a)Sisterchromatidsreplicate
b)Sisterchromatidsseparate
c)Haploiddaughtercells
d)Homologouschromosomesexchangematerial
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e)HomologouschromosomesseparateCorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Haploiddaughtercells;'d'i.e.,Homologous
chromosomesexchangematerial!&'e'i.e."Homologous
chromosomesseparate
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MeiosisIisdividedintofollowingphases:-1.ProphaseI:
Longestphase.
Itisfurthersubdividedinto:_
1. Leptotene:Diffusechromatinstartscondensingintochromosomes
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andchromosomesstartappearinginthisstage.2. Zygotene:InthisstageHomologouschromosomespairup.This
processiscalled'synapsis'orconjugationandeachpairiscalled
bivalent.
3. Pachytene:Inthisstagetwochromatidsofeachpairseparateandis
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calledtetrad.Thenthereoccurs'crossing-over',i.e.,oneorbothchromatidsofonehomologouschromosomecrossesoverwith
thosefromotherhomologouschromosomeofthatpairforming
synaptonemalcomplex.Thepointofcrossingoverarecalled,
chiasmata.
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4. Diplotene:Thetwochromosomesofbivalenttrytomoveapart.ThereisexchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenHomologous
chromosomes
5. Diakinesis:Inthisstagethereorganizedchromosomesmoveapart.
Eachbivalentcannowbeseentocontainfourchromatidslinkedby
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acommoncentromere,whilenon-sisterchromatidsarelinkedbychiasmata.
2.MetaphaseI:Thebivalentsbecomearrangedaroundtheequator
ofthespindle,attachedtotheircentromeres.
3.AnaphaseI:Spindlefibrespullhomologouschromosomes.This
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separatesthechromosomeintotwohaploidsets'onesetateachendofspindle.
4.TelophaseI:Twodaughtercellsareformedeachcontaining23
chromosomes(Haploid),eachconsistingoftwochromatids(2C).
2.TrueaboutFibrousskeletonofheart?
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a)Fibrousringaroundmitralvalveb)Tendonofinfundibulumisbetweenpulmonary&aorticvalve
c)Trigonumdextrumisbetweenmitral&tricuspidvalve
d)Trigonumsinistrumisbetweenmitralandaorticvalve
e)TendonofTodaroisbetweencentralfibrouspartsto
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EustachianvalveCorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Fibrousringaroundmitralvalye;'b'i,e.,Tendon
ofinfundibulumisbetweenpulmonary&aorticvalve;'d'i.e.,
Trigonumsinistrumisbetweenmitralandaorticvalve;&'e'
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i.e.,TendonofTodaroisbetweencentralfibrouspartstoEustachianvalve
Fibrousskeletonofheart:
Fibrousringsurroundingtheorificesofatrioventricular(mitraland
tricuspid)orifices,pulmonaryorificeandaorticorifice,alongwith
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someadjoiningmassesoffibroustissue.Tendonofinfundibulumisfibroustissuebetweenpulmonaryand
aorticring.
Trigonumfibrosumdextrumisfibrosustissuebetweenatrioventricular
rigs(mitralandtricuspid)andaorta.
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Trigonumfibrosumsinistrumisfibroustissuebetweentheaorticandmitralrings.
3.Tastesensationfromthetongueis/are
carriedby?
a)Facialnerve
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b)Glossopharyngealnervec)Hypoglossalnerve
d)Vagusnerve
e)Trigeminalnerve
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
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Ans,is'a'i,e.Faeialnerve'b'i,e.Glossopharyngealnerve;&'d'i,e.Vagusnerve
Tastesensationoftongue:
Anterior2/3rdpart:Chordatympani
Posterior1/3rdpart&circumvallatepapillae:Glossopharyngeal
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nervePosteriormostpart:InternallaryngealbranchofVagusnerve
4.Trueaboutepiglottis?
a)Containsserousgland
b)Containsmucoussecretingglands
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c)Itisovalshapedd)Madeupofelasticcartilage
e)Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Containsmucoussecretingglands;'d'i.eMadeup
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ofelasticcartilage&'e'i.e',HasbilaterallymphaticsupplyEpiglottis:
Theepiglottisofelasticcartilagetissuecoveredwithamucous
membrane,attachedtotheentranceofthelarynx.
Theepiglottishastwosurfaces,lingualandalaryngealsurface,
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relatedtotheoralcavityandthelarynxrespectivelyTheentirelingualsurfaceandtheapicalportionofthelaryngeal
surfacearecoveredbyastratifiedsquamousnon-keratinized
epithelium.
Therestofthelaryngealsurfaceon,whichisinrelationtothe
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respiratorysystem'hasrespiratoryepithelium:pseudostratified,ciliatedcolumnarcellsandmucussecretingGobletcells.
Epiglottishasbilaterallymphaticdrainagetopperdeepcervical
lymphnodes
5.Trueregardingthyroidglandis?
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a)DeepinvestinglayerformBerryligamentb)Condensedfibrouspartofglandformtruecapsule
c)Superiorthyroidarteryliesposterolateraltosuperiorlaryngeal
nerve
d)Recurrentlaryngealnervehasvariablecourseonbothsides
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e)SuppliedbyThyrocervicalTrunkCorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.Ans.is'b'i.e.,Condensedfibrouspartofglandformtrue
capsule;'e'i.e.,SuppliedbyThyrocervicalTrunk
Thyroidglandhastwocapsule:-
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1. Truecapsule-peripheralcondensationoftheconnectivetissueofthegland.
2. Falsecapsule-derivedfromthepretracheallayerofthedeep
cervicalfascia.ItalsoformsthesuspensoryligamentofBerrywhich
connectsthelobetothecricoidcartilage.
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3. Ligamentofberryandfalsecapsulearederivedfrompretracheallayerofdeepcervicalfascia(notinvestinglayer).
Superiorthyroidarteryisrelatedtoexternallaryngealnerve
(externalbranchofsuperiorlaryngealnerve),butnotdirectlyrelated
tosuperiorlaryngealnerveitself
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Recurrentlaryngealnervehasvariablerelationtoinferiorthyroidarteryonlyonrightside,onleftsideithasconsistentrelation
Bloodsupplyofthyroidglandisthrough:
Superiorthyroidartery-Branchofexternalcarotidartery
Inferiorthyroidartery-BranchofThyrocervicaltrunk
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Thyroideaimaartery-Fromthebrachiocephalictrunkorarchofaorta
6.NotTRUEstatementregardingparotid
glandis/are?
a)Deeplobecontainsdeeplymphatics
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b)Dividedintosuperficialanddeeplobesbyfacialnervec)Parotidductopensoppositetotheseconduppermolar
d)Ectodermalinorigin
e)Auriculotemporalnerveisthemainsensorynerve
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,DeeplobecontainsdeeplymphaticsDevelopment:
Parotidglandisthefirstsalivaryglandtoappear,inearly6'week.
Itisectodermalinoriginanddevelopsfromthebuccalepithelium
justlateraltotheangleofmouth
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StructuresemergingfromparotidThefollowingstructuresemergefromtheparotidgland:
Anteriorborder:
Parotidduct
3Terminalbranchesoffacialnerve:
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Thezygomaticandbuccalbranches:towardthetemporalregion,eyelidsandcheek,respectively.
Mandibularbranch:Runalongthebodyofthemandibletowardsthe
mouth
Apex:
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5thterminalbranchoffacialnerve:Cervicalbranchcontinuesintotheneck(toplatysma).
Anterior&posteriordivisionsofretromandibularvein
Posteriorborder:
Posteriorauricularnerve
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PosteriorauriculararteryPosteriorauricularvein
Alongbase:
superficialtemporalartery
temporalbranchoffacialnerve
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AuriculotemporalnerveSTRUCTURESWITHINGLAND:
Arteries:
Externalcarotidarteryentersthroughposteromedialsurface
Maxillaryartery
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SuperficialtemporalvesselPosteriorauricularartery
Veins:
Theretromandibularveins
FacialNerve
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ParotidDuct(Stenson'sduct)Theductturnsopensintothevestibuleofthemouth(gingivo-buccal
vestibule)oppositethecrownoftheupper2ndmolartooth
Nervesupply:
PARASYMPATHETIC:auriculotemporalnerve
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SYMPTHETICSUPPLY-plexusaroundtheexternalcarotidartery.SENSORYNERVES:auriculotemporalnerve,exceptforparotid
fascia&overlyingskinwhichareinnervatedbyGreatauricular
nerve(C2,C3).
7.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is/are
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trueaboutphrenicnerveexcept-a)Itisprimarymotorsupplytodiaphragm
b)Accessoryphrenicnervejoinsthephrenicnervenearthefirst
rib
c)Formedinfrontofscalenusmediusmuscle
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d)Itdescendsposteriortosternocleidomastoide)Givessensorysupplytocentraltendonofdiaphragm
CorrectAnswer-C
Ansis.'Ci.e.,Formedinfrontofscalenusmediusmuscle
Liesanteriortoanteriorscalenusmuscle
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Phrenicnerveisamixednerve&carriesmotorfibrestothediaphragm&sensoryfibresfromthediaphragm,pleura,pericardium
&partoftheperitoneum.
Origin:
Itariseintheneckfromtheant.ramiofthe3rd,4th&5thcervical
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nervesItisformedatthelateralborderofthescalenusanterior,opposite
themiddleofthesternocleidomastoidattheleveloftheupper
borderofthethyroidcartilage.
Relations:
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Itrunsverticallydownwardsontheant.surfaceofthescalenusant.&inthispartitisrelatedanteriorlyto
1. Prevertebralfascia
2. Inf.bellyofomohyoid
3. Transversecervicalartery
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4. Suprascapularartery
5. Internaljugularvein
6. Sternocleidomastoidmus.
7. Thoracicductonleftside.
Afterleavingtheant.surfaceofthescalenusant.thenerveruns
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downwardsonthecervicalpleurabehindthecommencementofthebrachiocephalicvein.(onleftsidenerveleavesthescalenusant.at
ahigherlevel&crossesinfrontofthe.firstpartofthesubclavian
art.).Hereitcrossestheinternalthoracicartery(eitheranteriorlyor
posteriorly)&entersthethoraxbehindthe1stcostalcartilage.
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8.Allaresuppliedbyanteriorinterosseous
nerveexcept?
a)Flexorcarpiulnaris
b)Brachioradialis
c)Abductorpollicisbrevis
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d)Flexorpollicislonguse)Flexordigitorumsuperficialis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.is'a'i'e.,Flexorcarpiulnaris'b'i.e.,Brachioradialis;'c'i.e.,
Abductorpollicisbrevis;&'e'i.e.,Flexordigitorumsuperficial
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Theanteriorinterosseousnerve(volarinterosseousnerve)isabranchofthemediannervethatsuppliesthedeepmusclesonthe
anterioroftheforearm,excepttheulnar(medial)halfoftheflexor
digitorumprofundus.
9.Truestatementaboutshoulderjoint?
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a)Multipennateacromialfibresofdeltoidarepowerfulabductorb)Axillarynerveinjuryhasnoeffectonabduction
c)Musculotendinouscuffstabilizesshoulderjoint
d)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction
e)Trapeziusandserratusanterioractsynergisticallyinabduction
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CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:EAns.is'a'i.e.,Multipennateacromialfibresofdeltoidare
powerfulabductor;'c'i.e.,Musculotendinouscuffstabilizes
shoulderjoint;'d'i.e.,Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction;&'e'
i.e.,Trapeziusandserratusanterioractsynergisticallyin
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abductionTYPEOF
PLANEOF
AXISOF
MUSCLESINVOLVED
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MOVEMENTMOTION
MOTION
PectoralisMajor,Ant.fiber
Saggital
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TransverseFlexion
ofdeltoid,
plane
axis
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Coraco-brachialis,BicepsLatissimus
Saggital
Transverse dorsi,Teresmajor,Post.
Extension
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planeaxis
fibers
ofdeltoid,Triceps
Saggital
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AbductionFrontalplane
Deltoid,Supraspinatus
axis
Subscapularis,Pectoralis
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SaggitalMajor,
Adduction
Frontalplane axis
Latissimusdorsi,Teres
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majormajor
Subscapularis,Pectoralis
Internal
Transverse
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verticalMajor,
Rotation
plane
axis
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Latissimusdorsi,Teresmajor
External
Transverse
vertical
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Infraspinatus,TeresRotation
plane
axis
minor
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10.Whichisattachedmostanteriorlyonthe
intercondylarareaoftibia
intercondylarareaoftibia(areab/wmedial
andlateraltibialplateau)-
a)Anteriorcruciateligament
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b)Posteriorcruciateligamentc)Anteriorhornofthelateralmeniscus
d)Anteriorhornofthemedialmeniscus
e)Ligamentumpatellae
CorrectAnswer-D
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Ans.is'd'i.e,AnteriorhornofthemedialmeniscusPROXIMALEND(upperend)
Proximal(upper)endoftibiaincludesmedial&lateral
condyles,formingtibialplateau.
ItalsoincludestibialTuberosity&intercondylararea.
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Attachmentsonproximalendare:Medialcondyle:Semimembranous(posteriorly),capsuleofknee
joint,tibial(medial)collateralligament(deeppart),medialpatellar
retinaculum(anteriorly).
Lateralcondyle:illiotibialtract(anteriorly),capsuleofsuperior
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tibiofibularjoint.TibialTuberosity:Ligamentumpatellae
Intercondylararea(fromanteriortoposterior);
1. Anteriorhornofmedialmeniscus
2. Anteriorcruciateligament(ACL)
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3. Anteriorhornoflateralmeniscus4. Posteriorhornoflateralmeniscus
5. Posteriorhornofmedialmeniscys
6. Posteriorcruciateligament(PCL)
11.Trueaboutgasequation-
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a)Gasconstantis0-9b)PV=constant
c)PV=nRT
d)Diffusionisdirectlyrelatedtomolecularweightofgas
e)Oxygenhasmorediffusioncoefficient
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.PV=nRT
Gasequation:
Theidealgaslawisquantitativeexpressionoftheforegoing
principles:PV=nRT.
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WherePisthepressure,Visthevolume,nisthenumberofgrammoleculesofthegas,RisthegasconstantandTistheabsolute
temperature.
ValueofRis0.082(R=0.082),whentheunitsemployedare
atmosphere,litresandcentigrade.
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Therateofinfusion(D)isdirectlyproportionaltothepressuregradient(LP)andgasdiffusesfromhigherpressureareastolower
pressureareas.
Partialpressuregradient(gaspressuredifference)isthebasicfactor
whichpromotediffusionofagas.
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Rateofdiffusionisdirectlyproportionaltootherfactorsalso,viz.(i)Surfaceareaofrespiratorymembrane(A);and(ii)Solubilityofgas
concerned(S).
Therateofdiffusionisinverselyproportionalto(i)Thethicknessof
therespiratorymembrane(d);and(ii)Molecularweightofthegas
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(MW).12.TrueaboutProstaglandins-
a)Derivedfromlipooxygenasepathway
b)FirstproductisPGG2
c)PGE2causesvasoconstriction
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d)PGF2acausesbronchoconstrictione)PG12causesfallinBP
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.(B)FirstproductisPGG2(D)PGF2acauses
bronchoconstriction(E)PG12causesfallinBP
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Prostaglandins(PG)synthesis:Prostaglandins(PGs),thromboxanes(TXs),prostacyclin(PGI)and
leukotrienesarecollectivelycalledeicosanoids.
Thesesarederivativesofprostanoicacid.
Theseeicosanoidsarederivedfrom5,8,11,14eicosatetraenoic
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acid(arachidonicacid),thefattyacidreleasedfrommembranelipidsbytheactionofphospholipase-A2.
13.Whichis/arefeature(s)ofprostaglandins-
a)20carbonatomcompound
b)10carbonatomcompound
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c)Cyclopentaneringd)-OHgroupat156position
e)Transdoublebondat10thposition
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.(A)20carbonatomcompound(C)Cyclopentanering(D)-
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OHgroupat156position(Ref:HarperjP/ep.239-40;Lippincott6h/ep.213-15;Vasudevan
5th/ep.167;Shinde7/ep.64-65;Satyanarayan4th/ep.664)
Prostaglandinsare20carboncompounds,containinga
cyclopentanering.Theyhavehydrox(OH)groupatposition-15and
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trans-doublebondatposition-13.14.
Whichofthefollowingis/areeffectof
increased2,3-DPGonoxygen-hemoglobin
dissociationcurve?
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a)edaffinityofheamoglobintooxygenb)edaffinityofhaemoglobintooxygen
c)Leftshiftofoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
d)Rightshiftofoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
e)Nochangeinoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:DAns.(B)edaffinityofhaemoglobintooxygen(D)Rightshift
ofoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
[Ref:Ganong25th/ep.610-41;Guyton's12'h/ep.j56-57;AKlain
6'h/ep.430]
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Oxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurveis2,3DPGinRBC.DPGisanoptionalby-productoftheglycolyticpathway.
DPGbindswithdeoxygenatedhemoglobinbutnotwithoxygenated
hemoglobin.
RaisedDPGconcentrationreleasesoxygenfromoxyhemoglobinby
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shiftingthefollowingreversiblereactiontotheright.Mechanism:
OnemoleculeofDPGbindswithonemoleofdeoxyhemoglobin.
HenceanincreaseinDPGconcentrationshiftstheoxygen-
hemoglobindissociationcurvetotheright.
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Thus2,3DPGcausesdelivery(unloading)ofO,tothetissues.Fetalhemoglobinhasconsiderablylessaffinityfor2,3-DPGthan
doesadulthemoglobinthereforefetalhemoglobinhasagreater
affinityforoxygenthanadulthemoglobin.
Inhumanblood,theaffinityoffetalhemoglobinfor2,3-DPGisonly
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about4O%thatofadulthemoglobin.Thismakesfetalhemoglobinbehaveasif2,3-DPGlevelsarelow.
15.Oxygenconsumptionbytheheartis
determinedby?
a)Intramyocardialtension
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b)Contractilestateofthemyocardiumc)Initiallengthofthemyocardialmusclefiber
d)Heartrate
e)Basaloxygenconsumptionofmyocardium
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
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Ans.(A)Intramyocardialtension(B)Contractilestateofthemyocardium(C)Initiallengthofthemyocardialmusclefiber
(D)Heartrate(E)Basaloxygenconsumptionofmyocardium
[Ref:Ganong25th/ep.550;Guyton's12th/ep.216-17]
Myocardialoxygendemand-Factorsinfluencing:
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Thebasalmetabolismofthehearttissuenormallyaccountsof25%ofmyocardialoxygendemandinrestingindividuals.
Myocytescontraction(cardiaccontraction)istheprimaryfactor
determiningmyocardialoxygenconsumptionabovethebasalleyek
andcardiaccontractionaccountsfor75%ofmyocardialoxygen
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consumption.Myocardialwalltension,
Heartrate(Chronotropy),
Inotropicstate(contractility).
Myocardialwalltensionisdirectlyproportionaltointraventricular
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pressure(P)andventricularradius(R)'andinverselyproportionaltomyocardialwallthickness(myocardialmass).
Intraventricularpressure(intracavitarypressure)isdeterminedby
aorticpressure(i.e.,afterload)andventricularradiusisdetermined
byenddiastolicventricularvolume(i.e.,Preload).
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16.Insulincausesintracellularshiftofwhich
ofthefollowingion?
a)Na+
b)K+
c)Chloride
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d)Calciume)Bicarbonate
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.K+
[Ref:Ganong25th/ep.433-34;Guyton's12'h/ep.613;AKlain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6,h/ep.748]InsulinlowersserumK+concentrationi.e.,causeshypokalemia.
ThehypokalemicactionofinsulinisduetostimulationofK+intake
bythecellsmainlyinmuscleandadiposetissue.
InsulinincreasestheactivityofNa+-K+ATPaseincellmembrane,
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sothatmoreK+ispumpedintocells.17.Hypothalmkpituitaryaxis(HPA)controls
allexcept-
a)Thyroid
b)Parathyroid
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c)Pancreasd)Testis
e)Adrenals
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.(B)Parathyroid(C)Pancreas
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[Ref:Ganong25'h/ep.308-14;Harrison'sp.401e-2]Almostallsecretionbythepituitaryiscontrolledbyeitherhormonal
ornervoussignalsfromthehypothalamus.
Secretionfromtheposteriorpituitaryiscontrolledbynettesignals
thatoriginateinthehypothalamusandterminateintheposterior
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pituitary.Secretionbyanteriorpituitaryiscontrolledbyhormonescalled
hypothalamicreleasingandhypothalamicinhibitoryhormones(or
factors)secretedwithinthehypothalamusandthenconductedtothe
anteriorpituitarythroughhypothalamichypophysealportalvessels.
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18.Truestatementaboutmalereproductive
physiology-
a)SertolicellssecreteMiillerianinhibitingsubstance(MIS)
b)Inhibinisreleasedbysertolicell
c)Primaryspermatocyteisdiploid
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d)LHandFSHaresteroidalinnaturee)Inhibinstimulatesfollicle-stimulatinghormone(FSH)
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)SertolicellssecreteMiillerianinhibitingsubstance
(MIS)(B)Inhibinisreleasedbysertolicell(C)Primary
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spermatocyteisdiploidHormonesoftheTestes:
Thehormone-secretingcellsinthetestesaretheleydigcellsand
sertolicells.
LeydigcellshavereceptorsforLHandsecretealltheandrogens,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i.e.,testosterone(majorandrogen),dihydrotestosterone(DHT),androstenedioneanddehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA).
Allofthemhave19carbonatoms.
SertolicellsareunderthecontrolofFSH,i,e.,havereceptorsfor
FSH.WhenstimulatedbyFSH,thesecellssecrete
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
androgenbindingprotein(ABP),inhibinand,MlS(mullerianinhibitingsubstance).Sertolicellsalsocontainaromatase;
theenzymethatconvertsandrogenstoestrogens.
Besidethesehormonalfunction,junctionbetweenadjacentsertoli
cellsformsblood-testisbarrierwhichdoesnotallowharmful
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
substancestoentertheareawherespermatogenesisisgoingon.Sertolicellakohaverec4,torsforandrogens(testosterone)which
stimulatesspermatogenesis.
Hormonalcontroloftesticularfunction.
LHistropicforleydigcellsandthesecretionoftestosteroneisunder
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thecontrolofLH.FSHistropicforsertolicelland,stimulatessertolicellstosecrete
inhibinandandrogenbindingprotein(ABP).
Primaryspermatocyteisdiploid.
