogenic&
progestationalcomponentisincreased.
Tetracyclines-ampicillin.
Deconjugationofestrogenssecretedinbilefailstooccurtheir
enterohepaticcirculationisinterruptedbloodlevelfal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


70.Allaretrueabouttamoxifeneexcept:
a)Usedasadjuvanttherapyinestrogenreceptorpositivebreast
cancer
b)Approvedfortheprimaryprophylaxisofbreastcancerinhigh
riskwoman

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Noeffectonuterus
d)Pro-estrogeneffectonbone
e)CauseendometrialCa
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.(A)Usedasadjuvanttherapyinestrogenreceptorpositive

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

breastcancer(C)Noeffectonuterus(D)Pro-estrogeneffecton
bone(E)CauseendometrialCa
[Ref;KDT7th/101'02;Katzung13th/106]
NMislocatedinneuromuscularjunction6causedepolarizationof
muscleendPlate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

NNlocatedonautonomicganglia,adrenalmedulla&CNS
Mostsmoothmuscles&glandshaveM26M3subtypes;M3
Predominates.
Achisamajorneurotransmitteratautonomic,somaticaswellas
centralsites.ReleaseofAchfromnerveterminalhelpinsynaptic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

transmission

71.
Whichoffollowingtrueregarding
acetylcholinereceptors:
a)M2receptor-heart

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)MIreceptor-smoothmuscle
c)NMreceptorispresentonneuromuscularjunction
d)Synapticjunction-Achistransmitter
e)NNlocatedonadrenalmedulla
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.(A)M2receptor-heart(C)NMreceptorispresenton
neuromuscularjunction(D)Synapticjunction-Achis
transmitter(E)NNlocatedonadrenalmedulla
[Ref;KDT7th/101'02;Katzung13th/106]
NMislocatedinneuromuscularjunction6causedepolarizationof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

muscleendPlate
NNlocatedonautonomicganglia,adrenalmedulla&CNS
Mostsmoothmuscles&glandshaveM26M3subtypes;M3
Predominates.
Achisamajorneurotransmitteratautonomic,somaticaswellas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

centralsites.ReleaseofAchfromnerveterminalhelpinsynaptic
transmission

72.Whichofthefollowingdrug(s)comesin
riskcategoryBofFDAteratogenicrisk
categoriesforpregnancy:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Phenytoin
b)Resperidone
c)Olanazapine
d)Clozapine
e)Arpirazole

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Clozapine
[Ref:KDT7th/90;Katzung13th/1018;Rang6Dale8th/700;
PharmacologybySatoskar24th/1122;http://schizophreniabulletin-
oxfordjournal]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CategoryA:
Norisktofetusinhumanstudies
Levothyroxine
Potassium
Supplementation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MgSO4
CategoryB
Animalstudiesshownorisk
Humanstudiesarelacking
Penicillins

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cephalosporins
Macrolides
Brimonidine

CategoryC
AnimalstudiesshowPositiveteratogenicrisk

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Humanstudiesarenotavailable
Albuterol
Zidovudine
CCB
Morphine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Atropine
CategoryD
Humanandanimalstudiesshowpositiveteratogenicrisk
Canbeusedinpregnancybecauseofbenefitsgreaterthanrisk
mightbeacceptable.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Corticosteroids
Azathioprine
Carbamazepine
Valproate
Methotrexate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lithium
CategoryX
Humanandanimalstudiesshowpositiveteratogenicrisk
Absolutelycontraindicatedinpregnancybecauseofriskgreaterthan
benefits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thalidomide
isotretinoin
Fluoroquinolones
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Warfarin
ACEinhibitors

73.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
ropinirolewrtL-dopa:
a)Cognitivesymptomimproves

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lowerincidenceofhallucination
c)Causeexcessivesleepiness
d)Moreeffectiveinthetreatmentofpatientswhohavedeveloped
on/offphenomena
e)Provideneuroprotectiveeffect

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.C,CauseexcessivesleepinessD,Moreeffectiveinthe
treatmentofpatientswhohavedevelopedon/offphenomena
E,Provideneuroprotectiveeffect
[Ref:KDT7th/430-31;G&G535-j8;Katzung13th/478;Rang6Date

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

8th/494-95;PharmacologybySatoskar24th/237
Allthedopamineagonistsinlargerdosescancoutetevere
neuropsychiatricadverseeffects.
Ropinirole&Pramipexole
SelectiveD2/D1receptoragonists

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bettertolerateddtdonotshowthefluctuationsinefficacyassociated
withlevodopa.
Theydo,however,causesomnolence6sometimeshallucinations
(recentevidencesuggeststhattheymaypredisposetocompulsive
behaviours,suchasexcessivegambling,overeating6sexual

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

excess,relatedtotherewardfunctionsofdopamine
Adisadvantageofcurrentdopamineagonistsistheirshortplasma
halfLife(6-8hr),requiring3timesdailydosagethoughslowrelease

oncedailyformulationsarenowavailable
Trialhavefoundthemtoaffordsymptomreliefcomparableto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

levodopa.
Sometrialshavenotedlowerincidenceofdyskinesias6motor
fluctuationsamongPatientstreatedwiththesedrugsthandose
treatedwithlevodopa
Itislongeractingthanlevodopa.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Highincidenceofhallucination&sleepiness

74.Trueaboutmethanolpoisoning:
a)Gastricdecontaminationishelpful
b)Formate&formaldehydeareactivemetabolite
c)TakingwithEthanolcausemoretoxicity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Fomipezoleaspecificantagonist,isgivenfortreatment
e)Causehighaniongapacidosis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.A,GastricdecontaminationishelpfuB,Formate&
formaldehydeareactivemetaboliteD,Fomipezoleaspecific

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

antagonist,isgivenfortreatmentE,Causehighaniongap
acidosis
[Ref:KDT7th/394-96;Katzung13th/393;Pharmacologyby
Satoskar24th/9s-96).
TreatmentofMethylAlcohol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Fomepizole,analcoholdehydrogenaseinhibitor,isapprovedforthe
treatmentofethyleneglycolpoisoningandmethanolpoisoning.
Ethanolusedintravenouslyastreatmentformethanolpoisoning.
Methanolconcentrationshigherthan50mg/dlarethoughttobean
absoluteindicationforhemodialysisandtreatmentwithfomepizole

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

orethanol,althoughformatebloodlevelsareabetterindicationof
clinicalpathology.
Hospitalisation,nursingcare
Gastriclavage,activatedcharcoal
Treatmentofacidosis/hypoglycemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inhibitionofmethanolmetabolism-Givingethylalcoholdtfomepizole
(aspecificinhibitorofalcoholdehydrogenase&drugofchoicefor
methanolpoisoning)

Promotemetabolicdegradationofformate:folinicacidtogetherwith
folicacid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Diuretics,urinealkalinisation
Hemodialysisinseverecase
Maintenanceofnutrition

75.S/EofBevacizumabincludes:
a)Hypertension

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hemoptysis
c)Malena
d)Cerebellarstroke
e)Notcausegastrointestinalperforation
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A,HypertensionB,HemoptysisC,MalenaD,Cerebellar
stroke
[Ref:KDT7th/871:Katzung13th/937-38;Rang&Dale8th/;
PharmacologybySatoskar24th/840).
S/EofBevacizumab:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hypertension
Arterialthromboembolism-heartattack6stroke
Vesselinjury6haemorrhages
Heartfailure
Proteinuria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gastrointestinalperforation
Healingdefect

76.TNF-aInhibitorsareusedfor:
a)Ulcerativecolitis
b)Crohn'sdisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Rheumatoidarthritis
d)Psoariasis
e)Lichenplanus
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.A,UlcerativecolitisB,Crohn'sdiseaseC,Rheumatoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

arthritisD,Psoariasis
[RefHanison19th/1961;NeenaKhanna5th/58,68;CMDT2016/641;
KDT7th/883-84).
TNF-alphaInhibitors:Use
Etanercept-Rheumatoidarthritis,severe/refractoryankylosing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

spondylitis,plaquepsoriasis,polyarticularidiopathicjuvenilearthritis.
Infliximab-refractoryrheumatoidarthritis,ankylosingspondylitis,
psoriasis,fistulatingCrohn'sdisease,ulcerativecolitis
Adalimumab-Useaslikeinfliximab
Certolizumab-Crohn'sdisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Golimumab-ulcerativecolitisPsoriasis:TreatmentincludesTNF
blockerslikeetanercept,infliximab.

77.Antibioticofchoicefor
Stenotrophomonasmaltophiliainfection
is:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Ampicillin
b)Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)
c)Penicillin
d)Ciprofloxacin
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:b.Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)

78.Whichofthefollowingis/areparaphilia:
a)Pedophilia
b)Sodomy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Frotteurism
d)Voyeurism
e)Exhibitionism
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans:A.PedophiliaC.FrotteurismD.VoyeurismE.Exhibitionism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

[RefSynopsisofPsychiatrybyKaplondrSaddockllth/593-97;
Reddy32nd/411;NeerajAhuja7th/124-26;Parikh7th/411-12J
Paraphiliasorperversionsaresexualstimulioractsthatare
deviationsfromnormalsexualbehaviors,butarenecessaryfor
somepersonstoexperiencearousalandorgasm.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AccordingtotheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMental
Disorders,fifthedition(DSM-5),thetermparaphilicdisorderis
reservedforthosecasesinwhichasexuallydeviantfantasyor
impulsehasbeenexpressedbehaviorally.
Individualswithparaphilicinterestscanexperiencesexualpleasure,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

buttheyareinhibitedfromrespondingtostimulithatarenormally
considerederotic.Theparaphiliacperson'ssexualityismainly
restrictedtospecificdeviantstimulioracts.
DSM-5listspedophilia,frotteurism,voyeurism,exhibitionism,sexual
sadism,sexualmasochism,fetishism,andtransvestismwithexplicit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

diagnosticcriteriabecauseoftheirthreattoothersand/orbecause
theyarerelativelycommonparaphilias.Therearemanyother
paraphiliasthatmaybediagnosed

79.Whichofthefollowingjointisbest
predictorofageof16-17yearbyX-ray:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Knee
b)Elbow
c)Hip
d)Wrist
e)Ankle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans:(D)Wrist(E)Ankle[RefReddy32nd/78,77,74;Parikh7th/
61-63]
Forestimationofage:TakeX-ray
6-12years
Elbowjoint,Wristjoint,6yr-centerforlowerendof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ulna(A);medialepicondyleofthehumerus(A)
9years:Olecranon(A)
9to11years:Trochelaofhumerus(A)
10thto11thyear:Pisiform(A)
11thyear:Lateralepicondyleofhumerus(A)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

13to16years:X-rayofpelviselbowjoint&pelvis(13thyr-separate
centersintriradiatecartilageofacetabulum(A)
12to14years:Lessertrochanteroffemur(A)
14thyear:Crestofilium(A),fusionofmedialepicondyleof
humerus,lateralepicondylewithtrochlea

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

15thyear:fusionoftriradiatecartilageofacetabulum
16-17year:wrist
Crestofilium:18-19.
Ischealtuberostty,clavicle(innerend):21-22(F),23-24(M)


80.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

humanhair:
a)Medullaryindex:<0.3
b)Cortexisthin
c)Cortexisthick
d)Medulla-narrow

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Medulla-wider
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans:a.Medullaryindex...,c.Cortexisthick...,d.Medullanar....
[RefReddy32nd/91;Parikh7th/499]
Trait

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

HumanHair
Animalhair
Character
Fine&thin
Coarse&thick

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cuticularscalesare
Cuticle
Cuticularscalesare
very
large&havestep-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

short,broad,thin&
likeor
irregularlyannular
wavyprojections
Thin,rarelymore

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cortex
Thick,well-striated
than
&4to10timesas
twiceasbroadas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

broadasmedulla
medulla
Variesconsiderably,
Medulla
usuallynarrow,discontinuous, Continuous&wider

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fragmentedorentirelyabsent
Mostlypresentinthe
Pigment
Evenlydistributed
medulla

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


medulla
Specificfordifferent
Precipitin
Specificforhuman
animals

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Medullaryindex
(Diameterof
Below0.3
Above0.5
medulla/

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Diameterof
shaft)

81.Whichofthefollowingistrue
statement(s)aboutexhumation?
a)Policecanorderforexhumation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Executivemagistratecanorderforexhumation
c)Postmortemcannotbedoneonexhumatedbody
d)CrPC176(4)isrelatedtoenquiryofexhumatedbody
e)CrPC174isrelatedtoenquiryofexhumatedbody
CorrectAnswer-B:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:b.Executivemagistrate...,d.CrPC176(4)isrelated...
[RefReddy32nd/128-29;Parikh7th/133-34]
I
tisdiggingoutofanalreadyburiedbodylegallyfromthegrave
ThereisnotimelimitforexhumationinIndia
Autopsiesareperformedonexhumedbodies:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(1)Incriminalcases,suchashomicide,suspectedhomicide
disguisedassuicideorothertypesofdeath,suspiciouspoisoning,
deathasaresultofcriminalabortion&criminalnegligence;
(2)Incivilcases,suchasaccidentaldeathclaim,insurance,
workmen'scompensationclaim,liabilityforprofessionalnegligence,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

survivorship&inheritanceclaimsordisputedidentity
Authorisation:Thebodyisexhumatedonlywhen,thereisawritten
orderfromtheexecutivemagistrate.Thebodycanheexhumatedby
anygovernmentdoctor
Thebodyisexhumatedunderthesupervisionofamedicalofficer&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

magistrateinthepresenceofapoliceofficer
Wheneverpracticable,themagistrateshouldinformtherelativesof
thedeceased&allowthemtoremainpresentattheenquiry(176(4)

Cr.P.C)

82.Trueaboutcadavericspasm:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Samemechanismasrigormortis
b)Mechanismisunknown
c)Alsok/ainstantaneousrigor
d)Occuronlyincoldenvironment
e)Canbeseeninsomedrowningcase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans:b.Mechanism...,c.Also1c/a...,e.Canbeseen....
CadavericSpasm(CatalepticRigidityorInstantaneousRigor)isa
rarecondition.Inthis,themusclesthatwerecontractedduringlife
becomestiffandrigidimmediatelyafterdeathwithoutpassinginto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thestageofprimaryrelaxation,anditsMechanismisunknown
Itoccursespeciallyincasesofsuddendeath,excitement,fear,
severepain,exhaustion,cerebralhaemorrhage,injurytothe
nervoussystem,firearmwoundofthehead,drowning,convulsant
poisons(suchasstrychnine).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


83.Cause(s)ofOpisthotonusis/are:
a)Cocaine
b)StrychnosNuxVomicaseed
c)Strychnine
d)Codeine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Curare
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans:B.StrychnosNuxVomicaseedC.Strychnine
Strychnine
(alkaloidfromseedsofstrychnosnux-vomica)cause
opisthotonus(Parikh7th/639-40)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

"Strychnine:Theconvulsionsaremostmarkedinantigravity
muscles,sothatthebodytypicallyarchesinhyperextension
(opisthotonus)"(Reddy32nd/581)
CausesofOpisthotonus:Arnold-Chiarisyndrome,Meningitis,
Braintumor,Gaucherdisease,Growthhormonedeficiency

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(occasionally),Glutaricaciduriaandorganicacidemias(formsof
chemicalpoisoning).

84.WhichofthefollowingisNOTrape:
a)Sexualintercoursewithwife,ofagebelow15year,with
consent

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Sexualintercoursewithwife,ofage16year,withconsent
c)Sexualintercoursewithagirlbelow18yearsofage,with
consent
d)Sexualintercoursewithagirlof18yearwithconsent
e)Sexualintercoursewithwifewhoislivingseparatelyfrom

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

himunderadecreeofseparation,oranycustomorusage
withherconsent
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans:b.Sexualintercoursewith...,d.Sexualintercoursewitha
girl...,e.Sexualintercoursewithwifewhoisliving......[Ref

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Reddy32nd/392-95;Parikh7th/389-911
Rape:TheCriminalLaw(Amendment)Bill,2013(5.375,I.P.C)
AcctoGazetteNotificationofGOIregardingCriminalLaw
(amendendment)Act,2013releasedon2april,2013,1tisage15
year.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ExceptiontoS.375,I.P.C:Sexualintercourseorsexualactsby
amanwithhisownwife,thewifenotbeingunder15years.
Thereiscontroversialreferenceregardingageofwife,either16or
15yearinReddy(old&newed.)&Parikh.
Withherconsent,whenthemanknowsthatheisnotherhusband

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andthatherconsentisgivenbecauseshebelievesthatheis
anothermantowhomsheisorbelievesherselftobelawfully
married.
Withherconsentwhen,atthetimeofgivingsuchconsent,by


reasonofunsoundnessofmindorintoxicationortheadministration

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

byhimpersonallyorthroughanotherofanystupefyingor
unwholesomeSubstance,sheisunabletounderstandthenature
andconsequencesofthattowhichshegivesconsent.
Withorwithoutherconsent,whensheisundereighteenyearsof
age.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Whensheisunabletocommunicateconsent


85.Inwhichofthefollowingcondition(s),
childrenarepronetofungal&viral
infection:

a)Thymicaplasia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Agammaglobulinemia
c)Lymphocytopenia
d)Severecombinedimmunedeficiencies(SCID)
e)Chediak-Higashisyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:(A)Thymicaplasia(C)Lymphocytopenia(D)Severe
combinedimmunedeficiencies(SCID)
[RefHarrison19th/2104-08;Ananthanarayan9th/171-76;Jawetz
27th/146-47;Greenwood16th/148J
Tcelldisordersaffectbothcell-mediatedandhumoralimmunity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

makingthepatientsusceptibletoviral,protozoalandfungal
infections.Viralinfectionssuchasthosebycytomegalovirusand
attenuatedmeaslesinthevaccinecanbefatalinthesepatients.
LymphocytopeniaismostoftenduetoAIDSorundernutrition,butit
alsomaybeinheritedorcausedbyvariousinfections,drugs,or

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

autoimmunedisorders.Patientshaverecurrentviral,fungal,or
parasiticinfections.
Hypogammaglobulinemialeadstorecurrentbacterialinfections.
Viral&fungalinfectionsarecontrolledbycell-mediatedimmunity,
whichisnormalinhypogammaglobulinemicindividual.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


86.Whichofthefollowingistype3
hypersensitivityreaction(immune
complexdisease):

a)SLE
b)DiabetesMellitusI

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Goodpasteursyndrome
d)Multiplesclerosis
e)Bronchialasthma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.SLE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

[RefAnanthanarayan9th/162-67;Robbins9th/201;lawetz27th/145
46;Greenwood16th/144]
Type3Hypersensitivityreaction(Immunecomplexdisease)
Ananthanarayan9th/162,Itistwotypes-arthusreaction&serum
sickness.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thedamageiscausedbyantigen-antibodycomplexes.Thesemay
precipitatein&aroundsmallbloodvesselscausingdamagetocells
secondarily,oronmembranes,interferingwiththeirfunction.

87.Whichofthefollowinginfectionhas
incubationperiod

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Brucella
b)Gonorrhoea
c)Syphilis
d)HBV
e)Leishmaniasis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans:(A)Bruce...,(B)Gonorrho...,(C)Syphilis
[RefHarrison19th/1134,194e-2,1005;Ananthanarayan9th/341.1]
Brucella:Theincubationperiodisusuallyabout10-30days,but
maybesometimesbeveryprolonged"(Ananthanarayan9th/341)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

"Brucella:Theincubationperiodvariesfrom1weektoseveral
months,andtheonsetoffeverandothersymptomsmaybeabrupt
orinsidious"(Harrison19th/194e-2)
Syphilis:Clinicaldiseasesetsinafteranincubationperiodofabout
amonth(range10-90days)"(Ananthanarayan9th/372)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

"Syphilis:Themedianincubationperiodinhumans(-21days)
suggestsanaverageinoculumof500-1000infectiousorganismsfor
naturallyacquireddisease;theincubationperiodrarelyexceeds6
weeks.
Gonococcalinfectioninmen:Acuteurethritisisthemostcommon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

clinicalmanifestationofgonorrheainmalepatients.Theusual
incubationperiodafterexposureis2-7days,althoughtheinterval
canbelonger&somemenremainasymptomatic(Harrison
19th/1005)


88.StainusedforMycobacterium

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tuberculosisis/are:
a)Ziehl-Neelsentechniqueofstaining
b)Auramine-rhodaminestain
c)Gomorimethenaminesilverstain
d)Kinyounstain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Gramstaining
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans:a.Ziehl-Neelsentechni...,b.Auramine-rhodaminesta...,d.
Kinyounstain
[RefHarrison19th/1113;Ananthanarayan9th/346-48;Lippincott

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Microbiology3rd/21;Jawetz27th/38;TextBookofDiagnostic
microbiologybyConnieR.Mohan3rd/691;Greenwood16th/15]
WhenstainedwithcarbolfuchsinbyZiehl-Neelsenmethodorby
fluorescentdyes(Auramine0,Rhodamine),mycobacterium
tuberculosisreistdecolourisationby20%sulphuricacid&are

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thereforecalledacidfast.
Ziehl-Neelsenmethoddphenol-auramineproceduresaremethods
ofgreatpracticalimportanceinthediagnosisofmycobacterial
diseases".
TheKinyounmethod,orKinyounstain,isanacid-fastprocedure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

usedtostainanyspeciesofthegenusMycobacteriumandNocardia
species.Itinvolvestheapplicationofaprimarystain(carbol
fuchsin),adecolorizer(acid-alcohol),andacounterstain(methylene
blue)"

89.Foodbornediseasesare:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Japaneseencephalitis
b)Hemophilia
c)HBV
d)Botulism
e)Typhoidfever

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans:d.Botuli...,e.Typhoid...,[RefPark23rd/657]
Theterm"food-bornedisease"isdefinedas:"Adisease,usually
eitherinfectiousortoxicinnature,causedbyagentsthatenterthe
bodythroughtheingestionoffood."Withthecateringsystems,food-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

bornediseasesareontheincreasethroughouttheworld.
DuetotoxinsproducedbycertainbacteriaLIKEBotulism,
StaphylococcuspoisonS
Bacterialdiseases:-Typhoid,fever,Paratyphoidfever,
salmonellosis,staphylococcalintoxication,C.perfringens,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Shigellosisbrucellosisetc.

90.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlysine
positivenon-fermentor:
a)Burkholderiapseudomallei
b)Burkhomeliamallei

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Burkholderiacepacia
d)Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia
e)Pseudomonasaeruginosa
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans:a.Burkholderia...,b.Burkhomelia...,e.PseudomonasAeru

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

......
TheBurkholderiacepaciacomplex(BCC)andStenotrophomonas
maltophiliaarecloselyrelatedgroupsofnonfermentinggram-
negativebacilli(NFGNBs)havingasimilarspectrumofinfections
rangingfromsuperficialtodeep-seatedanddisseminatedinfections.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Identificationoftheselysinedecarboxylase-positiveNFGNBslags
behindinmostIndianlaboratories.Asimplifiedidentificationscheme
wasdevisedforthesetwopathogensthatallowedustoisolatethem
withanincreasingfrequencyatourtertiarycareinstitute.

91.Apersonissufferingfromacquired

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

immunodeficiencydisease(AIDS)&visited
thezoo.Aftersomedays,heiscom
plainingofheadache&cough.Hehas
alsohavesomeneurologicalsymptoms.
OnstainingofCSFsample,itshowscap

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sulatedyeast.Likelyinfectionis:

a)Histoplasma
b)Aspergillus
c)Cryptococcus
d)Blastomycosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Coccidioidomycosis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:C,Cryptococcus
LikeCNSdisease,pulmonarycryptococcosiscanfollowanindolent
course,andthemajorityofcasesprobablydonotcometoclinical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attention.
Pulmonarycryptococcosiscanbeassociatedwithantecedent
diseasessuchasmalignancy,diabetes,andtuberculosis.
CryptococcusInfectioncanbeacquiredbyinhalationof
desiccatedyeasts(orbasidiospores)fromfecesofpigeonorother

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

birds
DirectmicroscopicexaminationofIndiaink-stainedwetfilmsof
materialfromlesionsrevealscapsulated,buddingyeastcells;the

capsuleareprominentintheIndiainkpreparatio

92.NormalfloraofOralcavityis/areexcept:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Veillonella
b)Anerobicmicrococci
c)Geotrichum
d)Gemella
e)Yersinia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans:a.Veillone...,b.Anerobicmicroc...,c.Geotrich...,d.
Gemell.
Morethan700bacterialspeciesorphylotypes,ofwhichover50%
havenotbeencultivated,havebeendetectedintheoralcavity.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Themouthcontainsaplethoraoforganisms-pigmented&non-
pigmentedmicrococci;someofwhichareaerobic,grampositive,
aerobic,sporebearingbacilli,coliforms,proteus&lactobacilli
Thegumpocketb/wtheteeths,&thecryptsofthenostrilshavea
widespectrumofanaerobicflora-anerobicmicro-cocci,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

microaerophilic&anaerobicstreptococci,vibrios,fusiformbacilli,
corynebactriumspecies,actinomyces,leptothrix,mycoplasma,
Neisseriaeb?bacteriodesareallfoundinvaryingextents.Among
fungi,candidaergeotrichumhavebeenreported.

93.Goldstandarddiagnostictestfor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

babeiosisis:
a)Peripheralbloodsmearexamination
b)BloodCulture
c)PCR
d)ELISA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Indirectfluorescentantibody(IFA)test
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Peripheralbloodsmear...,
[RefHarrison19th/1385-86;PanikerParasitology7th/85;Chatterjee
Parasitology13th/137;LippincottMicrobiology3rd/225;Jawetz

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

27th/708;Greenwood16th/599]
Microscopicexaminationofstainedbloodsmearisgoldstandard
testforbabesiosis"
Aspecificdiagnosisusuallyisestablishedbymicroscopic
examinationofGiemsa-stainedthinbloodsmears.Babesia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

trophozoitesappearround,pear-shaped,orameboid.
Theringformismostcommonandlacksthecentralbrownish
deposit(hemozoin)typicalofPlasmodiumfalciparumtrophozoites.
Otherdistinguishingfeaturesaretheabsenceofschizontsand
gametocytesandtheoccasionalpresenceoftetrads("Maltese

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cross").
Ifparasitescannotbeidentifiedbymicroscopyandthediseaseis
stillsuspected,amplificationofthebabesial18SrRNAgeneby
polymerasechainreaction(PCR)isrecommended.Quantitative
PCRhasgreatlyloweredthethresholdfordetectionofB.microti

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


DNA

94.Trueaboutlisteriamonocytogens
infection:
a)Commoninpregnantwomen
b)Commoninelderly

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Commoninchildren
d)Commoninnewborns
e)Ampicillinisdrugofchoice
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:a.Commoninpregnant...,b.Commoninelderly...,d.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Commoninnewborns...,e.Ampicillin.
[RefHarrison19th/982-84;Ananthanarayan9th/395-96;
LippincottMicrobiology3rd/98;Jawetz27th/197-98;
Greenwood16th/195-96]
Listeriainfectionsaremostcommoninpregnantwomen,fetuses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andnewborns,andinimmunocompromisedindividuals,suchas
olderadultsandpatientsreceivingcorticosteroids"(Lippincott
Microbiology3rd/98).
Thediseaseaffectspregnantwomen,newborns,adultswith
weakenedimmunesystems,andtheelderly,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Listeriamonocytogenesisafood-bornepathogenthatcancause
seriousinfections.
Meningitisinolderadults(especiallywithparenchymalbrain
involvementorsubcorticalbrainabscess)shouldtrigger
considerationofL.monocytogenesinfection.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


95.TrueaboutJapaneseencephalitis:
a)Mostsevereepidemicspreadoccuredin2006
b)MainvectorinIndiaisculextritaeniorhynchus
c)Spreadbyaedesmosquito
d)Indiastillnotabletodevelopvaccineindigenously

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Pigsareamplifierhost
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans:(B)MainvectorinIndiaisculextritaeniorhynchus(E)Pigs
areamplifierhost
[RefPark23rd/284-87;Harrison19th/1315;Ananthanarayan

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9th/52022,519]
During2006,therewasalargeoutbreakofchikungunyainIndia,
with1.39millionofficiallyreportedcasesspreadover16states;
attackrateswereestimatedat45%insomeareas"
Thevirusisparticularlycommoninareaswhereirrigatedricefields

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

attractthenaturalavianvertebratehostsandprovideabundant
breedingsitesformosquitoessuchasCulextritaeniorhynchus,
whichtransmitthevirustohumans.
Additionalamplificationbypigs,whichsufferabortion,andhorses,
whichdevelopencephalitis,maybesignificantaswell.Vaccination

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

oftheseadditionalamplifyinghostsmayreducethetransmissionof
thevirus.

96.NotAIDSdefiningcancer:
a)Analcarcioma
b)Hodgkin'slymphoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Cervialcancer
d)Non-Hodgkinslymphoma
e)Kaposicarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans:(A)Analcarcioma(B)Hodgkin'slymphoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

[RefHarrison19th/1268;Ananthanarayan9th/576-77;Lippincott
Microbiology3rd/302]
T
heneoplasticdiseasesconsideredtobeAIDSdefiningconditions
areKaposi'ssarcoma,non-Hodgkin'slymphoma,andinvasive
cervicalcarcinoma.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inaddition,thereisalsoanincreaseintheincidenceofavarietyof
non-AIDS-definingmalignanciesincludingHodgkin'sdisease;
multiplemyelotna;leukemia;melanotna;andcervical,brain,
testicular,oral,lung,gastric,liver,renal,andanalcancers.

97.TrueaboutPlasmodiumfalciparum:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)IncreasedsizeofinfectedRBC
b)Crescentricshapedgametocyte
c)Delicateringpresent
d)Small&multipleringscommon
e)Erythrocytepreference-oldcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans:(B)Crescentricshapedgametocyte(C)Delicatering
present(D)Small&multipleringscommon
[RefHarrison19th/1369;ParasitologybyChatterjee13th/103;
ParasitolgybyPaniker7th/75]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ringstage-delicate,small,doublechromatin,multiplerings
common,Accoleformsfound
Macrogametocyte-Crescentric,deepbluecytoplasm,largediffuse
nucleus
Thematuregametocytesareroundinshape,exceptinP,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

falciparum,inwhichtheyarecrescent-shaped
Schizont:Fillstwo-thirdofredbloodcellwhichisnotenlarged-
Chatterjee13th/103
Infectederythrocyte-Normalsize,Maurer'scleft,sometimes
basophilicstippling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Erythrocytepreference-youngerythrocyte,butcaninfectallstages

98.Whichofthefollowingstatementis/are
trueaboutGiardia:
a)Causebloodydiarrhorea
b)InvasivetoGImucosa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Morecommoninhypogammaglobulinemicperson
d)Lesscommoninachlorohydria
e)Metronidazoleiseffectiveintreatment
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Ans:(C)Morecommoninhypogammaglobulinemicperson(E)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Metronidazoleiseffectiveintreatment[RefParasitologyby
Chatterjee13th/47-48;ParasitolgybyPaniker7th/32-33;Harrison
19th/1406]
Metronidazole,trimidazole,furazoilidonehavebeenfoundtobe
effectiveforgiardiasis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

G.lambliaistypicallyseenwithinthecryptsofduodenal&jejunal
mucosa.Itdoesnotinvadethetissue,butremainstightlyadheredto
intestinalepitheliumbymeansofthesuckingdisc
Tepersonhavingagammaglobulinemia,malnourishedpersonsare
moresusceptibletogiardiasis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


99.Inwhichorganismcanbeisolated:
a)CSFspecimenoftetanusinfection
b)CSFspecimenoflisteriamonocytogenes
c)Fromvalvesinrheumaticvalvulitis
d)Frommyocardiumindiphthericmyocarditis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Meningococcalrash
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans:(B)CSFspecimenoflisteria
monocytogenes(E)Meningococcalrash
L.
monocytogenes:Thediagnosisistypicallymadebycultureof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

blood,cerebrospinalfluid(CSF),oramnioticfluid.L.monocytogenes
maybeconfusedwith"diphtheroids"orpneumococciingram-
stainedCSFormaybegram-variableandconfusedwith
Haemophilusspp.
Petechiallesion:Meningococcimaysometimesbedemonstratedin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

petechiallesionsbymicroscopy&culture.

100.Trueaboutcytomegalovirus-
a)Characteristicowleyeappearance
b)Type5Humanherpesvirustype
c)Lymphocyteenlargement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Causecongenitalinfection
e)Lymphoproliferative
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans:a.Characteristic...,b.Type5Human...,d.Cause
congenital....

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

[RefHarrison19th/1190-91;Ananthanarayan9th/473-74;Jawetz
27th/470-74]

Itiscytomegalic(notlymphoproliferative,whichoccurinHHV4,6&
7)
Characterizedbyenlargementofinfectedcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Congenitalinfection-Intrauterineinfectionleadstofetaldeathor
cytomegalicinclusiondiseaseofnewbornwhichisoftenfatal

101.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
Mycoplasmapneumoniainfection
except:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Causesmanyextrapulmonarymanifestations
b)Coldagglutinintiterisnotincreased
c)Causeatypicalpneumonia
d)Paucityofrespiratorysignsonphysicalexamination
e)Coughistypicallyproductive

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans:b.Coldagglutinin...,e.Coughistypically
Coldhemagglutininsforgroup0humanerythrocyteappearinabout
50%ofuntreatedpatients,inrisingtiter,withthemaximumreached
inthethirdorfourthweekafteronset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Atiterof1:64ormoresupportsthediagnosisofM.pneumoniae
infection.
Thecoughistypicallynonproductive,butsomepatientsproduce
sputum.Headache,malaise,chills,andfeverarenotedinthe
majorityofpatients.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


102.Trueaboutenteroviruses:
a)In1999,wildpoliovirus2waseradicatedfromworld
b)Vaccineassociatedparalyticpoliomyelitis(VAPP)most
frequentlycausedbyserotype1vaccine
c)BivalentOPVcontainstype1&type3strain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)PrimarycourseofOPVconsistsofonly1dose
e)CoxasackieA7&enterovirustype71causesasepticmeningitis
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans:(A)In1999,wildpoliovirus2waseradicatedfromworld
(C)BivalentOPVcontainstype1&type3strain(D)Primary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

courseofOPVconsistsofonly1dose(E)CoxasackieA7&
enterovirustype71causesasepticmeningitis
[RefPark23rd/202-09;Harrison19th/1289-91;Ananthanarayan
9th/485]
Ofthe3strainsofwildpoliovirus,wildpoliovirustype2was

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

eradicatedin1999&casenumbersoftype3aredowntothe
lowest-everlevelswiththelastcasereportedinNov2012from
Nigeria.
TheWHOprogrammeonimmunization(EPI)&thenational
immunizationprogrammeinIndiarecommendedaprimarycourseof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3dosesofOPVatone-monthintervals,commencingthefirstdose
wheninfantis6weeksold.
Poliovirustype1isresponsibleformostepidemicsofparalytic
poliomyelitis.Type3alsocausesepidemicstoalesserextent..
Type2usuallycausesinapparentinfectionsinwesterncountriesbut

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inIndiaparalysisduetotype2isquitecommon"

GROUP
SEROTYPE
Poliovirus
1-3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CoxsackievirusA 1-22AND24
CoxsackievirusB
1-6
s
Echovirus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1-9,11-27,
29-34
Numbered
(EV)68-78
echovirus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


103.Trueaboutchickengunyafever:
a)CausedbysinglestrandedRNAarbovirus
b)Excruitingarthralgiainperipheraljoints
c)Antiviraltherapyisveryeffective
d)Absolutelymphocytosisispresent

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Vectorisaedesmosquitoes
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans:(A)CausedbysinglestrandedRNA
arbovirus(B)Excruitingarthralgiainperipheral
joints(E)Vectorisaedesmosquitoes.[RefHarrison19th/13j3;

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

park23ril/289;Ananthanarayangth/440,519;Jawetz27th/548.
Chickengunya:Bloodcountsmaybenormal,orpatientsmayhave
leukopeniawithrelativelymphocytosis.
ThevectorisAedesaegypti,Itiscausedbyarbovirus(Family-
Togaviridae,Genus-Al?phavirus)(Ananthanarayan9th/517)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TheChikungunyavirusbysinglestrandedRNAvirus?
Chikungunyaisalocalwordmeaningdoublingupowingto
excruciatingjointpains
Thereisnospecifictreatment&usuallyselflimiting.Analgesics&
antipyreticsalongwithfluidsupplementationarerecommendedto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

manageinfection&relievefever,jointpains&swelling.Drugslike
aspirin&steroidsshouldbeavoided

104.TrueaboutZikavirus:
a)Sexuallytransmitted
b)50%infectedpersondevelopsymptoms

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Effectivetherapyavailable
d)TransmittedbyAedesvector
e)Transmissioninutero
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans:a.Sexuallytransmittedd.TransmittedbyAedesvectore.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transmissioninutero[RefHarrison19th/1314;
ItisspreadmostlybythebiteofaninfectedAedesspecies
mosquitoes(A.aegyptiandA.albopictus).Thesemosquitoesare
aggressivedaytimebiters.
Itcanbepassedfromapregnantwomantoherfetus.Infection

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

duringpregnancycancausecertainbirthdefects.
ItcanbepassedthroughsexfromapersonwhohasZikatohisor
herpartners.Itcanbepassedthroughsex,eveniftheinfected
persondoesnothavesymptomsatthetime.
ThemajorityofpeopleinfectedwithZikavirusdonotdisplayany

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

symptoms

105.Biosafetylevel4infectionincludes:
a)Hantavirus
b)Nilevirus
c)Ebolavirus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Crimean-CongoHF
e)LyssaFever
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans:c.Ebolavirusd.Crimean-CongoHFe.LyssaFever[Ref
Harrison19th/1323,1328;consteril.corn/biosafety-levels;

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thecerebrallounge.wordpress.corn]
Filoviruses(includesthreegenera:Cuevavirus,Ebolavirus,and
Marburgvirus)arecategorizedasWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)
RiskGroup4Pathogens.
BiosafetyLevel4-Hemorrhagicfevers,Marburgvirus,Ebola

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

virus,Lassavirus,Smallpox

106.Serologicaltestis/areusefulindiagnosis
ofwhichofthefollowingdisease:
a)Typhoid
b)Qfever

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Acanthamoebainfection
d)Scrubtyphus
e)Brucellosis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans:a.Typhoidb.Qfeverd.Scrubtyphus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ThediagnosisofQfeverisbasedmainlyonserologicaltests,such
asmicroagglutination,complementfixation,immunofluorescence&
ELISA.
Serologicaltests:Therearenotusedforearlydiagnosisofrickettsia!
diseases(includingQfever,scrubtyphus),fromatreatment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

perspective,buttoconfirmthediagnosisforepidemiological
investigations.
Scrubtyphus:Serologicalassay(indirectfluorescentantibody,
indirectimmunoperoxidae&enzymeimmunoassays),aremainstays
oflaboratorydiagnosis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tubeagglutinationisroutinelyusedforserologicaldiagnosisof
typhoid,brucellosis&typhusfever.