19.Erythropoietinis/areproducedby-
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a)Juxtaglomerularcellsb)Interstitialcellsoftheperitubularcapillarybedofthekidneys
c)ParsrectaofPCT
d)Maculadensa
e)Mesangialcell
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Interstitialcellsoftheperitubularcapillarybedofthe
kidneys
[Ref:Ganong25e/ep.706;Guyton's12e/ep.461;AKlain6e/ep.
68]
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Erythropoietinisaglycoproteinhormonewhichstimulateerythrocyteproduction.
Inadults,about85%oferythropoietincomesfromthekidney
(interstitialcellsinperitubularcapillarybed)and15%fromliver
(Perivenoushepatocytes).Smallamountisalsoproducedinbrain;
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anduterusandoviduct.20.Trueaboutcarotidsinus-
a)Chemoreceptor
b)Presentinearlypartofinternalcarotidartery
c)Hasglomuscells
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d)Baroreceptore)Suppliedbyglossopharyngealnerve
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.(B)Presentinearlypartofinternalcarotidartery
(D)Baroreceptor(E)Suppliedbyglossopharyngealnerve
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[Ref:Ganong25th/ep.658;Guyton'sl2h/ep.251-52;AKlain6th/ep.j27-29;Gray,s4p/ep.447]
Carotidsinusisalittlebulgeattherootofinternalcarotidartery,
Isatypeofabaroreceptor.
Itisinnervatedbythesinusnerve,abranchofglossopharyngeal(IX
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cranial)nerve.21.Stresshyperglycemiaoccursduetoall
except-
a)IncreasedlevelofACTH
b)Increasedlevelofcortisol
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c)Decreasedlevelofnorepinephrined)Insulinresistance
e)Increasedlevelofepinephrine
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Decreasedlevelofnorepinephrine
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[Ref:Ganong25th/ep.364;Guytan's12'h/ep-598-556;Schwartzth/ep.17-2a;AKlain6'h/ep.606;Bailey6Love2Ch/ep.4'9;
CSDT1l'h/ep.103-05]
StressHyperglycemia:
Suppressionofinsulinsecretioncoupledwithincreasedsecretionof
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glucagon,growthhormone,glucocorticoids(cortisol),andcatecholamines(epinephrine,
norepinephrine)leadstohyperglycemia.
22.Trueaboutsuccinatedehydrogenase
defect-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)DeficiencyofcomplexIIb)Tumorigenesis
c)Defectinkrebscycle
d)DefectinETC
e)Mitochondrialencephalopathy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:EANSWER-(A)DeficiencyofcomplexII(B)Tumorigenesis
(C)Defectinkrebscycle(D)DefectinETC(E)Mitochondrial
encephalopathy
Mitochondrialsuccinatedehydrogenase(SDH)catalysesthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oxidationofsuccinatetofumarateintheKrebscycle(citricacidcycle).
Succinatedehydrogenasecomplexismadeupoffoursubunits-(i)
SDH-A;(ii)SDH-B;(iii)SDH-C;and(iv)SDH-D.
Functionsofsuccinatedehydrogenaseare:?
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1. CatalysesoxidationofsuccinateorfumarateinTCAcycle/citricacidcycle.
2. TransferselectronsfromsuccinatetocoenzymeQ(atcomplex
II)SuccinatedehydrogenaseactsascomplexIIinETC.
DefectinSDHcausesdefectinmitochondrialETC.Whichleadsto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mitochondria!encephalopathyandmyopathy(encephalomyopathy)ThisisduetomutationinSDHAsubunit
gene.
MutationinSDH-B,-Cand-Dsubunitscausestumorformation,
especiallyparaganglioma/pheochromocytoma/carotidbodytumor
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Thus,thesesubunitsareregardedasatumorsuppressorgene.23.Allaretrueaboutglycosaminoglycans
except?
a)Proteinassociatedwithglycosaminoglycansiscalledcore
proteins
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b)Maybeassociatedwithconnectivetissuesc)Highlypositivelycharged
d)Negativelycharged
e)ComponentofECM
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Highlypositivelycharged[RefHarper30"/ep.786]
Proteoglycansarecarbohydratestowhichsmallamountofproteinis
attached.Proteoglycansconsistsof95%ofcarbohydratesand5%
ofprotein.Toknowthestructureofproteoglycans,oneshouldknow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thestructureofglycosaminoglycans.Glycosaminoglycansareheteropolysaccharide
(heteropolysaccharidesarepolysaccharideswhichcontaintwoor
moredifferentmonosaccharideunitortheirderivatives).
Glycosaminoglycansarelinear(unbranched)polysaccharides,with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
repeatingdiasaccharideunits.Eachdisaccharideunitconsistsofanaminosugarandanacidsugar(sugaracid).
Glycosaminoglyclanswerefirstisolatedfrommucin,thereforethey
arealsocalledmucopolysaccharides.
Theyarenegativelycharged.
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24.Mechanismsforregulatingenzyme
activityareALLEXCEPT
a)Covalentmodification
b)Allostericactivation
c)Competitiveinhibition
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d)Inductionofgenesforenzymesynthesise)Repressionofgeneforinhibitionofenzymesynthesis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is(c)Competitiveinhibition[Ref:Harper319`Vep.89-
94;Lippincott6"/ep.62-64;Vasudevan5thiep.42-50;Shinde
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Asthenamesuggests,thereiscompetitionbetweeninhibitorandnormalsubstrateforthecatalyticbindingsiteoftheenzyme.Thisis
becauseboththeinhibitorandthenormalsubstratehavesimilar
structuralconfiguration.Therefore,enzymecannotdifferentiate
thesetwoandbothcanbindtotheenzyme.BothESandEI
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complexesareformed.ButonlyEScanformproduct.25.Truestatementare-
a)Alllipidarefat
b)Linoleicacidisessentialfattyacid
c)Hydrogenationconvertsunsaturatedfattyacidtosaturated
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fattyacidd)Rancidityoffoodisduetolipidperoxidation
e)Hydrolysisoffatbyacidissaponification.
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.is"B"i.e.,Linoleicacidisessentialfattyacid;"C"
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Hydrogenationconvertsunsaturatedfattyacidtosaturatedfattyacid;'d'i.e.,Rancidityoffoodisduetolipid
peroxidation[RefLippincott6"Iep.181-1821.
Thethreepolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs),namely,linoleicacid
linolenicacidandarachidonicacidarecalledessentialfattyacids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
theyarecalledessentialfattyacidsbecausehumanbeingsrequirethesefattyacidsbutcannotsynthesizethem.
Additionofhydrogenatomstounsaturatedfattyacidrefersto
hydrogenation.Itreducesthenumberofdoublebondsin
unsaturatedfats,Ashydrogenationreducesnumberofdouble
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bonds,unsaturatedfattyacidsmaygetconvertedtosaturatedfattyacid,ifalldoublebondsarereduced.
Theunpleasantodorandtaste,developedbynaturalfatsupon
aging,isreferredtoas"rancidity".Ranciditymaybedueto
hydrolysis(bylipase)oroxidationoffat.
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26.Truestatement(s)aboutlipiddigestion
andabsorption-
a)Micellesplayanimportantroleinlipidsabsorption
b)Absorptionoflong-chainfattyacidsisgreatestintheupper
partsofthesmallintestine
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c)Bileacidhasnoroleinfatabsorptiond)Fattyacidsafterabsorptionarereesterifiedtotriglycerides
intheenterocytes
e)Gastriclipaseisthemajorenzyme
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Micellesplayanimportantroleinlipidsabsorption;'b'i.e.,Absorptionoflong-chainfattyacidsis
greatestintheupperpartsofthesmallintestine;&'d'Le.,Fatty
acidsafterabsorptionarereesterifiedtotriglyceridesinthe
enterocytes[RefGanong251h/ep.481-83;Harper..30thlep.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
253-54;Guyton12thIep.421-23;Lippincott6th/ep.1761.Micellesformationistheprocessinwhichdigestedfats(FFAsand
monoglycerides)areincorporatedintomuchsmallerdroplets
(micelles)sothattheycanbeabsorbedmoreefficiently.Thus,
micellesformationhelpsinabsorptionofdigestedfats.
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Fatdigestionessentiallybeginsintheduodenumwithentryofpancreaticandbiliarysecretions.Pancreaticjuicecontainslipase
(pancreaticlipase),themostimportantenzymeforfatdigestion.The
pancreaticlipasedigeststriglycerides(triacylglycerols)intofreefatty
acidsand2-monoglycerides(2-monoacylglycerols).
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Afterfatdigestion,fattyacidsandmonoglyceridesareabsorbedinthesmallintestine,especiallyinthejejunumandsomeamountalso
inileum.Insidetheenterocyte,fattyacidsandmonoglycerides
againformtriglycerides.
27.Gluconeogenesisisfavouredinfasting
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stateby-a)ActivationofpyruvatecarboxylasebyacetylCoA
b)Increasedconversionofphosphoenolpyruvatetopyruvate
byactivationofpyruvatekinase
c)Increasedfattyacidoxidationinliver
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d)Hydrolysisoffructosel,6-bisphosphatebyfructosel,6-bisphosphatase
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Activationofpyruvatecarboxylasebyacetyl
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CoA;'c'i.e.,Increasedfattyacidoxidationinliver;'d'i.e.,Hydrolysisoffructose1,6-bisphosphatebyfructose1,6-
bisphosphatase,
[Ref:Satyanarayan4thiep.258-63;Harper30thiep.188;
Lippincott6fVep.117-123;Shinde7m/ep.347]
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TheactivationofpyruvatecarboxylaseandreciprocalinhibitionofPDHcomplexbyacetyl-CoAderivedfromtheoxidationoffattyacids
explaintheactionoffattyacidoxidationinsparingtheoxidationof
pyruvateandinstimulatinggluconeogenesis.
Thereciprocalrelationshipbetweenthesetwoenzymesaltersthe
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metabolicfateofpyruvateasthetissuechangesfromcarbohydrateoxidation(glycolysis)togluconeogenesisduringthetransitionfrom
thefedtofastingstate.
Fructose-2-6-bisphosphateisformedbyphosphorylationoffructose-
6-phosphatebyphosphofructokinase-2.Thisenzymeisa
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bifunctionalenzymethatalsohasfructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
activitywhichisresponsibleforbreakdownoffructose-2,6-
bisphosphatasebacktofructose-6-phosphate.
Thisbifunctionalenzymeisunderallostericcontroloffructose-6
phosphatewhichstimulatesphosphofructokinase-2activityand
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inhibitsfructose-2,6-bisphosphataseactivity.28.AIIaretrueaboutHexose
monophosphatepathway(HMP)except-
a)ProduceNADPHinoxidativephaseofpathway
b)DoesnotproduceATP
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c)Occursintestes,ovaries,placentaandadrenalcortexd)Producesribose5-phosphateinoxidativephaseofpathway
e)Glucose6-phosphatedehydrogenaseenzymeisinvolved
CorrectAnswer-D
Ansis.'d'i.e.,Producesribose5-phosphateinoxidativephase
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ofpathway[RefHarper30thiep.196-200;Lippincottelep.145;Satyanarayan4thIep.270-71]
HMPshuntisamulticyclicprocessinwhich3moleculesofglucose-
6-phosphategiveriseto3moleculesofCO,and3moleculesof5-
carbonsugars(ribulose-5-phosphate).
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Thelatterarerearrangedtogenerate2moleculesofglucose-6-phosphate(throughfructose-6-phosphate)and1molecule
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.HMPshuntdoesnotgenerateATP.
HMPshuntoccursinthecytosol.Itishighlyactiveinliver,adipose
tissue,adrenalcortex,lens,cornea,lactating(butnotthe
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nonlactating)mammarygland,Gonads(testis,ovary)anderythrocytes.Activityofthispathwayisminimalinmuscleandbrain,
wherealmostalloftheglucoseisdegradedbyglycolysis.
29.Whichofthefollowingisnotapyrimidine
base?
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a)Cytosineb)Uracil
c)Guanine
d)Thymine
e)Adenine
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Guanine
PurinesPyrimidines
AdenineCytosine
GuanineUraciI
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ThymineBothpurines(adenineandguanine)arefoundbothinDNA&RNA.
Amongpyrimidines-
LiCytosineanduracilarefoundinRNA(thymineisnotfoundin
RNA).
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CytosineandthyminearefoundinDNA(uracilisnotfoundinDNA).InDNA,adenineisalwayspairedwiththyminebytwohydrogen
bonds;andguaninealwayspairedwithcytosinebythreehydrogen
bonds.
30.Post-translationmodificationofprotein
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includesallexcept:a)Removalofpeptide
b)5'capping
c)Intronsplicing
d)Proteinfolding
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e)CovalentmodificationCorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.isB.,5'capping&`ci.e.,intronsplicing[Ref;
Satyanarayan4thiep.561-62;Harper30`lep426;Lippincott0-
4p.443-441
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5'cappingandintronsplicingarepost-transcriptionalmodification(notpost-translationalmodification.
Thisisthefirstprocessingreaction.5'-endofmRNAiscappedwith
7-methylguansosine.
Thiscaphelpsininitiationoftranslation(proteinsynthesis)and
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stabilizesthestructureofmRNAbyprotectingfrom5'-exonucleaseRemovalofintrons(splicing):?Eukaryoticgenescontainsome
codingsequenceswhichcodeforproteinandsomeinterveningnon-
codingsequenceswhichdonotcodeforprotein.
31.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueabout
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transcriptiona)SynthesisofprecursorsforthelargeandsmallribosomalRNAs
b)FormationoftRNAtranscript
c)RNApolymeraseIIisresponsibleforthesynthesisof
precursorsforthelargeribosomalRNAs
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d)RNApolymeraseIisresponsibleforthesynthesissmallribosomalRNAs
e)BindingofRNApolymeraseonDNA
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.is'c'i.e.,RNApolymeraseIIisresponsibleforthe
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synthesisofprecursorsforthelargeribosomalRNAs;&'d'i.e.,RNApolymeraseIisresponsibleforthesynthesissmall
ribosomalRNAs.
[Ref:Harrion19th/ep.427-28;Satyanarayan4thiep.546,566-68]
RNA,eukaryoteshavethreedifferentRNApolymerases:I,II,II
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RNApolymeraseI:ItcatalyzesthesynthesisoflargeribosomalRNA(rRNA),i.e.28SrRNA,18SrRNAand5.8SrRNA.
TheserRNAsarecodedonclass-Igene,i.e.classIgeneis
transcribedbyrRNA.rRNAsarenottranslatedintoprotein.
RNApolymeraseII:?ItcatalyzesthesynthesisofmRNA,small
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nuclearRNA(sn-RNA)andmiRNA.TheseproductsarecodedbyclassIIgene,i.e.classIIgeneistranscribedbymRNA.ClassII
genedifferfromclassIandIIIinthatoneofitstranscribedproducts
(mRNA)istranslatedintoprotein
RNApolymeraseIII:?ItcatalyzesthesynthesisoftRNAand5S
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rRNA.TheseproductsarecodedbyclassIIIgene.
BesidesthesethreenuclearRNApolymerases,inaeukaryoticcell,
afourthtypeofRNApolymeraseisfoundinmitochondrialmatrix
knownasmitochondrialRNApolymerase(mtRNAP).Similarto
prokaryoticRNApolymerase,mtRNAPcatalyzesthesynthesisofall
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thethreetypesofRNA,i.e.mRNA,tRNAandrRNA32.Trueabouttelomeraseis?
a)DNAdependentRNApolymerase
b)RNAdependentDNApolymerase
c)Reversetranscriptaseenzyme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Increasedtelomeraseactivityisseeninsomaticcellse)Telomeraseincreasesthelongevityofcells
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,RNAdependentDNApolymerase,'c'i.e.Reverse
transcriptaseenzyme&`e'i.e.Telomeraseincreasesthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
longevityofcells[RefHarper29th/ep.358&28`"/ep.315,316;Robbin's8th/ep.40,296]
Telomeraseisareversetranscriptase(RNAdependentDNA
polymerase)andisresponsiblefortelomeresynthesisand
maintainingthelengthoftelomers(replicationofendof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chromosome).Thus,telomeraseprovidelongevitytothecellswhichcontainthisenzyme.
Telomeraseisabsentfrommostofthesomaticcellsandhencethey
sufferprogressivelossoftelomeresandtheyexitthecellcycle.
Senscentcellslacktelomerasesotheirtelomeresgetshortenedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
criticallengthandthesecellsremainsinGophase33.Ultravioletradiationexposurecancauses
DNAdamageby-
a)Pyrimidinedimersformation
b)DNAbreakage
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c)Thyminedimerformationd)AcetylationofDNA
e)MethylationofDNA
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.is'a'Pyrimidinedimersformation;&'c'i.e.,Thyminedimer
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formation[RefHarper30/ep.761;Lippincott0/ep.412]UVraysexposureresultsincovalentjoiningoftwoadjacent
pyrimidines(usuallythymine)toformpyrimidinedimers(thymine-
thyminedimersorcyclobutanepyrimidinedimers).Cytosine-
thymineandcytosine-cytosinedimersarealsoformedbutatslower
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rates.Ultravialet(UV)radiations:-Inducedimerizationofadjacent
pyrimidinestoproducepyrimidinedimers.
34.TrueaboutDNAphotolyase-
a)RepairdamagecausedbyUVlight
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b)Foundonlyinhumanc)Usevisiblelight
d)Breakspyrimidinedimers
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,RepairdamagecausedbyUVlight;'c'i.e.,Usevisiblelight;&'d'Breakspyrimidinedimer[Ref:PankajNaikp.
496]
NearlyallcellscontainaphotoreactivatingenzymecalledDNA
photolyase.ItisaDNArepairenzymewhichbindtothedamaged
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
regionofDNAandgetexcitedbylightenergyabsorbedbyN5,N'?-methenyltetrahydrofolate,whichisboundtothephotolyase.The
processiscalledphotoreactivation.
Theactivationrequiresvisiblelight,preferentiallyfromtheviolet/blue
endofthespectrum.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theexcitedphotolyasethencleavesthedimerintooriginalbases.Theseenzymesoccurinalmostalllivingorganismsexposedto
sunlight,theonlyexceptionbeingplacentalmammalslikehumans
andmice.Theircatalyticmechanismemploysthelight-driven
injectionofanelectronintotheDNAlesiontotriggerthecleavageof
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cyclobutane-pyrimidinedimers.PhotolyaseisparticularlyimportantinrepairingUVinduceddamage
inplants.Thephotolyasemechanismisnolongerworkingin
humansandotherplacentalmammalswhoinsteadrelyontheless
efficientnucleotideexcisionrepairmechanism.
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35.TrueaboutDNAGyrase-
a)AtypeoftopoisomeraseI
b)AtypeoftopoisomeraseII
c)ActoncircularDNA
d)Overcometheproblemofsupercoils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)NoneCorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,AtypeoftopoisomeraseIL;"c'i.e.,Acton
circularDNA;'d',Overcometheproblemofsupercoils
[RefLippincottetc401;StayanarayanxlaVep.528J
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TopoisomeraseI4Removesnegativesupercoiling.TopoisomeraseIIRelaxespositivesupercoilsandformsnegative
supercoilingbycondensation.ofchromosome.
TopoisomeraseIIICanintroducesinglestrandbreaksduring
recombinationthatarerequiredforDNAtobeexchanged.
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36.Correctdyadofdiseaseandtheir
respectiveinheritancepatterninclude?
a)Wilsondisease-autosomalrecessive
b)Cysticfibrosis-autosomaldominant
c)Marfansyndrome-autosomalrecessive
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d)Gardnersyndrome-autosomaldominante)Duchenemusculardystrophy-X-linkedrecessive
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-(A)Wilsondisease-autosomalrecessive(D)Gardner
syndrome-autosomaldominant(E)Duchenemuscular
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dystrophy-X-linkedrecessiveAutosomalrecessivedisorders
1)Metabolic-Cysticfibrosis,Phenylketonuria,Galactosemia,
Homocystinuria,Lysosomalstoragedis,alphal-antitrypsin
deficiency,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Wilsondisease,Hemochromatosis,Glycogenstoragedisorders.Autosomaldominantdisorders
1.GIT-Familialpolyposiscoli,Gardner'ssyndrome
2.Skeletal-Marfansyndrome
X-linkedrecessivedisorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1)Musculoskeletal-Duchenemusculardystrophy,Becker'sdystrophy
37.TrueaboutRASoncogene-
a)TyrosinekinasehasroleinRASactivation
b)Mostcommonformofoncogeneinhumantumors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)IthasanintrinsicGTPaseactivityd)Mutationmayresultincarcinomatousgrowth
e)Belongstogrowthfactorcategoryofoncogene
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)TyrosinekinasehasroleinRASactivation(B)Most
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commonformofoncogeneinhumantumors(C)IthasanintrinsicGTPaseactivity(D)Mutationmayresultin
carcinomatousgrowth
InnormalcellstheactivatedstateofthisRASproteinistransient
becausenormalRAS-proteinshaveintrinsicGTPaseactivity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MutationintheRASproteincausespermanentactivationofRASproteinwhichmayresultincarcinomatousgrowth.
ActivatedRASraf-landactitesmitogen-activatingkinase(MAP-
kinase)pathway.
PointmutationofRASfamilygenesisthesinglemostcommon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abnormalityofoncogenesinhumantumor.38.Whichis/arenottumorsuppressor
gene(s)
a)TP53
b)RB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)CD95d)SKT11
e)RAS
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Answer-C,CD95E,RAS
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39.TrueaboutDubin-Johnsonsyndrome-
a)Increasedconjugatedbilirubin
b)UsuallyassociatedwithincreasedASTandALT
c)Mutationinuridinediphosphate-glucuronyltransferasepeptide
Al
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Decreasedbiliaryexcretionofconjugatedbilirubine)Autosomaldominantinheritance
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-(A)Increasedconjugatedbilirubin(D)Decreased
biliaryexcretionofconjugatedbilirubin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DuringJohnsonsyndromeisanautosomalrecessivehereditarydisorderpresentingwithconjugatedhyperbilirubinemiaduetodefect
inhepaticexcretoryfunctionacrossthecanalicularmembraneof
hepatocyte.
DJSisatypeofcongenitalconjugatedhyperbilirubinemia.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Conjugatedbilirubinisincreasedbecauseofdefectivebiliaryexcretionofbilirubinglucuronidesduetomutationincanalicular
multidrugresistanceprotein2.
40.Mostcommontranslocationinacute
promyelocyticleukemia(APML)is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)t(8:14)b)t(9:22)
c)t(15:17)
d)t(8:21)
e)t(11:118)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C,t(15:17)
Acutepromyelocyticleukemia(M3bytheFABclassification)is
associatedwithat(15;17)(q22;q11)translocation.
Disseminatedintravascularcoagulationcanoccurinthisdisorder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
duetothereleaseofprocoagulantsubstancesfromtheleukemiccells,especiallyduringtreatment.