107.Allaretrueaboutgasgangreneexcept:
a)Type1gangreneisfournier'sgangrene
b)Devitalizedtissuepredisposetogasgangrene

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)High02tensionintissueisimportantprecondition
d)a-toxinismaincauseofthetoxaemiaassociatedwithgas
gangrene
e)MainlycausedbyC.perfringens
CorrectAnswer-E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:E.MainlycausedbyC.perfringens[RefHarrison19th/990-
95;Ananthanarayan9th/257-59;Jawetz27th/186-87;Greenwood
16th/231-35]
C.perfringensinassociationwithmixedaerobicandanaerobic
microbescancauseaggressivelife-threateningtypeInecrotizing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fasciitisorFournier'sgangrene.
Predisposinghostfactorsincludedebility,oldage&diabetes
a-toxinisgenerallyconsideredtobethemaincauseofthe
toxaemiaassociatedwithgasgangrene
"a-toxin:Thisisthemostimportanttoxinbiologically&isresponsible

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

forprofoundtoxaemiaofgasgangrene"

108.WhicharetransmittedbyDog:
a)Echinococcusgranulosus
b)ToxocaraCanis
c)Echinococcusmultiocularis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)ToxoplasmaGondii
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans:A.EchinococcusgranulosusC.Echinococcus
multiocularis"[RefPark23rd/3}4;Hanison19th/1432,167

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e-1:ChatterjeeParasitology13th/159;CMDT2016/
12801.
Alveolarechinococcosis(AE)
iscausedbyinfectionwiththelarval
stageofEchinococcusmultilocularis.Theadulttapewormis
normallyfoundinfoxes,coyotes,anddogs.Infectionwiththelarval

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stagesistransmittedtopeoplethroughingestionoffoodorwater
contaminatedwithtapewormeggs.
Toxocaracanis:Humaninfectionisbyingestionofeggs,whichare
shedinfecesofdog.
Toxoplasmagondii:Manacquiresinfectionbyingestionof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contaminatedfoodandwatercontainingsporulatedoocyst(fromcat)
orbyingestionofundercookedmeatcontainingtissuecysts"

109.Followupisnotrequiredinwhichof
thefollowingstudy:
a)Prospectivestudy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Retrospectivestudy
c)Cross-sectionalstudy
d)Longitudinalstudy
e)Cohortstudy
CorrectAnswer-B:C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:b.Retrospectivestudy,c.Cross-sectionalstudy.[RefPark
23rd/62,69;Community
Cohort(Knownbyavarietyofnames-prospectivestudy,
longitudinalstudy,incidencestudy&forwardlookingstudy)isfollow
upstudywithindividualasunitofstudy(Park23rd/62,75)Case

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

controlstudies,oftencalledretrospectivestudies:
Noattritionproblems,becausecasecontrolstudiesdonotrequire
follow-upofindividualintothefuture.
Cross-sectionalstudies(Alsok/aprevalencestudy)issingle
examination(sonofollowup)ofacross-sectionofpopulationatone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pointintime-theresultsofwhichcanbeprojectedonthewhole
population.
Longitudinalstudies:Observationsarerepeatedinthesame
populationoveraprolongedperiodoftimebymeansoffollow-up
examinations.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


110.Specialprotectionincludes:
a)Personalitydevelopment
b)lmmunizationagainstspecificdisease
c)Specificnutritionaldiet
d)Protectionfromoccupationalhazard

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Environmentalmodification
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans:b.Immunizationagainst...,c.Specificnutritionaldiet...,d.
Protectionfromoccupational
SpecificProtection

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Immunization
Useofspecificnutrients
Chemoprophylaxis
Protectionagainstoccupationalhazards
Protectionagainstaccident

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Protectionfromcarcinogens
Avoidanceofallergens
Thecontrolofspecifichazardsinthegeneralenvironmente.g.,air
pollution,noisecontrol
Controlofconsumerproductquality&safetyoffoods,drugs,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cosmeticsetc

111.TrueaboutCivilregistrationsystemin
India:
a)Dualrecordsystem
b)Deficient

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Headofinstitutionorofficer-inchargeisresponsiblefor
registration
d)Birth&Deathbothareregistered
e)Causeofdeathisrecorded
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:b.Deficie...,c.Headofinstitution...,d.Birth&Death
both...,e.Causeofdeath
TheregistrationsysteminIndiatendedtobeveryunreliable,the
databeinggrosslydeficientinregardstoaccuracy,timeliness,
completeness&coverage.Thisisbecauseofilliteracy,ignorance,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lackofconcern,&motivation
Thecentralbirths&DeathRegistrationAct,1969fixesthe
responsibilityforreportingbirths&deaths.Whilethepublic(e.g,
parents,relatives)aretoreporteventsoccurringintheirhouseholds,
theheadsofhospital,nursinghomes,hotels,jailsordharmashalas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

aretoreporteventsoccurringinsuchinstitutionstobeconcerning
registrar
Thetimelimitforregisteringtheeventsofbirth&thatofdeathsis21
daysuniformlyalloverIndia.Incaseofdefaultalatefeecanbe
imposed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


112.Trueaboutsilicosisallexcept:
a)Causedbyexposureofsilicaoxide
b)Severeexposure-wholelunglavagemayhelpfulin
alleviat_ingsymptoms
c)Fibrosisofupperlung

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstoppingexposure
e)MoreriskofTB&lungcancer.
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d-Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstopping
exposure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Silicosisisprogressive&whatismoreimportantisthatsilicoticsare
pronetotuberculosis
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangesthat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed
Nodularfibrosis,morefrequentinapex&posteriorborder(upper

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

partoflung)(c.finasbestosisfibrosisinlowerhalfoflung)
Silicoticsaremorepronetodeveloppulmonarytuberculosis(butin
recentyearthereisdoubtwhethersilicoticsreallydevelopT.B.)
Foracutesilicosis,bronchoalveolarlavagemayalleviatesymptoms,
butdoesnotdecreaseoverallmortality.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


113.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutuseofBardiagram:
a)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhicharenot-additive
b)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhichareproportional
percentagecontributionofcategories

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Piechartisusedforcomparisonof2categorialdatawhichare
proportionalpercentagecontributionofcategories
d)Comparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesindiscrete
data
e)Comparisonofcontinuousdata

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans:a.Comparison...,c.Piechartis...,d.Comparisonof
magnitude
BarDiagram
Lengthofbarrepresentsfrequencyofacharacter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Popularereasymethod
Usedforcomparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesin
discretedata
Spacingb/wanytwobarsshouldbenearlyequaltohalfofthewidth
ofthebar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3Type-simple,proportionate&multiple.
Categories Quantitytobe
Appropriatediagram
onx-axis representedony-axis*
Continuous Additive

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pieifproportionalcontribution
(frequencyor
ofthecategoriesistobe
percentage),
represented,otherwise

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

histogram


histogram
Linefordepictionoftrend,
otherwisebar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Addictive(frequencyor
Discreteor
Pieifproportionalpercentage
percentage),
categorical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contributionofthecategories
istoberepresented,
(number,rateorratio)
otherwisebar
bar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


114.Benefitofverticalhealthprogramme
includes:
a)MorefocusonefficiencY
b)Morerapidresults
c)Dedicatedworkeralwaysavailable

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Manyprogramscanrunatonetime
e)Effectivewayofmaximizingtheimpactoftheavailable
resources
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Morefocus...,b.Morerapid...,c.Dedicatedworker...,e.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Effectivewayof.
Verticalprogrammesare"socalledbecausetheyaredirected,
supervised,andexecuted,eitherwhollyortoagreatextent,bya
specializedserviceusingdedicatedhealthworkers"
Incontrast,anintegratedprogrammeis"theprocessofbringing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

togethercommonfunctionswithinandbetweenorganizationsto
solvecommonproblems,developingacommitmenttosharedvision
andgoalsandusingcommontechnologiesandresourcestoachieve
thesegoals"
Verticalprogrammes(alsoknownasstand-alone,categoricalor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

free-standingprogrammesortheverticalapproach)referto
instanceswhere"thesolutionofagivenhealthproblem[is
addressed]throughtheapplicationofspecificmeasuresthrough
single-purposemachinery"


115.TrueaboutReinke'soedema:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Usuallyunilateral
b)Commoninsmoker
c)Corticosteroidismainstayoftreatment
d)Involvewholeofmembranouspartofthevocalcords
e)Patienthaslowpitchvoice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-B,CommoninsmokerD,Involvewholeofmembranous
partofthevocalcordsE,Patienthaslowpitchvoice
Itisbilateralsymmetricalswellingofthewholeofmembranouspart
ofthevocalcords.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thisisduetooedemaofthesubepithelialspace(Reinketspace)
ofthevocalcords.
Etiology-
Heavysmoking,
Chronicsinusitis&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Laryngopharyngealreflex
C/F-
Patientusesfalsecordsforvoiceproduction&thisgiveshimalow-
pitched&roughvoice.
Treatment-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decorticationofthevocalcordsi.e.,removalofstripofepithelium,is
donefirstononeside&3-4weeksalterontheother.

116.Feature(s)ofScheibe'ssyndromeis/are:
a)Semicircularcanalfistula
b)Abnormalityinbonylabyrinth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Dysplasiaofcochlea
d)Middleearanaomaly
e)All
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Dysplasiaofcochlea

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itismostcommoninnerearanomaly.
Dysplasiaisseeninthecochlea&saccule;hencealsocalled
cochleosacculardysplasia.
Itisinheritedasanautosomalrecessivenonsyndromictrait.

117.Trueaboutnasopharyngealcarcinoma:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Level4cervicallymphnodenotinvolved
b)Radiotherapyistreatmentofchoice
c)Alsoc/aGuangdongtumour
d)MayassociatedwithU/Lotitismedia
e)AssociatedwithEBV

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-A,Level4cervicallymphnodenot
involvedB,RadiotherapyistreatmentofchoiceC,Alsoc/a
GuangdongtumourD,MayassociatedwithU/Lotitis
mediaE,AssociatedwithEBV

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itismostlyseeninfifthtoseventhdecades.
Malesarethreetimesmorepronethanfemale.
Epstein-Barrvirusiscloselyassociatedwithnasopharyngeal
carcinoma.
DuetoobstructionofEustachiantube,thereisconductivehearing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

loss,serousorsuppurativeotitismedia.
Radiotherapy:Itistreatmentofchoicefornasopharyngeal
carcinoma.

118.Trueabouttubercularotitismediaareall
except?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Spreadsthrougheustachiantube
b)Causespainlesseardischarge
c)Maycausemultipleperforations
d)Usuallyaffectsbothears
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Usuallyaffectsbothears
Tuberculosisofmiddleearisacomparativelyrareentityusually
seeninassociationwithorsecondarytopulmonarytuberculosis,
infectionreachesthemiddleearthrougheustachiantube.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Clinicalfeatures
Generally,tuberculosisofmiddleearisunilateral.
Itischaracterizedbypainlessotorrhoeawhichfailstorespondtothe
usualantimicrobialtreatment.Thereispainlesswateryotorrhea.
Singleormultipleperforationoftympanicmembrane.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


119.EvidencebasedtherapyofBell'spalsy
include(s):
a)Facialnervemassage
b)Facialnervestimulation
c)Steroid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Acyclovir
e)All
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Steroid
1.Medicaltreatment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Prednisolone(steroid)isthedrugofchoiceandisstartedatinitial
visit.Initiationoftherapyduringfirst24hoursofsymptomconfersa
higherlikelihoodofrecovery.
Antiviraltherapy(Acyclovir)isaneweradjunctintreatingacute
facialpalsyofviralorigin(bothBell'spalsyandRamsayhunt

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

syndrome).
Mostsurgeonsthesedaysadvocatecombinationofsteroidsand
antiviraldrugs.

120.ApersonhasvertigowithoutCNS
involvement.Causesis/are:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Perilymphfistula
b)Otolithiasis
c)Vestibularneuritis
d)Meniere'sdisease
e)Multiplesclerosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-A,PerilymphfistulaB,OtolithiasisC,Vestibular
neuritisD,Meniere'sdisease
Peripheral(Lesionsofendorgansvestibularnerve)
Meniere'sdisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Benignparoxysmalpositional
vertigo
Vestibularneronitis
Labyrinthitis
Vestibulotoxicdrugs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Headtrauma
Perilymphfistula
Syphilis
Acousticneuroma

121.Cause(s)ofinMydriasis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Organophosphoruspoisoning
b)Homersyndrome
c)Oculomotornervepalsy
d)Parasympatheticstimulation
e)All

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Oculomotornervepalsy
Carbolicacid,Chloralhydrate,Organophosphorus,Morphine
(opiate)and'NewHorn'i.e.neurosyphilis/tabesdorsalis(spinal
miosisorsmall,irregularArgyllRobertsonpupil)andHorner's

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

syndrome,Oculomotornervepalsy.
Atropineandcocainecausemydriasis.

122.Trueaboutprimaryopenangle
glaucoma:
a)Alsok/aChronicsimpleglaucoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hypermeteropeasaremorepredisposed
c)Polygenicinheritance
d)Laseriridotomyisusedfortreatment
e)Fundusexaminationrevealslargecup
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-(A)Alsok/aChronicsimpleglaucoma(C)Polygenic
inheritance(E)Fundusexaminationrevealslargecup
Alsoknownaschronicsimpleglaucomaofadultonsetandis
typicallycharacterizedbyslowlyprogressiveraisedintraocular
pressure.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Associatedwithcharacteristicopticdisccuppingandspecificvisual
fielddefects.
Pathogenesis-
Heredity:POAGhasapolygenicinheritance.
Age-elderlybetween5thand7thdecades.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Myopesaremorepredisposedthanthenormals.
DiabeticshaveahigherprevalenceofPOAG.
POAGismoreinhyPertensives.
C/F
patientsusuallycomplainoffrequentchangesinpresbyopicglasses.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Patientsdevelopdelayeddarkadaptation.
Fundusexaminationshowlargecup.(0.6ormore)
Laseriridotomyisusedfortreatmentofprimaryangleclosure

glaucoma.

123.Cloudycorneais/areseen:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Klinefeltersyndrome
b)Turnersyndrome
c)Megalocornea
d)Mucopolysaccharidosis
e)All

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Mucopolysaccharidosis
S-Sclerocornea
T-Trauma
U-Ulcer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

M-Mucopolysaccharidosis
P-Peteranomaly
ED-Congenitalhereditaryendothelialdystrophy

124.Ectopialentisisassociatedwithall
except-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Homocystinuria
b)Weil-Marchesanisyndrome
c)Marfansyndrome
d)Cockaynesyndrome
e)Osteogenesisimperfecta

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D:E
Answer-(D)Cockaynesyndrome(E)Osteogenesisimperfecta
Morecommon:
Marfansyndrome
Homocystinuria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Weil-Marchesanisyndrome
Sulfiteoxidasedeficiency
Hyperlysinemia

125.NotfeatureofFuch's
heterochromiciridocyclitis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Whitenodulesontheanteriorsurfaceoftheiris
b)Koppeprecipitatespresentatbackofcornea
c)Granulomatoustypeoflowgradeanterioruveitis
d)Topicalcorticosteroidsareusedfortreatment
e)All

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Granulomatoustypeoflowgradeanterioruveitis
Fuchs'heterochromiciridocyclitisisachronicnongranulornatous
typeoflowgradeanterioruveitis.
Thediseaseischaracterisedby:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Heterochromiaofiris,
Diffusestromalirisatrophy,
FineKPsatbackofcornea,
Faintaqueousflare,
Absenceofposteriorsynechiae

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Topicalcorticosteroidsareallthatisrequired.

126.Trueaboutiris:
a)Eyecolourisduetorelativenumberofmelanocytes
b)Stromaisresponsibleforpigmentation
c)Sphincterpupillaeissuppliedbyparasympatheticfibres

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Dilatorpupillaeissuppliedbysympatheticfibres
e)Stromaiscoveredonitsanteriorsurfacebytwolayersof
pigmentedepithelium
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Answer-A,Eyecolourisduetorelativenumberof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

melanocytesB,Stromaisresponsiblefor
pigmentationC,Sphincterpupillaeissuppliedby
parasympatheticfibresE,Stromaiscoveredonitsanterior
surfacebytwolayersofpigmentedepithelium
Eyecolorisdeterminedbytherelativenumberofmelanocyteinthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stromaandofcoursethedensityofmelaningranulesproduced.
Irisiscomposedofastromacantainingbranchedconnectivetissue
cells,usuallypigmentedbutlargelyunpigmentedinblueirides.
Thestromaiscoveredonitsposteriorsurfacebytwolayersof
pigmentedepithelium.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theirisisrichlysuppliedbysensorynervefibresderivedfromthe
trigeminalnerve.
Thesphincterpupillaeissuppliedbyparasympatheticautonomous
secretomotornervefibresderivedfromtheoculomotornerve,while
themotorfibresofthedilatormusclearcdefivedfromthecervical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sympatheticchain.

127.Whichofthefollowingis/arenotthe
feature(s)ofcornealulcerduetoherpes
virus:

a)RoseBengalstainingofmarginofulcer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Decreasedcornealsensitivity
c)Fluoresceinstainingofflooroftheulcer
d)Ringinfiltration
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A,RoseBengalstainingofmarginof
ulcerB,DecreasedcornealsensitivityC,Fluoresceinstainingof
flooroftheulcer
"Dendriticulcerbasestainswithfluorescein&themarginswithrose
Bengal.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Fluoresceininstallationilluminatedbybluelightshowsupcorneal
ulcerationatanearlystage.
Thecorneaisrelativelyinsensitive.Insevereforms,dendriticulcers
develop.

128.Allaretrueaboutchronicfatigue

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

syndromeexcept:
a)Fordiagnosis,durationoffatigueshouldbeatleast6month
b)Impairedmemoryandconcentrationmaypresent
c)Fatiguerelievedbyrest
d)Physicalexaminationshowsnoabnormalities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Cognitivebehavioraltherapyisusefulfortreatment
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Fatiguerelievedbyrest
Fatiguelastsforatleast6months
Fatigueisofnewordefiniteonset.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Fatigueisnottheresultofanorganicdiseaseorofcontinuing
exertion
Fatigueisnotalleviatedbyrest.
Fatiguesymptomsaresoarthroat,tendercervicaloraxilarylymph
nodes,musclepain,paininseveraljoints,headaches,malaise

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


129.Allaretrueaboutprimaryaldosteronism
except:
a)Oneofthemostcommoncauseofsecondaryhypertension
b)Hyperkalemia
c)Sodiumretention

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ratioofplasmaaldosteronetoplasmareninactivity(PA/PRA)
isausefulscreeningtest
e)Tetanymayoccur
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Hyperkalemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Primaryhyperaldosteronismisoneofthemostcommoncauseof
secondaryhypertension.
Excessivelevelsofaldosteronecausesodiumretentionand
potassiumexcretion,withresultanthypertensionandhypokalemia.
Hypokalemiacancauseweakness,parethesias,visualdisturbances

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andtetany.
Thediagnosisofprimaryhyperaldosteronismisconfirmedbythe
elvatedlevelofaldostetoneanddepressedlevelsofrenininthe
circulation(lowPRA).
Theratioofplasmaaldosteronetoplasmareninactivity(PA/PRA)is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ausefulscreeningtest.

130.Allaretrueaboutacutepericarditis
except:
a)Painradiatetoleftshoulder&arm
b)WidespreadelevationoftheSTsegments,oftenwithupward

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

concavity&thenreturntobaseline
c)Painrelievedbylyingsupine&intensifiedbysittingupand
leaningforward
d)Corticosteroidrelievessymptoms
e)High-pitchedscratchingorcrunchingnoisemayheardin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

auscultation
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Painrelievedbylyingsupine&intensifiedbysitting
upandleaningforward
Thecharacteristicpainofpericarditisisretrosternal,radiatestothe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shouldersandneck(retrosternal,andleftprecoridal).
Characteristically,pericaridialpainmayberelievedbysittingupand
leaningforwardandisintensifiedbylyingsupine.
Apericardialfrictionrubisahigh-pitchedsuperficialscratchingor
crunchingnoise,producedbymovementoftheinflamed

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pericardium.
TherearefourstagesofECGchangesintheevolutionofacute
pericarditis.
Instage1,thereiswidespreadelevationoftheSTsegments,often
withupwardconcavity,involvingtwoorthreestandardlimbleads

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andV2toV6,withreciprocaldepressionsonlyinaVRand
sometimesV1,aswellasdepressionofthePRsegmentUsually

therearenosignificantchangesinQRScomplexes.
Instage2,afterseveraldays,theSTsegmentsreturntonormal,
andonlythen,orevenlater,dotheTwavesbecomeinverted(stage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3).
Ultimately,weeksormonthsaftertheonsetofacutepericarditis,the
ECGreturnstonormalinstage4.
Thepainisusuallyrelievedbyaspirin.

131.Malignancyassociatedwith

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hypercalcemia:
a)Breastcancer
b)Smallcelllungcancer
c)Non-smalllungcancer
d)Prostatecancer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Multiplemyeloma
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Answer-A,BreastcancerC,Non-smalllungcancerD,Prostate
cancerE,Multiplemyeloma
Lungcarcinoma,breastcarcinoma,andmultlplemyelomaaccount

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

formorethan50%ofallcasesofmalignancy-associated
hypercalcemia.
Gastrointestinaltumarsandprostatecarcinomaarelesscommon
causesofhypercalcemia.

132.Whichofthefollowingmarkerssuggest

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

likelyprimarycancerincarcinomaof
unknownprimary(CUP):

a)CK7isfoundintumorsofthelung,ovary,endometrium&
breast
b)CK20+/CDX-2+/CK7?,suggestiveoflowergastrointestinal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cancer
c)Calretin&WT-1formelanoma
d)Chromogranin,synaptophysin&CD56aremarkerof
neuroendocrineprrimary
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-A,CK7isfoundintumorsofthelung,ovary,
endometrium&breastB,CK20+/CDX-2+/CK7?,suggestiveof
lowergastrointestinalcancerD,Chromogranin,synaptophysin
&CD56aremarkerofneuroendocrineprrimary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CK7,CK20,thrombomodulin-Urothelial
CK7,CK20,CDX-2,carcinoembryonicantigen(CEA)-intestinal
Calretinin,WT-1-Mesothelioma
Chromogranin,synaptophysin,CD56-Neuroendocrine

133.Whichistrueaboutthrombolysisin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

acuteischemicstroke:
a)Mosteffectiveifusedwithin3hour
b)Contraindicatedinh/opriorintracranialhaemorrahage
c)Useofheparinwithin48hrisnotacontraindication
d)Contraindicatedifplatelets<100,000permicroliter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-A,Mosteffectiveifusedwithin3
hourB,Contraindicatedinh/opriorintracranial
haemorrahageD,Contraindicatedifplatelets<100,000per

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

microliter
Intravenousthrombolysiswithrecombinanttissueplasminogen
activator(rt-PA)increasestheriskofhaemorrhagictransformationof
thecerebralinfarctwithpotentiallyfatalresults.However,ifitis
givenwithin4.5hoursofsymptomonsettocatefullyselected

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

patients,thehaemorrhagicriskisoffsetbyanimprovementin
overalloutcome.

134.Highaniongapmetabolicacidosisis/are
presentin:
a)Asthma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)COPDwithCO2retention
c)Poorlycontrolleddiabetes
d)Renaltubularacidosis
e)All
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Poorlycontrolleddiabetes
Ketoacidosis
Diabetic
Alcoholic
Starvation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


135.TrueaboutMcCune-Albrightsyndrome:
a)Occurinchildren&duringpuberty
b)Precociouspubertyinfemale
c)Involvelongboneoflimb
d)Associatedwithhypothyroidism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,Occurinchildren&duringpubertyB,Precocious
pubertyinfemaleC,Involvelongboneoflimb
McCune-Albrightsyndrome(MAS)ischaracterizedbythetriadof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

polyostoticfibrousdysplasia,cafeaulaitskinpigmentation,and
peripheralprecociouspuberty.
Albrightsyndromeisprecocioussexualdevelopment,whichoccurs
mostofteningirls.
Theaverageageatonsetinaffectedgirlsisabout3yrandpuberty.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


136.Increasedportalveinpressure&normal
hepaticveinpressurecanbeseeninall
except:

a)Alcoholiccirhhosis
b)Alcholoichepatitis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)BuddChairisyndrome
d)Portalveinthrombosis
e)Inferiorvenacavaobstruction
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Answer-C,BuddChairisyndromeE,Inferiorvenacava

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

obstruction
"Budd-Chiarisyndrome(Obstructionofhepaticveinsatanysitefrom
efferentveinofthelobuletotheentryoftheIVCintorightatrium.
Posthepatic-Budd-Chiarisyndrome,Inferiorvenacavalwebs

137.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

is/areregardingAmericanHeart
Association(AHA)Guideline-2015for
cardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)&
Emergencycardiovascularcare(ECC):

a)Chestcompression:ventilationCompressionventilationratio

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withoutadvancedairway?rate30:2irrespectiveofrescuer&
ageofpatient
b)Compressionrate-atleast100/min
c)FailuretoachieveanETCO2of10mmHgbywaveform
capnographyafter20minutesofresuscitationhasbeen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

associatedwithanextremelypoorchanceofreturnof
spontaneouscirculation(ROSC)
d)Limitinterruptionsinchestcompressionstolessthan10
seconds
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C:D
Answer-C,FailuretoachieveanETCO2of10mmHgby
waveformcapnographyafter20minutesofresuscitationhas
beenassociatedwithanextremelypoorchanceofreturnof
spontaneouscirculation(ROSC)D,Limitinterruptionsinchest

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

compressionstolessthan10seconds
Compressionrateismodifiedtoarangeofl00to120/min.
Compressionventilationratiowithoutadvancedairway-1or2
rescuers30:2

FailuretoachieveanETCO2ofI0mmHgbywaveform

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capnographyafter20minutesofresuscitationhasbeenassociated
withanextremelypoorchanceofROSCandsurvival.
Theclarifiedrecommendatio-nforcfrestcompressiondepthfor
adultsisatleast2inches(Scm)butnotgreaterthan2.4inches(6
cm).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


138.Trueaboutmultiplesclerosis:
a)Corticosteroidsareusedinacuteattack
b)IntravenousImmunoglobuliniseffectivemodeoftreat?ment
c)IFNa-usedinrecurrence
d)IFN-P-usedinrecurrence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Plasmapheresismaybeusedinsevererelapses
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-(A)Corticosteroidsareusedinacuteattack(D)IFN-P-
usedinrecurrence(E)Plasmapheresismaybeusedinsevere
relapses

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MaindrugsusedfortreatingmultiplesclerosisincludeInterferon-
1a
Frequencyofrelapsesinmultiplesclerosispatientisdecreasedby
beta-interferon/glatiramer.
Newerdrugapprovedforrelapseinmultiplesclerosispatientsis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Fingolimod.
Glucocorticoidsareusedtomanageeitherfirstattacksoracute
exacerbations.
Natalizumabisamonoclonalantibodyagainst4subunitof41
integrinonlymphocytes,usefulintreatingmultiplesclerosis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itreducestherelapseratewhengivenintravenouslyoncemonthly.

139.Extrathyroidfeatureofhypothyroidism
includes:
a)Pretibialmyxedema
b)Carpaltunnelsyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Bradycardia
d)Thyroidacropathy
e)Peripheraledema
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-(B)Carpaltunnelsyndrome(C)Bradycardia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(E)Peripheraledema
Commonsymptomsare-Weightgain,Fatigue,Dryskinandhair,
Menorrhagia,Hoarseness,coldness
CVS-Bradycardia,Myxoedema,hypertension
Nervoussystem-Carpaltunnelsyndrome,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Facialfeatures-purplishlips,malarflush,periorbitaloedema
Yellowingofskinoccursduetoaccumulationofincreasecarotene.

140.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
medicationoveruseheadache:
a)Notassociatedwithtriptanuse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Restrictionofanalgesicsshouldbedone
c)Opioidismainlyresponsible
d)Preventivetherapyshouldbeencouragedafterstopping/
reducinganalgesic
e)None

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-(B)Restrictionofanalgesicsshouldbedone
(C)Opioidismainlyresponsible(D)Preventivetherapyshould
beencouragedafterstopping/reducinganalgesic
medicationsthatarethemostcommonculpritsarecompound

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

analgesia(particularlycodeineandotheropiatecontaining
preparations)andtriptans,andMOHisusuallyassociatedwithuse
onmorethan10-15dayspermonth.
Managementisbywithdrawaloftheresponsibleanalgesics
Migraineprophylacticsmaybehelpfulinreducingtherebound

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

headaches.

141.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of
acuteinterstitialnephritis:
a)Eosinophiluria
b)Peripheraleosinophilia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)WBCcast
d)Grosshaematuria
e)Significantproteinuria
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-(A)Eosinophiluria(B)Peripheraleosinophilia(C)WBC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cast
Peripheraleosinophiliacanoccur,especiallywithdruginduced.
Microscopichematuriaisinvariablypresent.
Urinalysiscanrevealwhitebloodcell,granularorhyalinecast.
Thepresenceofurineeosinophilsisneithersensitiveorspecific.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Proteinuriacanbeafeature,particularlyinNSAIDS-induced
interstitialnephritis.

142.Feature(s)ofBulbarpalsyis/are:
a)Dysphagia
b)Absentjawjerk

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Absentgagreflex
d)Tongueatrophy
e)Tonguewasting&fasciculations
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-(A)Dysphagia(B)Absentjawjerk(C)Absentgag

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

reflex(D)Tongueatrophy(E)Tonguewasting&fasciculations
Paralysisorlossoffunctionsuppliedbycranialnervearisingfrom
bulb(oldnameofmedullaoblongata).
AffectedCNare9,10,11&l2th.
Tongue-flaccid,wasted,fasciculationmaybepresent.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

InvolvementofIX&XCN:Nasaltwang,nasalregurgitation,hoarse
voice,dysphagia,lossofsensationoverpl/3tongue,
weakcough,absentgagreflex&weakcoughreflex.
Inu/llesion,thereisneveracompleteparalysisofdeglutitionorof
articulation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


143.Allaretrueabouthepatorenalsyndrome
except:
a)Creatininelevelraised
b)Albumininfusiongiven
c)Livertransplantationimprovesrenalfunctions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Mayoccurincirrhosis
e)Lowdosedopamineinfusionisveryeffective
CorrectAnswer-E
Answer-E.Lowdosedopamineinfusionisveryeffective
Thehepatorenalsyndrome(HRS)isaformoffunctionalrenalfailure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withoutrenalpathologythatoccursinabout10%ofpatientswith
advancedcirrhosisoracuteliverfailure.
Therearemarkeddisturbancesinthcarterialrenalcirculationin
PatientswithHRS.
TyPeIHRS-asignificantreductionincreatinineclearancewithin1-2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weeksofpresentation.
Type2HRS-anelevationofserumcreatininelevel.
HRSisoftenseeninpatientswithrefractoryascites.
Treatment-
dopamineorprostaglandinanalogueswereusedasrenal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

vasodilatingmedications.
Patientsaretreatedwithmidodrine,analpha-agonist,alongwith
octreotideandintravenousalbumin.
ThebesttheragyforHRSislivertransplantation.

144.Whichofthefollowingis/areusedfor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

assessmentofcarbohydrate
malabsorption:

a)Schillingtest
b)Steatorrhoea
c)D-xylosetest

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Glucosetest
e)Urinetest
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.D-xylosetest
D-xyloseabsorptiontestisthemostcommonlyemployedtestfor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

carbohydrateabsorption-Harrison
Anendoscopicmucosalbiopsyisthemorespecifictestandisnow
consideredessential.
D-xyloseisacarbohydratethatisabsorbedalmostexclusivelyinthe
proximalsmallbowelwithoutthehelpofpancreaticenzymes.A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

positiveD-xylosetestindicatesmalabsorptionduetointestinal
mucosaldiseaseandthusbeusedasatestforassessmentof
mucosalfunction.

145.TrueaboutSwan-Ganzcatheter:
a)Measuresrightatrialpressure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Measuresleftventricularfillingpressure
c)MeasurePCWP
d)Insertedthroughleftsubclavianvein
e)InserteddirectlyinRightatrium
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-(A)Measuresrightatrialpressure(B)Measuresleft
ventricularfillingpressure(C)MeasurePCWP(D)Inserted
throughleftsubclavianvein
Continuouscardiacoutputmonitoring.
CentraltemPeraturemonitoring

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Measurementofpulmonaryarterypressure(canalsomeasureRA
andRVpressuresduringinsertion)
Measurementofmixedvenoussaturations
Estimationofdiastolicfillingofleftheart(normalPCWP2-12mmHg)

146.TreatmentofacuteHyperleukocytosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

includes:
a)Hydroxyurea
b)Isotretinoin
c)Leukapheresis
d)Vincristine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-(A)Hydroxyurea(C)Leukapheresis(D)Vincristine
Leukapheresisisthetreatmentofchoice.
InpatientswithAML,hydroxyureashouldbestarted.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

InALLpatients,higherthan200,000/mm3patientsmaybetreated
withvinctistine,steroids,orboth.

147.Feature(s)of3rddegreeburnis/are:
a)Blisterformation
b)Verypainful

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Nospontaneoushealing
d)Dryescharformation
e)Thrombosedvesselscanbeseenundertheskin
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Answer-C,NospontaneoushealingD,Dryeschar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

formationE,Thrombosedvesselscanbeseenundertheskin
Entirethicknessofskindestroyed(intofat)
Anycolor(white,black,red,brown),dry,lesspainful(dermalplexus
ofnervesdestroyed)
Healbycontractionandscardeposition(noepitheliumleftinmiddle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ofwound)
Full-thicknessBurns(3degreeBURN)-thrombosedvesselscanbe
seenundertheskin.

148.TrueaboutBabcockforcep:
a)Teethatend

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Serrationatend
c)Triangularorificeinblades
d)Usedforsoftdelicatetubularstructure
e)Curvedforcep
CorrectAnswer-C:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C,TriangularorificeinbladesD,Usedforsoftdelicate
tubularstructure
Aninstrumentwitharatchet&atriangularerpansionwith
fenestrationsattheoperatingend
Itdoesnothaveanyteeth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thisinstrumentcanbeusedtoholdintestine,thyroidgland,
mesoappendix,uterinetubeetc.

149.Gasusedincreatingpneumoperitonem:
a)Water
b)CO2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)02
d)Air
e)CO
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-B,CO2C,02D,Air

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gasesusedforpneumoperitoneumincludecarbondioxide(CO2),
air,oxygen,nitrousoxide(N20),argon,heliumandmixturesofthese
gases.

150.CO2isusedinlaproscopyforcreating
pneumoperitoneuminplaceofair

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

because:

a)Lessabsorptionfromperitonealsurface
b)Fastclearancefrombody
c)Lesssolubilityinblood
d)Electrocauteryissafetouse

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Lessriskofgasembolism
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-B,FastclearancefrombodyD,Electrocauteryissafeto
useE,Lessriskofgasembolism
CO2gasinsufflationispreferredbymostlaparoscopistsbecauseit

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hasahighdiffusioncoefficientandisanormalmetabolicend
productrapidlyclearedfromthebody.
Also,CO2ishighlysolubleinbloodandtissuesanddoesnot
supportcombustion.
TheriskofgasembolismislowestwithCO2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CardiacarrhythmiascanoccurwithCO2pneumoperitoneum.

151.Acutehaemorrhagicpancreatitis
producewhichofthefollowingsign:
a)Cullensign
b)Rovsingsign

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Psoassign
d)GreyTurnersign
e)Kehrsign
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-A,CullensignD,GreyTurnersign

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bleedingintothefascialplanescanproducebluishdiscolourationof
theflanks(GreyTurner'ssign)orumbilicus(Cullen'ssign).

152.Trueregardingurinarycatheterization
with16Frenchsize:
a)Itisthesuitablesizetouseinadultfemale

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)ItcancauseUTIinlongtermuse
c)Usedinmanagementofurethralobstruction
d)Diameteris4mm
e)Steriletechniquemustbeusedforinsertion
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A,ItisthesuitablesizetouseinadultfemaleB,Itcan
causeUTIinlongtermuseC,Usedinmanagementofurethral
obstructionE,Steriletechniquemustbeusedforinsertion
Foley'scatheterissterilizedbygammaradiation.UsuallyFoley's
catheteriskeptfor7days.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Size:
Adults--16F
Children--8For10F
Obstructionoftheurethrabyananatomicalconditionthat,makesit
dfficultforonetourinate:prostatehypertrophy,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

prostatecancer,ornarrowingoftheurethra.

153.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
obstructiveuropathy:
a)Strictureinureteriscause
b)Stoneinureteriscause

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)RTAtype4canoccur
d)AbsenceofhydronephrosisonUSGruleoutobstructive
uropathy
e)Whenobstructionisabovethelevelofthebladder,bilateral
hydroureterandhydronephrosisoccurs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,StrictureinureteriscauseB,Stoneinureteris
causeC,RTAtype4canoccur
Anyobstructionatordistaltothebladderneckmayleadtoback
pressureaffectingbothkidneys.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Obstructionatorproximaltotheureteralorificeleadstounilateral
damage.
Partialobstructionleadstogradualprogressivemuscular
hypertrophyfollowedbydilation,decompensationand
hydronephroticchanges.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Acquiredurinarytractobstructionmaybeduetoinflammatoryor
traumaticurethralstrictures,ureteralorpelvicstones.

154.Trueaboutbranchialfistula:
a)Externalopeningneartheanteriorborderof
sternocleido?mastoid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Externalopeningatjunctionofupper&middlethirdof
sternocleidomastoidmuscle
c)Developduetopersistenceof2ndbranchialcleft
d)Openinoropharynx
e)Movewithswallowing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-A,Externalopeningneartheanteriorborderof
sternocleido?mastoidC,Developduetopersistenceof
2ndbranchialcleftD,Openinoropharynx
Thisisalwayscongenital&occursduetopersistent2ndbranchial

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cleft.
Theexternalorificeisnearlyalwayssituatedinthelowerthirdofthe
neckneartheanteriorborderofthesternocleidomastoid.
Thepatientmaycomplainofadimple,dischargingmucus&the
dimplebecomesmoreobviouswhenthepatientisaskedtoswallow.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


155.Trueabout1stdegreehaemorrhoid:
a)Painlessbleeding
b)Malaenaeoccur
c)Constipationmaybepresent
d)Prolapseondefaecation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Neverprolapse
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Answer-A,PainlessbleedingC,Constipationmaybe
presentE,Neverprolapse
FourDegreesofHaemorrhoids

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Firstdegree:bleedonly,noprolapse
Seconddegree:prolapse,butreducespontaneously
Thirddegree:prolapseandhavetobemanuallyreduced
Fourthdegree:permanentlyprolapsed

156.Whichofthefollowingexaminationis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

doneinsupineposition:
a)Tredelenburgposition
b)ReverseTredelenburgposition
c)Simsposition
d)Jackknifeposition

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Lloyd-Daviesposition
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Answer-A,TredelenburgpositionB,ReverseTredelenburg
positionE,Lloyd-Daviesposition
"Tredelenburgposition:Lithotomywithheaddown

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ReverseTredelenburgposition:Thepatientissupineonthe
operatingtablewiththetabletiltedup15"attheheadendtoreduce
venousengorgement.
"Mostcommonly,thepatientisexaminedintheleftlateral(Sims)
positiorwiththebuttocksoverlyingtheedgeoftheexamination

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

couchandwiththeaxisofthetorsocrossing,ratherthanparallel
with,theedgeofthecouch.
Thepronejackknifeorknee-elbowpositionsmaybeused.
Lloyd-DaviesPosition:ItisalsoknownastheTrendelenburg
positionwithlegsapart.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


157.Trueaboutlipcarcinoma:
a)Commoninsmoker
b)Morecommoninlowerlip
c)Morecommoninupperlip
d)Alwayspainfultotouch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Distantmetastasisislate
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Answer-A,CommoninsmokerB,Morecommoninlower
lipE,Distantmetastasisislate
Lowerlipismoreofteninvolved

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lncidenceoforalcancerissixtimesmoreinsmokerthannon-
smoker
Siteofpredilectionisb/wthemidline&commissureofthelip
Mostly,itissquamouscellcarcinoma,oftenseeninmalesintheage
groupof40-70years

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

L,Nmetastasesdeveloplate.Submental&submandibularnodes
arethefirsttobeinvolved;otherdeepcervicalnodesmayalsoget
involvedlater.

158.Trueaboutmediastinalteratoma:
a)Mostcommontumourofanteriormediastinum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mostcommongermcelltumourofmediastinum
c)Morecommonlyoccursinanteriormediastinum
d)Containteeth,skin,hair,cartilageandbone
e)Histologicallygradedasdifferentiated&undifferentiated
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B,Mostcommongermcelltumourof
mediastinumC,Morecommonlyoccursinanterior
mediastinumD,Containteeth,skin,hair,cartilageand
boneE,Histologicallygradedasdifferentiated&
undifferentiated

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcommonmalignancyinyoungmenbetweenage15and35
years.
Primarymediastinalgermcelltumors(includingteratomas,
seminomas,andnonseminomatousmalignantgermcelltumors)are
aheterogeneousgroupofbenignandmalignantneoplasms.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Teratomasarethemostcommontypeofmediastinalgermcell
tumors.
Theycontaintwoorthreeembryoniclayersthatmayincludeteeth,
skin,hair(ectodermal),cartilageandbone(mesodermal),or
bronchial,intestinal,orpancreatictissue(endodermal).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MediastinalTeratomasmayeitherbe-
Mature:Welldifferentiated
Immature:Poorlydifferentiated
Withmalignanttransformation

159.Trueaboutinguinalherniainchildren:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Occurduetopersistenceofprocessusvaginalis
b)Defectinabdominalmaypresent
c)Mostcommonvarietyisdirecttype
d)Difficulttoreducenon-operatively
e)Morecommoningirls

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-A,Occurduetopersistenceofprocessus
vaginalisB,DefectinabdominalmaypresentD,Difficultto
reducenon-operatively
Inchildren,ifinguinal(indirect)herniaispresentinoneside,then

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

processusvaginalisisintactonotherside.
Malesareaffectedaboutsixtimesmoreoftenthanfemales.
Indirectinguinalhernia-Canoccurinanyagefromchildhoodto
adult.
Inguinalherniaresultsfromafailureofclosureoftheprocessus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

vaginalis.