Thet(4;11)(q21;q23)translocationisassociatedwithacute
lymphocyticleukemia(ALL)andundifferentiatedleukemia.
Thet(6;9)(p23;q34)translocationisfoundinsubtypesofAMLwith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
basophilia(M1,M2,M4).Burkitt'sleukemia,whichisrelatedtoBurkitt'slymphoma,is
associatedwitht(8;14)(q24;q32).
Thet(8;21)(q22;q22)translocation(choiceD)isseeninM2
leukemia,alsoknownasacutemyeloidleukemia(AML)with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
maturation41.Feature(s)ofTurnersyndromeis/are-
a)Monosomyofautosomes
b)Webbingofneck
c)Mentalretardation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Shortfourthmetacarpale)Streakgonades
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-(B)Webbingofneck(D)Shortfourthmetacarpal
(E)Streakgonades
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45X0Lymphademaofdorsumofhand&fat
Looseskinfoldatnapeofneck
Shortstature
ShortNeck(withwebbingofneck)
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AnomaliesearBroadshieldlikechestwithwidelyspacedsmallnipple
Renalanomalies(Horse-shoe,soubleorcleftrenalpelvis)Coartof
aorta
42.Mostcommonaneuploidycompatiblewith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lifeisa)Downsyndrome
b)Turnersyndrome
c)Klinefelter'ssyndrome
d)Patausyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A,Downsyndrome
Mostcommonaneuploidyinwhichinfantcansurviveistrisomy-21
(Downsyndrome)
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43.Whichofthefollowingacutephase
protein(s)decreasesduringacute
inflammation
a)Albumin
b)Transferrin
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c)Ceruloplasmind)C-reactiveprotein
e)Haptoglobin
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-A,AlbuminB,Transferrin
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NegativeacutephaseproteinsTheseproteinsaredecreasedduringinflammation.Important
examplesarealbumin,prealbumin,transferrin,transcortin,
transthyretinandretinalbindingprotein
44.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sideroblasticanaemiaa)Basophilsstipplinginleadpoisoning
b)Erythroidhypoplasiainbonemarrow
c)Pappenheimerbodiesisalwayspresent
d)DimorphicRBC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)IncreasedMCHCCorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-A,BasophilsstipplinginleadpoisoningD,Dimorphic
RBC
Importantfeaturesofsideroblasticanemiaare:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ringeedsidetoblastsinbonemarrowprussionbluereaction.Dimorphicbloodpicture,i.e.amixturemicrocytichypochromicand
macrocyticerythrocytes
Increased:Ironstores,serumferritin,serumiton,transferrin
saturation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ineffectiveerythropoiesisbecauseironcannotbeincorporatedintoerythrocytes.
otherfeature:DecreasedMCVMCHandMCHC;basophiling
stipplinginleadporsonizgAnisopoikilocytosis(varying
sizesandabnormalshapesofRBCs),erthroidhyperplasiainbone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
marrow.45.Multiplemyelomamaybeassociatedwith
a)Fanconi'ssyndrome
b)Amyloidosis
c)Mixedcryoglobinemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Castnephropathye)Interstitialnephritis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-A,Fanconi'ssyndromeB,AmyloidosisC,Mixed
cryoglobinemiaD,CastnephropathyE,Interstitialnephritis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factorscontributingthedamageare:-BenceJonesproteinuriaandcastnephropathy
Amyioidosis
Lightchainnephropathy,Glomerulopathy,tubule-interstitial
nephritis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vasculardisease.Urinarytractobstruction.
Fanconi'ssyrdrome
TypeIcryoglobulienmiaiscomposedofasinglemono-clonalIg,
usuallyIgM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
46.Trueaboutautosomalrecessive
polycystickidneydisease(ARPKD)
a)CanbediagnosedinuterobyUSG
b)Hypertensiondevelopsinlatestagesofthedisease
c)Mayproceedtorenalfailurebeforepreschoolage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Enlargementofkidneye)Hematuriaisearlyfeature
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-A,CanbediagnosedinuterobyUSGC,Mayproceedto
renalfailurebeforepreschoolageD,Enlargementofkidney
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThepresentationinPolycysticdiseaseofkidneyischaracteristicallybilateral
Thebilateralenlargementcanhardlybemistakenonroutine
examination
USGandCTshowmultiplecystsinbothkidneys
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thediseasemaypresentatanyagebutthemostcommonageofpresentationisinthe3rdor4thdecade.
Boththekidneyaregrosslyenlargedandsituatedwithmultiple
cysts.
Childhoodpolycystickidneydiseasehasautosomalrecessive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inheritance.47.Feature(s)oftypeImembranoproliferative
glomerulonephritis(MPGN)-
a)Tramtrackappearanceonlightmicroscopy
b)Subendothelialelectron-densedepositsonelectronmicroscopy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)ImmunofluorescencemicroscopyshowpositiveflorescenceofIgGandC3ondensedeposit
d)Intramembranousdensedepositonelectronmicroscopy
e)Mesangialhypocellularity
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A,TramtrackappearanceonlightmicroscopyB,Subendothelialelectron-densedepositson
electronmicroscopyC,Immunofluorescencemicroscopyshow
positiveflorescenceofIgGandC3ondensedeposit
Onlightmicroscope,Alltypeshavefollowingsimilarfeatures.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. TheglomeruliarehypercellularDuetoexocapillaryandendocapillaryproliferation.
2. Theglomerulihavelobularappearanceaccentuatedbythe
proliferatingmesangialcellsandincreasedmesangialmatrix.
3. Parietalepithelialcrescentinmanycases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. GBMisthickened,whichismostevidentintheperipheralcapillaryloops.
5. Theglomelularcapillarywallshowsadoublecontourortramtrack
appearancebecauseofduplicationofbasementmembraneasa
resultofnewbasementmembranesynthesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Withinthebasementmembranethereisinterpositionofcellularelementsthatgiverisetotheappearanceofsplitbasement
membrane.
TypeIandIIMPGNdifferintheirultrastructuralfeatures.
TypeISubendothelialdeposits.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TypeIIIntramembranousdeposition.TypeIdisease(mostcommon)
Idiopathic
Subacutebacterialendocarditis
TypeIIdisease(Densdepositdisease)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IdiopathicC3nephriticfactorassociated
Partiallipodystrophy
TypeIIIdisease
Idiopathic
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ComplementfactordeficiencySystemiclupuserythematosus
HepatitisC
Mixedcryoglubulinemia
48.PAX5is/aremarkerfor?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Acutemyeloidleukemiab)T-celllymphomas
c)Anaplasticlargecelllymphoma
d)Hodgkin'slymphoma
e)B-lymphoblasticlymphoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-D:EAns.is'd'i.e.,Hodgkin'slymphoma;&`e'i.e.,B-Lyrnphoblastic
lymphoma
[Ref:Robbins9th(SEA)/ep.590;Harrison19th/ep.699]
Pax5(B-cell-specificactivatorprotein)ismostlyexpressedinB-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lymphocytesandB-celllymphomas.ItisexpressedindevelopingCNS,someneuroendocrinetumors,andoccasionalmyeloid
leukemia.
Pax5stainingispositiveinmostHodgkinlymphoma,B-cellNHL,
andprecursorB-celllymphoblasticneoplasms.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lymphoplascytoidlymphoma,smallcellcarcinomasandMerkelcellcarcinomasarealsopositive.
T-celllymphomas,plasmacellneoplasms,multiplemyeloma,and
plasmablasticlymphomasarenegativeforPax5.
49.Tumormarkerforlungadenocarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is/area)Positiveforcytokeratin5
b)Positiveforcytokeratin7
c)Positiveforcytokeratin20
d)Transthyretin(TTR)mutation
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e)EGFRmutationCorrectAnswer-B:E
Answer-B,Positiveforcytokeratin7E,EGFRmutation
Adenocarcinoma-AKT1,ALK,BRAF,EGFR,HER-2,K-RAS,MEK-
1,MET,N-RAS
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CK7(+)ve-BreastCa,PancreaticCa,CervicalCa,adenocarcinomaoflung.
50.Whichofthefollowingis/areassociated
withsynovialcellsarcoma
a)Translocation(9;22)(q34;q11)
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b)SS18-SSX4fusiongenesc)Translocationt(X;18)(p11;g11)
d)SS18-SSX1fusiongenes
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B,SS18-SSX4fusiongenesC,Translocationt(X;18)(p11;g11)D,SS18-SSX1fusiongenes
Mostsynovialsarcomasshowacharacteristicchromosomal
translocationt(X:18)producingSYT-SSX1or-SSX2fusion
genes.Thespecifictranslocationisassociatedwithpoorprognosis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Histologichallmarkofbiphasicsynovialsarcomaisthedualliningofdifferentiationofthetumorcells(eg.epitheliatlikeandspindlecells)
CalcifiedconcrectionscanbepresentonX-rays
51.Truestatementaboutprimary
myelofibrosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Hepatomegalyisthemostcommonmanifestationb)Drytaponbonemarrowaspiration
c)Onlypotentiallycurativetreatmentisallogeneicstemcell
transplantation
d)Splenomegalyisalmostinvariablypresent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)MyeloblastsmaybeseeninperipheralbloodCorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Answer-B,DrytaponbonemarrowaspirationC,Only
potentiallycurativetreatmentisallogeneicstemcell
transplantationD,Splenomegalyisalmostinvariably
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
presentE,MyeloblastsmaybeseeninperipheralbloodThehallmarkofprimarymyelofibrosisisrapiddevelopmentof
obliterativemarrowfibrosis.
Myelofibrosissuppressesbonemarrowhematopoiesis,leadingto
peripheralbloodcytopenias.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Peripheralbloodpictureshowsleukoerythroblastosis(erythroidandgranulocyticprecursorsinperipheralblood),andtear-drop
erythrocytes(dacrocytes).
Bonemarrowbiopsyistheinvestigationofchoice.
Unsuccessfulbonemarrowaspirationalsocalleddrytap.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AllogmeicbonemarrowtransplantationistheonlycurativetreatmentforPMF.
52.Newerinclusionin2015WHO
classificationofsquamouscellcarcinoma
oflunginclude(s)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Clearcellvariantb)Papillarycellvariant
c)Adenocarcinomavariant
d)Nonkeratinizingvariant
e)Lymphoepithelioma-likecarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D,Nonkeratinizingvariant
Oldclassification-
Papillary
Clearcell
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SmallcellBasaloid
NewerClassification-
KeratinizingSCC
NonkeratinizingSCC
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BasaloidSCCPreinvasive:SCCinsitu
53.Whichofthefollowingcancause
pulmonaryembolism-
a)Pregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)OCPusesc)Mitralregurgitation
d)Leftventricularfailure
e)Excessiveunaccustomedexercise
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Pregnancy(B)OCPuses(D)LeftventricularfailurePatientFactors
Age
Obesity
Varicoseveins/superficialthrombophlibits
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ImmobilityPregnancy
PuerPerium
High-doseoestrogentherapyorOCPuse
Diseaseorsurgicalprocedure-
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TraumaorsurgeryMalignancy
Heartfailure
Paralysisoflowerlimb
Infection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
54.Trueaboutsilicosis-
a)Lowerlobeismorecommonlyinvolved
b)Radiographicallyseenaseggshellclacification
c)Lobarpneumoniaiscommon
d)Associatedwithanincreasedsusceptibilitytotuberculosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Histologicallysilicanodulesconsistsofhyalinisedcentersurroundedbyconcentriclaminationsofcollagen
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-(B)Radiographicallyseenaseggshellclacification
(D)Associatedwithanincreasedsusceptibilitytotuberculosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(E)Histologicallysilicanodulesconsistsofhyalinisedcentersurroundedbyconcentriclaminationsofcollagen
Silicosisisalungdiseasecausedbyinhalationofcrystallinesilicon
dioxide(silica).
Silicosisisaslowlyprogressivedisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SilicosisisassociatedwithanincreasedsusceptibilitytoT.B.Silicosisischaracterized-
NodulesintheUpperzonesofthelunghardcollagenousscars
Radiologically,eggshellcalcificationcanbeseeninthelymph
nodes.
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Histologically,silicosislesionsconsistofconcentriclayersofhyalinizedcollagensurroundedbyadensecapsuleofmore
condensedcollagen.
55.Truestatementaboutasbestosis-
a)Mayinvolvehilarlymphnode
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b)Asbestosisbeginsinthelowerlobesc)Pleuralplaquesconsistsofcalcifiedhyalinzedcollagenous
tissue
d)HighresolutionCTscanningisthebestimagingmethod
e)Noriskoflungcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:DAnswer-(A)Mayinvolvehilarlymphnode(B)Asbestosis
beginsinthelowerlobes(C)Pleuralplaquesconsistsof
calcifiedhyalinzedcollagenoustissue(D)HighresolutionCT
scanningisthebestimagingmethod
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asbestosisisaninterstitiallungdiseaseduetoinhalationofasbestosparticles.
Therearetwodistinctgeometricformsofasbestos:(i)Serpentine
(chrysolite),and(ii)Amphibole(crocidolite).
Bothserpentineandamphibolecancauseallasbestosisrelated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diseaseexceptformesothelioma,whichisusuallyassociatedwithamphibole.
Pleuralplaquesarethemostcommonmanifestationofasbestos
exposure.
Thereisdiffuseinterstitialfibrosismainlyinvolvinglowerlungfields.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thelungisinvadeddirectly,andthereisoftenmetastaticspreadtothehilarlymphnodes.
HighresolutionCTscanningisthebestimagingmethodfor
asbestosis.
56.Cancer(s)causedbyviralinfections-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Kaposisarcomab)Nasopharyngealcarcinoma
c)Hepatocellularcancer
d)Hodgkin'slymphoma
e)All
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:DAnswer-(A)Kaposisarcoma(B)Nasopharyngealcarcinoma
(C)Hepatocellularcancer(D)Hodgkin'slymphoma
DNAvirusesHerpesviridaeHHV-8Kaposissarcoma
Hepadnaviridae(HBV)hepatocellularcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Flaviviridae(HCV)hepatocellularcarcinomaEBVassociatedmalignancies-
Burkitt'slymphoma
Nasopharynagealcarcinoma
Hodgkin'sdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
57.Smallvesselvasculitisis/are-
a)Kawasakidisease
b)IgAvasculitis
c)Carcinomaassociatedvasculitis
d)Anti-glomerularbasementmembrane(anti-GBM)disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)TakayasuarteritisCorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-(B)IgAvasculitis(C)Carcinomaassociatedvasculitis
(D)Anti-glomerularbasementmembrane(anti-GBM)disease
i)ANCApositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Wegner'sgranulomatosis,Microscopicpolyangitis,Churgstrausssytdrome,Good-posturesyndrome.
ii)ANCAnegative
Henoch-Schonleinpurpura,Bechetssyndrome
58.Prolongationofboth-activatedpartial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thromboplastintime(aPTT)andprothrombintime(PT)maybeseenin
factordeficiencyof-
a)Factor2
b)Factor5
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c)Factor10d)Factor8
e)Factor9
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-(A)Factor2(B)Factor5(C)Factor10
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Partialthromboplastintime(pTT)Itteststheintrinsicandcommoncoagulationpathways.So,a
prolongedPTTcanresultsfromdeficiencyoffactorV,VIII(factor
VIIIc,vonwillebrandfactor),IX,X,X,XII,prothrombinorfibrinogen.
Prothrombintime(PT)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itteststheextrinsicandcommoncoagulationpathways.So,aprolongedPTcanresultsfromdeficiencyoffactorV,
VII,X,prothrombinorfibrinogen.
59.Trueabouthaematologicaldisorder-
a)CryoprecipitateisusedintreatmentinhaemophiliaB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)BothPTandaPTTareincreasedinDICc)Intravenousgammaglobulinisusefulinimmune
thrombocytopenicpurpura
d)HemophiliaC:X-linkeddisorder
e)PlateletcountisdecreasedinDIC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:EAnswer-(B)BothPTandaPTTareincreasedinDIC
(C)Intravenousgammaglobulinisusefulinimmune
thrombocytopenicpurpura(E)Plateletcountisdecreasedin
DIC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.CryoprecipitateisusedinHemophiliaA-Itcontainsfbrinogen,factorVIIIcandvWF,andfactorXIII.
UsedinhemophiliaAandvon-Willebranddisease.
2.PT&aPTTareincreasedinDICaldplateletcountisdecreased
Bloodfilmshowsmicroangiopathichaemolyticanaemia.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PT,thrombintime,andActivatedPartialthromboplastintimeallareprolonged.
3.IVimmunoglobulinisusefulinITP
IVimmunoglobulinisthetreatmentofchoiceforneonatalaswellas
childhoodITP.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.HemophiliaCiscausedbydeficiencyoffactorXI.Itisinheritedasanautosomalrecessivepattern.
60.Feature(s)ofantiphospholipidsyndrome
is/areexcept-
a)Recurrentthrombosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)SLEisassociatedwithprimaryantiphospholipidsyndromec)Itincludestwotypesofantibodies-lupusanticoagulantand
anticardiolipinantibody
d)Foetuslossmayoccur
e)Occurd/tdefectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:EAnswer-(B)SLEisassociatedwithprimaryantiphospholipid
syndrome(C)Itincludestwotypesofantibodies-lupus
anticoagulantandanticardiolipinantibody(E)Occurd/tdefect
in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inantiphospholipidsyndromethereishypercoagulabititywhichresultsinrecurrefltvenousandarterialthrombosis.
Peripheralyenoussystetn)DVT
CNSCerebrovascularaccident,sinusthrombosismigraine,
epilepsy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HematologicalThrombocytopenia,hemolyticanemia.ObstetricsAbortionin2rd&3rdtrimester(latefetalloss)is
commonbutitmayoccuranytimeinpregnancy;recurrentabortion,
eclampsia.
PulmonaryPulmonaryembolism,pulmonaryhypertension.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CardiacLimbman-Sackendocarditis,MI.Dermatological>Livedoreticularis,purpura,infarct/ulceration.
OcularAmaurosis,retinalthrombosis.
AdrenalInfarction,hemorrhage.
Musculoskeletal>Avascularnecrosisofbone.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CatastrophicantiphospholipidsydromeMultiorganinfarction.61.Longacting13agonist(s)whichis/are
usedasonceadaydrug?
a)Salmeterol
b)Formoterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Olodaterold)Vilanterol
e)Indacaterol
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.C,OlodaterolD,Vilanterol&E,Indacaterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ref:Katzung13'h/ep.j40;Rang6Dale8'h/ep.348Longactingbeta-1agonist
(8-12hrs)
Giventwicedaily
1. Salmeterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Formoterol3. Arformoterol
Ultra-longacting
(24hrs)
givenoncedaily
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1. Indacaterol2. Olodaterol
3. Vilanterol
62.Drugofchoiceforstrongyloides
stercoralis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Mebendazoleb)Albendazole
c)Ivermectin
d)Levamisole
e)Diethylcarbamazine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Ivermectin
Ref:K.D,T,Thlep,850iKatzung13th/ep.909;SatoskarPharma
24'ep.816;RangandDale|th/ep.573
Strongyloid-Ivermectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anaerobes-MetronidazoleAtypicalPneumonia(mycoplasma)-Erythromycin
Cholera-Doxycycline
Staphylococci-Penicillin
VRSA-Linezolid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
P.Carinii(jiroveci)-CotrimoxazolePseudomonas-
Antipseudomonalbeta-lactam+aminoglycoside
Streptococcus-Penicillin
Toxoplasma-Cotrimoxazole
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ToxoplasmainpregnancySpiramycin.Rheumaticfever-Benzathinepenicillin
TB-INHwithorwithoutrifamPicin
Rickettsia-TetracYclines
InfluenzaAandB-Osetamivir
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diphtheria-Penicillin/ErythromycinAnthrax
Ciprofloxacin/Doxycycline+Pertussis-ErYthromYcin
HSV-AcYclovir
LePtosPirosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Milder-OralamoxicillinSevere-IvPenicillinG
Lyme'sdisease-DoxycYcline
Syphilis-PenicillinG
Pertussis-ErYthromYcin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Actinomycosis-PenicillinGLymphogranulomavenereum-AzithromycinorDoxycycline
Legionella-Azithromycinorlevofloxacin
Plague-StrePtomYcin
Listeria-Ampicillin+Gentamicin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MAC-Azithromycin/clarithromycinGroupB-streptococcus-Ampicillin
UTI-Cotrimoxazole
Endocarditis-Amoxicillin/Clindamycin
Babesiosis-Quinine+Clindamycin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pvivax-ChloroquineChloroquineresistantPvivax-Artemisinincombinationtherapy
(ACT)
63.DOCformycoplasmais/are?
a)Doxycycline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Ceftriaxonec)Azithromycin
d)Penicillin
e)Gentamycin
CorrectAnswer-A:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A,Doxycycline&C,AzithromycinRef:Harrisonrgh/ep.1164
ForM.pneumoniaeinfections:
Azithromycin,clarithromycin,erythromycin,doxycycline,
levofloxacin,moxifloxacin,gemifloxacin(notciprofloxacinor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
floxacin).ForM.Hominis-
Doxycycline,clindamycin
64.Whichofthefollowingdyadofanti-HIV
drugandmechanismofactionis/are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
correctlymatched?a)Maraviroc-Entryinhibitor
b)Reltegravir-Intergaseinhibitor
c)Indinavir-Proteaseinhibitor
d)Nevirapine-Nonnucleosidereversetranscriptaseinhibitor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Darunavir-FusioninhibitorCorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.B,Reltegravir-IntergaseinhibitorC,Indinavir-Protease
inhibitor&D,Nevirapine-Nonnucleosidereversetranscriptase
inhibitor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Antiretroviraldrugsa)Nucleosidereversetranscriptaseinhibitors(NRTIs)-
Zidovudine,Didanosine,Zalcitabine,Stavudine,Iamivudine,
Abacadr,Emtricitabine
b)Nucleotidereversetranscriptaseinhibitor+Tenofovir
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)NonNucleosidereversetranscriptaseinhibitors(NNRTIS)-Nevirapine,Efavirenz,Delavirdine,Etravirine,rilpivirine.
d)Proteaseinhibitors-
RitonavirIndinavir,NeIfnavb,Saquinavir,amprenavir,Lopinavir,
Fosamprenavir,Atazanavir,Darunavir,Tipranavir.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Fusioninhibitor-Enfuvirtide,Maraviroc.f)Integraseinhibitors-Raltegravir,Elvitegravir.
g)CCR5receptorinhibitor-Maraviroc
65.Anti-influenzadrugwhichis/aregiven
throughinhalationroute?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Amantadineb)Oseltamivir
c)Zanamivir
d)Rimantadine
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Zanamivir
[Ref:KDT7'/ep.S0l0.3;Park's24't'/e1t.169;Katzung13th/ep.862
63]
Anti-influenzadrugs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amantadine,rimantadine,oseltamivirandzanamivir.Onlyzanamivirisgivenbyparenteralroute(intranasdor
intravenous).allothersaregivenorally.