160.Trueregardingtesticulartumour:
a)ForstageIseminoma-orchidectomyaloneusedfortreatment
b)ForstageIseminoma-orchidectomy+radiotherapyusedfor
treatment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)StageInon-seminomatousgermcelltumour-orchidectmy
+radiotherapyusedfortreatment
d)Stagingisimportantforplanningmanagement
e)i3HCG&AFPmaybeusedasmarkertheresponseof
treatment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-B,ForstageIseminoma-orchidectomy+radiotherapy
usedfortreatmentD,Stagingisimportantforplanning
managementE,i3HCG&AFPmaybeusedasmarkerthe
responseoftreatment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TesticularTumour:Staging
StageI:Thetumourisconfinedtothetestis;
StageII:Nodaldiseaseispresentbutisconfinednodesbelowthe
diaphragm;
StageIII:Nodaldiseaseispresentabovethediaphragm;

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

StageIV:Nonlymphaticmetastaticdise
Inconfirmedcases,stagingisanessentialstepinplanning
treatment.
HCG&NSGCTswhenraised,thesemarkersareusedtomonitor
theresponsetotreatment.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


161.Feature(s)ofFournier'sgangrene:
a)Necrotizingfasciitisofthemalegenitaliaandperineum
b)Diabetesisriskfactor
c)Urgentwidesurgicalexcisionofthedeadandinfectedtissueis
essential

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Testisneedtoberemovedinallcases
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,Necrotizingfasciitisofthemalegenitaliaand
perineumB,DiabetesisriskfactorC,Urgentwidesurgical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

excisionofthedeadandinfectedtissueisessential
Fournier'sgangreneisanecrotizingfasctitisofthemalegenitalia
andperineumthatcanberapidlyprogressingandfatalifnottreated
promptly.
Riskfactors-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

urethral
strictures,
perirectalabscesses,
poorperinealhygiene,
diabetes,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cancer,
humanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)
Clinicalfeatures-
Clinicalsignsincludefevers,perinealandscrotalpain.
Cellulitis,eschars,necrosis,flakingskin,andcrepitusmayallbe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

observed.
Treatment-

Urgentwidesurgicalexcisionofthedeadandinfectedtissueis
essential.

162.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

enlargedkidney:
a)Ballotable
b)Upperbordercanbereached
c)Shifttoparacolicgutteroncompression
d)Donotmovewithrespiration

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Dullonpercussiononrenalangle
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Answer-A,BallotableE,Dullonpercussiononrenalangle
Itisareniformswelling
ltmovesveryslightlyuithrespirationasitcomesdownalittleatthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

heightofinspiration.
ltisballottable
Asickeningsensationisoftenfeltduringmanipulation
Ahandcanbeeasilyinsinuctedb/wtheupperpoleofswelling&the
costalmargin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Percussionwillrewalresonontnoteinfrontofakidneyswellingas
coilsofintestine&colonwillalwaysbeinfrontofthekidney.

163.Hypoparathyroidismcanoccurin:
a)Afterthyroidsurgery
b)Digeorgesyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Radicalresectionofhead&neckcancer
d)MENI
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,AfterthyroidsurgeryB,Digeorge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

syndromeC,Radicalresectionofhead&neckcancer
Geneticdisorders(eg:DeGeorgesyndrome)
.Abnormalparathyroidglanddevelopment
.AbnormalPTHsynthesis
oActivatingmutationsofcalciumsensingreceptor(autosomal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

dominanthypocalcemiaorsporadicisolatedhypoparathyroidism)
.Post-surgical(thyroidectomnparathyroidectomnradicalneck
dissection)
oAutoimmunepolyglandularsyndrome

164.Trueaboutbreastcyst:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Mostlyseeninpremenopausalperiod
b)Mostcommoninyoungwoman
c)Usuallyunilateral
d)Yellowish-greenishdischarge
e)Adheretounderlyingskin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-A,MostlyseeninpremenopausalperiodC,Usually
unilateralD,Yellowish-greenishdischarge
Classicallyseeninperimenopausalwomenmostlyinlastdecadeof
reproductivelife.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

50%ofcystsaremultipleorrecurrent.
Cystfluidcanbestraw,colored,opaque,ordarkgreenandmay
containfleckofdebris.
Diagnosiscanbeconfirmedbyaspirationand/orultrasound.

165.Fibrocysticdiseasedifferfrom

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fibroadenomabyhaving:
a)Painshiftwithcycle
b)Freelymobile
c)Usuallybilateral
d)Firm&rubbery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Welldemarcatedborder
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Answer-A,PainshiftwithcycleC,Usuallybilateral
Painful,oftenmultiple,usuallybilateralmassesinthebreast.
Rapidfructuationinthesizeofthemassesiscommon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Frequently,painoccursorincreasesandsizeincreasesduring
premenstrualphaseofcycle.
Theselesionsarealwaysassociatedwithbenignchangesinthe
breastepithelium.
Themicroscopicfindingsoffibrocysticconditionindudecyst(gross

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andmicroscopic),papillomatosis,adenosis,fibrosis,andductal
epithelialhyperplasia.
Clinicalfeatures-
Painortendernessoftencallsattentiontothemass.
Dischargefromthenipple.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Discomfortoccursorisincreasedduringthepemenstrualphaseof
thecycle.
Fibroadenoma-
Peakageofincidenceisat20year
Presentwithpainlesslump

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Itissmooth,roundbordered,firmtohardinconsistency&freely
mobilewithinthebreast(socalledbreastmouse)

166.Testforincompetentvalvedoneby:
a)Coughimpulsetest
b)Trendelenburg

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Percussationwavetravelinretrogradedirectionalongvaricose
vein
d)Percussationwavetravelinorthogradedirectionalongvaricose
vein
e)All

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,Coughimpulse
testB,TrendelenburgC,Percussationwavetravelinretrograde
directionalongvaricosevein
Coughimpulsetest:saphenoofemoralincompetence

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TrendelenburgI:saphenofemoralincompetence
TrendelenburgII:Perforatorincompetence
Multipletourniquettest:Siteofperforatorincompetence
Schwartztest:Superficialcolumnofblood


--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

167.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
renalcarcinomaofT3astage:
a)InvolveGerotafascia
b)Involveperinephricfat
c)Renalveininvolvement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Inferiorvenacavainvolvement
e)Size>10cm
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-B,InvolveperinephricfatC,Renalveininvolvement
E,Size>10cm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---



168.Trueaboutextracorporealshockwave
lithotripsy(ECWL):
a)C/Iinpregnancy
b)Lesssatisfactoryforhardstones
c)Stoneisbreakedintosmallpieceswhichcomesoutwithurine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Saferincoagulopathy
e)Endoscopicretrievalissometimesusedforimpactedstone
fragmentproducedbylithotripsy
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Answer-A,C/IinpregnancyB,Lesssatisfactoryforhard

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stonesC,Stoneisbreakedintosmallpieceswhichcomesout
withurineE,Endoscopicretrievalissometimesusedfor
impactedstonefragmentproducedbylithotripsy
Crystallinestonesdisintegrateundertheimpactofshockwaves
producedbytheESWLmachine.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

UretericcoliciscommonafterESWL.
TheprincipalcomplicationofESWLisinfection.
"Pregnantwomenand.patientswithlargeabdominalaortic
aneurysmsoruncorrectablebleedingdisordersshouldnotbe
treatedwithESWL.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


169.Trueaboutcarcinomagallbladder:
a)Increasedbilirubinleveliscontraindicationforsurgery
b)Palliativetreatmentisforadvanceddisease
c)Metastaticrecurrenceiscommoninliver
d)Whengallbladderwallisinvolved,extendedcholecystectomy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

isdone
e)Surgeryshouldbedoneinallcases
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-(B)Palliativetreatmentisforadvanceddisease
(C)Metastaticrecurrenceiscommoninliver(D)Whengall

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

bladderwallisinvolved,extendedcholecystectomyisdone
IfGBcancerisfoundatcholecystectomy&ifmucosaaloneis
involved,thencholecystectomyissufficient
IfGBwallisinvolved,thenextendedcholecystectomyisdone
Radiationhasverysmallbenefit.Chemotherapyalsohasbeentried.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5-FU,mitomycinC,doxorubicinaredrugsused
Prognosisisverypoor.Aggressivesurgery&completeclearance
givebestresults.
Surgeryremainstheonlycurativeoptionforgallbladdercancer.

170.Trueaboutparamedianincision:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Itismadebelowumbilicus
b)Betterinobeseperson
c)Causeabdominalhernia
d)Cutanteriorsurfaceofrectussheath
e)Cutposteriorsurfaceofrectussheath

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Answer-(C)Causeabdominalhernia(D)Cutanteriorsurfaceof
rectussheath(E)Cutposteriorsurfaceofrectussheath
Use:provideslateralitytothemidlineincision,allowinglateral
structuressuchasthekidney,adrenalsandspleentobeaccessed.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Location:about2-5cmtotheleftorrightofthemidlineincision.
lncisionisoverthemedialaspectofthetransverseconvexityofthe
rectus.
Layersoftheabdominalwallskin,fascia(camper'sandscarpa's)
andtheanteriorrectussheathareincised.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Incisionsinanteriorandposteriorshectiisseperatedbymuscle
whichactsasabuttress,thereforeclosureandmoresecure.

171.Allaretrueaboutfullthicknessrectal
prolapseexcept:
a)Elderlyareatrisk

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Commoninchildren
c)Morecommoninfemale
d)sensationofincompleteevacuation
e)Mayassociatedwithaweakpelvicfloor
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Commoninchildren
Commonlnelderlywomenwhoaremultipara
ConstiPationisimportantfeature
Tenesmuscommon
Somedegreeofincontinenceoffaeces&flatusisalwayspresent.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


172.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of
Keloid:
a)Collagenfibersarerandomlyarranged
b)TypeIVcollagendominates
c)Lesionwithhealthymarginremoved

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Steroidisveryuseful
e)Goesbeyondmarginofwound
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-(B)TypeIVcollagendominates(D)Steroidisvery
useful(E)Goesbeyondmarginofwound

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Scarsareoftendescribedasbeingatrophic,hypertrophicand
keloid.
Ahypertrophicscarisdefinedasexcessivescartissuethatdoesnot
extendbeyondtheboundaryoftheoriginalincisionorwound.
Akeloidscarisdefinedasexcessivescartisstethatextendsbeyond

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thebounilariesoftheoriginatincisionorwound.
IgEantibodyisleastcommonlyseeninkeloid.
eloidsgrowonparticularsites,theseare?
1. Centralchests(probablymostcommon,notsure)
2. Back

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Shoulder
4. Earlobes
Etiologyofkeloid-
Keyfactors:Surgeryburns,vaccinations
Elevatedlevelsofgrowthfactor(moreoftype.8,collagen)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lacerationorabrasion

Overthesternum(incision)
Inheritanceandinjection
Deeppigmentedskin
Histologyofbothhypertrophicandkeloidscars-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Excesscollagenwithhypervascularity
keloidswherethereismoretypeIIIcollagen.
Hypertrophicscarsimprovespontaneouslywithtime,whereaskeloid
scarsdonot.
keloidscarshavethicker,moreabundantcollagenbundles.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Treatment-
Intralesionalinjectionofsteroid(Triamcinoloneacetate)isnow
recommendedasthefirstlineoft/tforkeloid.

173.TrueaboutCongenitalhypertrophic
pyloricstenosis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Shorteningofpyloriccanalonbariumcontrastimaging
b)Elongationofpyloriccanalonbariumcontrastimaging
c)Narrowingofpyloriccanalonbariumcontrastimaging
d)ThickenedpyloricmuscleonUSG
e)ChildshouldbegivennormalsalinewithKC1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Answer-(B)Elongationofpyloriccanalonbariumcontrast
imaging(C)Narrowingofpyloriccanalonbariumcontrast
imaging(D)ThickenedpyloricmuscleonUSG(E)Childshould
begivennormalsalinewithKC1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Imagingconfirmationissoughtbymostcliniciantodifferentiatefrom
gastroesophagealreflex
Precaution:Emptystomachvianasogastrictubebeforestudy&
Removecontrastatend
Elongation&narrowingofpyloriccanal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stringsign=passingofsmallbariumstreakthroughelongatedpyloric
channel(mostspecificsign)
Double/tripletracksign:crowdingofmucosalfoldsinpyloricchannel

174.Incomparisontoulcerativecolitis,which
ofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

crohn'sdisease:

a)Transmuralinflammation
b)Morecommoninsmoker
c)MorepANCApositivity
d)TNF-alphainhibitorroleonlyinCD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-(A)Transmuralinflammation(B)Morecommonin
smoker(D)TNF-alphainhibitorroleonlyinCD
CanaffectanypartofGIT,butmesites?terminalileum,ileocecal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

valve,andcaecum.
Etiology-
Smokingisastrongriskfactor
OCPsandAppendicectomyincreaserisk
Morphology-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Skiplesions
Thickbowelwall
Stricturescommon
Transmuralinflammation
Noncaseatinggranulomas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Moderatepseudopolyps
Deep,knife-likeulcers
Fibrosis,serositis-Marked
Investigations-

70%ASCA+ve(antiSaccharomycescerevisiaeAb)10%pANCA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

positive
Treatment
Anti-TNFtherapy(Infliximab,adalimumab,certolizumab)-first-line
agentstoinduceremissioninmoderatetoseverediseaseandto
maintainremission

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


175.Trueaboutparalyticileus:
a)Postoperativeileusprimarilyaffectsthestomachandcolon
b)Mostlyresolveafter24-72hours
c)Returnoffunctionoccursinthefollowingorder:stomach,large
bowelandsmallbowel.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ifopioidisusedaspostoperativeanalgesia,thenchance
increases
e)Isananticipatedcomplicationsofabdominaloperations
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Answer-(A)Postoperativeileusprimarilyaffectsthestomach

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andcolon(B)Mostlyresolveafter24-72hours(D)Ifopioidis
usedaspostoperativeanalgesia,thenchanceincreases(E)Is
ananticipatedcomplicationsofabdominaloperations
Etiology
Postoperative

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Adegreeofileususuallyoccursafteranyabdominalprocedure
Self-limiting(24-72hours)
MaybeprolongedinHypoproteinemiaormetabolicabnormality
Intra-abdominalinflammation(peritonitis,abscess,retroperitoneal
hemorrhage)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Reflexileus:followingfracturesofspine/ribs,retroperitoneal
hemorrhageorapplicationofaplasterjacket
Metabolic&electrolytederangements(uremia,hypokalemia,
hyponatremia,hypoandhypomagnesemia,diabeticcoma,
hypoparathyroidism,hypothyroidism)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Drugs(opiates,psychotropicagents,anticholinergicagents,calcium
channelblockers)

Returnoffunctionoftheintestineoccursinthefollowingorder:small
bowel,largebowelandthenstomach
Paralyticileus,alsocalledpseudo-obstruction,isoneofthemajor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

causesofintestinalobstructionininfantsandchildren.

176.Aciniccellcarcinomais/arefoundin:
a)Breast
b)Parotid
c)Lacrimalgland

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Pancrease
e)Minorsalivarygland
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-(B)Parotid(D)Pancrease(E)Minorsalivarygland
MajorSalivaryGlands(includingparotid)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MinorSalivaryGlands
Acinarcellcaricinomaaremalignantepithelialneoplasm(of
pancrease)

177.WhichareRadio-opaquestones:
a)Pureuricacid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cysteine
c)Phosphate
d)Oxalate
e)Impureuricacid
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-(B)Cysteine(D)Oxalate(E)Impureuricacid
RenalCalculus-
Oxalatestones
Phosphatecalculus-struvite
Uricacidanduratecalculi

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cystinecalculus

178.Trueaboutlymphangiomacircum
scriptum:
a)Compressibleswelling
b)Oftencontainclearfluid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Groupsofvesiclesarefoundonskin
d)Maypresentatbirthorshortlyafterbirth
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-(B)Oftencontainclearfluid(C)Groupsofvesiclesare

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

foundonskin(D)Maypresentatbirthorshortlyafterbirth
ThistyPePresentsascircumscribedlesionwhichappearsassmall
vaicleorsmallblisterorslightlyelevatedskinpatch
Thesizevariesfrom0.5to4mmindiameter
Alargeareaofskinmaybeinvolvedontheinnersideofthethigh,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

buttockontheshoulderorintheaxilla
Thewholelesionissoft&sPongY
Fluctuation,fluidthrill&translucencytestarealwayspositive.The
swellingisnotcompressible
Themarginsoftheswellingareindistinct

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theskinvesiclescontainclearfluid
Itisusuallyprominentatpubertyandmayoftenstartbleeding.

179.Sacral-teratoma/sacrococcygeal
teratomaisaderivativeof-
a)Primitivestreak

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ectoderm
c)Hypoblasts
d)Cranialneuropore
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Primitivestreak
Gastrulation&Hensen'snode:
In2ndweek-GastrulationoccursEstablishes3rdgermlayer
(mesoderm).
Gastrulationbeginswithprimitivestreakformationincaudalregion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ofepiblast.
PrimitivenodeorHensen'snodeorprimitiveknot:
Thickeningformedatcranialendofprimitivestreak.
Sacrococcygealformation:
FailureofHensen'snodetoregresscanleadtosacrococcygeal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

formation.
Incompleteprimitivestreakregressionleavescaudalremnant
Sacrococcygealteratoma.
Arisefromresidualtototipotentialcellrests(Hensen'snode).
Sacrococcygealteratomademonstratestissuederivedfromallthree

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

celllayers.
Containvaryingproportionsofmature&immatureelements.

180.Trueaboutcentralvenous
catheterization:
a)Cathetermaybeplacedthroughsubclavianvein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)IftheCVPislowinthepresenceofalowMAPorcardiac
output,thenfluidresuscitationisnecessary
c)Canbeusedforgainingvenousaccessinpatientwithpoor
peripheralveins
d)Subclavianveinrouteissafestintermofcomplications

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-(A)Cathetermaybeplacedthroughsubclavianvein
(B)IftheCVPislowinthepresenceofalowMAPorcardiac
output,thenfluidresuscitationisnecessary(C)Canbeused

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

forgainingvenousaccessinpatientwithpoorperipheralveins
UsedformonitoringofCVEadministrationoffluidtotreat
hypovolemia&shock,infusionofcausticdrug&totalParenteral
nutrition,asPirationofemboli,insertionoftranscutaneouspacing
leads&gainingvenousaccessinpatientwithpoorperipheralveins.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CVPorrightatrialpressure(RAP)ismonitoredusingacatheter
insertedviaeithertheinternaljugularorthesubclavianvein.
TheCVPmayhelpinassessingtheneedforintravascularfluid
replacemant.

181.Trueaboutcareofpolytraumapatient:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)CTscanofwholebodycanbedonetoexcludeinjuries
b)Longspinalcordinjurysupportisgivenifspinalcordinjuryis
suspected
c)Triageofinjurieswithcolourcodinglikered,yellow,green&
blackcanbedoneincaseofmasscasualty

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Initialfluidmanagementisdoneasearlyaspossible
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)CTscanofwholebodycanbedonetoexclude
injuries(B)Longspinalcordinjurysupportisgivenifspinal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cordinjuryissuspected(C)Triageofinjurieswithcolour
codinglikered,yellow,green&blackcanbedoneincaseof
masscasualty(D)Initialfluidmanagementisdoneasearlyas
possible
BecauseofCT,anincreasingamountofbothblunt&penetrating

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

traumahasbeensafelymanagednonoperatively.
'Theavailabilityofhighresolutionmultislicescanners,promotingthe
developmentofprotocolsinsomecentersthatcallforearly
intergrationofcompletebody(i.e.head,cervicalmspine,chest,
abdomen&pelvis)CTscanningofselectedtraumapatient.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Intravenouslineiscriticalforintravenousvolumeresuscitation.
Triagesysteminvolvesacolor-codingschemeusingred,yellow,
green,white,andblacktags:Redindicateshighprioritytreatmentor
transfer,yellowsignalsmediumpriority,greenindicatesambulatory
patients&blackfordeadormoribund.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


182.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
suturetechnique:
a)Subcuticularsutureisusedwherecosmeticappearanceis
important
b)Verticalmattresscausescauseprominentstitchmarkscars

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Horizontalmattressisusedforfragileskin
d)Verticalmattressisusedforfragileskin
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-(A)Subcuticularsutureisusedwherecosmetic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

appearanceisimportant(B)Verticalmattresscausescause
prominentstitchmarkscars(C)Horizontalmattressisusedfor
fragileskin
Thehorizontalmattressstitchisasuturetechniqueusedtoclose
wounds.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thismakesitidealforholdingtogetherfragileskin.
Verticalmattresssuturearethatitprovidesclosureforbothdeep
andsuperficiallayers,andalsoallowsperfecteversionandvertical
oppositionofthesuperficialskinedges.
Subcuticularsuturetechniqueisusedinskinwhereacosmetic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

appearanceisimportantarrdwheretheskinedgesmaybe
approximatedeasily.