Zanamivirhaslowestoralbioavailabilitylowestt1/2(shortestacting).
Rimantadinehasmaximumplasmaproteinbinding,whileoseltamivir
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hasminimumplasmaproteinbinding.Rimantadinehasmaximummetabolism.
66.Truestatement(s)aboutalbendazole?
a)Undergoesfirst-passmetabolismintheliver
b)ActiveagainstbothlarvaandadultofNematodes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Absorptionincreaseswithfattymeald)Excretedintheurine
e)Thiabendazoleislesstoxicthanalbendazole
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.A,Undergoesfirst-passmetabolismintheliverB,Active
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
againstbothlarvaandadultofNematodesC,Absorptionincreaseswithfattymeal&D,Excretedintheurine
[Ref:Katzung13't'/ep.90E09;GoodmanandGilmatr'slI't'/ep.
1079;SatoskarPhanna24't'/ep.818]
Albendazole:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Broad-spectrumoralanthelmintic.Actsbybindingtotubulinandtherebyinhibitingitspolymerization
Afteroraladministration,itiserraticallyabsorbed(increasedwitha
fattymeal)andthenrapidlyundergoesfirst-passmetabolisminthe
livertotheactivemetabolitealbendazolesulfoxide.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excretedintheurine.Hasamiciilaleffectsinhydatiddisease,cysticercosis,ascariasis,
andhookworminfectionandovicidaleffectsinascariasis,
ancylostomiasis,andtrichuriasis.
67.Whichofthefollowingis/arenot5th
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
generationcephalosporin?a)Cefoxitin
b)Cefoperazone
c)Ceftolozane
d)Ceftaroline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)CeftabiproleCorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.A,Cefoxitin&B,Cefoperazone
[Ref:KDT7/ep.26;Ketungp-779;Goodman&Gilman'sp.781;
Pharma241/ep.693]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstSecond
Third
Fourth
Fifth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CefuroximeCefoxitin
Cefotaxime
Cephalothin Cefotetan
Cetizoxime
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CeftobiproleCefepime
Parenteral Cefazoline
Cefmetazole Ceftriaxone
Ceftaroline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CefpiromeCephapirin
Cefamendole Ceftazidime
Ceftolozane
Cefonicid,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cefoperazoneceforanide
Cefixime
Cephalexin
Cefaclor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CefpodoximeCephradine
Cefuroxime proxetil
Oral
Cefadroxil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
axetilCefdinir
Cephaloridine Cefprozil
Ceftibuten,
Ceftamet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
68.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
aminoglycosideassociatedacutekidney
injury?
a)Seeninaround10-20%ofpatientstreatedwiththedrug
b)Mayoccurwithin1weekofinitiationoftreatment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Occuronlyafter3weeksoftreatmentd)Interstitialnephritisoccur
e)Usuallydevelopswithin72hoursofinitiationoftreatment
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.A,Seeninaround10-20%ofpatientstreatedwiththe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
drug&B,Mayoccurwithin1weekofinitiationoftreatment[Re/:KDf7e/dp.715;Katzungep.802]
Non-oliguricacutekidneyinjury(AKI)occursin10-30%ofpatients
onaminoglycosidetherapy.
AKTtypicallymanifestsafter5-7daysoftherapy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nephrotoxicity:Neomycinismostnephrotoxic,whilestreptomycinisleast
nephrotoxic.
Nephrotoxicityisincreasedbyadvancedage,liverdisease,
hypokalemia,septicshock,concurrentuseofnephrotoxicdrugs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(amphotericinB,cisplatin,cyclosporine)andprolongedtherapy.69.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
antifungaldrugs?
a)Echinocandinshaveverylesssideeffects
b)Flucanazoleisfirstlinedrugforinvasiveaspergillosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Oralfluconazolehas100%bioavailabilityd)AmphotericinBisfungistatic
e)NephrotoxicityisdoselimitingsideeffectofamphotericinB
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans.A,Echinocandinshaveverylesssideeffects&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
E,NephrotoxicityisdoselimitingsideeffectofamphotericinB[RefKDTzh/ep.787-95]
EchinocandinsarewelltoleratedwithmildGIsideeffects.
Fluconazoleisnot1stlinedrugforaspergillosis.
Oralbioavailabilityoffluconazoleis94%.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amphotericin-BisfungicidalaswellasfungistaticThemostimportantdoselimitingtoxicityisnephronicity.
Adverseeffectsincludeinfusionrelatedacutereactions(most
common),nephrotoxicity,anemia,cNStoricityAnd,
hypomagnesemiaInfusionrelatedacutereactioncanbeprevented
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bypremedicationslikecorticosteroidsandantihistamines.Itismanifestedbyazotemia,reducedGFR,RTA,hypokalemia,and
hypomagnesemia.
70.Drugsaffectingpurinesynthesis?
a)Azathioprine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Methotrexatec)Fludarabine
d)6-Mercaptopurine
e)Capecitabine
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans,A,AzathioprineB,MethotrexateC,Fludarabine&D,6-Mercaptopurine
[Ref:KDT7h/ep.858;Katzungp.928,931;Goodman&Gilmin'sI
tth/ep.1336,1346-48;SatoskarPharma24a'/ep.G29.]
Antimetabolites:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Drugsaffectintermediarymetabolismofproliferatingcells.AllthesedrugsinterferewithnucleicacidsynthesisAct
on.S,phase.
Purineantagonists=Mercaptopurine,Thioguanine,
Azathioprine,FludarabineAndCladribine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pyrimidineantagonists=S-Fluorouracil,cytosinearabinoside(cytarabine),capecitabine,Gemcitabine.
Folateantagonist=Methotrexate,pemetrexed.
Note:Tetrahydrofolateisrequiredforpurinesynthesisandits
formationisinhibitedbymethotrexate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Methotrexateandpemetrexeddihydrofolatereductase(DHFRcse)inhibitors.
71.Methotrexateaffects?
a)Purinesynthesis
b)Pyrimidinesynthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)ConversionofDHFAtoTHFAd)Polymerizationofmitotictubule
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.A,Purinesynthesis&C,ConversionofDHFAtoTHFA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Methotrexateandpemetrexeddihydrofolatereductase(DIlFRcse)inhibitors.
ThesedrugsalsoinhiUitttrymiapatesynthaseanddenovopurine
synthesis,whichcontributetomethotrexatetoxicity.
72.LongactingInsulinis/are?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Lisprob)Detemir
c)Glargine
d)Isophane
e)Glulisine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:CAns.B,Detemir&C,Glargine
[Ref:KDTep-263:satashkarkhanna24e/ep'893]
RapidActingInsulin=Insulinlispro,Insulinaspart,Insulinglulisine.
Shortacting=Regular(soluble)insulin,semilenteinsulin'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intermediateacting=Insulinzincsuspension(Lente),Neutralprotaminehagedorn(isophaneinsulin)
Longacting=Protaminezincinsulin,Insulinglargine,Insulindetemir
73.AmongACEinhibitors,whichofthe
followingis/areprodrug(s)-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Perindoprilb)Captopril
c)Lisinopril
d)Ramipril
e)Enalapril
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:D:EAns.A,PerindoprilD,Ramipril&E,Enalapril
[RefKDTF/ep'23,501]
AllACEinhibitorsareprodrugsexceptcaptoprilandLisinopril.
74.Whichofthefollowinganti-tumordrug
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
havehighriskofgonadotoxicity?a)Dactinomycin
b)Cyclophosphamide
c)Busulfan
d)Vinblastine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)IfosfamideCorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans.B,CyclophosphamideC,Busulfan&E,Ifosfamide
[ReFK.D-t.P.859;]
Allalkylatingagentsarehighlygonadotoxic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HighAlkylatingagents=Cyclophosphamide,ifosfamide,busulfan,chlorambucil,melphalan,procarbazine.
Medium=Carboplatin,doxorubicin
Low=Vincaalkaloids(vincristine,vinblastine),methotrexate,
mercaptopurine,bleomycin,dactinomycin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
75.Adrenalinecanbeusedin?
a)Bronchialasthma
b)Allergicdisorder
c)Cardio-pulmonaryresuscitation
d)Anaphylaxis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Asanti-analgesicmedicineCorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.B,AllergicdisorderC,Cardio-pulmonaryresuscitation&
D,Anaphylaxis
Adrenalineisthedrugofchoiceforanaphylaxis(anaphylacticshock)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
->anallergichypersensitivityreaction(Type-lhypersensitivity).1stlinedrugusedincardiopulmonaryresuscitation.
76.Drug(s)causingQTintervalprolongation?
a)Amiodarone
b)Cisapride
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Calciumgluconated)Magnesiumtherapy
e)Ketoconazole
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.(A)Amiodarone&(B)Cisapride
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[Ref:KDTVh/ep.528;Davison27d/ep.571]DrugsthatprolongQ-Tinterval(havepotentialtoprecipitate
Torsadesdepointes)
Antiarrhythmics=Quinidine,procainamide,disopyramide,
propafenone,amiodarone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Antimicrobials=Quinine,mefloquine,artemisinin,halofantrine,sparfloxacin,gatifloxacin
Antihistamines=Terfenadine,astemizole,ebastine
Antidepressants=Amitriptylineandothertricyclics
Antipsychotics=Thioridazine,risperidone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prokinetic=Cisapride77.Whichofthefollowingdrugsisexcreted
mainlybykidney?
a)Tetracycline
b)Rifampicin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Digoxind)Penicillin
e)Lithium
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.(A)Tetracycline(C)Digoxin(D)Penicillin&(E)Lithium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[Ref:KDTp.695;Katzung13'h/ep,790]Lithium=>95%renalexcret
Penicillin=Excretedbythekidney,10%byglomerularfiltrationand
90%bytubularsecretion.
Digoxin=Primarilyexcretedbykidney
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tetracyclines=Primarilyexcretedinurine,exceptfordoxycycline.Rifampicin=Excretedmainlyinbile,someinurine;Urineand
secretionsmaybecomeorange-red.
78.Whichofthefollowingistruestatement(s)
aboutcodeine?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Usedasanti-tussiveagentb)Analgesicpotencyisequivalenttomorphine
c)Causesrespiratorydepression
d)Partlymetabolizedtomorphine
e)Completelymetabolizedtomorphine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:DAns.(A)Usedasanti-tussiveagent(C)Causesrespiratory
depression&(D)Partlymetabolizedtomorphine
[Ref:KDT7/ep.474;Katzungljh/ep.545-49]
Codeine:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Codeineisapureopioidagonistwhichislesspotentthanmorphine(1/l0sanalgesicaction).
Ithaspartialagonisticactivityonopioidreceptorswithalowceiling
effects.
Partlyconvertedtomorphineinthebody.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisusedasantitussive(drugsforcough)andantidiarrhealdrugsCeusasamedegreeofrespiratorydepressionasmorphine.
79.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeatureof
drowning?
a)Oedemaaquosuminlung
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b)Emphysemaaquosumispresumptiveevidenceofdeathfromdrowning
c)altaufshaemorrhagesisseensubpleural
d)Gettler'stestisusedtotestchloridecontentofbloodfromboth
sidesoftheheart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)LungisballoonedandlightinseawaterdrowningCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Oedemaaquosuminlung;'b'i.e.,Emphysema
aquosumispresumptiveevidenceofdeathfromdrowning;'c'
i.e.,Paltaufshaemorrhagesisseensubpleurally;&'d'i.e.,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gettler'stestisusedtotestchloridecontentofbloodfrombothsidesoftheheart[RepReddy33'd/ep.369-70;Parikh7"/ep.
192-93]
Theeyesarehalfopenedwithdilatedpupil,congestedconjunctiva
andalmostnilpetechialhamorrhage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cutisanserina(gooseskin),i.e.granularappearanceofskinwitherecthairduetocontractionoferectorpili.
Washerwomanhandandfeed,i.e.bleachedandcorrugated
appearanceofpalmandsoles.
White,fine,lathery,abundantandtenacious(sticky)frothof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
noseandmouth.Frothincreasesinamountoncompressionofthechest.Frothinthenoseandmouthisalsoseenincertainpoisoning,
e.g.cocaine,organophosphorus,morphine(opioids)and
barbiturates.Butthefrothisneithersofinenorsocopicusand
persistentinthesepoisonings.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Weeds,grass,plants,mudorstonesintightlyclenchedhand.Itisduetocadavericspasmandstronglysuggestthattheperson
wasalivewhendrowned,asitindicatesthestruggleofpersonfor
life.Abradedtipsoffingersandtoes,andsandunderdamagednails
havesamesignificance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Emphysemaaquosumisseeninwetdrowning.Inthiscondition,thelungsarecharacterizedbyruptureofaleveolarspaceswith
accumulationofhemolyzedbloodwithwaterandsmallamountof
air.Thisconditionresultsfromviolentrespiratoryeffortswhenthe
victimissubmergedinconsciousstate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oedemaaquosumisaconditionoflungcharacterizedbyoedematouschangedueaccumulationofsomewaterinlung.This
conditionresultsduetopassiveentranceofwaterinthelungswhen
thevictimissubmergedinunconsciousstatehavingnoviolenteffort
forrespiration.Itisseeninsubmersionofunconscious
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
80.Testusedforbloodstainsdetectionis/are
allexcept
a)Barberio'stest
b)Kastle-meyertest
c)Benzidinetest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Acidphosphataseteste)Takayamatest
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Barberio'stest;&'d'i.e.,Acidphosphatase
test[RefReddy33'p.450-51,435-36;Parikh7th/ep.492-93,484-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
86]thesetestsarebasedonH202andperoxidaseenzyme.Tests
are:
Benzidinetest:Greenishbluecolour.
Phenolphthaleintest(kastlemeyertest):Deeppermanganate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
colour.Leucomalachitegreentest:Bluishgreenorpeacockbluecolour.
Guaiacumtest:Bluecolour.
Orthotoludinetest(kohntest):Blueorgreencolour.
Amidopyrinetest:Purplecolour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Teichmann'shaemincrystaltest.Takayamahemochromogencrystaltest
81.Doctorsroleinnotingdyingdeclarationis
to?
a)Ascertaincomposmentis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Callthemagistratec)Elicitinformationbyleadingquestions
d)Asktheinvestiatingmedialofficertobethere
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,AscertaincomposmentisDyingdeclaration
Itisthewrittenorverbalstatementmadebyapersonlikelytodie
becauseofsomeunnaturalactdoneonhisbody,naratingthe
circumstancesortheconditionsresponsibleforhispresentstateof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
healthorthecauseandmanneroflikelyunnaturaldeath.Ideallydyingdeclarationshouldberecordedbyexecutiveor
honorarymagistrate,butcanalsoberecordedbydoctor,village
headman,policeoranyotherperson,ifthereisnotimetocalla
magistrate.Doctorhastocertifythepatienttobecomposmentis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(soundmind).Itisrecordedinpresenceoftwodisinterestedwitnesses.Relativesandpoliceofficersarenotallowedtobe
present.Nooathisadministered.
Itcarrieslessweightthandyingdepositionasnocross-examination
ispossible.Ifthepatientdoesnotdieaftertherecordingof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
declaration,thedyingdeclarationlosesitsimportancesicenowhecanbecalledtothecourtandhisevidencecanberecordedafter
cross-examination.
82.Whichofthefollowingis/aredangerous
injuryinforensicscience?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Injurycausingendangertolifeifnottreatedtimelyb)Hearingloss
c)Lossof2-3teeth
d)Synonymouswithgrievousinjury
e)Emasculation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Injurycausingendangertolifeifnottreated
timely[RefReddy33rd/ep.293;Parikh7m/ep.263]
Injuriescanbedividedinto(i)Simple(ii)Grievousand(iii)
dangerous.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asimpleinjuryisonewhichisneitherextensivenorserious,andwhichwouldhealrapidlywithoutleavinganypermanentdeformityor
disfiguration.
Agrievousinjuryisone(i)Whichisextensiveorserious(ii)Which
doesnothealrapidly,and(iii)Whichleavesapermanentdeformity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ordisfiguration.1. Emasculation(cuttingofthepenis,castration;orcausinglossof
poweroferectionduetospinalinjury).
2. Permanentprivationofthesightofeithereye.
3. Permanentprivationofthehearingofeitherear.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Privationofanymember(part,organ,limb)orjoint.5. Destructionorpermanentimpairingofpowersofanymemberor
joint.
6. Permanentdisfigurationofheadorface.
7. Fractureordislocationofaboneoratooth.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. Anyhurtwhichendangerslifeorwhichcausesthesufferertobe,duringthespaceoftwentydaysinseverebodilypain,orunableto
followhisdailyroutine.
9. Section319IPCdefineshurtasbodilypain,disease,orinfirmity,
causedtoanyperson.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
83.Whichofthefollowingfeatures(s)is/are
morecommoninstrangulationratherthan
hanging-
a)Paleface
b)Fracturesoftracheaandlarynx
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Congestedfacesd)Transverseligature
e)Bruisesatedgesoftheligaturemark
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Fracturesoftracheaandlarynx;'c'i.e.,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Congestedfaces;'d'i.e.,Transverseligature;&`e'i.e.,Bruisesatedgesoftheligaturemark[RefReddy33rdiep.351]
Strangulation
Hanging
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Nosuspension2. Compressiononneckisbya
1. Thereissuspensionofbody.
ligature,hands,sticks,
2. Compressiononneckisbyaligature elbow,kneeorfoot.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Forceofcompressionistheweighto3 f
. Itisoutsideforceapplied
body(endogenousorce)
(exogenousforce).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Ligaturemarkisabovethethyroidis4. Markisonorbelowthe
oblique,symmetricalandincomplete. thyroid.Ishorizontal,
5. Knotusuallypresent.
completeandcontinuous(in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Usuallynomarkatsiteofknot:Inabsenceofligaturemark
fixedknot,markisinverted'V'
thereareotherinjurieson
shaped.
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neckdependingupontypeof7. Markusuallysingle.
strangulation).
8. Surfaceofmarkabradedor
5. KnotUsuallyabsent.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contused.6. Markishorizontal,complete
9. Surfacemayshowpatternofligature andcontinuous.
used.
7. Usuallymultiplemarks.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Surfacehard.Mark-yellowishbrown8. Usuallylacerated.incolour
9. Patternnotseen
10. Soft,duetofrankbleeding.
Black.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
84.SaturatedNaCIisanotusedin
preservationofviscerainwhichofthe
followingpoisoning?
a)Sodiumhydroxide
b)Aconite
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Carbolicacidd)Sulphuricacid
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sodiumhydroxide;`b'i.e.,Aconite;&'d'i.e.,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sulphuricacid[RefReddy33"Yep.124;Parikh7TVep.108-09]1. Saturatedsodiumchloride:Inallcasesofpoisoningexcluding
corrosiveacidsexceptcarbolicacids(phenol),alkalis,corrosive
sublimateandaconite.
2. 30mgpotassiumoxalate(anticoagulant)and10mlsodiumfluoride
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(enzymeinhibitor):Bloodinsuspectedpoisoningincludingalcoholbutexcludingoxalicacid,ethyleneglycol,fluoride,carbonmonoxide.
3. Rectifiedspirit:Allexceptincasesofpoisoningby:(i)phenol,
phosphorus,paraldehyde,(ii)kerosene,(iii)formaldehyde,formic
acid,(iv)alcohol,aceticacid(v)chloroform,chloralhydrate,(vi)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ether.4. 10mg/mlNa/K.flurideand3mgK-oxalate:Forpreservingblood;
flurideisalsoaddedtoCSF,vitreoushumor;andurineifalcohol
estimationisrequired;andalsoinanalysisofcocaine,cyanideand
carbonmonoxide.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
85.Whichofthefollowingdyadofdisease
andincubationperiodis/arecorrectly
matched?
a)Measles:4-5day
b)Chickenpox:3-20day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Bubonicplague:2-5dayd)Leptospirosis:4-20days
e)HeptatisA:45-180day
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Bubonicplague:2-5days;&d.Leptospirosis;4-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20days[RefPark's24thIep.157;Ananthanarayan9th/ep.322,512,381;Harrison's19ffi/ep,1/831
BubonicplaguecausedbyYarsiniapestis2-7days
LeptospirosiscausedbyH1N1TypeAinfluenza1-4days1-3
86.TrueaboutHumanpapillomavirus?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Belongstofamilypapovaviridaeb)DNAvirus
c)RNAvirus
d)Enveloped
e)Causesanalwarts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:EAns.is'a'i.e.,Belongstofamilypapovaviridae;'b'Le.,DNA
virus&`e'i.e.,Causesanalwarts[Ref:Ananthanarayan9th/e
p.553;Harrison's19thlep.1197-99;Robbins(SEA)9Thlep.326].
HPVisanonenvelopedDNAvirus(dsDWA),belongsto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Papovaviridae.HPVcausesanogenitalwarts(condylomaaccuminata).
87.AllaretrueaboutEbolavirusinfection
except?
a)Airdroplerismostcommonmodeoftransmission
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Haemorrhagicmanifestationmayoccurc)Thaiforesttype-mostcommonspeciesinepidemics
d)presentsassuddenonsetoffeverandsorethroat
e)Casefatalityratemaybehighas70%
CorrectAnswer-A:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Airdroplerismostcommonmodeoftransmission&'c'i.e.,Thaiforesttype-mostcommonspecies
inepidemics]RefPark24m/ep.374]
Thevirusistransmittedthroughdirectcontactwithblood,organs,
bodysecretionsorotherbodyfluidsofinfectedanimalslike
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chimpanzees,gorillas,monkeys,fruitbatsetc.Humantohumantransmissionisthroughbloodorbodyfluidsofan
infectedsymptomaticpersonorthroughexposuretoobjects(sucha
needle)thathavebeencontaminatedwithinfectedsecretions.
Itisnottransmittedthroughair,water,orfood.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thevirusistransmittedthroughdirectcontactwithblood,organs,bodysecretionsorotherbodyfluidsofinfectedanimalslike
chimpanzees,gorillas,monkeys,fruitbatsetc.
Humantohumantransmissionisthroughbloodorbodyfluidsofan
infectedsymptomaticpersonorthroughexposuretoobjects(such
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
asneedle)thathavebeencontaminatedwithinfectedsecretionsItisnottransmittedthroughair,water,orfood
Theillnessischaracterizedbysuddenonsetoffever,intense
weakness,musclepain,headache,sorethroat,vomiting,diarrhea,
rash,impairedkidneyandliverfunctionandinsomebothinternal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andexternalbleeding.ThevirusfamilyFiloviridaeincludesthreegenera:Cuevavirus,
Marburgvirus,andEbolavirus.