183.Corticosteroidsareusefulinwhichofthe
followingpaediatricsdisease:
a)TBmeningitis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)EndobronchialTB
c)Spinaventosa
d)Acutetuberculouspericardialeffusion
e)Severemiliarytuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.(A)TBmeningitis;b.EndobronchialTB;(D)Acute
tuberculouspericardialeffusion;(E)Severemiliary
tuberculosis
Corticosteroidsuseinpaediatrics:
Theseareusefulinthetreatmentofsomechildrenwithtuberculosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disease.
Corticosteroidsdecreasemortalityratesandlong-termneurologic
sequelaeinsomePatientswithtuberculousmeningitisbyreducing
vasculitis,inflammation,and,ultimately,intracranialpressure.
Shortcoursesofcorticosteroids:Endobronchialtuberculosisthat

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

causesrespiratorydistress,localizedemphysema,orsegmental
pulmonarylesions.
Relievesymptomsandconstrictionassociatedwithacute
tuberculouspericardialeffusion.
Dramaticimprovementinsymptomsoftuberculouspleuraleffusion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andshiftofthemediastinum.
Severemiliarytuberculosishavedramaticimprovementwith
corticosteroidtherapyiftheinflammatoryreactionissoseverethat

alveolocapillaryblockispresent.

184.Eosinophiliainchildrenis/arepresentin:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Allergicrhinitis
b)Echinococcosis
c)Rheumatoidarthritis
d)Infectiousmononucleosis
e)Wiskott-Aldrichsyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.(A)Allergicrhinitis;(B)Echinococcosis;(C)Rheumatoid
arthritis;(E)Wiskott-Aldrichsyndrome

Commoncausesofeosinophilia:
Acute:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Allergicdisorder:Asthma,atopicdermatitis,urticaria.drug
hypersensitivity,pemphigoid
Parasiticinfestation:Toxocara,ascaris,amebiasis,strongyloidiasis,
filarial,toxoplasmosis,trichinosia,schistosomiasis,malaria,scabies
Fungalinfections:Bronchopulmonaryaspergillosis,coccidiomycosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Malignancy:Hodgkinlymphoma,Tcelllymphoma,acute
myelogenousleukaemia,myeloproliferativesyndrome
Hypereosinophilicsyndrome
Chronic:
Allergicdisorders:Pemphigus,dermatitisherpetiformis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Autoimmunedisorders:Inflammatoryboweldisease,rheumatoid
arthritis,Myeloproliferativesyndrome,hypereosinophilicsyndrome
,Loefflersyndrome.
Immunodeficiencysyndromes:HyperIgE,WiskottAldrichsyndrome;
Omennsyndrome;graftversushostreaction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Miscellaneous:Thrombocytopeniawithabsentradii;renalallograft

rejection;Addisondisease

185.Syndromenotassociatedwithchildhood
leukaemia:
a)Edwardsyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Fanconisyndrome
c)Diamond-Blackanaemia
d)Patausyndrome
e)Kostmannsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.(A)Edwardsyndrome;(D)Patausyndrome
RiskfactorsforChildhoodLeukemia
Downsyndrome
Shwachman-Diamondsyndrome
Kostmannsyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Li-Fraumenisyndrome
Fanconisyndrome
Bloomsyndrome.
Klinefeltersyndrome
Turnersyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

NeurofibromatosistypeI
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Severecombinedimmunedeficiency
Paroxysmalnocturnalhaemoglobinuria

186.AchildhasvitaminDdeficiencyrickets.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Whichofthefollowingis/arecorrect
regardingbiochemicalchanges:

a)Alkalinephosphatase
b)serumcalcium
c)parathyroidhormone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)phosphate
e)25-(OH)D3
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.(A)Alkalinephosphatase;(C)parathyroidhormone
BIOCHEMICALREACTIONS:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Serumcalcium:normalorlow
Serumphosphate:low
Alkalinephosphatase:high
Hypophosphatasiashowslowlevelofalk.phosphatase
PTH:High

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hypophophatemia

187.Trueaboutfetalalcoholsyndrome:
a)Increasedbirthweight
b)Normalfinemotordevelopment
c)Normalsocialskilldevelopment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Facialabnormalities
e)Intelligencesubnormal
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans.(D)Facialabnormalities;(E)Intelligencesubnormal
Fetalalcoholsyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Highlevelofalcoholingestioninpregnancycancausedamageto
fetus,knownasfetalalcoholsyndrome.
Theharmfuleffectsmaybeduetoalcoholitselforduetooneofits
breakdownproducts.Someevidencesuggeststhatalcohol
mayimpairplacentaltransferofessentialaminoacidsandzinc,both

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

necessaryforproteinsynthesis,whichmayaccountforIUGR.
Characteristicsoffetalalcoholsyndromeinclude:?
IUGR(notlargeproportionatebody)
Microcephaly
Congenitalheartdefects(ASD,VSD)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mentalretardation
FacialabnormalitiesShortpalpebralfissures,epicanthalfolds,
maxillaryhypoplasia,micrognathia,lowsetears,smoothphiltrum,
thinsmoothupperlip.
Minorjointanomalies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hyperkineticmovements

188.Feature(s)ofcongenitalrubella
syndromeinclude:
a)Cataract
b)ASD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Deafness
d)Patentductusarteriosus
e)Alltheabove
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.(A)Cataract;(C)Deafness;(D)Patentductusarteriosus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Congenitalrubellasyndrome(CRS)canoccurinadevelopingfetus
ofapregnantwomanwhohascontractedrubella,usuallyinthefirst
trimester.
Triadshows:PDA,cataractanddeafnes
Ifinfectionoccurs0?28daysbeforeconception,theinfanthasa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

43%riskofbeingaffected.
Infectionin2ndtrimester?maybedeafnessonly.
>6wks?nomajorabnormalities
Diagnosis:Isolationofvirusincellculturesofthroatsamples,urine
orothersecretions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DetectionofIgMinsingleserumsampleshortlyafterbirth.
PersistenceofRubellaIgGantibodiesserumbeyond1yearor
risingantibodytitreanytimeduringinfancyinanunvaccinatedchild

189.A4.2kgsbabyborntouncontrolled
diabeticmother.Thefollowingcondition

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

willnotoccurinthebaby:

a)Hypercalcemia
b)Hypoglycemia
c)Hyperbilirubinemia
d)Polycythaemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Cardiovasculardefects
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.(A)Hypercalcemia
NeonatalComplication:
Hypoglycaemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Respiratorydistresssyndrome
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypomagnesemia.
Polycythemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiomyopathy

190.Trueaboutcaputsuccedaneum-
a)Oedematousswellingofscalp
b)Marginsareclearlydefined
c)Swellingresolvespontaneouslyafterfewdaysofbirth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Swellingremainsforthreemonths
e)Maximumsizeatbirth
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.(A)Oedematousswellingofscalp;(C)Swellingresolve
spontaneouslyafterfewdaysofbirth;(E)Maximumsizeat

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

birth
Caputsuccedaneumisadiffuse,sometimesecchymoticedematous
swellingofthesofttissuesofthescalpinvolvingtheareaPresenting
duringvertexdelivery.
Itmayextendacrossthemidlineandacrosssuturelines.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theedemadisappearswithinthelstfewdaysoflife.
Moldingoftheheadandoverridingoftheparietalbonesare
frequentlyassociatedandbecomemoreevidentaftercaputhas
receded;theydisappearduringthelstweeksoflife
Analogousswelling,discoloration,anddistortionofthefaceareseen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

infacePresentations.

191.Achildhasfeverwithrednessofcheek.
Thecausativeorganismforthiscondition
is:

a)Herpesvirus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)ParvovirusB-19
c)Adenovirus
d)Rubella
e)Roseola
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.(B)ParvovirusB-19
Exanthemainfectiosum:
Thecharacteristicrashfirstappearsaserythematousflushingonthe
faceinaslappedcheekappearance(redcheek).
ThemostcommonmanifestationofparvovirusB19iserythema

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

infectiosum,alsoknownasfifthdisease,whichisabenign,self-
limitedexanthematousillnessofchildhood.
Itwasthe5thinaclassificationschemeofcommonchildhood
exanthems.
Thepreceding4exanthemsweremeasles,scarletfever,rubella,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andFilatov-Dukesdisease(anatypicalscarletfever),withroseola
infantumasthe"sixthdisease

192.Trueaboutminimalchangedisease-
a)Hypertensioniscommonlypresent
b)Mostcommoncauseofnephroticsyndromeinadults

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Highdosesteroidsresultsinremissioninmostcases
d)Commonlyprogresstochronicrenalfailure
e)Reversiblelossofpodocytefunction
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Answer-(C)Highdosesteroidsresultsinremissioninmost

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cases(E)Reversiblelossofpodocytefunction
Minimalchangedisease:
Alsok/alipoidnephrosa,footprocessdisease&Nildepositdisease
Thediseasesometimesfollowsarespiratoryinfectionorroutine
prophylacticimmunization'

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theonsetmaybeprecededbyanupperrespiratoryinfection,atopic
allergyorimmunisation.
Thediseasecharacteristicallyrespondtosteroidtherapy
Thebenigndisorderischaracterizedbydiffuseeffacementoffoot
processesofvisceralepithelialcell(podocytes).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mostfrequentcauseofnephroticsyndromeinchildren
Thevisceralepithelialchangesarecompletelyreversibleafrer
corticosteroidtherapy,concomitantwithremissionoftheproteinuria.
Thereiscommonlynohypertensionorhematuria.
Theappearanceofacuterenalfailureinadults.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


193.Whichofthefollowingtrueaboutnew-
born&children:
a)Erythropoietinlevelismoreinpretermthanterm
b)Erythropoietingiventopretermonlyinsomespecialcases
c)ErythropoietingiventoPretermcancausecomplication

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)a&b
e)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.(B)Erythropoietingiventopretermonlyinsomespecial
cases;(C)ErythropoietingiventoPretermcancause

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

complication
Mostinfantswithbirthweightof<1KgRBCtransfusions.Akey
reasonwhythenadirhaemoglobinvaluesofprematureinfantsare
lowerthanthoseofterminfantsistheformergroup'srelatively
diminishedplasmaEPOlevelinresponsetoanaemia.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

PreterminfantsexhibitasluggishEPOresponsetofalling
haematocritvalues.
LowplasmaEPOlevelproviderationaletheuseofrecombinant
EPOinthetreatmentofanemiaofprematurity.
ProperdosesofEPOandironeffectivelystimulateneonatal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

erythropoiesis.However,theefficacyofEPOtherapytosubstantially
diminishtheneedfarRBCtransfusionhasnotbeen
convincinglydemonstrate,particularlyfarsick,extremelypremature
neonates,andrecombinantEPOhasnotbeenwidelyacceptedas
treatmentforanemiaofprematurity.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lnrarecases,somepreparationsofEPOhavebeenassociatedwith

thedevelopmentofanti-EPOantibodiesthatresultinsevereanemia.

194.Inwhichcondition(s),urethralopeningis
neverattipofglanspenis:
a)Epispadias

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hypospadias
c)Urethralstricture
d)Bladderexstrophy
e)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Epispadias;b.Hypospadias;d.Bladderexstrophy
Hypospadias

Acongenitaldisorderoftheurethrawheretheurinaryopeningisnot
attheusuallocationontheheadofthepenis.Itisthesecond-most
commonbirthabnormalityofthemalereproductivesystem,affecting

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

aboutoneofevery250malesatbirth.
EPISPADIAS
Anepispadiasisararetypeofcongenitalmalformationinwhichthe
urethraopensonthedorsum(theupperaspect)ofthepenis.Itis
oftenpartoftheconditiontermedEpispadias-exstrophyofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

bladder.Epispadiasisamildformofbladderexstrophy,andin
severecases,exstrophyandepispadiascoexist.

195.Ingestionofwhichofthefollowing
mimicsscurvyinchild:
a)Magnesium

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Potassiumiodide
c)Arsenic
d)Iron
e)Copper
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Magnesium
Hypermagnesemiaismostprobableanswerbecauseitalsocause
paralysis
Hypermagnesemiainhibitsacetylcholinereleaseatthe
neuromuscularjunction,producinghypotonia,hyporeflexia,and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weakness;paralysisoccursathighconcentrations.The
neuromuscular

196.Trueaboutboutonnieredeformity:
a)Flexionofproximalinterphalangealjoint&hyperextensionof
distalinterphalangealjoint

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hyperextensionofproximalinterphalangealjoint&flexionof
distalinterphalangealjoint
c)Flexionatproximalinterphalangeal&extensionat
metacarpophalangealjoint
d)Flexiondeformityoftheproximalinterphalangealjointoccur

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

duetotearincentralslipofextensortendon
e)Mayoccurinrheumatoidarthritis
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a.Flexionofproximalinterphalangealjoint&
hyperextensionofdistalinterphalangealjoint;d.Flexion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

deformityoftheproximalinterphalangealjointoccurdueto
tearincentralslipofextensortendon;e.Mayoccurin
rheumatoidarthritis
Boutonnieredeformityisadeformedpositionofthefingersortoes,
inwhichthejointnearesttheknuckle(theproximalinterphalangeal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

joint,orPIP)ispermanentlybenttowardthepalmwhilethefarthest
joint(thedistalinterphalangealjoint,orDIP)isbentbackaway(PIP
flexionwithDIPhyperextension).
Itcanbecausedbyacutonthetopofthefinger,whichcansever
thecentralslip(tendon)fromitsattachmenttothebone.Thetear

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lookslikeabuttonhole("boutonni?re"inFrench).Insomecases,the
boneactuallycanpopthroughtheopening.
Boutonni?redeformitiesmayalsobecausedbyarthritis.



197.Trueaboutankylosingspondylitis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Romanuslesionmaybefound
b)Ifleftuntreated,spinefusionmayoccur
c)Predilectionofthejointsoftheaxialskeleton
d)Bonyerosionsdonotoccur
e)all

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.a.Romanuslesionmaybefound;b.Ifleftuntreated,spine
fusionmayoccur;c.Predilectionofthejointsoftheaxial
skeleton
Ankylosingspondylitis(marie-strumpelldisease)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ankylosingspondylitisisachronicprogressiveinflammatorydisease
ofthesacroiliacjointsandtheaxialskeleton.
rototypeofseronegative(absenceofrheumatoidfactor)
spondyloarthropathies.
Inflammatorydisorderofunknowncause.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Usuallybeginsinthesecondorthirddecadewithamedianageof
23,in5%symptomsbeginafter40.
Maletofemaleratiois2-3:1
StrongcorrelationwithHLA-B270-95%ofcase
9sarepositiveforHLA-B27.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Jointsinvolvedinankylosingspondylitis
Ankylosingspondylitisprimarilyaffectsaxialskeleton.
Thediseaseusuallybeginsinthesacro-iliacjointsandusually
extendsupwardstoinvolvethelumbar,thoracic,andoftencervical
spine.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Intheworstcasesthehipsorshouldersarealsoaffected.Hipjoint

isthemostcommonlyaffectedperipheraljoint.
Rarelyknee(Ebenzar4th/e593)andankle(Apley's9thle67)are
alsoinvolved.Pathology
Enthesitisi.e.inflammationoftheinsertionpointsoftendons,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ligamentsorjointcapsuleonboneisoneofthehallmarksofthis
entityofdisease.
Primarilyaffectsaxial(spinal)skeletonandsacroiliitisisoftenthe
earliestmanifestationofA.S..
Involvementofcostovertebraljointsfrequentlyoccur,leadingto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

diminishedchestexpansion(normal_5cm)
Peripheraljointse.g.shoulders,andhipsarealsoinvolvedin1/3rd
patients.
Extraarticularmanifestationslikeacuteanterioruveitis(in5%);rarely
aorticvalvedisease,carditisandpulmonaryfibrosisalsooccur.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pathologicalchangesproceedinthreestages?
Inflammationwithgranulationtissueformationanderosionof
adjacentbone.
Fibrosisofgranulationtissue
Ossificationofthefibroustissue,leadingtoankylosisofthejoint.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Radiologicalfeaturesofankylosingspondylitis
Radiographicevidenceofsacroiliacjointisthemostconsistent
findinginankylosingspondylitisandiscrucialfordiagnosis.The
findingsare:-
SclerosisofthearticulatingsurfacesofSIjoints

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Wideningofthesacroiliacjointspace
Bonyankylosisofthesacroiliacjoints
Calcificationofthesacroiliacligamentandsacro-tuberousligaments
Evidenceofenthesopathy-calcificationattheattachmentofthe
muscles,tendonsandligaments,particularlyaroundthepelvisand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

aroundtheheel.
X-rayoflumbarspinemayshow:-
Squaringofvertebrae:Thenormalanteriorconcavityofthe
vertebralbodyislostbecauseofcalcificationoftheanterior
longitudinalligament.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ftLossofthelumbarlordosis.
Bridging`osteophytes'(syndesmophytes)
Bamboospineappearance


198.Trueaboutgiantcellsarcoma?
a)Mostcommonagegroupaffectedis20-40year

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Proximalfemurismostcommonsiteaffected
c)Pulmonarymetastasisoccurin<3%ofcases
d)Alocallyaggressivetumor
e)Mayinvolvesacrum
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Mostcommonagegroupaffectedis20-40year;c.
Pulmonarymetastasisoccurin<3%ofcases;d.Alocally
aggressivetumor;e.Mayinvolvesacrum
GCT:
Itperhapsrepresentsthemostaggressivebenigntumorand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

threatensthetruedefinitionofabenigncancerbecausebenign
pulmonarymetastasisdevelopinapproximately1%to2%ofgiant
celltumors.
CLINICALFEATURES
Thetumourisseencommonlyintheagegroupof20-40yearsi.e.,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

afterepiphysealfusion.
Thebonesaffectedcommonlyarethosearoundthekneei.e.,lower-
endofthefemurandupper-endofthetibia.
Lower-endoftheradiusisanothercommonsite.
Thetumourislocatedattheepiphysis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itoftenreachesalmostuptothejointsurface.
Commonpresentingcomplaintsareswellingandvaguepain.
Sometimes,thepatient,unawareofthelesion,presentsforthefirst
timewithapathologicalfracturethroughthelesion.

199.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

simplebonecyst:
a)Mostcommonlyoccurinadult
b)Commonestsiteistheupperendofthehumerus
c)Cortexmaybethin
d)Causepathologicalfracture

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Noriskofrecurrenceafterremoval
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.b.Commonestsiteistheupperendofthehumerusc.
Cortexmaybethind.Causepathologicalfracture
SimpleBoneCyst(Alsok/aSolitaryorUnicameralCyst)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ltappearduringchildhood,inmetaphysisinoneofthelongbones&
mostcommonlylnproximalhumerusorfemur.
ltisnotatumour,ittendtohealspontaneously.
Itisseldomseeninadult
Thisconditionisusuallydiscoveredafterapathologicalfractureor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

asanincidentalfindingonX-ray.
X-rayshowsawelldemarcatedradiolucentareainthemetaphysis
oftenextendinguptothephysealplate;thecortexnaybethinned&
theboneexpanded
Treatmentdependsonwhetherthecystissymptomatic,actively

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

growingorinvolvedinafracture

200.TrueaboutColle'sfracture:
a)Occuratdistalendofradius,about2cmfromdistalarticular
surface
b)Fracturealsoinvolvesradiocarpaljoint

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Fracturealsoinvolvesproximalradioulnarjoint
d)Causeulnardeviation
e)Commoninwomen
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans.a.Occuratdistalendofradius,about2cmfromdistal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

articularsurface;e.Commoninwomen
Colle'sFracture:
ThisisaFractureatthedistalendoftheradius,atits
corticocancellousjunction(about2cmfromthedistalarticular
surface),inadults,withtypicaldisplacement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itnearlyalwaysresultsfromafallonanout-stretchedhandcItis
commonestfractureinpeopleabovefortyyears
Particularlycommoninwomenbecauseofpostmenopausal
osteoporosis.
Displacement-dorsaldisplacement,dorsaltilt(mostcharacteristic),

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lateraldisplacement,dorsaltilt,supination&impactionoffragments
Complication:Dinnerforkdeformity&Subluxationoftheinferior
radio-ulnarjoint(distalradiocarpaljoint)
Itismostcommonofallfractureinolderpeople.

201.Forassessingtheinjuryofmeniscusof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

kneejoint,whichofthefollowingtest
is/aredone:

a)Apley'stest
b)Lachmanntest
c)McMurray'stest

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Thessalytest
e)Hamiltonrulertest
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.a.Apley'stest;c.McMurray'stest;d.Thessalytest
TestsforMeniscalInjuries?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Apley'sgrindingtest:formeniscusinjury
McMurray'stest-Thisclassictestforatornmeniscusisseldomused
nowthatthediagnosiscaneasilybemadebyMRI.Apositivetestis
helpfulbutnotpathognomonicanegativetestdoesnotexcludea
tear.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thessalytest:Thistesthasshownahighdiagnosticaccuracyrate
atthelevelof95%indetectingmeniscaltears

202.A70yearoldladygotcompression
fractureofL1vertebra.Thereisno
neurologicaldeficittothispatient.What

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

advisewillyougiveforthisPatient:

a)VitaminDsupplementation
b)DoMRIscan
c)GoforscrewfixationofL1vertebra
d)TotakeDexamethasone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)TotakeAlendronate
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans.a.VitaminDsupplementation;e.TotakeAlendronate
Itisacaseofosteoporoticfractureoflumbarspine
Treatmentcanbedividedintomedical&preventive.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Medical:
Highproteindiet,androgen,estrogen,VitaminD,fluoride,
alendronate,calcitonin,teripratide,denosumab&strontium(bothare
antiresorptiveagent).
Orthopaedictreatment:Exercise&Bracing(ASHbraceorTaylor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

brace)

203.Whichofthefollowingindicateshigh
riskchoriocarcinoma:
a)InitialserumhCG>40,000mIU/mL
b)Priorchemotherapyfailure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Followingtermpregnancy
d)Metastasislimitedtolungandvagina
e)Longdurationofdisease
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.a.InitialserumhCG>40,000mIU/mL;b.Prior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

chemotherapyfailure;c.Followingtermpregnancye.Long
durationofdisease
Highriskfactorswhichindicatesthedevelopmentof
choriocarcinomaatthetimeofdiagnosisofahydatidiform
moleare:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Maternalagemorethan40years
Excessiveuterineenlargement
SerumhCGlevelsmorethan100,000mIU/ml
Thecaluteincystsgreaterthan6cmindiameter
Toxemia,hyperthyroidismandcoagulopathy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Trophoblasticembolization
Previouslytreatedchoriocarcinoma

204.Trueaboutmatureovarianteratoma:
a)Recurrenceiscommonafterexcision
b)ContainhairTeeth,bone&cartilage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mostlybenign
d)Maybebilateral
e)Torsioniscommoncomplication
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans.b.ContainhairTeeth,bone&cartilage;c.Mostlybenign;

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d.Maybebilateral;e.Torsioniscommoncomplication
Teratomaaredividedintothreecategories-
Mature(benign)e.g.dermoid
Immature(essentiallymalignant),e.g.solidteratoma&monodermal
orhighlyspecializede.g.stromaovarii"

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DermoidCyst:
Ofallcystictumoursoftheovary5-10%aredermoid.
Itconstitute97%ofallovarianteratoma.
Itcontainssebaceousmaterial&hair&thewallislinedinpartby
squamousepitheliumwhichcontainshairfollicle&sebaceous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

glands
Teeth,bone,cartilage,thyroidtissue&bronchialmucusmembrane
areoftenfoundinthewall
Dermoidcystsareinnocentovariantumoursbutepidermoid
carcinomaoccurinl.7%&sarcomatouschangehavebeen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

described
Dermoidsarebilateralin12-15%
Torsionismostcommon(15-20%)&ruptureisanuncommon(1%)
complication


205.Poorprognosticfactorsforheartdisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inpregnancyis/are:
a)EF30mmHgbyechocardiography
b)Priorcardiacfailure,arrhythmiaortransientischemicattack
c)Aorticvalvearea<1.5cm2
d)ClassIIIandClassIVNYHApatients

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)PeakLVoutflowtractgradient>30mmHgby
echocardiography
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans.b.Priorcardiacfailure,arrhythmiaortransientischemic
attack;c.Aorticvalvearea<1.5cm2;d.ClassIIIandClassIV

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

NYHApatients;e.PeakLVoutflowtractgradient>30mmHgby
echocardiography
Heartdiseasesinwhichpregnancywithpoorprognosis:
Marfansyndrome
Aorticdiseasewithdilatationof>50mmwithbicuspidaorticvalve.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Coarctationofaorta
Eisenmengersyndrome
Severefixedobstructivelesions(aorticstenosis,mitralstenosis,
pulmonicstenosis,hypertrophicobstructivecardiomyopathy)
NYHAclass3&4heartdiseases(severesystemicventricular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

dysfunction/CHF)
Ejectionfraction<30-40%
Previousperipartumcardiomyopathywithanyresidualimpairmentof
LVfunction
Pulmonaryarterialhypertensionofanycause

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


Severecyanosis

206.Trueaboutabdominalhysterectomy:
a)Preferredforprolapseinpostmenopausalwoman
b)Ureterinjurycanbeavoidedbyopeningtheretroperitoneum&
identifyingureter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Postoperativecomplicationsarelessthanvaginalhysterectomy
d)Preferredinobesepatient
e)Enableswideexplorationofabdomen
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.b.Ureterinjurycanbeavoidedbyopeningthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

retroperitoneum&identifyingureter;e.Enableswide
explorationofabdomen
AbdominalHysterectomy(AH)
Requiredforendometriosisandlargefibroids
Resultsingreatestmeanbloodloss

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Injurytoureterisoneofthemostformidablecomplicationof
hysterectomy.Mostureteralinjuriescanbeavoidedbyopeningthe
retroperitoneumtodirectlyidentifyingtheureter
Hasthehighestincidenceoffebrilemorbidity
Posteriorwallofabdominalwoundinfection(obviously)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Longesthospitalisation
Enableswideexplorationofabdomen
Andslowesttorecover
Factorssuggestingpreferredroute:
Significantuterineenlargement

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inadequatetransvaginalaccess
Adnexalpathology&fixation
ObliterationofpouchofDouglas(endometriosis)


207.TrueaboutCoppercontainingIUCD:
a)Increasedcopperlevelinmilk

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Increasedriskofectopicpregnancy
c)Increasedbleedinginmenstruationwithpain
d)ProvideprotectionagainstPID
e)Irregularmenses
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.b.Increasedriskofectopicpregnancy;c.Increased
bleedinginmenstruationwithpain;e.Irregularmenses
CoppercontainingIUCDactslocallyinuterus,sonoaffecton
Culevelinmilk
ComplicationofIUCD:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Dysmenorrhoea
Menstrualdysfunction:prolonged&heavybleeding
PID:2-10timesgreateramongIUDusers.
Shouldpregnancyoccurwithadeviceinsitu,thereisriskofectopic
pregnancy(0.02%)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


208.TrueaboutProgestogenonlypill:
a)Itistakendailyonthesametime
b)HigherfailureratethanCOC
c)Fertilityreturntonormalafterdiscontinuationwithoutanydelay
d)Suitedforlactatingwomenlactatingwomen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)EctopicpregnancyriskaresameasCOC
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.a.Itistakendailyonthesametime;b.Higherfailurerate
thanCOC;d.Suitedforlactatingwomenlactatingwomen
ProgestogenonlyPill(POP)/Minipil

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Doesnothavesomemajorsideeffectsofcombinedpills&well
suitedforlactatingwomen;someprogestogens,infact,increase
milksecretion.
Side-effect:weightgain,irregularmenstrualbleeding,depression,
breastcancer,thromboembolism.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Advantage:Lactatingwomen,womenover35years,thosewith
focalmigraine,thoseintoleranttoestrogenoroestrogen
contraindicated,diabetic,hypertensive,sicklecellanaemia
Asregardstoreturnoffertility,fasterthanCOCusers
Contraindication:C/ItoPOParepreviousarepreviousectopic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pregnancy,ovariancyst,breast&genitalcancer,abnormalvaginal
bleedingactiveliver&arterialdisease,porphyria,livertumour.

209.Markersofmalignantovariantumour
is/are:
a)Inhibin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Betahumanchorionicgonadotropin
c)Alphafetoprotein(AFP)
d)Pax7
e)NB/70K
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Inhibin;b.Betahumanchorionicgonadotropin;c.Alpha
fetoprotein(AFP);e.NB/70K
TumourMarkerinEpithelialOvarianCancer:
CA-125:screeningofepithelialcancerofovary
Macrophagecolonystimulatingfactor(M-CSF)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OVXI
HER-2/Neu
Inhibin
hCG:ovarianchoriocarcinoma
BRCAI&BRCA2(Serouscarcinoma)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MLHI,MSH2&MSH6(HNPCCassociatedovariancancer)
AFP,hCG&CEA-Germcelltumour
Tumourmarker-forembryonalcarcinoma(AFBhCG)
Endodermalsinustumour(AFP)
Choriocarcinoma(hCG)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Germcelltumor-AFP,hCG,NB/70K,placentalalkalinephosphatase
&lactatedehydrogenase.

210.A30-yearladydeliveredababy.Whichof
thefollowingstatement(s)isnottrue
aboutpostpartumcontraception:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)OCPisnotgivenbecauseitcancausesvenousthrombosis&
haveadverseimpactonmilkproduction
b)POPiscontraceptiveofchoiceforlactatingwomen
c)POPshouldbestartedafter6week
d)LNG-IUDisgoodinlactatingwomen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Fornon-lactatingwomen,ovulationnotoccursuntil12week
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e.Fornon-lactatingwomen,ovulationnotoccursuntil12
week
Non-lactating(Postpartum):Contraceptivepracticeshouldbestarted

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

after3week.Pillisgood;IUDisequallyeffectivealternative
POPissafeinlactatingwomen&canbestarted6weeksonwards.
LNGissaferthandesogestrel&gestagenfromthrombosispointof
view.
Intramuscular&progestogenimplantcanbeprescribed6weekafter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

deliver
IUCDinsertionwithin10minofexpulsionofplacentaorwithin24hr
ofdeliveryisprovedsafe&effective
COCarecontraindicatedinthepuerperium,bothbecauseofits
adverseonmilksecretioninalactatingwomen&increasedriskof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thromboembolicepisode.COCcanbeprescribedtoanonlactating
woman3weeksafterdelivery.

211.Trueaboutplacentaaccreta:
a)Incidenceisabout1in2500Pregnancy
b)Incidenceincreasedinlastdecade

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Absenceofdeciduabasalis
d)Fibrinoidlayerdeficient
e)Morecommoninprimi
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.b.Incidenceincreasedinlastdecade;c.Absenceof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

deciduabasalis;d.Fibrinoidlayerdeficient
Inplacentaaccretadeciduabasalisisabsentandplacentalvilliare
attachedtothemyometrium.
Riskfactors:
Patientswithahistoryofuterinesurgeryareatgreatestriskof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

developinganaccreta.
Infact,thosewithapriorcesareansectioncarrya25%risk.
placentapreviainthepresenceofauterinescar
Others-prioruterinesurgery,endometrialablation,Asherman
syndrome,uterineleiomyomata,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


212.Trueaboutlowgradesquamous
intraepitheliallesions:
a)Confinedtothelower1/3oftheepitheliumofcervix
b)Allcasesaretreatedbycryotherapy
c)30%progresstoinvasivecancerin10years

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)ItiskeptunderobservationwithPAPsmearorHPVDNAtests
e)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.(A)Confinedtothelower1/3oftheepitheliumofcervix&
(d)ItiskeptunderobservationwithPAPsmearorHPVDNA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tests
CIN-I(Lowgradesquamousintraepitheliallesions):Itisoftenseen
withinflammatoryconditionsliketrichomoniasis&HP&isreversible
followingtreatment.
Theundifferentiatedcellsareconfinedtothelower1/3ofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

epithelium.
WomenwithCINI,confirmedonbiopsyiskeptunderobservation
withpapsmearfollowupat6monthsorHPVDNAtestsat12
month.Ifbothtestsarenegativeroutinerecall(screening)isdone.If
thesetestsarePersistentthentreatitasHSIL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


213.Trueaboutendometriosis:
a)Laparoscopyisgoldstandardfordiagnosis
b)COCisusedtorelievemildPain
c)GnRHantagonistisusedtorelieveseverepain
d)Canbemanagedexpectantlyinasymptomaticcases

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.(A)Laparoscopyisgoldstandardfordiagnosis;(B).COCis
usedtorelievemildPain;(D)Canbemanagedexpectantlyin
asymptomaticcases

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Friendsthisisthemostoftenaskedquestiononendometriosis.Itis
worthwhiletoknowafewdetailsonthistopic.
Empiricaltreatment:isforpainpresumedtobedueto
endometriosis.(inabsenceofdefinitivediagnosis)andincludes:--
Counselling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Analgesia
2. Nutritionaltherapy
3. ProgestinorOCP's
Analgesia:StudieshaveshownNSAID'sexceptniflumicacidare
moreeffectiveinchronicpainreliefduetoendometriosisor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

dysmenorrheasuspectedtobeduetoendometriosis.
Hormonalmedicaltreatment:
Basisofmanagement:Sinceestrogenisknowntostimulatethe
growthofendometriosis,hormonaltherapyhasbeendesignedto
suppressestrogensynthesis,therebyinducingatrophyofectopic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

endometrialimplantsorinterruptingthecycleofstimulationand
bleeding.

Indication:--Mildpelvicendometriosisinyoungwomen.?
Treatmentofresidualandrecurrentdiseasefollowingconservative
surgery.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


214.Whichistrueregardingpremenstrual
dysphoricdisorder(PMDD):
a)Severedepressedmood
b)Painceasesatonsetofmenses
c)Depressionmaycontinueaftermenstrualperiod

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Antidepressantisgivenfortreatment
e)Painceasesaftermensesisover
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.(A)Severedepressedmood;(D)Antidepressantisgiven
fortreatment;(E)Painceasesaftermensesisover

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Premenstrualsyndrome(PMS)&Premenstrualdysphoricdisorder
(PMDD)
PMSisoftennoticedjustpriortomenstruation(last7-10daysofthe
menstrualcycle)
Itshouldfulfilthefollowingcriteria:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Norelatedtoanyorganiclesion
Regularlyoccurringduringthelutealphaseofeachcycle.
Symptommustbesevereenoughtodisturbthelifestyleofwomen
orsherequiresmedicalhelp.
Symptomfreeperiodduringrestofthecycle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Whenthesesymptomsdisruptdailyfunctioningtheyaregrouped
underPMDD
Morecommoninwomenaged30-35yr.
Itmayrelatedtochildbirthoradisturbinglifeevent
Therearenopelvicfindingsexceptfeaturesofpelviccongestion.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5%sufferfromseveresymptomswhichinfluencedailyactivities

SSRI6NoradrenalineReuptakeinhibitors(SNRI)arefoundtobe
veryeffective

215.Trueaboutdiagnosisofgestational
diabetesmellitus(GDM):

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Ifpostprandialsugar>200mg/dl,thenovertdiabetes
b)Iffastingsugaris100-120mg/dl,thenovertdiabetes
c)Iffastingsugaris>126mg/dl,thenovertdiabetes
d)IfPostprandialsugaris<140mg/dl,thenIGT
e)Iffastingsugaris110-125mg/dl,thenIGT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.(A)Ifpostprandialsugar>200mg/dl,thenovertdiabetes;
(C)Iffastingsugaris>126mg/dl,thenovertdiabetes;(E)If
fastingsugaris110-125mg/dl,thenIGT
OVERTDIABETES:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Womenwitharandomplasmaglucoselevel>200mg/dL+classic
signsandsymptomssuchaspolydipsia,polyuria,andunexplained
weightlossorafastingglucoseexceeding125mg/dL.
Thediagnosticcutoffvalueforovertdiabetesisafastingplasma
glucoseof126mg/dLorhigher.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IGT:
Criteriafordiagnosisofimpairedglucosetolerance&diabetes
with75gmoralglucose:
ForfastingItsIGTif>100&<126
For2hourpostglucoseitsIGTif>140&<200

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


216.Trueaboutprimaryamenorrhoea:
a)InRokitansky-Kuster-Hausersyndrome,FSHisnormal
b)InTurnersyndrome,FSHisdecreased
c)InKallmansyndrome,FSHisincreased
d)InKallmansyndrome,LHisreduced

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.(A)InRokitansky-Kuster-Hausersyndrome,FSHisnormal
and(D)InKallmansyndrome,LHisreduced
ASSOCIATEDCONDITION
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Turner'ssyndrome
Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia(CAH)
Androgeninsensitivitysyndrome
Testicularfeminizationsyndrome
PCOS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

M?llerianagenesis/Utero-vaginalAgenesis/Mayer-Rokitansky-
Kuster-Hausersyndrome
DIAGNOSIS:
Buccalsmearandanexaminationofthepolymorphonuclear
leucocytestodetermineifchromatinpositive(probablyXX)or

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

chromatinnegative(probablyXOorXY);inothercasesafull
chromosomeanalysismaybeneededtoexcludemosaicismand
AIS.
HormonalinvestigationsshouldincludeLH,FSH,oestradioland
testosteronelevels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ultrasoundwillhelpdeterminethepresence,stateandsizeofthe
ovariesandanyfollicularactivity.


217.Inassistedbreechdelivery,aftercoming
headisdeliveredby:
a)Headdeliveredspontaneously

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Pinardmanoeuvre
c)ModifiedMauriceau-Smellie-Veittechnique
d)Specialforcepfordeliveringheadisused
e)Praguemanoeuvre
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.(C)ModifiedMauriceau-Smellie-Veittechnique;(D)Special
forcepfordeliveringheadisused;(E)Praguemanoeuvre
DeliveryoftheAftercomingheadofBreech
Variousmethodofsafedeliveryofaftercominghead
Burns-Marshallmethod:Forcepdelivery(Piperforcep,Dasforcep,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

NevilleBarne'sforcep)
Malarflexion&shouldertraction(modifiedMauriceauSmellie-Veit
technique)
ArrestofafterComingHead
Burns-Marshallmethod

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ModifiedMauriceau-Smellie-Veittechnique
Brachtmaneuver
Wigand-Martinmaneuver
Praguemaneuver
Forcepapplication

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Duhrssen'sincision
Craniotomy

218.Whichofthefollowingis/are
ultrasonographicfindingoftwins:
a)Typeoftwinpregnancycanbediagnosedinfirsttrimester

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lambdasignindicatesdichorionicity
c)Tsignsuggestsmonochorionicdiamnioticpregnancy
d)Monozygotictwinsaremorecommon
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Typeoftwinpregnancycanbediagnosedinfirst
trimester;b.Lambdasignindicatesdichorionicity;c.Tsign
suggestsmonochorionicdiamnioticpregnancy
Sonography
Separategestationalsacs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Confirmationofdiagnosisasearlyas10thweekofpregnancy
Variabilityoffetuses,vanishingtwininsecondtrimester
Chorionicity(twinpeaksignorlamdasign)(10?13weeksof
gestation)
Thickseptumindichorionictwinsatbaseofthemembrane

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withtriangularprojectionisknownaslambdaortwinpeaksign
Pregnancydating,Fetalanomalies
Fetalgrowthmonitoring,Presentationandlieoffetuses
Twintransfusionlocalization,Amnioticfluidvolume


--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


219.Whichofthefollowingis/areusedin
psoriasis:
a)Highdoseoraldexamethasone
b)Methotrexate
c)TNF-alphainhibitor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Acitretin
e)NarrowbandUVB
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.B,MethotrexateC,TNF-alphainhibitorD,Acitretin
Ref;.NeenaKhanna5th/54-59;Hartison19th/348;Roxburg

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

17th/138-42).
Systemiccorticosteroidsareonlyindicatedforgeneralizedpustular
psoriasisinpregnancy(impetigoherpetiformis).
Biologicalresponsemodifiersusedtotreatpsoriasisinclude:Tcell
inhibitors(alefacept,adalimumab,itolizumab).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Oralglucocorticoidsshouldnotbeusedinthetreatmentofpsoriasis
duetothepotentialfordevelopinglife-threateningpustularPsoriasis
whentherapyisdiscontinued.