WithinthegenusEbolavirus,fivespecieshavebeenidentified:
Zaire,Bundibugyo,Sudan,RestonandTalForest.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thefirstthree,Bundibugyoebolavirus,Zaireebolavirus,andSudanebolavirushavebeenassociatedwithlargeoutbreaksin
Africa.
88.Antigenpresentingcell(s)is/are?
a)Skinlangerhanscell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)T-lymphocytesc)Macrophages
d)Kuffercell
e)Thymicepithelialcells
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Skinlangerhanscell;'c'i.e.,Macrophages;ie.,Kuffercell;&`e'i.e.,Thymicepithelialcells[Ref
Ananthanarayan9th/ep.137-38;Greenwood16thlep.133-34]
Importantantigenpresentingcellsaremacrophages,B-cells,
dendriticcellsandLangherhanscells.Dendriticcellsarethemost
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
potentandeffectiveantigenpresentingcells.CD4helparTcellsareactivatedonlywhenantigenispresentedby
MHC-classIIofAPC-->MHC-Hrestricted.
CD8cytotoxicT-cellsrecognizeantigenthatispresentedbyMHC-
classI-->MHC-Irestricted.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
B-cellsreceptors(i.e.surfaceimmunoglobulin)canbebindtoantigenandactivateB-cellswithoutinvolvementofMHCand
antigenpresentingcellsAntigenprocessingandpresentationby
APCsisnotrequiredforBcells(incontrasttoT-cells).
89.DeficiencyofbothTandBlymphocyte
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
involvedinallexcept?a)Chronicmucocutaneouscandidiasis
b)Wiskott-Aldrichsyndrome
c)DiGeorgesyndrome
d)AtaxiaTelangiectasia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)CommonvariableimmunodeficiencyCorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Chronicmucocutaneouscandidiasis;'c'i.e.,
DiGeorgesyndrome;&`e'i.e.,Commonvariable
immunodeficiency[RefAnanthanarayan9th/ep.174-75;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Robbin's7h/ep.239-40190.Dimorphicfungiis/are?
a)Histoplasmacapsulatum
b)Sporothrixschenckii
c)Malasseziafurfur
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Cryptococcusneoformanse)Aspergillus
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Histoplasmacapsulatum;&'b'i.e.,Sporothrix
schenckii[RefAnanthanarayanelep.601,609;Jawetz23'/ep.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6451.Fungithathavetwogrowthforms,suchasmold(filaments)anda
yeast,whichdevelopunderdifferentgrowthconditions.
Inhosttissuesorculturesat37?Ctheyoccurasyeasts,whileinthe
soilandinculturesat22?Ctheyappearasmoulds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Yeastsareseenasroundedsinglecellsorasbuddingorganisms.CandidaandCryptococcusaretraditionallyclassifiedas
yeasts.
Mostfungicausingsystemicinfectionsaredimorphicfungi
DimorphicFungiareJawetz27th/853
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BlastomycosisdermatitidisParacoccidioidesbrasiliensis
Coccidioidesposadasii&Coccidioidesimmitis
Histoplasmacapsulatum
Sporotrixschenckii
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Penicilliummarneffe91.NontureaboutDonovanosis?
a)CausedbyKlebsiellagranulomatis
b)Associatedwithpseudobuboes
c)CausedbyLeishmaniadonovani
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)DrugofchoiceisMiltefosinee)Drugofchoiceissodiumstibogluconate
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,CausedbyLeishmaniadonovani;'d'i.e.,Drugof
choiceisMiltefosine;&`e'i.e.,Drugofchoiceissodium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stibogluconate[RefAnanthanarayan9th/ep.397;Harrison's19th/ep.298e1-2;Greenwoodtelep.310;Park's24th/ep.350]
DonovanosisiscausedbyCalymmatobacteriumgranulomatis,a
gramnegativeintracellularbacteria.Incubationperiodof
donovanosisis1to4weeks.Itbeginsasoneormoresubcutaneous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nodulesthaterodethroughskintoproduceanulcer.AzithromycinistheDOCAlternativesaredoxycycline(2"choice)
andchloramphenicol.Streptomycin,onceused,isnotinuse
now.Note:Calymmatobacteriumgranulomatisisnowcalledas
Klebsiellagranulomatis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
92.TrueaboutActinomycosis?
a)Causedbymadurellamycetomatis
b)Causedbyanaerobicormicroaerophilicbacteria
c)Cervicofacialisthemostcommonsiteaffected
d)Sulphurgranulesarepresentinlesion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)BelongstogrowthfactorcategoryofoncogeneCorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Causedbyanaerobicormicroaerophilicbacteria
;'c'i.e.,Cervicofacialisthemostcommonsiteaffected;`d'
i.e.,Sulphurgranulesarepresentinlesion;&`e'i.e.,Belongsto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
growthfactorcategoryofoncogene[RefAnanthanarayan9"'/ep.391-93,600-01;Greenwood16"/ep.221-22;
Harrison's19th/ep.1088]
Theseareconsideredasatransitionalformbetweenbacteriaand
fungi.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Actinomycesare`gram-positive'non-motile"non-capsulated"non-acidfast'and'non-sporing'filamentsthatbreakupintobacillaryand
coccoidelements.
Theyareanaerobicormicroaerophilic(Ananthnarayan9th/ep.391-
393)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TwoimportantspeciesareA.israelliandA.bovis.MostcasesareduetoAisraelli.
Actinomycesaremembersofnormaloralfloraandareoften
culturedfrombronchi,G.I.tract,andthefemalegenitaltract.
Actinomycosisinhumanbeingsisanendogenousinfection.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecriticalstepinthedevelopmentofactinomycosisisdisruptionofmucosalbarrier.
93.Trueregardingleptospirosisis?
a)Ratsaretheonlyreservoirs
b)FluoroquinolonesaretheDOC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Persontopersontransmissionrared)Hepatorenalsyndromeoccursin50%cases
e)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.(c)i.e.Persontopersontransmissionrare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Note:-Weilsyndromedevelopsin5-10%ofinfectedindividualTreatmentofchoiceforleptospirosisisAmpicillin
Doxycyclineisthedrugofchoiceforchemoprophylaxis.
94.Whichistrueaboutsyphilis:
a)VDRLtestdetectsantibodies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Jarischherxheimerreaction-IgEmediatedc)Penicillinispreferredtreatmentforprimaryandsecondary
stage
d)RPRcanbedoneforCSF
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:CAns(aandc)VDRLtestdetectsantibodies,Penicillinis
preferredtreatmentforprimaryandsecondarystage
Jarisch:Herxheimerreactionismediatedbyreleaseoflipoproteins,
cytokinesandimmunecomplex.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Evaluationforneurosyphilis:Pleocytosis,increasedproteinconcentration
CSFVDRLishighlyspecificandwhenreactiveisconsidered
diagnosticofneurosyphilis
PatientwithRPRtitre1:32areathigherriskfordeveloping
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neurosyphilis.95.Waterlossof5fi)-l0ffiml/hourincholera
isknowas-
a)Choleragravis
b)Choleramitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Choleramajorisd)Choleraintermedius
e)Choleratotalis
CorrectAnswer-A
Anwer-Ans.is'a'i.e.,Choleragravis[RefHarrison's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
19m/ep,1063;www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]Vibriocholerainfectionmanifestationsrangefromasymptomaticto
milddiarrheatoseverediarrhea.
Massivewaterydiarrhea(knownascholeragravis)maycauseloss
of1000mlwaterperhour.Thiscancausehypotensiveshock&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
death.96.Organism(s)commonlycausing
infectionincysticfibrosispatients
a)Burkholderiacepacia
b)PseudomonasAeruginosa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)StaphylococcusAureusd)BurkholderiaMallei
e)StreptococcusPyogenes
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Burkholderiacepacia;'b'i.e.,Pseudomonas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aeruginosa;&'c'i.e.,Staphylococcusaureus[RefHarrison19m/ep.1699]
Infectionsseenincysticfibrosisarecausedby-
Burkholderiacepacia
Pseudomonasaeruginosa(mucoidtype)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AtypicalmycobacteriaNon-typeablehemophilusinfluenzae
Staphylococcusaureus(includingMRSA
97.Wbichofthefollowingis/areTick-
borne.disease-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Murinetyphusb)Epidemicthyphus
c)Lyme'sdisease
d)Tularemia
e)Trenchfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-C:DAns.is'c'i.e.,Lyme'sdisease;&'d'i.e.,Tularemia[RefPark's
24m/ep.817,805;Ananthanarayanlep.407;Greenwood16mle
p.350]
HardtickTicktyphus,viralencephalitis,viralhemorrhagicfever,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
KFD,Tularemia,tickparalysis,humanhabesiosis,Lyme'sdisease.SofttickQfever,relapsingfever,KFD.
98.Barrelshapedeggsis/areseenin-
a)Hookworm
b)Pinworm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Roundwormd)Whipworn
e)Strongyloidesstercoralis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Whipworm[RefRajeshkarykarte1"/ep.1661
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EggsofTrichuris-trichura(whipworm)arebarrel-shapedwithmucousplugateachpole.Shellisyellowtobrow(bile-stained)and
plugsarecolourless.Theyfloatinsaturatedsolutionofcommonsalt.
Whenfreshlypassed,theycontainunsegmentedovaandarenot
infectivetoman.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
99.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
malaria-
a)ChloroquineresistanceoccursinIndia
b)Relapsesisusualforvivaxandovalemalaria
c)Sexualcycleoccursinmosquito
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NotapublicprobleminIndiae)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ChloroquineresistanceoccursinIndia;'b'i.e.,
Relapsesisusualforvivaxandovalemalaria;&'c'i.e.,Sexual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cycleoccursinmosquito[RefKDT7Vep.822;Park24thlep.272-75]
MalariacontiuestoposeamajorpublichealthprobleminIndia,
especiallyduetoP.falciparum.
Chloroquine-resistantP.falciparummalariainIndiaiswidespread.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100.Trueabouthumandevelopmentindex
(HDI)-
a)Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100
b)HDIscorerangeis0-10
c)Lifeexpectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GDPpercapitarangefrom25$to50000$e)HDIscorerangeis0-l
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100;'c'ie.,Life
expectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years&`e'i.e.,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDIscorerangeis0-1[RefPark's24thlep.17-18;AccordingtoHDIcountriesaredivided?
1. Developedcountries(HighHDI0.8)-USA,Canada,Norway
2. Developingcountries(mediumHDI0.5-0.79)-India
3. Underdevelopedcountries(LowHDI0.5)Seiera,Ethopia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
101.VaccinecontraindicatedinAIDS
patient-
a)MMRvaccine
b)HepatitisAvaccine
c)Varicellavaccine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Hibvaccinee)DPTvaccine
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,MMRvaccine;'b'i.e.,HepatitisAvaccine;&'c'
i.e.,Varicellavaccine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[RefPark's24thlep.108;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1"/ep.428;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/ep.287;O.P.Ghai8thlep.189-90]
Liveattenuatedvaccinesarecontraindicatedinimmunodeficiency
stateslikeHIV.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ImportantexamplesoflivevaccinesareBCG,OPV(Sabinoralpoliovaccine),measles,mumps,rubella,yellowfever(17Dvaccine),
typhoidoral(typhoral),chickenpox,influenza,plague,epidemic
typhusandhepatitisA.
102.TruestatementaboutIPVvaccine-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)GiventhroughIM/SCrouteb)Giventhroughintradermalroute
c)Doesnotrequirestringentconditions
d)Doseis-0.1ml/dose
e)Doseis-0.5ml/dose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:EAns.is'a'i.e.,GiventhroughIM/SCroute;'c'i.e.,Dosenot
requirestringentconditions;&`e'i.e.,Doseis-0.5ml/dose[Ref
Park's24th/ep.221-22;O.P.Ghai8th/ep.192]
IPVisadministeredbyintramuscular(preferred)orsubcutaneous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
routes.Theprimaryorinitialcourseofimmunizationconsistsof4
inoculation(4doses).Thefirst3dosesaregivenatintervalsof1-2
monthsand4thdose6-12monthsafterthethirddose.Firstdose
usuallygivenwhentheinfantis6weeksold.Additionaldosesare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
recommendedpriortoschoolentryandthenevery5yearsuntiltheageof18.
ItcanbecombinedwithDPT,Hepatitis,and/orH.influenzaetypeB
vaccine.Inthecombinationvaccines,thealumorthepertussis
vaccine,orbothhaveanadjuvanteffect.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThemajoradvantageofIPVisthatbeinganinactivatedvaccine,itcanbegiveninpregnancyandimmunocompromisedpersons
(personwithlymphoreticularmalignancies,onradiotherapyor
corticosteroid,>50yearsofage).
Theotherimportantadvantageisthatthereisnoriskofvaccine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
associatedparalyticpolio(VAPP)asvirusisinactive.Vaccinedoes
notrequirestringentconditionsduringstorageandtransportation,
thushavinglongshelflife.Oneortwodosesoflivevaccine(OPV)
canbegivensafelyasboosterafteraninitialcourseofimmunization
withIPV.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
103.Trueaboutdemographiccycleoflndia
-
a)Enteredintolowstationaryphase
b)Dependencyratio<40Vo
c)YearofBigdivide-l92lA.D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtope)FirstregularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,YearofBigdivide-1921A.D;'d'i.e.,Population
pyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop;&`e'i.e.,First
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
regularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881[RefPark's24th/ep.513-518;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
GuptaPlep.610-12;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvance
bySuryakantha4th/ep.651-57]
Theproportionofpersonsabove65yearsofageandchildrenbelow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15yearsofageareconsideredtobedependentontheeconomicallyproductiveagegroup(15-64years).Theratioofcombinedage
group0-14yearsplus65yearsandabovetothe15-65yearsage
groupisknownastotaldependencyratio.
Incountrieswithhighbirthrates(e.g.developingcountrieslike
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
India),populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtap/apex(conicalshape).
Indevelopedcountries,thepyramidgenerallyshowabulgeinthe
middleandnarrowerbase(dumb-bellshaped).CensusinIndia
CensusisveryimportantsourceofhealthinformationinIndia.Itis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carriedatregularintervalof10years.ThefirstcensusinIndiawastakenin1881.LastcensuswasheldinMarch2011.
CensusisunderMinistryofHomeAffairsandheadofcensus
organizationis'RegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner'.
Inrecentcensus(2011)Biometrywasincludedfirsttimeever:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fingerprints,Irisscan,UID(uniqueidentificationnumber)andphotograph.
Thereferraltimeanddateatwhichsnapshotofpopulationistaken
iscalledcensusstop(censusmovement),whichis00.0hrs01
March,i.e.Censusstops.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
104.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutsandfly-
a)Breedonoverheadtanks
b)Smallerthanmosquito
c)Femaleflydoesnotbites
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Don'tflybychoicee)None
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Smallerthanmosquito;&'d'i.e.,Don'tflyby
choice[RefPark24th/ep.812-13]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Size:Sandfliesaresmallerthanmosquitoes.Wings:Thewingsofthesandflyareup-rightandlanceolatein
shape;thesecondlongitudinalveinbranchestwice,thefirst
branchingtakingplaceinthemiddleofthewing.
Legs:Thelegsofthesandflyarelongercomparedwiththesizeof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thebody.Hairs:Sandflyisahairyinsect
Hopping:Sandflieshopaboutanddonotflybychoice
Onlyfemalesandfliesbite.Theyrequireabloodmealevery3-4
daysforoviposition.Theyinhabitatholesandcrevicesinwalls,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
holesintrees,darkrooms,stablesandstorerooms.Sandflyconnotfly,itonlyhops.
TheinsecticideofchoiceisDDTassandflieshavenotdeveloped
resistance.DDTissprayeduptoaheightof4-6feetofwalls.
105.Periodofcornmunicabilityofmeasles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is-a)3daysbeforeand10daysafterappearanceofrashes
b)3weeksafterappearanceofrashes
c)Iweekbeforeappearanceofrashes
d)4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceofrashes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Upto3monthsafterappearanceofrashesCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceof
rashestRef:Park24th/ep.157;CommunityMedicinewith
RecentbySuryakantha4th/ep.328]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chickenpox:1-2daysbeforeto4-5daysafterappearanceofrash.
Measles:4daysbeforeto5daysafterappearanceofrash.
Rubella:7daysbeforesymptomsto7daysafterappearanceof
rash.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mumps:4-6daysbeforesymptomsto7daysthereafter.Influenza:1-2daysbeforeto1-2daysafteronsetofsymptoms.
Diphtheria:14-28daysfromdiseaseonset.
Pertussis:7daysafterexposureto3weeksafterparoxysmalstage.
106.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aboutnationalironplusinitiotive-a)Onlyschoolgoingadolescentsarecovered
b)Adolescentsofagegroupl0-19yrarecovered
c)Preschoolchildrenarecoveredthroughaganwadicenter
d)Biannuldewormingthroughalbendazoletablet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanaemiaandreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Adolescentsofagegroup10-19yearare
covered;'d'i.e.,Biannuldewormingthroughalbendaz,ole
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tablet;&'e'i.e.,Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanaemiaandreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealth
facility[RefPark's24`5/ep.471;
http://nhm.gov.in/nrhmcomponnets;CommunityMedicineby
PiyushGupta1"/ep.814-15;Suryakantha4thlep.196-97]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bi-weekly20mgelementalironand100microgram(mcg)folicacidpermlofliquidformulationandageappropriatede-wormingfor
preschoolchildrenof6-59months.
Weeklysupplementationof45mgelementalironand400mcgfolic
acidperchildperdayforchildrenfrom1stto5thgradeingovt.&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Govt.Aidedschools,andatAWCforoutofschoolchildren(6to10years).
Weeklydoseof100mgelementalironand500mcgfolicacidwith
biannualde-worminginadolescents(10-19years)underWIFS.
Weeklysupplementationforwomaninreproductiveage,Pregnant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andlactatingwomen.
Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanemiaand
referringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility.
107.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
RevisedNationalTuberculosisControl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Programme(RNTCP)-a)T.B.ismandatorytonotify
b)SuspiciousTBpatientsarescreenedthrough2sputum
smearexaminations
c)MDR-TBisnotincludedinRNTCP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Casefindingisactivee)CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,T.B.ismandatorytonotify;`b'i.e.,SuspiciousTB
patientsarescreenedthrough2sputumsmearexaminations&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
'e'i.e.,CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006[RefPark's24th/ep.427-30;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
Gupta1"/ep.826-30;Suryakantha4'1*p.921-23;National
HealthProgramsofIndiabyfungalKishore7th/ep.91]
GovernmentofIndiadeclareTBanotifiablediseaseon7thMay
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2012withfollowingobjectives:-TohaveestablishedTBsurveillancesysteminthecountry.
ToextentmechanismofTBtreatmentadherenceandcontact
tracingofpatientstreatedintheprivatesector.
ToensureproperTBdiagnosisandcasemanagementandfurther
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acceleratereductionofTBtransmission.TomitigatetheimpendingdrugresistantTBepidemicinthecountry.
108.9-valentHPVvaccinecoverswhich
type(s)HPVstrain-
a)6,11
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)16,18c)31,33
d)41,35
e)42,58
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(A)6,11(B)16,18(C)31,33The9-valentHPVvaccine,whichprotectsagainstHPVtypes6,11,
16,18,31,33,45,52and58,issafeandeffectiveandwillfurther
reducetheincidenceofHPVinfection,aswellasHPV-related
cancers.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TherearetwotypesofHPVvaccines:-Quadrivalent:-containingHPVtypes6,11,16,18
Bivalent:-containingHPVtypes16,18
109.Trueaboutpopulationcoverageof
primaryhealthcenter?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)20000inplainareab)30000inplainarea
c)10000intribalarea
d)20000intribalarea
e)30000intribalarea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:DAns.is'b'i.e.,30000inplainarea;&'d'i.e.,20000tribalarea
110.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpost
exposureprophylaxisinrabies?
a)CategoryI-Bothvaccineandimmunoglobulinaregiven
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfullvaccinationisreceivedc)Localwoundcleaningisdoneinallcasesofdogwound
d)CategoryI-requiresvaccinationonly
e)Vaccineisstoppedifwithin3daysofbite,dogdies
CorrectAnswer-B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfullvaccinationisreceived;&'c'i.e.,Localwoundcleaningisdone
inallcasesofdogwound[RefPark's24'h/ep.296-97;
CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1"/ep.3231
Cleansing:Withplentyofsoapandwater,preferablyundera
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
runningtap.Suturing:Itshouldnotbedoneimmediately;ifrequiredshouldbe
done24-48hourslater,withminimumpossiblestitches.
CategoryI-touchingorfeedinganimals,licksonintactskinNone
CategoryII-nibblingofuncoveredskin,minorscratchesof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Immediatevaccinationandlocaltreatmentofthewoundabrasionswithoutbleeding
CategoryIII-singleormultipletransdermalbitesorscratches,licks
onbrokenskin;-->Immediatevaccinationandadministrationof
rabies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contaminationofmucouscontactswithbatsimmunoglobulin;localtreatmentofthewoundmembranewithsalivafromlicks,etc.
111.Contraindicationofcochlear
implantationis/are-
a)Mondinideformity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Intracochlearossificationc)Chronicsuppurativeotitismedia
d)Agenesisofcochlearnerve
e)All
CorrectAnswer-C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(C)Chronicsuppurativeotitismedia(D)Agenesisofcochlearnerve
Absolute
1. Activemiddleearinfection:ASOM,CSOM,mastoiditis
2. Agenesisofcochleaand/orCochlearnerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Mentalretardion:Patientcannotcooperatewithspeechtraining112.Premalignantlesionoforalcavity
includes
a)Lichenplanus
b)Erythroplakia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Bowendiseased)Behchetdisease
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Erythroplakia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Premalignantcondition:-Leukoplakia,Erythroplakia,Specklederythroplakia,chronichyperplasticcandidiasis.
113.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
lefortsfracture
a)Itisfractureofzygomaticbone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)MaycauseCSFrhinorrheac)Type1:completeseparationoffacialbonesformthecranial
bones
d)Classifiedastypes1to5
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.MaycauseCSFrhinorrhea
LeFortI(transverse)-crosseslowerpartofnasalseptum,maxillary
antraandthepterygoidplates.
LeFortII(pyramidal)-passesthroughtherootofnose,lacrimal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bone,flooroforbit,upperpartofmaxillarysinusandpterygoidplatesLeFortIII(craniofacialdysjunction)-Thereiscompleteseparation
offacialbonesfromthecranialbones.
Clinicalfeaturesofmaxillaryfracture-
Malocclusionofteeth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MobilityinthemaxillaCSFrhinorrhoea.
114.Trueaboutdevelopmentofcochlea
a)Cochleastartdevelopingfrom3rdweekofgestation
b)Semicircularcanalsdevelopaftercochlea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Cochleadevelopmentcompletesby20weekofgestationd)Cochleadevelopmentcompletesat2yearofage
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Answer-A,Cochleastartdevelopingfrom3rdweekof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gestationC,Cochleadevelopmentcompletesby20weekofgestation
Developmentofcochleastartsat3weeksandcompletesat20-22
weeksofintrauterinelife.
Semicircularcanaldevelopsearlierthancochlea.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
115.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
theT-stageofmaxillarysinuscarcinoma
-
a)StageT4a-frontalsinusinvolvement
b)StageT3-ethmoidsinusinvolvement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)StageT2-sphenoidsinusinvolvementd)StageT2-boneoftheposteriorwallofmaxillarysinus
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-(A)StageT4a-frontalsinusinvolvement(B)StageT3-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ethmoidsinusinvolvementT4a-Tumourinvadesanteriororbitalcontents,skinofcheek,
pterygoidplates,infratemporalfossa,cribiformplates,sphenoidor
frontalsinus.
T3-Tumourinvadesanyofthefollowing-boneoftheposteriorwall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofmaxillarysinus,subcutaneoustissues,floorormedialwallorbit,pterygoidfossaandethmoidsinuses.
T2-Tumourcausingboneerosionordestructionincludingextension
intothehardpalateandmiddlenasalmeatus,exceptextensionto
posteriorwallofmaxillarysinusandpterygoidplates.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
116.Trueaboutforeignbodiesofairpassage
inchildrenexcept-
a)Vegetableforeignbodiesarenotcommon
b)Trachealobstructioncancausessuddendeath
c)Morecommoninrightbronchus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Morecommoninchildrenoflessthan4yrofagee)CTscanofchestisdoneinallcases
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Answer-(A)Vegetableforeignbodiesarenotcommon
(B)Trachealobstructioncancausessuddendeath(C)More
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commoninrightbronchusThemostcommonagegroupis6monthsto4years.
Mostcommonforeignbodyaspiratedisnuts(peanuts).
Mostairwayforeignbodieslodgeinabronchus(rightmorethan
left).
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Thechildpresentswithacuteonsetofcough-(most-common),Chockinggagging,wheezing,respiratorydistress,aphonia,drooling
andstridor.
Bronchoscopyisdiagnosticaswellastherapeutic.
117.Deformitiesoccurringinleprosypatients
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is/are-a)Faciesleonina
b)Lowsetear
c)Saddlenose
d)Lagophthalmos
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e)MicroganthiaCorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-(A)Faciesleonina(C)Saddlenose(D)Lagophthalmos
Face-
Maskface,faciesleonina,Saddlenose,saggingface,
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lagophthalmos,lossofeyebrows,perforatednose,depressednose,eardeformities.
118.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
schwartzsign-
a)Signofinactivedisease
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b)Indicationforsurgeryc)Morecommonduringpregnancy
d)Reddishhueoverthepromontory
e)Seenintheearlystagesoftheotoscelerosis
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
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Answer-(B)Indicationforsurgery(C)Morecommonduringpregnancy(D)Reddishhueoverthepromontory(E)Seeninthe
earlystagesoftheotoscelerosis
Schwartzsign(Flemingo'sflushsign)-
In10%ofcasesflamingo-pinkblushisseenthroughthetympanic
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membranecalledasSchwartzsignItisseeninearlyandactivestageofthedisease.
Thesignischaracterizedbypinkblushseenthroughthetympanic
membranecausedbyreddishhueoverpromontoryduetoincreased
vascularityofthepromontory.
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ThissignindicatesactiveostosclerosisusuallyduringPregnancyItseemsthatthesurgeryremainsatherapeuticoption,whenthe
activephaseofthediseaseisstabilizedevenfollowingashort
courseofpharmacologicaltherapy.
119.Allaretrueaboutcentralretinalartery
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occlusion(CRAO)excepta)Mostcommonlyoccursduetothromboembolus
b)Anteriorchamberparacentesisisusedfortreatment
c)Suddenpainfullossofvision
d)Occursduetoobstructionofretinalarteryattheleveloflamina
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cribrosae)Macularareashowscherry-redspot
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Suddenpainfullossofvision
Patientnoticessuddenpainlesslossofvision.
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Patients'swithapatentcilioretinalarterymayretaincentralvisionasthemaculaisspared.
Emboliarethemostcommoncauseofretinalarteryocclusion.
Obstructionoccursattheleveloflaminacribrosa.
Thelargerretinalarteriesareconstuictedandlooklikethinthreads
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whilethesmallervesselsarescarcelyvisible.Thefundusappearsmilkywhitebecauseofretinaledema.
Thereischerry-redspotatthemacula.
Bloodcolumnwithintheretinalveinsissegmented(Cattletracking)
120.Nottrueaboutbluesclera
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a)Seeninosteogenesisimpertcab)DoesnotseeninEhlers-danlossyndrome
c)Bluecolourisproducedbyunderlyinguvealpigment
d)Seeninmarfan'ssyndrome
e)Scleraisthin
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CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.DoesnotseeninEhlers-danlossyndrome
BlueScleraischaracterizedbymarked,generalizedblue
discolourationofscleraduetothinning,Theuvealpigmentshines
throughthethinscleraandproducesthebluecolour.
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CausesofblueSclera:Pseudoxanthomaelasticum
Osteogenesisimperfecta
Ehlers-Danlossyndrome
Marfan'ssyndrome
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AlkaptonuriaHypophosphatasia
Juvenilepaget'sdisease
Normalinnewborns
VanderHoeve'ssyndrome
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121.Cornealulcerisdefinedas
a)Erosionofepitheliumonly
b)Erosionofendotheliumonly
c)Erosionofepithelium+underlyinginflammation
d)Lossofendotheliumwithlossofcornealsensation
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Erosionofepithelium+underlyinginflammation
Cornealulcerreferstodiscontinuationinnormalepithelialsurfaceof
corneaassociatedwithnecrosisofthesurroundingcornealtissue
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122.Postoperativeendophthalmitisin
cataractsurgerycanbepreventedby
useof
a)Pre-operativeoralantibiotics
b)Intra-operativeIVantibiotics
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c)Useofpovidone-iodinesolutiontopaintthelidsbeforesurgeryd)Cleaningandsterilizationofoperationtheatre
e)Postoptopicalantibiotics
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Answer-C,Useofpovidone-iodinesolutiontopaintthelids
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beforesurgeryD,CleaningandsterilizationofoperationtheatreE,Postoptopicalantibiotics
Thepre-operativetopicalantibioticshouldbestarted3dayspriorto
surgery.
Preferredantibioticsarefourthgenerationfluoroquinolones
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(gatifloxacin,moxifloxacin).Thetopicalantisepticpovidoneiodine5%instilledasasingledrop
l0-30minutesbeforesurgeryisoneofthemosteffectivemeasure
todecreasethisbacterialflora.
Methodofprophylaxysisagainstpostoperativeendophthalmitisisby
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useofprovidonesolutionontheskinandinconjunctivalsac.Post-operativelytopicalantibiotics(eyedrops)aregivenalongwith
steroidsforl0-14days.
123.Allaretrueaboutcongenitalptosis
except
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a)Stimulusdeprivationamblyopiamayoccuriftreatmentisdelayed
b)Lidlagondowngaze
c)Prominenceoflidcrease
d)Lossoflidcrease
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e)AssociatedwithweaknessofthelevatorpalpebraesuperiorisCorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Prominenceoflidcrease
Ptosisisdroopingofuppereyelid.
Congenitalmyogenisptosis-
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Itisthemostcommontypeofptosis.Associatedwithcongenitalweaknessoflevatorpalpebraesperioris.
Characterisedbydroopingofeyelidswithabsentlidcreseandlid
lagondowngaze.
124.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)
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is/aretrueabouteyelidglands-a)Mollaremodifiedsebaceous
b)Tarsalglandsaremeibomianglands
c)Glandofzeisaresweatgland
d)Meibomianglandsaremodifiedsebaceousglands
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e)ExternalhordeolumisanacutesuppurativeinflammationofglandofZeis
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-(B)Tarsalglandsaremeibomianglands(D)Meibomian
glandsaremodifiedsebaceousglands(E)Externalhordeolum
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isanacutesuppurativeinflammationofglandofZeisAneyelidisathinfoldofskinthatcoversandprotectstheanterior
surfaceofeyeball.
Eyelidcontainsmanyglandsas-
1. Meibomianglands-Thesearealsoknownastarsalglands
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2. GlandsofZeis:Thesearesebaceousglands3. GlandsofMoll-Thesearemodifiedsweatglands
4. AccessorylacrimalglandsofWolfring
Stye(Hordeolumexternum)-
Onsetisacute
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EffectedglandisZeis'sglandTypeofinflammationsuppurative
C/F-Acutepainandhardswelling
Treatment-
Hotfomentation,antibiotics
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125.Trueaboutinferioropthalmicvein-
a)Smallerthansuperiorophthalmicvein
b)Connectedtothepterygoidvenousplexus
c)Formedatlateralwallandflooroforbit
d)Passthroughsuperiororbitalfissure
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e)EmptiesintosuperiorophthalmicveinCorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Answer-(A)Smallerthansuperiorophthalmicvein
(B)Connectedtothepterygoidvenousplexus(D)Passthrough
superiororbitalfissure(E)Emptiesintosuperiorophthalmic
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vein1. Theinferiorophthalamicveinbeginsasavenousnetworknearthe
anteriorpartoforbitalfloornearmedialwalloforbit.
2. ItissmallerthanSuperiorophthalamicvein.
Dividedintotwobranches-
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1. Inferiororbitalfissuretojoinpterygoidvenousplexus2. Superiororbitalfissuretodrainintoeithersuperiorophthalmicvein
orintocavernoussinus.
126.Whichofthefollowingcanbe
ophthalmiccomplicationofDMexcept-
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a)Papillopathyb)Snowflakecataract
c)Retinopathy
d)Rhegmatogenousretinaldetachment
e)Cystoidmacularoedema
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CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D.Rhegmatogenousretinaldetachment
Ocularmanifestationsofdiabeticretinopathyare-
1)Non-proliferativediabeticretinopathy(NPDR)-
Microaneurysms
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RetinalhemorrhageRetinaledema(Retinalthickening)-macularedema.
2)Proliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR)
HallmarkofPDRistheoccuranceofneovascularization
3)Diabeticmaculopathy
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Cataract(Snowflakesnowstorm)Myopia(whenthereissuddenincreaseinbloodsugarlevel)
Rarelyhypermetropia
Cranialnervepalsy:3rd(mostcommon),4th,5th,7th.
Diabeticpapillopathy
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127.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
secondarycataract-
a)Treatmentofthickenedcapsulecanbedonebydiscissionwith
cystitome
b)TreatmentbyNd-YAGlaserposteriorcapsulotomy
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c)Morecommonafterintracapsularcatractextractionthanextracapsularcataractextraction
d)Posteriorcapsularopacification(PCO)
e)Anteriorsubcapsularcataract
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
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Answer-(A)Treatmentofthickenedcapsulecanbedonebydiscissionwithcystitome(B)TreatmentbyNd-YAGlaser
posteriorcapsulotomy(D)Posteriorcapsularopacification
(PCO)
Opacificationoftheposteriorcapsuleiscausedbypostoperative
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proliferationofcellsinthecapsularbagandisthemostcommoncomplicationofECCE.
Aftercataract,ifthin,canbeclearedcentrallybyNd:YAGlaser
capsulotomy.
Discissionwithcystitomeorzeigler'sknifemayalsobeused.
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128.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
mediallongitudinalfasciculus(MLF)and
itslesionexcept-
a)Unilaterallesionresultinadductionpalsyofoppositeeye
b)MLFconnectssixthcranialnervenucleusofonesidewiththe
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thirdcranialnervenucleusoftheothersidec)MLFisresponsibleforconjugateeyemovements
d)Itisanintegralcomponentofsaccadiceyemovements
e)Abductingnystagmusoftheeyecontralateraltothe
CorrectAnswer-A
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Answer-A.Unilaterallesionresultinadductionpalsyofoppositeeye
Voluntaryhorizontalgazeinonedirectionbeginswiththe
contralateralfrontaleyefields
Contralateralparamedianpontinereticularformation(PPRF),which
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istheorganizingcenterforlateralgazeinthebrainstemMedialrectusmuscleweaknessimpsilateraltothesideofthelesion
withparesisofadductionoradductionlag.
129.Truestatementaboutdiabetic
ketoacidosisis/are?
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a)Ph<7.3b)Ketonemia
c)Absenturinaryketonebodies
d)Glucoselevel>300mg/dl
e)Bicarbonate<15meq/1
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:EAnswer-A,B,D,E,Ph<7.3,Ketonemia,Glucoselevel>
300mg/dl,Bicarbonate<15meq/1
KetoacidosisisrareintypeIIdiabeteswhereinsulinlevelsalthough
functionallyinadequatearestillsufficienttopreventketonebody
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formation.ArterialpHis7.25-7.35,7.0-7.24&<7.0inmild,moderate&
severeDKA.
Diabeticketoacidosisischaracterizedby-
1. Hyperglycemia,
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2. Ketosis(ketonemia)andketonuria3. Acidosis
Ketonesareanearlyindicatorofdiabeticketoacidosisandshould
bemeasuredinindividlualwithtypeIdiabetesmellitus.
Whentheplasmaglucoseisconsistently>16.7mmol/L(300mg/dl).
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Hyperketonemiaandacidosis-Hormonesensitivelipaseisinhibitedbyinsulinandactivatedby
counterregulatoryhormones.
TheserumbicarbonatelevelinD.K.A.istypicallydecreasedtoless
than15meq/l.
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130.ComponentsofAPACHE-11score
include(s)-
a)Age
b)Glassgowcommascale
c)Pa02
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d)Alanineaminotransferase(ALT)e)Serumlactate
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,AgeB,GlassgowcommascaleC,Pa02
APACHEIIscoreincludesAge,GCS,Physiologicalparameters(BP,
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RespiratoryRate,Pa02)andchronicmedicalconditions.APACHEIISCORE(AcutePhysiologicalAndChronicHealth
EvaluationSystem)
TheAPACHEIIscoringsystemisthemostcommonlyusedseverity
ofillnessscoringsysteminNorthAmerica
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TheAPACHEIIscoreisrecordedasthesumoftheAcutephysiologyscore(Vitalsigns,oxygenation,laboratoryvalues),GCS,
AgeandChronichealthpointsasdetailedinthefollowingtable.
131.Whichofthefollowingdyadsare
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correcta)Pulsusparadoxus-aorticregurgitation
b)Pulsusbisferiens-mitralstenosis
c)Water-hammerpulse-aorticregurgitation
d)Pulsusparvusettardus-aorticstenosis
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e)Collapsingpulse-aorticregurgitationCorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Answer-C,Water-hammerpulse-aorticregurgitationD,Pulsus
parvusettardus-aorticstenosisE,Collapsingpulse-aortic
regurgitation
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132.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
jugularvenouspressure(JVP)waveform
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a)awaveoccurjustafterelectrocardiographicPwaveb)Prominentxandydescentsisseeninconstrictivepericarditis
c)Canonawavesoccurinatrioventricular(AV)dissociation
d)vwaveoccurinearlysystoleofcardiaccycle
e)Prominentxdescentbutanabsentydescentisseenincardiac
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temponadeCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Answer-A,awaveoccurjustafterelectrocardiographicP
waveB,Prominentxandydescentsisseeninconstrictive
pericarditisC,Canonawavesoccurinatrioventricular(AV)
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dissociationE,Prominentxdescentbutanabsentydescentisseenincardiactemponade
Atrialcontractionproducesthefirstpressurepeakcalledtheawave.
Thecwaveisthetransmittedmanifestationoftheriseinatrial
pressureproducedbythebulgingofthetricuspidvalveintotheatria
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duringisovolumetricventricularcontraction.Thevwavemirrorstheriseinatrialpressurebeforethetricuspid
valveopensduringdiastole.
a-xdescent-Constrictivepericalditis,Cardiactemponade,
Restrictivecardiomyopathy
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v-ydescent-Ticuspidregurgitation,Constrictivepericarditis133.Exudativepleuraleffusionis/areseenin
allexcept-
a)Cirrhosis
b)Carcinoma
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c)Bacterialpneumoniad)Tuberculosis
e)Congestiveheartfailure
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Answer-(A)Cirrhosis(E)Congestiveheartfailure
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Collagenvasculardisease-Rheumatoidarthritis
SLE
Druginducedlupus
Sjogren'ssyndrome
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Wegener'sgranulomatosisChurgstrausssyndrome
Infectiousdisease-
Bacterialinfection
Tuberculosis
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Gastrointestinalinfections-Esophagealperforation
Pancreaticdisease
Intraabdominalabscesses
Diaphragmatichernia
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Neoplastic-Metastatic
Mesothelioma
134.Neurofibromatosistype1is/are
associatedwith-
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a)Caf?-au-laitspotsb)Cataracts
c)Axillaryfreckling
d)Facialnervepalsy
e)Opticnervemeningioma
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CorrectAnswer-A:CAnswer-(A)Caf?-au-laitspots(C)Axillaryfreckling
FeaturesofNeurofibromatosis1are:cafeaulaitspots,
neurofibromasorplexiformneuroma,freckling,opticgliomaand
Lischnodules.
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135.Feature(s)ofvitaminAtoxicityinclude(s)
-
a)Hypercalcemia
b)Yellowskin
c)Anorexia
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d)Poorwoundhealinge)Papilledemaandhepatomegaly
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Answer-(A)Hypercalcemia(B)Yellowskin(C)Anorexia
(E)Papilledemaandhepatomegaly
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HypervitaminosisAcanleadtoruptureoflysosomalmembrane.Acutetoxicity-Pseudotumourcerebri(headache,dizziness,
vomiting,drowsiness,blurredvision)
Chronictoxicity-anorexia,weightloss,nausea,boneandjointpain,
boneabnormalitiesandbonyswelling.
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136.Whichofthefollowingcanoccurin
COPD-
a)Hypoxemia
b)Hypercarbia
c)Decreasedgasexchangeinterminalbronchioles
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d)Acidosise)Hypocarbia
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-A,B,C,D,Hypoxemia,Hypercarbia,Decreasedgas
exchangeinterminalbronchioles,Acidosis
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ThemostcommonsymptomsofCOPDaresputumproduction,shortnessofbreath,andaproductivecough.
Emphysemaischaracteriredbydestructionofgas-exchangingair
spacesi.e.therespiratorybronchioles,alveolarductsandalveoli.
Lowoxygenlevels(hypoxia)thenhighcarbondioxidelevelinthe
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blood(hypercapnia/hypercarbia)Thereisadevelopmentofrespiratoryacidosisalocalled
hpyercapnicacidosis.
137.Trueaboutventilatorassociated
pneumonia(VAP)-
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a)2ndmostcommonnosocomialinfectionintheintensivecareunit
b)Colonizationofthepharynxwithbacteriaisriskfactor
c)Highestriskoccurinthefirst5days
d)Gastricacidmayplayaroleinprotectionagainstnosocomial
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pneumoniase)Developsonlyafter1weekonmechanicalventilation
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)2ndmostcommonnosocomialinfectioninthe
intensivecareunit(B)Colonizationofthepharynxwithbacteria
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isriskfactor(C)Highestriskoccurinthefirst5days(D)Gastricacidmayplayaroleinprotectionagainst
nosocomialpneumonias
Ventilatorassociatedpenumoniais2dmostcommonnosocomial
infectionafterurinarytractinfection.
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Ventilator-associatedpneumonia(VAP)ispneumoniathatdevelops48hoursorlongeraftermechanicalventilationisgivenbymeans
ofanendotrachealtubeortracheostomy.
VAPresultsfromtheinvasionofthelowerrespiratorytractandLung
parenchymabymicroorganism.
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RiskforVAPisgreatestduringthefirst5daysofmechanicalvantilation.
EarlyonsetVAPisdefinedaspneumoniathatoccurswithin4days.
Gastricacidmayplayaroleinprotectionagainstnosocomial
pneumonias.
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138.Clinicalpresentationofpituitary
apoplexyinclude(s)allexcept-
a)Ophthalmoplegia
b)Visualimpairment
c)Fever
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d)Severeheadachee)Hypertension
CorrectAnswer-E
Answer-E.Hypertension
1. Severehypoglycemic
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2. Severeheadache(usuallyretroorbital)3. Impairedconsciousness
4. Fever
5. Visualdisturbances(visualfielddefect,visualacuity)
6. Ophthalmoplegia(ocularparesis)Causingdiplopia
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7. Hypotension&shock8. Nausea/vomiting
9. Meningealsign
139.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)
is/aretrueaboutmyastheniaGraviswith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
muscle-specifictyrosinekinase(MuSK)antibodiesthananti-AChRAb-
a)Diseaseonsetisearlierwithfemalepredominance
b)Neckandfacialmuscleweaknessaremorecommon
c)Moreproximalmuscleinvolvement
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d)Associatedwiththymichyperplasiae)Poorresponsewithacetylcholineesterase(AChE)inhibitors
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Answer-(A)Diseaseonsetisearlierwithfemalepredominance
(B)Neckandfacialmuscleweaknessaremorecommon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(C)Moreproximalmuscleinvolvement(E)Poorresponsewithacetylcholineesterase(AChE)inhibitors
Featuresare-
1. Onsetisearlierwithfemalepredominance
2. Thymushistologyisusuallynormal
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3. Selectivefacial,bulbarneckorrespiratorymuscleweakness4. Involvementofproximalmuscles
5. Relativesparingofocularmuscles
6. Poorresponsetoacetylcholinesteraseinhibitors(anticholinesterase)
140.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of
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hypomagnesemiaa)Tremors
b)Improvementseenwithcalciumsupplementation
c)Atheroidmovements
d)Seizure
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e)BradycardiaCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)Tremors(B)Improvementseenwithcalcium
supplementation(C)Atheroidmovements(D)Seizure
Clinicalfeaturesaremostly:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Neuromuscular&CNShyperirritability:Tetany,Seizura,tremer,muscleweakness,ataxia,nystagmus,vertigo,atheroidmovement,
depression,irritability,deliriumandpsychosis.
2. Cardiacarrhythmias:Sinustachycardia,othersupraventricular
tachycardia,andventriculararrhythmias.