220.Trueaboutskin:
a)Epidermisishighlyvascular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Melanocyteisderivedfromneuralcrest
c)Sebaecousgland-holocrine&absentinpalm
d)Apocrineglandpresentsinaxilla&groin
e)Hiraadenitissuppuritaisinfectionofapocrinegland
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:B,MelanocyteisderivedfromneuralcrestC,Sebaecous
gland-holocrine&absentinpalmD,Apocrineglandpresentsin
axilla&groin&E,Hiraadenitissuppuritaisinfectionofapocrine
gland
[RefNeenaKhannaSth/119,451-53;Harrison19th/1099;Roxburgh

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tTth/4-11;GeneralAnatomybyBDChaurasia5th/254-60
Hidradenitissuppurativa(Synonym-apocrineacne):Axillary
apocrinesweatglandinfection
Sebaceousglandsareholocrineinnature,
Thepigmentcells(melanocyte)oftheskinarederivedfromneural

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

crest.
Apocrinesweatglandsdrainsdirectlyintohairfolliclesintheaxillae&
groins
Sebaceousglandarelocatedthroughouttheskinexceptonpalms&
soles.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Glandsmadeupofacinioflipidcontainingcells,whichsecrete
sebumasaholocrinesecretion.
Eccrinesweatglandspresentalloverbody,especiallyonpalms,
soles&inaxillae.Humanhave2-24millioneccrinesweatglands

221.Acneiformeruptionis/aresideeffectof:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tetracycline
b)Phenytoin
c)Isoniazid
d)Steroid
e)Potassiumiodide

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:B,PhenytoinC,IsoniazidD,Steroid&E,Potassiumiodide
[RefNeenaKhanna5th/125;Harrison19th/356;Harrison14th/425;
Roxbug17th/Ea-55
Drug-inducedAcneiformEruptions:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Steroids(corticosteroids,androgens,anabolicsteroids),oral
antieMEtics,antituberculardrugs,anticonvulsants,halides(iodides.
bromides).
Trunkespeciallyback,facenaybeinvolved.
LesionsaremonomorPhic,consistingofpapulessometimespustule

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


222.Cicatricalalopeciais/areseenin:
a)Lichenplanopilaris
b)Discoidlupuserythematous
c)Andogenefflyum
d)Lichenplanus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e)Trichotillomania
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.A.LichenplanopilarisB,Discoidlupuserythematous&
D,Lichenplanus
[RefNeenaKhanna5th/141;Hanison19th/355;Roxburg17th/270]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thichotillomania(compulsivehair-pulling)ischaracterizedby
noticeablehairlosscausedbyperson!persistent&recurrentfailure
toresistimpulsetopullouthairs.
Nonscarringalopecia
A.Primarycutaneousdisorders

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

l.Telogeneffluvium
Androgeneticalopecia
Alopeciaareata
Tineacapitis
Traumaticalopecia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B.Drugs
C.Systemicdiseases
Systemiclupuserythematosus
Secondarysyphilis
Hypothyroidism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hyperthyroidism
Hypopituitarism

Deficienciesofprotein,iron,biotin,andzinc
ll.Scarringalopecia
A.Primarycutaneousdisorders

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cutaneouslupus(chronicdiscoidlesions)
Lichenplanus
Centralcentrifugalcicatricialalopecia
Folliculitisdecalvans
Linearscleroderma(morphea)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

B.Systemicdiseases
Discoidlesionsinthesettingofsystemiclupuserythematosus
Sarcoidosis
Cutaneousmetastases

223.WavelengthofUVBis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)250-280nm
b)280-320nm
c)320-400nm
d)400-700nm
e)100-200nm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.280-320nm
Thewavelengthfoundmosteffectiveintreatingskindiseasewith
phototherapyisUVBwithwardengfhof311(+-2nm)(narrowband
UVB,NBUVB).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thewavelengthsbetween4(Nand7AOnmarevisibletothehuman
eye.

224.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)
is/aretrueaboutphysicalurticaria
a)Cholinergicurticarialisprecipitatedbycold

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Solarurticariaisskinsignoferythropoieticprotoporphyria
c)Dermatographismisanexample
d)Coldurticariaisprecipitatedbyemotion
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B,Solarurticariaisskinsignoferythropoietic
protoporphyria&C,Dermatographismisanexample
[RefNeenaKhannaSth/189;Harrison19th/i6i;Roxburg17th/74-74
).
PhysicalUrticarias:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Patientswithdermatographismexhibitlinearwhealsfollowingminor
pressureorscratchingoftheskin.
Solarurticariacharacteristicallyoccurswithinminutesofsun
exposureandisaskinsignofonesystemicdisease.
Coldurticariaisprecipitatedbyexposuretothecold,andtherefore

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

exposedareasareusuallyaffected.
Cholinergicurticariaisprecipitatedbyheat,exercise,emotionandis
characterizedbysmallwhealswithrelativelylargeflares.

225.Trueabouttracheostomy:
a)Tracheostomytubemayclosedbymucoussecretion&crust

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

formation
b)Copioussecretionfromtubeisalwaysduepulmonaryinfection
c)X-raychestshouldbedoneforconfirmationineverycase
d)Improperpositioningmayleadtofatalhaemorrhage
e)Displacingoftubeafter2weekismedicalemergency

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.A,Tracheostomytubemayclosedbymucoussecretion&
crustformationD,Improperpositioningmayleadtofatal
haemorrhage
RefSchwartz9th/59-Iqhttp://www.nurses.com/;pL.Dhingra6th/

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3I6-20;AjayYadav5th/48-49;MilloAnaesthaiaZth/232&IBit-72
Reintubationinthefirst36hoursaftertracheostomyIson
emergency.
TracheostomytubeshouldnotbedisturbedForthefirst48-72hr,
butthereafterthetubeischangeddaily&cleanedatregularinterval.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Recentstudydonotsupportobtainingaroutineposttracheostomy
chestX-ray.
Themostdramaticcomplicationistracheo-innominatearteryfistula
(TIAF).
Palpabletubepulsationsuggestimpendingerosionofanartery,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Trachealdeviationmaysignalabdomenbleeding

226.Trueaboutdesflurane:
a)Boilingpointis<230C
b)ChemicallyitisFlourinatedmethylethylether
c)Itincreasestheeffectofmusclerelaxant

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Canbegivensafelytopatientsusceptibletomalignant
hyperthermia
e)Morepotentthanisoflurane
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.A,Boilingpointis<230CB,ChemicallyitisFlourinated

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

methylethyletherC,Itincreasestheeffectofmusclerelaxant
[RefAjeyYadavSth/82;MorganSth/170&71)
Desflurane:
Fluorinatedmethylethylether
Boilingpointislessthan20C.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Producesmaximummusclerelaxationamongtheagents.
5timeslesspotentthanisoflurane.
Lossofpotency(theMACofdesfluraneis5timeshigherthan
isoflurane)
Immunemediatedhepatitisarareoccurrence.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hasthelowestblood:gassolubilityofthepotentvolatileanesthetics

227.Drug(s)notgivenastransdermalpatch:
a)Fentanyl
b)Diclofenac
c)Morphine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Clonidine
e)Buprenorphine
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.B,Diclofenac&C,Morphine
[Ref:KDT7th/476

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Transdermalfentanyl(Durogesic)hasbecomeavailableforusein
cancer/terminalillness.
Butransskinpatchescontainbuprenorphineanopioidpain
medication.
Clonidinetransdermaldelivery(patch)systemshavebeenavailable

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sincethe1980

228.Endotrachealintubationis/areassessed
by:
a)Mallampatigrading
b)ASAphysicalstatusgrading

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Thyromentaldistance
d)Teetharrangement
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.A,MallampatigradingC,Thyromentaldistance&D,Teeth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

arrangement
Ref:ManipalSurgery4th/1072-73;AjayYadav5th/53'124;Morgan
5th/312-13
ASAphysicalstatusgradingisforgeneralhealthstatusofpatient
(notforassessingintubation)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AssessmentofDifficultIntubation:
Mallampatigrading:ItisdonetoassessmouthoPening
Thyromentaldistance(distanceb/wthyroidnotchtomental
prominencewithfullyextendedneck)
Mentohyoiddistance:normal>5cm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AssessmentofTMjointfunction:Interincisorgap(mouthopening)
shouldbeatleast5cm(2fingerbreadth)
NeckMovement

229.Trueaboutphotodynamictherapyof
head&neckcancer:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tumoursensitizerisused
b)Singletoxygenisproducedintumourcell
c)Aftertherapy,radiosensitizermayremainwithtumourcell
d)Hemoporphyringivenasradiosensitizer
e)Photosensitivityisaside-effectaftertherapy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.A,TumoursensitizerisusedB,Singletoxygenisproduced
intumourcellC,Aftertherapy,radiosensitizermayremainwith
tumourcell&E,Photosensitivityisaside-effectaftertherapy
RefSabiston236;Ballenger\Otorhinolaryngology16th/1324

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Photodynamictherapyisanewtreatmentthatallowsdestruction
ofcancercellsandhasrecentlybeenexpandedtotheeradicationof
metaplasticcells,
Itbeginswiththeadministrationofatargetspecificphotosensitizer
thatiseventuallyconcentratedinthetargettissue.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thephotosensitizingagentisthenactivatedwithawavelength-
specificlightenergysource,whichleadstogenerationoffree
radicalscytotoxictothetargettissue.
Applicationsreportedintheliteratureincludetreatingearly
radiographicallydetected,non-smallcelllungcancer,pancreatic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cancersquamouscellandbasalcellcarcinomaoftheskin,recurrent
superficialbladdercancer,Chestwallinvolvementfrombreast
cancerandevenchestwallrecurrenceofbreastcancer.
Givensystemically,thesedrugsarepreferentiallytakenupintumor

cells,renderingthemmoresensitivetolight-mediatedcellkilling

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thantheirsurroundingtissues.

230.Whichofthefollowingcell(s)areless
radiosensitive:
a)Osteocyte
b)Erythroblasts

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Chondrocyte
d)Spermatogonia
e)Lymphocyte
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.A,Osteocyte&C,Chondrocyte

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:SumerSethi6th/174;Radiology&ImagingbyThayalanIst/310
Mostradiosensitivebloodcell-Lymphocyte
Leastradiosensitivebloodcell-platelet
Mostradiosensitivetissueofbody-Bonemarrow
Leastradiosensitivetissttcofbody-Nervoustissue/brain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

HighRadiosensitive-Lymphoidorgans,bonemarrowblood,testes,
ovaries,intestines
LowRadiosensitive-Muscle,brain,spinalcord

231.Allaretrueaboutgammaknifeexcept:
a)Focussedradiationisdeliveredtotumor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Provideequalexposuretosurroundinghealthytissue
c)Itisatypeofstereotacticsurgery
d)Primarilyusedforsmallbraintumours
e)UsesCo-60assourceofradiation
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Provideequalexposuretosurroundinghealthytissue
Ref:SumerSethi6th/196-97
StereotacticRadiosurgerY:
Goalofstereotacticradiosurgeryistodeliverenoughradiationto
destroyorstopthegtorvfhofalesionpreviouslydefinedby

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

specializedimagingtechniqueswithoutadverselyaffecting
surroundingtissue.
GammaKnifeRadiosurgery:
Gammakniferadiosurgerykatypeofradiationtherapyusedtotreat
tumorsandotherabnormalitiesinthebrain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Closeto200tinybearnsofradiationonatumor.
Gammaknife:
TheGammaKnifeisanadvancedradiationtreatmentforadultsand
childrenwithsmalltomediumbraintumors,abnormalbloodvessel
formationscalledartetiotenotrsmalformations,epilepsy,trigeminal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

neuralgia,anerve.ott-ditiottthatcauseschronicpain,andother
neurologicalconditions.
The'blades"oftheGammaKnife"arethebeamsofgammaradiation
programmedtotargetthelesionatthepointwheretheyintersect.
GammaKnifeenablespatientstoundergoanon-invasiveformof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


brainsurgerywithoutsurgicalrisks,alonghospitalstayor
subsequentrehabilitation.

232.Gammaradiationis/areproducedby:
a)Co-60
b)Caesium-137

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)P-32
d)Iridium-192
e)Strontium-90
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.A,Co-60B,Caesium-137&D,Iridium-192

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

[Ref:SumerSethi6th/177,184;Radiology6ImagingbyThayalan
lst/17,278
Radiationemitted-Radionuclide
Gammarays-
Radium-226

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Caesium-137
Cobalt-60
iridium-192
Gold-198
Samarium-153

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Betarays:
Strontium-90
Yttrium-90
Phosphorus-32
Rhenium-188

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Combinationofgammaandbetarays:
Rhenium-186
iodine-131

233.PreciseFNACcanbeobtainedbyusing:
a)USG

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)CT
c)EndoscopicUSG
d)MRI
e)Plain-Xray
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.USG
RefDahnertRadiologyManual7th/368;Harshmohan7th/902-
l3;Robbins9th/333
RadiologicalimagingAidsforFNAC:
Non-palpablelesionrequiresomeformoflocalizationbyradiological

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

aidsforFNACtobecarriedout.
PlainX-rayfilmsareusuallyadequateforlesionswithinbones&for
somelesionswithinthechest
FNACofchestmayalsobeattemptedunderimageamplified
fluoroscopywhichallowsvisualizationofneedleplacementonthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

televisionmonitor
CTguidanceisalsousedforlesionswithinthechestdyAbdomen.
Themostversatileradiologicalaidisultrasonographicguidance
(USG)whichallowdirectvisualizationoFneedleplacementinreal
time&isfreefromradiationhazards.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ItisanextremelyvaluableaidforFNACofthyroidnodules,soft
tissuemasses,intra-abdominallesionsdtforintrathoracicwhich
aboutthechestwall,butnohelpindeepintrathoraciclesionsorin
bonylesions
PrecisionofUSGandCTscaniscomparableforguidanceinFNAC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


fromthoracicmasslesions

234.TrueaboutsignalcharacteristicofCSF
onMRI&FLAIR:
a)HyperintenseonT1WI
b)HypointenseonTIWI

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)HyperintenseonT2WI
d)FLAIRreducesCSFsignal
e)FLAIRincreasesCSFsignal
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.B,HypointenseonTIWIC,HyperintenseonT2WI&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

D,FLAIRreducesCSFsignal
Ref:SumerSethi6th/15;Radiology6ImagingbyThayalanIst/386-
89]
MRISignalCharacteristic
CSF:HypointenseonTIWI,hyperintenseonT2W1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Grey/Whitematter:Greymatterisgrey&whitematterswhiten
T1W1&relationshipisreversedonT2W1.
Thefluid,-attenuatedinversion-recovery(FLAIR)useslongerT1
(2400ms)&TR(7000ms)toreducethesignallevelofCSF&other
tissuewithlongTlrelaxationconstant.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ItreducesCSFsignal&otherwater-boundanatomyinMRimage
byusingaTldetectedatornearthebouncepointofCSF.
FLAIRMRItechniquesconsistofaninversionrecoverypulsetonull
thesignalfromCSFandalongechotimetoproduceaheavilyT2-
weightedsequence.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


235.ContrastagentwhicharenotusedforCT
scan:
a)Water
b)CO2
c)Bariumcompounds

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Iodinatedhigh-osmolalitycontrastmedia
e)Polyethyleneglycol
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.CO2
RefSumerSethi6th/20;Radiology6ImagingbyThayalan159;

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DahnertRadiologyManual7th/1147-48
Radiocontrastagentsareatypeofmedicalcontrastmediumusedto
improvethevisibilityofinternalbodilystructuresinX-ray-based
imagingtechniquessuchascomputedtomography(CT),
radiography&fluoroscopy.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Radiocontrastagentsaretypicallyiodineorbariumcompounds.
Whenanagentimprovesvisibilityofanarea,itiscalled"contrast
enhancing
Gadoliniumisakeycomponentofthecontrastmaterialmostoften
usedinmagneticresonance(MR)exams.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Saline(saltwater)andairarealsousedascontrastmaterialsin
imagingexams.
Bariumsulfatecontrastmediacontinuetobethepreferredagents
foropacificationofthegastrointestinaltractforconventional
fluoroscopicexaminations

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thecurrentuseofiodinatedwater-solublecontrastmediais

primarilylimitedtoselectsituations
Twocommercidwater-solubleiodinatedhigh-osmolalitycontrast
media(HOCMs)specificallydesignedforentericopacificationarein
commonuse.Gastrografinand,Gastroview

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


236.TrueaboutUSG:
a)Usesmostcommonlyfrequencyof20-50MHzfordiagnostic
ultrasound
b)Workonprincipleofpiezoelectriceffect
c)Ultrasonicwavesonlypenetratesgas,notliquid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Gasfilledmicrobubblesareusedascontrastmedia
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.B.Workonprincipleofpiezoelectriceffect&D.Gasfilled
microbubblesareusedascontrastmedia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

RefSumerSethi6th/9-10;Radiology&ImagingbyThayalan334-
40
Contrast-enhancedUltrasound(CEUS):
Applicationofultrasoundcontrastmediumtotraditionalmedical
sonography.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Commerciallyavailablecontrastmediaaregx-filled(airor
perfluorocarbon)microbubblesthatareadministeredintravenously
tothesysferniccirculation.
Microbubbleshaveahighdegreeofechogenicity(theabilityofan
objecttoreflectultrasoundwaves)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---


237.Trueaboutfindingofpleuraleffusion:
a)CTscancandistinguishbetweenapleuraleffusionanda
pleuralempyema
b)USGcandetectverysmallamountoffluid
c)X-ray-homogenousopacitywithobliterationofCPangle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)MRIcannotdifferentiatemalignantfrombenignpleuraldisease
e)MRIcandifferentiatemalignantfrombenignpleuraldisease
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.,A,CTscancandistinguishbetweenapleuraleffusionand
apleuralempyemaB,USGcandetectverysmallamountof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fluidCX-ray-homogenousopacitywithobliterationofCP
angle&EMRIcandifferentiatemalignantfrombenignpleural
disease
Ref:SumerSethi6th/49;DahnertRadiologyManual7th/446;WHO
ManualofRadiographicInterpretation2002/4I_42

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Imagingcriteriaare:
Homogenousdensity
Densityindependentportion
Upright:CostophrenicangleinpAview
Lateralyiew:Anteriorandposteriorportionsofgutter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lateraldecubitusposition:Alongsides
Supineposition:Alongposteriorly,givingdiffusehazinessonthe
sideofeffusion
Silhouetteofupperlimitofdensity
UppermarginhighinaxillainpAview(yellowarrows)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Uppermarginhighanteriorlyandposteriorlyinlateralview
Thisisjustanillusion

Lossofsilhouette:Intheimagesbelownotelackofidentifiableleft
diaphragmbeforeandvisiblediaphragmafterclearanceoffluid
(Silhouettesignprinciple)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mediastinalshift
PleuralEffusion-X-Ray
First300mlnotvisualizedonPAyiew
Lateraldecubitusviewsmaydetectaslittleas25ml
PleuraleffusiononCTscan:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CTscanningisexcellentatdetectingsmallamountsoffluidandis
alsooftenabletoidentifyunderlyingintrathoraciccauses(e.9.
malignantpleuraldepositsorprimarylungneoplasms)aswellas
subdiaphragmaticdiseases1e.g.subdiaphragmaticabscess).

238.Trueaboutschizophrenia:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Q-EEGfindingisoneofdiagnosticcriteriaforschizophrenia
b)Psychosurgerycanbedoneforsomeresistantcases
c)Familyhistoryofschizophreniaispoorprognosis
d)Depressionmaybefound
e)Onsetonlyafter40yearofage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.B,Psychosurgerycanbedoneforsomeresistant
casesC,Familyhistoryofschizophreniaispoorprognosis&
D,Depressionmaybefound
[Ref:Ahuja7th/54-68;SynopsisofPsychiatrybyKaplan&Sadock

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

11th/300-32s
Schizophrenia:
Equallyprevalentinmales&females.
Onset-Before25yrs.Peakage-10to20yrs(males)&25to35
yrs.(Females)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

EEGrecordingshowsdecreasedalphaactivity,increasedtheta&
deltaactivity.
QuantitativeEEG(qEEG)istheanalysisofthedigitizedEEG,andin
laytermsthissometimesisalsocalled'BrainMapping'.
Psychosurgeryisnotroutinelyindicated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Whenused,thetreatmentofchoiceislimbicleucotomyinsome
caseswithseyere&veryprominentdepression,anxietyor
obsessionalsymptoms

239.Whichofthefollowingis/arenotside-
effectoflithium:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Seizure
b)Hyporeflexia
c)Nephrogenicdiabetesinsipidus
d)Alopecia
e)Tremor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Hyporeflexia
Ref:SynopsisofpsychiatrybyKaplan6Sadock11th/985-88;KDT
7th/449;pharmacologybySatoskar2ith/225
Lithium:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mildtoxicity:GIdisturbances,drowsiness,muscularweakness,
alopecia,allergicreaction,blurredvision,glycosuria,polyuria&
weightgain.
Chronicadministration:goiterformation,hypothyroidism&ECG
changes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Embryotoxicity:Liisembryotoxic&increasestheriskofEbstein's
anomaly
Hyper-reflexia
invalidquestionid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---