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141.Inflammatoryodontogeniccystis/are
a)Periapicalcyst
b)Residualcyst
c)Paradentalcyst
d)Eruptioncyst
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e)DentigerouscystCorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,PeriapicalcystB,ResidualcystC,Paradentalcyst
Residualcyst
Paradentalcyst
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Periapicalryst142.Mostaccuratemethodforthediagnosis
GastroesophagealRefluxDisease
(GERD)is
a)Histologicalstudy
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b)Manometryc)24-hourpHrecordingandelectricalimpedancemeasurement
d)Bariumswallowstudies
e)UpperGIendoscopy
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.24-hourpHrecordingandelectricalimpedancemeasurement
ThemostsensitivetestfordiagnosisofGERDis24-hambulatory
pHmonitoring.
Endoscopyisindicatedinpatientswithrefluxsymptomsrefractoryto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
antisecretorytherapy;inthosewithalarmingsymptomssuchasdysphagia,weightloss,orgastrointestinalbleeding;andinthose
withrecurrentdyspepsiaaftertreatmentthatisnotclearlydueto
refluxonclinicalgroundsalone
143.Allaretrueaboutbilateralbreastcancer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excepta)Bilateralityiscommonwhenthetumorintheprimarybreastis
lobularcarcinoma
b)About5%bilateralcancersaresynchronousand20%bilateral
cancersaremetachronous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Morecommoninwomenof>50yearofaged)BRCAmutationcancersareassociatedhigherprevalenceof
bilateralbreastcancer
e)Usuallyb/1iffamilialbreastcancerpresent
CorrectAnswer-B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B,About5%bilateralcancersaresynchronousand20%bilateralcancersaremetachronousC,Morecommonin
womenof>50yearofage
BRCAmutationisariskfactorforbilateralbreastcancer.
Riskfactorsforbilateralbreastcancerare-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Youngageatdiagnosis(<50yearsofage).multicentricdisease
Lobularinvasivecarcinoma.
Radiationexposure
Familialorhereditarybreastcancer.
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Bilateralbreastcancerare-Synchronous(simultaneous)
Metachronous(sequential)
Metachronousbilateralbreastcancerismorecommonthan
synchronous.
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144.Onlysimplecholecystectomyis
adequateinwhichstageofgallbladder
cancer
a)StageIA
b)StageIB
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c)StageIIId)StageIV
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.StageIA
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AccordingtoTNMstaging,SimplecholecystectomyisdoneforT1awhichisincludedinstage-I.
T1a-simplecholecystectomy
T1b,II&III-Extendedcholecystectomy
IV-Palliativetreatment
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145.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
Gastriclymphoma
a)AssociatedwithH.pyloriinfection
b)MajoritybelongstoB-cellHodgkinlymphomas
c)Endoscopicultrasoundisperformedtodeterminethedepthof
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gastricwallinvasiond)Secondmostcommontumorofstomach
e)Diagnosisismadeonbasisofendoscopicbiopsy
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Answer-A,AssociatedwithH.pyloriinfectionC,Endoscopic
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ultrasoundisperformedtodeterminethedepthofgastricwallinvasionD,Secondmostcommontumorof
stomachE,Diagnosisismadeonbasisofendoscopicbiopsy
Thestomachisthemostcommonsiteforextranodallymphoma.
B-celllyphomasofmucosa-associatedlymphoidtissue(MALT
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lymphoma).Lymphomaisthesecondmostcommonprimarycancerofthe
stomach.
Majorityofcases(80%)areassociatedwithchronicgastritisandH.
Pyloriinfection.
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Itismostprevalentissixthdecadeoflife.MALTomasexpressB-cellmarkersCD19andCD20.
Diagnosisismadebyendoscopicbiopsy.
Endoscopicultrasoundisusefultodeterminethedepthofgastric
wallinvasion.
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Gastriclymphomasarechemosensitiveandchemotherapyaloneoralongwithsurgeryisusedforthetreatmentofgastriclymphoma.
146.Notincludedinsurgicalsafetychecklist
a)Signin
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b)Signoutc)Timein
d)Timeout
e)Preanestheticcheckup
CorrectAnswer-C:E
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Answer-C,TimeinE,Preanestheticcheckup147.Suspicionofmalignancyinthyroid
noduleisindicatedbyallexcept-
a)Femalegender
b)Dysphagia
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c)Age20-40yearsd)Increasingpain
e)Rapidlyenlargingsize
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Answer-(A)Femalegender(B)Dysphagia(C)Age20-40years
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(E)RapidlyenlargingsizeThemostcommonpresentingsignofthyroidcancerisathyroid
nodule.
SolitaryorMultiplethyroidnodules
NeckNodes
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HoarsevoiceofrecentonsetMediastinaladenopathy
Boneorlungmetastasis
Gender:Female>Males.
Age:
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Morecommonatyoungadults.MTCusuallydiagnosedafter60.
Ahistoryofarapidlyenlargingthyroidnoduleusuallyindicates
hemorrhage,andthisoccurinbothbenignandmalignantdisease.
148.Allaretrueaboutsuccinate
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dehydrogenasedeficientgastrointestinalstromaltumor(SDH-deficientGIST)
except
a)Morecommoninchildrenandyoungadult
b)NegativeforDOG-1
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c)Mostcommonlocationisstomachd)AssociatedwithCarney-Stratakissyndrome
e)Absentc-kitmutation
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.NegativeforDOG-1
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Succinatedehydrogenase(SDH)deficient-GastrointestinalStromalTumors(GIST)-
Pathologicalfeatures-
SDHdeficient-GISTsdonothavec-KITmutation-->absenceofc-
KITmutation.
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TheystronglyexpressKITandDOG1/Ano-1,butdonothaveKITmutation.
Clinicalfeatures-
TheymaYbeassociatedwith:-
1. Carneystratakissyndrome-ParagangliomawithfamilialGIST
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2. CarneytriadThesetumorshavetendencytoappearinchildrenandyoungadults
Theyoccurexclusivelyinstomach.
149.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
appendicitis-
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a)Bothdiarrheaandconstipationmaypresentb)Nauseaandvomitingusuallypresent
c)Painoninternalrotationofflexedhip
d)Painonflexionandexternalrotationofhip
e)Initiallypainislocatedintheperiumbilicalregion
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:EAnswer-A,Bothdiarrheaandconstipationmay
presentB,NauseaandvomitingusuallypresentC,Painon
internalrotationofflexedhipE,Initiallypainislocatedinthe
periumbilicalregion
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Clinicalfeatures-AbdominalPain(mostcommon)isfrequentlynoticedinthe
periumbilicalregion.
Anorexia
Nauseaandvomiting
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DiarrheaorconstipationSignsinAppendicitis-
Rovsingsign
Obturatorsign
Psoassign
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DunphysignMarklesign
McBurney'ssign
150.Allaretruestatementabouthernias
except
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a)Femoralherniahasthehighestriskofstrangulationofgroinhernias
b)Directinguinalherniacausemoresymptomsthanindirect
c)Directinguinalherniaismostcommoninchildren
d)Indirectinguinalherniaoccurduetopatentprocessusvaginalis
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e)Indirectinguinalherniaoccurthroughadefectinfasciatransversalis
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer-B,Directinguinalherniacausemoresymptomsthan
indirectC,Directinguinalherniaismostcommoninchildren
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Afemoralherniahasthehighestriskofincarcerationandstrangulationofgroinhernias.
151.Mediastinalmass(s)whichis/aremore
commoninposteriormediastinum
a)Lymphoma
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b)Thymomac)Neurogenictumor
d)Enterogenouscyst
e)Thyroidcarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-C:D
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Answer-C,NeurogenictumorD,EnterogenouscystMostcommontumorsintheposteriormediastinumareNeurogenic
tumors.
Posteriormediastinalmassesinclude-
Lymphnodeenlargement
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Neuroentericcyst(Enterogenouscyst)Anteriormeningocele
152.Trueaboutundescendedtestis
a)U/LmorecommonthanB/L
b)Missingtestisonpalpationmaybeduetoagenesis
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c)10%bilaterald)Undescendedtestismaybeassociatedwithabsentkidney
e)Stephenfowlertechniqueinvolvesrenalarteryligation
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-A,U/LmorecommonthanB/LB,Missingtestison
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palpationmaybeduetoagenesisC,10%bilateralD,Undescendedtestismaybeassociatedwithabsent
kidney
Cryptorchidismisthemostcommoncongenitalabnormalityofthe
genitourinarytract.
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Cryptorchidismmeanshiddentestis.Anabsenttestismaybeduetoagenesisoratrophysecondaryto
intrauterinevascularcompromisealsoknownasthe"vanishing
testissyndrome".
Bilaterallyabsenttestesisanorchiawhichis10%cases.
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MorecommononRightSide.Complicationsofundescendedtestes
Torsioncanbeseeninincompletetesticulardescent
Sterilityisseeninbilateralcases(especiallyintra-abdominaltestes)
Incompletetesticulardescentpredisposestomalignantdisease;
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cancerismorecommoninanincompletelydescendedtestes-orchidopexymayormaynotdiminishtherisk.
Atrophyofaninguinaltestesbeforepubertymaypossiblybecaused
byrecurrentminortrauma.
153.Trueabouttorsionoftestisisallexcept
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a)Presentswithsuddenpainintestisb)Commonlyassociatedwithpyuria
c)DopplerU/Sshowsdecreasedbloodflowtothetestis
d)Simultaneousorchipexyoftheothersideshouldalsobedone
e)All
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CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Commonlyassociatedwithpyuria
Pyuriaisassociatedwithepidydimo-orchitis,notwithtorsionof
testis.
Torsionisthetwistingofthetestisonthespermaticcord,resultingin
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strangulationofthebloodsupplyandinfarctionoftestis.Itisseencommonlyinadolescents(10-25yrs)
Symptoms-4itpresentsassuddenagonisingpaininthegroinand
thelowerabdomen.Nauseaandvomittingareverycommon.
ColourDopplerdetectsthedecreasedbloodflowtotestisin
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torsion154.Condition(s)associatedwithesophageal
carcinoma
a)Achalsia
b)Post-cricoidweb
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c)Schatzki'sringd)Paterson-Kellysyndrome
e)Lyeingestion
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Answer-A,AchalsiaB,Post-cricoidwebD,Paterson-Kelly
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syndromeE,LyeingestionrmportantriskfactorsforSCCcarcinomaare:_
i)AlcoholandCigarettesmoking.
1. Mucosaldamagefromphysicalagents-Hottea,Lyeingestion,
Radiationinducedstrictures,Chronicachlasia.
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2. otheringestedcarcinogens-Nitrates,Smokedopiates,Fungaltoxinsinpickledvegetables
3. Plummer-vinson-PatersolKellysyndrome(Esophageal(post
cricoid)Web+glossitis+Irondeficiency).
4. Tylosisplamarisetplantaris(congenitalhyperkeratosisandpittingof
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palmsandsoles)5. Dietarydeficienciesofmolybednum,Zinc,VitaminA.
6. Celiacsprue
155.Trueaboutpseudocyst
a)Pancreaticfluidcollection
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b)Maybeasymptomaticc)Well-definedwall
d)Fluidcollectionisalwaysinfectiousinnature
e)Richinpancreaticenzymes
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
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Answer-A,PancreaticfluidcollectionB,MaybeasymptomaticC,Well-definedwallE,Richinpancreatic
enzymes
Pancreaticpseudocystisthemostcommoncomplicationofboth
acuteandchronicpancreatitis.
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Itisnotatruecystasitswalldoesnothaveanepitheliallining.Fluidofthecystisrichinpancteaticamylase.
Mostcommonsiteforpseudopancreaticcystisthebodyandtailof
pancreas.
Clinicalfeatures-
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Pancreaticpseudocystsshowawidevarietyofclinicalpresentationsrangingfromcompletelyasymptomaticlesionstomanysymptoms.
AbdominalpainisMCsymptom.
Investigations-
CECTabdomenisinvestigationofchoicefordiagnosisofa
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pancreaticpseudocyst.156.Hyperamylasemiais/areseeninall
except
a)Pancreaticpseudocyst
b)Cysticfibrosis
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c)Macroamylasemiad)Parotitis
e)Chronicpancreatitis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Cysticfibrosis
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Pancreatitis1. Acute
2. Chronic
Pancreaticpseudocyst
Pancreaticnecorsis
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PancreatictraumaPancreaticcarcinoma
cysticfibrosis
157.Raisedintracranialpressure(ICP)in
headinjuryis/aremanagedby
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a)Furosemideb)Mannitol
c)DecompressivecraniectomyishelpfulindecreasingICPbutdo
notaffectneurologicaloutcome
d)Glucosefreefluid
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e)HypotonicsolutionCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-A,FurosemideB,MannitolC,Decompressive
craniectomyishelpfulindecreasingICPbutdonotaffect
neurologicaloutcomeD,Glucosefreefluid
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A)InitialOptimiseelectrolytebalance
Sedation
Seizurecontrol
B)Middle(Intermediate)
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Mannitol/furosemide/hyperventilationastemporisingmeasuresHeavysedation
C)Last(Final)
Inductionofthiopentonecoma
Decompressivecraniectomy
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HyperglycemiacanaggrevateincreaseICP,thusglucosefreefluidshouldbeused.
Decompressivecraniectomy-Decompressivecraniectomyisthe
surgicalremovalalargeportionofthecranialvaulttoallow
fortheedematousintracranialcontentstoexpandandsubsequently
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reduceICP.158.Indicationsofsurgeryintuberculosis
include(s)-
a)Streakyhemoptysis
b)Tubercularempyema
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c)Persistentbronchopleuralfistulad)Chroniccough
e)AFB+yebacilliinsputum
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer-(B)Tubercularempyema(C)Persistentbronchopleural
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fistulaDestroyedlung
1. Persistentbronchopleuralfutula
2. Life-threateninghemoptysis(intractablehemorrhage)
3. Aspergillomainatuberculouscavity
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4. Postsurgicalcomplication5. Performanceofdiagnosticprocedure
6. Tubercularemryerna
159.Trueabouttuberculosis-
a)Cavitatorylesionsuggestsinactivedisease
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b)Rasmussenaneurysmisacomplicationc)Highgradefever
d)Tubercularbronchiectasisoccurinlowerlobes
e)All
CorrectAnswer-B
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Answer-B.RasmussenaneurysmisacomplicationCavitationisasignofactivedisease,andisconsideredasasignof
reactivation
FeverinTBisusuallylow-gradeandintermittent.
Rasmussen'saneurysmisaninflammatorypseudoaneurysmal
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dilatationofabranchofpulmonaryarteryadjacenttoatuberculouscavityandlifethreateningcomplicationofcavitytuberculosis.
Tuberculosiscausesupperlobebronchiectasis.
160.TrueaboutMeckel'sdiverticulum-
a)Causesvolvulusofintestine
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b)Duetopersistentremnantofthevitellointestinalductc)Commonlyfoundonthemesentericsideoftheileum
d)Causesmelena
e)Causeshaemoptysis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
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Answer-(A)Causesvolvulusofintestine(B)Duetopersistentremnantofthevitellointestinalduct(D)Causesmelena
Meckel'sdiverticulumisthepersistentproximalpartofthe
vitellointestinalductwhichnormallydisappearsduringintrauterine
life.
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BleedinginMeckel'sdiverticulumisusuallytheresultofulcerationinilealmucosa
Hemorrhagemaypresentasrectalbleedingormelana.
Volvulusoftheintestinearoundthefibrousbandattachingthe
diverticulumtotheumbilicus.
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Mesodiverticularbandisaremnantofleftvitellineartery.161.Differenceb/wfullthicknessandpartial
thicknessgrafts-
a)Partialthicknessgrafthavegoodcosmeticappearance
b)Fullthicknessgraftaregoodforlargearea
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c)Edemaundergraftmaycausegraftfailured)Thingraftsurvivetransplantationmorereliably
e)Minimalcontractioninfullthicknessgraft
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Answer-(C)Edemaundergraftmaycausegraftfailure(D)Thin
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graftsurvivetransplantationmorereliably(E)Minimalcontractioninfullthicknessgraft
Typeof
Advantages
Disadvantages
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Graft-Leastresemblesoriginal
skin.
ThinSplit
-BestSurvival
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-Leastresistancetotrauma.Thickness -HealsRaqidly
-PoorSensation
-MaximalSecondary
-Contraction
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-Morequalitiesofnarmalskin.
ThickSplit
-Lowergraftsurvival
-LessContraction
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Thickness-Slowerhealing.
-LooksBetter
-FairSensation
-Mostresemblesnormal
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skin.-Poorestsurvival.
-Donorsitemustbeclosed
-Donorsitemustbeclosed
Full
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-MinimalSecondarysurgically.
Thickness contraction
-Resistanttotrauma
-Donorsitesarelimited.
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-GoodSensation-Aestheticallypleasing
Edemaandnecrotictissueundergraftmayhampergraft
acceptance.
162.Feature(s)ofsuperficialpartialthickness
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burn(seconddegree)is/are-a)Hairseasilypluckable
b)Severepain
c)Thrombosedvessel
d)Leatheryskin
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e)BlisteringofskinCorrectAnswer-B:E
Answer-(B)Severepain(E)Blisteringofskin
thesesuperfcialdermalburnsinvolvetheupperlayersofdermis
Blistersareseen
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ErythematousBlanchtotouch
Quitepainful
Healwithoutscarringin1to2weeks
163.Trueabouthypertrophicscar-
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a)Treatedwithtriamcinoloneb)Resultsfromaprolongedinflammatoryphaseofwoundhealing
c)Mostcommoninpigmentedskin
d)Growbeyondmargin
e)Improvespontaneouslywithtime
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:EAnswer-(A)Treatedwithtriamcinolone(B)Resultsfroma
prolongedinflammatoryphaseofwoundhealing(E)Improve
spontaneouslywithtime
Hypertrophicscarsarecharacterizedbyerythematous,pruritic,
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raisedfibrouslesionsthattypicallydonotexpandbeyondtheboundariesoftheinitialinjuryandmayundergopartialspontaneous
resolution.
Itresultsfromaprolongedinflammatorypheseofwoundhealingand
fromunfavourablescarsiting.
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Hypertrophicscarsarecommonafterthermalinjuriesandotherinjuriesthatinvolvethedeepdermis.
IntralesionalinjectionofTriamcinoloneisalsothet/tofchoicefor
intractablehypertrophicscars.
164.Allaretrueaboutbasalcellcarcinoma
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EXCEPT:a)Translucent
b)Retentioncyst
c)Cystofsubmandibulargland
d)Cystofminorsalivarygland
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e)AllCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Translucent
Mostcommonsiteisuppereyelid
Usuallyaslow-growing,locallyinvasivemalignanttumourof
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pluripotentialepithelialcellsarisingfrombasalepidermisandhairfollicles,henceaffectingthepilosebaceousskin.
Basalcellcarcinomasusuallypresentaspearlypapulescontaining
prominentdilatedsubepidermalbloodvessels(telangiectasias)
165.Trueaboutendemicgoiter-
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a)Sizemayincreaseduringpregnancyb)Usuallyhypothyroid
c)Sameasmultinodulargoiter
d)Canturnmalignant
e)None
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:DAnswer-(A)Sizemayincreaseduringpregnancy(B)Usually
hypothyroid(D)Canturnmalignant
EndemicGoiteristhepresenceofagoitercausedbynutritional
deficiencyofIodine.
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Effectofpregnancy-Increasedendocrinedemandtheiodinemetabolismischaracterized
bythetendencytodevelopanendogenousiodinedeficiency(ID).
Diffusethyroidglandhypertrophycanbevisiblyobservedasagoiter
oftheneck.
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EndemicGoiterisultimatelycausedbyreducedthyroidhormonelevelsitisaccompaniedbytheclinicalsyndromeofhypothyroidism.
Irregular,nodulargoitersduetorepeatedboutsofiodinedeficiency
mayprogresstothyroidfollicularcarcinoma.
166.Trueaboutsurgicalapproachinthyroid
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surgery-a)Incisionismade1cmbelowcricoidcartilage
b)Usuallyverticalincisionisused
c)Thoracicductmaybedamaged
d)Forlobectomythyroidisdissectedattheisthmus
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e)StrapmusclesaredividedifgreaterexposureisneededCorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Answer-(A)Incisionismade1cmbelowcricoidcartilage(C)
Thoracicductmaybedamaged(D)Forlobectomythyroidis
dissectedattheisthmus(E)Strapmusclesaredividedif
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greaterexposureisneededKochertransversecollarincision,typically4to5cminlength,is
placedinorparalleltoanaturalskincrease1cmbelowthecricoid
cartilage.
Thesubcutaneoustissuesandplatysmaareincisedsharply.
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TheRLNbmostvulnerabletoinjuryinthevicinityoftheligamentofBery.
Ifalobectomyistobeperformed,theisthmusisdividedflushtiththe
tracheaonthecontralateralsideandsutureligated.
167.Trueaboutneurogenicclaudication-
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a)Lowbackpainispresentb)Fixedwalkingdistance
c)Painimmediatelyrelievedbyrest
d)Shinyskinoffoot
e)Painrelievedbyleaningforward
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CorrectAnswer-A:C:EAnswer-(A)Lowbackpainispresent(C)Painimmediately
relievedbyrest(E)Painrelievedbyleaningforward
Neurogenicclaudicationischaracterizedbylowbackpainradiating
tolowerlimbs(glutealregion,bockofthigh&leg).
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Thesesymptomsareespeciallypresentwhenstandinguprightorwalkingandusuallyrelievedwithleaningforwardorsittingdown
168.Trueaboutbluntabdominaltrauma-
a)Liveristhemostcommonorganaffected
b)AbdominalpelvicCTscanningishelpfulforevaluatingintra-
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abdominalandretroperitonealinjuriesc)>100,000redcells/?Linperitoneallavageisconsidered
positiveandisindicationforexploratorylaparotomy
d)Morethan2m1offreebloodintheabdominalcavityis
indicationforexploratorylaparotomy
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e)FAST-USGisusedforinitialevaluationCorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Answer-(A)Liveristhemostcommonorganaffected(C)>
100,000redcells/?Linperitoneallavageisconsideredpositive
andisindicationforexploratorylaparotomy(E)FAST-USGis
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usedforinitialevaluationBlunttrauma:Inblunttraumatheorgansmostcommonly
injuredarethesolidorgans:
Spleen(MC)
Liver
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KidneyThepresenceof>100,000redcells/plor>500whitecells/plis
deemedpositive(thisisequivalentto2OmLoffreebloodinthe
abdominalcavity).
PositiveDPLisanindicationforemergencyexploratorylaprotomy.
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HemodynamicallystablepatientssustainingblunttraumaareadequatelyevaluatedbyabdominalultrasoundorCT.
169.Congenitaladrenalhyperplasiaisdueto
deficiencyofenzyme?
a)3?-Hydrorysteroiddehydrogenasedeficiency
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)5?reductasec)l7?-Hydrorylasedeficienry
d)2l-Hydroxylasedeficiency
e)Aromatase
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(a)3?-Hydrorysteroiddehydrogenasedeficiency;(C)l7?-Hydrorylasedeficienry(d)2l-Hydroxylasedeficiency
Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia(CAH)
GroupofARdisorder
MCadrenaldisorderinchildhood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostcommon21-hydroxylasedeficiencyIn21a-hyroxylesedeficiency
Thereisdeficiencyofmineralocorticoids&glucocorticoid.
Thisleadstohypoglycemia,hyponatremia
170.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
developmentalmilestonesof2yearsoldchild-
a)Canwalkup&downstairswithalternatingfeet
b)Walksupanddownstairs,onestepatatime
c)Ridestricycle
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d)Knowsageandsexe)WeightquadruplesofbirthweightAchildishavingWilson
disease
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Walksupanddownstairs,onestepatatime;'e'
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i.e.,WeightquadruplesofbirthweightAchildishavingWilsondisease
GROSSMOTORMILESTONES:
Age
Milestone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3months Neckholding5months Rollsover
6months Sittingsupported
8months Sittingwithoutsupport
9months Standswithsupport
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
12months Standswithoutsupport,Walksbutfalls15months Walksalone,Creepsupstairs
18months Runs,exploresdrawers
2years
Walksupstairs(babysteps),Jumps
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3yearsWalksupstairs(alternatefeet),ridestricycle
4years
Hopsononefoot,walksdownstairs(alternatefeet)
FINEMOTORMILESTONES:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AgeMilestone
4months Bidextrousreach
6months Unidextrousreach
9months Immaturepincergrasp
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12months Maturepincergrasp15months Imitatesscribbling,towerof2blocks
18months Scribbles,towerof3blocks
2years
Towerof6blocks,vertical&circularstroke
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3yearsTowerof9blocks,copiescircle
4years
Copiescross,bridgewithblocks
5years
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Copiestriangle171.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)
is/arenotcorrect-
a)Kayser-fleischer(KF)ringmaybepresentineye
b)Serumceruloplasminis<20mg/dl
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c)Hepaticcopperis>250?g/gdryweightofliverd)Insymptomaticpatients,the24hrurinarycopperexcretionis
lessthan40?g/day
e)Liverbiopsyisofvaluefordeterminingtheextentandseverity
ofliverdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.(d)Insymptomaticpatients,the24hrurinarycopper
excretionislessthan40?g/day
Wilson'sdisease(Hepatolenticulardegeneration)
DIAGNOSIS:
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Thegoldstandardfordiagnosisisliverbiopsywithquantitativecopperassay->concentrationofcopperinaliverbiopsysample>
200?g/gdryweight.
Othertestsare?
1. Serumceruloplasminlevel->low(20mg/dl)
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2. KFrings3. Urinecopperexcretion->increased(>100?g/day)
4. DNAHaplotypeanalysis.
172.Allaretrueaboutwilmstumorexcept-
a)Painlessabdominalmass
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b)Mostlyasymptomaticc)Swellingisballotable
d)StageI-tumourconfinedtokidney
e)CompletelyexcisionistreatmentofchoiceinstageI&II
CorrectAnswer-E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(e)CompletelyexcisionistreatmentofchoiceinstageI&II
PresentationofWilm'stumor:
Asymptomaticabdominalmass(mostcommon)
Abdominelswelling(rcnallump)inwilm'stumorisballottable.
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Abdominalpain(30%)Hypertension(25%)
Heamaturia(10-25%)
Fever(20%)
Anorexiaandvomiting
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Stages FeaturesStageI Tumorislimitedtokidenyandcompletelyexcised
Tumorbeyondkidney&completelyexcised.Regional
StageII extensionconfinedtoflank
Residualnon-hematogenoustumorconfinedtothe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abdomen.Lymphnodeinvolvementofhilus,periaorticchains,orbeyond;diffuseperitonealimplantsoftumor,
StageIII tumorextendsbeyondsurgicalmarginsmicroscopicallyor
macroscopically;tumornotcompletelyremovablebecause
oflocalinfiltrationintovitalstructures
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oflocalinfiltrationintovitalstructures
Stage
DepositsbeyondstageIII(e.g.,lung,liver,bone,brain)
IV
StageV Bilateralrenalinvolvementatdiagnosis.
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Treatment-1.Fortumourconfinedtorenalcapsule-
RadicalnephrectomyfollowedbychemotherapywithantinomycinD
andVincristine
2.Fortumourbeyondrenalcapsule
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NephrectomyfollowedbylocalradiotherapyandchemotherapyTheidealtimingofradiotherapyforWilmsTumouraftersurgeryis
within10days.
3.BilateralWilm'stumour-
Radicalnephrectomyonlargersideoftumourandpartial
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nephrectomyonsmallersideoftumour.173.Syndrome(s)relatedtopaediatricbrain
tumors-
a)Tuberoussclerosis
b)Neurofibromatosis-2
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c)Cokaynesyndromed)Fanconisyndrome
e)Turcotsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Tuberoussclerosis'b'i.e.,Neurofibromatosis-
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2;'e'i.e.,TurcotsyndromeFamilialSyndromesAssociatedwithPaediatricBrainTumors:
NeurofibromatosistypeI
Neurofibromatosistype2
vonHippel-Lindausyndrome
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TuberoussclerosisBilateralretinoblastoma
Li-Fraumenisyndrome
Cowdensyndrome
Turcotsyndrome
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GorlinsyndromeNevoidbasalcellcarcinoma
174.A5-month-oldinfanthasmassive
hepatomegaly.Whichofthefollowing
condition(s)presentswithmassive
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hepatomegalya)TypeIglycogenstoragedisorder
b)Biliaryatresia
c)Gaucher'sdisease
d)Biliarycirrhosis
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e)NoneoftheaboveCorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,TypeIglycogenstoragedisorder;'d'i.e.,Biliary
cirrhosis
Causesofmassivehepatomegaly:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chroniccongestivehepatomegalyeg..,VSDwithheartfailure(chronic).
Cardiomyopathywithcongestiveheartfailure.
Constrictivepericarditis.
Chronicextrahepaticcholestasise.g.,congenitalbiliaryatresia.
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Malaria,kala-azarforlongduration.Glycogenstoragedisease
Congenitalhepaticfibrosis
Amoebicliverabscess.
Hepatomaorsecondarymalignantdeposits.
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Cystsofliver.Biliarycirrhosis.
175.Trueaboutbenignidiopathicneonatal
seizures
a)Calledas5ddayfits
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b)Seizureoftenoccurlaterinlifec)Statusepilepticusmayoccur
d)Familyhistoryisusuallypresent
e)Morecommoninpreterm
CorrectAnswer-A:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Calledas5thdayfits;'c'i.e.,Statusepilepticusmayoccur
BenignNeonatalSeizures(5thdayfits)
Increasinglyrecognizedsyndromecharacterizedbyseizuresinthe
neonatalorinfantileperiod.
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2forms:Familialandnonfamilial.Quitesevere,andstatusepilepticusiscommon.
Nonfamilialformischaracterizedby:
Idiopathic,self-Limitedseizureinpreviouslynormalneonates.
Mostcommonlyoccuratday5
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Familialseizures:Mostfrequentlyhavetheironsetduringthefirstweekoflife,but
onsetmayoccuraslateasearlyinfancy.
Theseseizuresmayrecurforseveralmonthsbeforeresolving.
Thefamilyhistoryrevealsbenignneonatalseizuresinotherfamily
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members.Prognosisisfavourableinbothsyndrome,butseizuresmay
occasionallyoccurlaterinlifeinthefamilialform.
176.Complication(s)ofH.typeoftracheo-
esophagealfistulais/are
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a)Dysphagiab)Aspirationpneumonia
c)Hematemesis
d)Paroxysmsofcoughingorcyanosiswithfeeding
e)Deathusuallyoccurininfancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:DAns.b)Aspirationpneumonia;d)Paroxysmsofcoughingor
cyanosiswithfeeding
H-Type{Type-E)TEF:
Itaccountsfor4-5%ofallcongenitalTEF'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Commonclinicalfeaturesare:Recurrentrespiratorysymptom
Paroxysmsofcoughingandcyanosisduringfeeding'
Aspirationduringfeedingwithcyanosis
Abdominaldistension.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DysphagiaisnotpresentbecauseofpatencyofesophagusTheremaybeassociatedanomalies
VACTERL(vertebral,anorectal,cardiac,tracheal,esophageal,
renal,radial'limb)syndrome
177.Achildispresentedwithmediastinal
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mass,swellingofface,dyspnea&stridor,Nextlineofmanagementis/are
a)Administrationofoxygenwithventimask
b)Tracheostomy
c)Biopsyofmassandfineneedleaspirationcytology
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d)Mediastinalradiatione)Rasburicase
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is.a,i,e.,Administrationofoxygenwithventimask;'b'i.e.,
Tracheostomy`c'Biopsyofmassandfineneedleaspiration
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cytologyThisisacaseofsuperiorvena-cavasyndromeorsuperior
mediastinalcompressionsyndrome.
Itisamedicalemergencyandrequiresimmediatediagnostic
evaluationandtherapy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nextlineofmanagementinthegivenpatientincludes:-Inclinedpositionifpossible
Oxygenwithventimask
Tracheostomy
Biopsyandaspirationcytology
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Furosemide178.CauseoflowerGIbleedinchildrenof
age>2yearofage
a)TB
b)Meckel'sdiverticulum
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c)Aspirind)Esophagealvarices
e)Itisbleedingfromasitedistaltoligamentoftreitz
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,TB;"b'i.e.,Meckel'sdiverticulum'c'i.e.,Aspirin;
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'e'i.e.,ItisbleedingfromasitedistaltoligamentoftreitzLowerGIbleedingisdefinedasbleedingfromasitedistalto
ligamentoftreitz.
In>2years:
Infectiouscolitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InflammatoryboweldiseaseTuberculosis
Pseudomembranecolitis
Cowmilkproteinallergy
Uncommon:Amebiasis,cytomegalovirus,neutropeniccolitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fissure,ArteriovenousmalformationPolyposissyndrome
Solitaryrectalulcersyndrome
Meckel'sdiverticulum
Rectalvaricesorcolopathy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NSAIDSHaemorrhoids;Coagulopathy
Henochschonleinpurpura
179.Inponsetitechniquelastdeformityinto
getcorrectedinCTEV-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Equinusb)Talipus
c)Varus
d)Cavus
e)Alldeformitycorrectedsimultaneously
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns(a)Equinus
Ponseti'stechnique
Thisinvolvesfirstcorrectingthecavusdeformitythentheadduction
andheelvarusandfinallytheequinusdeformity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThistechniqueisnowmostlyacceptedtechniqueforCTEVcorrectionasitisbasedonbetterunderstandingofthe
pathoanatomyofthedeformedfoot.
Thesuccessofreductionis90-98Percent.
180.Trueaboutganglioncyst?
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a)Mostcommoninyoungmaleb)Containsynovialfluid
c)Arisefromextensorretinaculum
d)Itusuallyarisefromthelunotriquetraljoint
e)Surgicaltreatmentisexcisionofcyst
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:EAns.is'b'i.e',Containsynovialfluid;'e'i.e.,Surgicaltreatmentis
excisionofcyst
Aganglionisthecommonestcysticswellingattheback(Dorsal
aspect)ofthewrist.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
UnilocularcystArisesduetoleakageofsynovialfluidfromajointortendonsheath.
Filledwithmucinousfluidandlinedbyfibroustissue
Usuallydevelopsonthedorsalsurfaceofthescapho-lunate
ligament.
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Palmarwristgangliausuallyarisefromthevolarscapholunateorscapho-trapezio-trapezoidjoint.
Morecommoninyoung(20-40years)female.
Nocommunicationbetweenthejointcavityortendonsheathandthe
interiorofcyst.
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Painlesssmallswellingsometimesitmaycausepain.Treatment:
Notrequired.
ForpainNSAIDs
Swellingincreaseinsizeitmaybeaspiratedorsurgicallyexcised.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
181.Trueaboutosteomalacia?
a)Morecommoninmale
b)LowPTH
c)Increasealkalinephosphatase
d)Decreasedcalciumlevel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Looser'szoneonX-rayCorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.(c)Increasealkalinephosphatase;(d)Decreasedcalcium
level;(e)Looser'szoneonX-ray
Osteomalacia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Looser'szone(pseudofractures)areradiolucentzonesoccurringatthesitesofstressinosteomalacia(commonlyatpubicrami)
Osteomalaciaismorecommoninwomenwholivein"purdah"&lack
exposuretosunlight
Serumcalcium&phosphateislow&alkalinephosphataseishigh
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Muscularweakness(Thepatientfeelsveryweak.Hemaydifficultyinclimbingup&downthestairs)
182.Testforanteriorcruciateligamentis/are
a)Lachmanntest
b)Apley'sgrindingtest
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c)Pivotshifttestd)Anteriordrawer
e)KT-1000kneearthrometerisanobjectiveinstrumentforACL
reconstruction
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Lachmanntest'c'i.e.,Pivotshifttest;'d'i.e.,Anteriordrawer&'e'i.e.,KT-1000kneearthrometerisan
objectiveinstrumentforACLreconstruction
FollowingtestsareusedforACLinjury:-
Lachman'stest
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PivotshifttestAnteriordrawertest
Jerktest
Flexion-rotationdrawertest
Loose'stest
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183.Trueaboutankylosingspondylitis:
a)Romanuslesionmaybefound
b)Ifleftuntreated,spinefusionmayoccur
c)Predilectionofthejointsoftheaxialskeleton
d)Bonyerosionsdonotoccur
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)allCorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.a.Romanuslesionmaybefound;b.Ifleftuntreated,spine
fusionmayoccur;c.Predilectionofthejointsoftheaxial
skeleton
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ankylosingspondylitis(marie-strumpelldisease)Ankylosingspondylitisisachronicprogressiveinflammatorydisease
ofthesacroiliacjointsandtheaxialskeleton.
rototypeofseronegative(absenceofrheumatoidfactor)
spondyloarthropathies.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inflammatorydisorderofunknowncause.Usuallybeginsinthesecondorthirddecadewithamedianageof
23,in5%symptomsbeginafter40.
Maletofemaleratiois2-3:1
StrongcorrelationwithHLA-B270-95%ofcase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9sarepositiveforHLA-B27.Jointsinvolvedinankylosingspondylitis
Ankylosingspondylitisprimarilyaffectsaxialskeleton.
Thediseaseusuallybeginsinthesacro-iliacjointsandusually
extendsupwardstoinvolvethelumbar,thoracic,andoftencervical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
spine.Intheworstcasesthehipsorshouldersarealsoaffected.Hipjoint
isthemostcommonlyaffectedperipheraljoint.
Rarelyknee(Ebenzar4th/e593)andankle(Apley's9thle67)are
alsoinvolved.Pathology
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enthesitisi.e.inflammationoftheinsertionpointsoftendons,ligamentsorjointcapsuleonboneisoneofthehallmarksofthis
entityofdisease.
Primarilyaffectsaxial(spinal)skeletonandsacroiliitisisoftenthe
earliestmanifestationofA.S..
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Involvementofcostovertebraljointsfrequentlyoccur,leadingtodiminishedchestexpansion(normal_5cm)
Peripheraljointse.g.shoulders,andhipsarealsoinvolvedin1/3rd
patients.
Extraarticularmanifestationslikeacuteanterioruveitis(in5%);rarely
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aorticvalvedisease,carditisandpulmonaryfibrosisalsooccur.Pathologicalchangesproceedinthreestages?
Inflammationwithgranulationtissueformationanderosionof
adjacentbone.
Fibrosisofgranulationtissue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ossificationofthefibroustissue,leadingtoankylosisofthejoint.Radiologicalfeaturesofankylosingspondylitis
Radiographicevidenceofsacroiliacjointisthemostconsistent
findinginankylosingspondylitisandiscrucialfordiagnosis.The
findingsare:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SclerosisofthearticulatingsurfacesofSIjointsWideningofthesacroiliacjointspace
Bonyankylosisofthesacroiliacjoints
Calcificationofthesacroiliacligamentandsacro-tuberousligaments
Evidenceofenthesopathy-calcificationattheattachmentofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
muscles,tendonsandligaments,particularlyaroundthepelvisandaroundtheheel.
X-rayoflumbarspinemayshow:-
Squaringofvertebrae:Thenormalanteriorconcavityofthe
vertebralbodyislostbecauseofcalcificationoftheanterior
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longitudinalligament.ftLossofthelumbarlordosis.
Bridging`osteophytes'(syndesmophytes)
Bamboospineappearance
184.Trueaboutavascularnecrosisoffemur
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a)Affectedsidehipallowsweightbearingb)Asymptomaticcasesmayoccur
c)Radionucleotidescanshowincreaseduptakeduetonewbone
formationintheareaaroundtheinfarct
d)Trendelenburgsigninnegative
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)NoneoftheaboveCorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Affectedsideofhipallowwt.bearing;'b'i.e.,
Asymptomaticcasesmayoccur&'c'i.e.,Radionucleotidescan
showincreaseduptakeduetonewboneformationinthearea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aroundtheinfarctCausesofAVN
ldiopathic(mostcommon)
Infection-septicarthritis,osteomyelitis
Hematologicalmalignancies-leukemia,lymphoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohol,corticosteroidsSLE
Pregnancy
Cassionsdisease
Hyperlipidemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PerthesdiseasIonisingradiation
CLINICALFEATURES:
Pain
Deceaserangeofmotionespeciallyinternalrotationfollowedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abduction.SectoralsignorDifferentialrotation:-Internalrotationispossiblein
extendedpositionofhip,butasseenasthehipisflexedto900no
internalrotationispossible.ThisisthecharacteristicsignofAVN.
Trendelenburg'stestpositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Radiologicalfindings:MRIisthemostreliablewayofdiagnosingmarrowchangesand
boneischaemia
185.Trueaboutpectusexcavatum
a)Morecommoninfemale
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b)Inseverecases,mitralvalveprolapsemayoccurc)Maybepresentatbirth
d)Seeninmarfansyndrome
e)Impairmentofrespiratoryfunction
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Inseverecases,mitralvalveprolapsemayoccur;'c'i.e.,Maybepresentatbirth;'d'i.e.,SeeninMarfansyndrome
i'e'i.e.,Impairmentofrespiratoryfunction
PectusExcavatum
Alsocalledfunnelchest'isthemostcommonchestwalldeformity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Malesareaffectedmorethanfemales(4:1).Pectusexcavatumarisesfromimbalancedorexcessivegrowthof
thelowercostalcartilages.
Typicallythedefectisdiagnosedwithinthefirstyroflifeand
worsensovertime.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depressionmayrangefrommildlydepressedsternumtosternaldepressionabuttingthevertebralcolumnwithdisplacementsof
mediastinalstructures.
OtherconditionsassociatedwithPectusExcavatum:
Scoliosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Marfan'ssyndromeMitralvalveprolapse
Congenitalheartdiseases
186.Apersonhasinjuryondorsalsurfaceof
proximalinterphalangealjointofright
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
middlefinger.Whichofthefollowingcanoccur
a)Ruptureoflateralligament
b)Buttonholedeformity
c)Malletfinger
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Lacerationofthecentralslipoftheextensore)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Ruptureoflateralligament;'b'i.e.,Buttonhole
deformity;'d'i.e.,Lacerationofthecentralskipoftheextensor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Injurytodorsalsurfaceofproximalinterphalangealjoint(zoneII)maycause:-
Ruptureofcentralslipofextensorexpansion-causingButtonhole
deformity.
ThisresultsinlossofactiveextensionofthePIPjointandpersistent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flexionofthePIPjoint.AnteriordislocationofPIPjointmaycauseruptureofbothcentral
clipaswellaslateralligament.
187.Pregnancyaggravateswhichofthe
followingcondition(s)-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Hypertensionb)Anaemia
c)Rheumatoidarthritis
d)Acne
e)All
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CorrectAnswer-A:BAns.is'a'i.e.,Hypertension;&'b'i.e.Anaemia
Importantmedicalconditionswhichareaggravatedin
pregnancy
Congenitalheartdiseases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RheumaticheartdiseasesNon-rheumaticvalvularheartdisease
Anemia
Pulmonaryhypertension
Renalfailure
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Hypertension188.Truestatementregardingmagnesium
sulphateuseineclampsia&pre-
eclampsiais/are?
a)Usedforthetreatmentofhypertension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Canbeusedcontinuousintravenousaswellasintermittentintramuscular
c)In>95%ofcasessuccessfullycontrolsseizuresofeclampsia
d)Toxicitycanbetreatedbystoppingfurtheradministrationand
givingcalciumgluconate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Administrationiscontinuedfor24hoursafterdeliveryCorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Canbeusedcontinuousintravenousaswellas
intermittentintramuscular,'c'i.e.,In>95%ofcases
successfullycontrolsseizuresofeclampsia,'d'i.e.,Toxicity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
canbetreatedbystoppingfurtheradministrationandgivingcalciumgluconate&`e'i.e.,Administrationiscontinuedfor24
hoursafterdelivery
MAGNESIUMSUPHATEINECLAMPSIA&PRE-
ECLAMPSIA:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Indicatedtopreventseizuresassociatedwithpre-eclampsia,andforcontrolofseizureswitheclampsia
In>95%ofcasessuccessfullycontrolsseizuresofeclampsia.
Dose:4-5g(dilutedin250mLNS/D5W)IVincombinationwith
either:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Upto10g(10mLofundiluted50%solution)dividedandadministeredIMintoeachbuttockor
AfterinitialIVdose,1-3g/hrIV.
MgSO4iscontinued24hoursafterdeliverytopreventpost-partum
eclampsia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monitoring:Throughouttheadministrationofmagnesium,thepatientneeds
continuousclinicalmonitoringformagnesiumtoxicity
Toxicityismanifestedbylossofdeeptendonreflexes(patellar),
decreaseinrespiratoryrate,oliguriaandalteredmentalstatus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Comparatively,lossofdeeptendonreflexesappearstobetheearliestofallthesignsanditoccurswhenthemagnesiumlevel
exceeds5mmol/L.
ToxicityofMgSO4ismonitoredby:
Urinaryoutput,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Respiratoryrate,Kneejerk
189.Finding(s)ofatrophicvaginitisis/are
a)LowpHofvagina
b)Occurduetoestrogendeficiency
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c)Frequentintercourseisusefuld)Intercoursecausespainlessbleeding
e)Estradiolvaginalringishelpful
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.b)Occurduetoestrogendeficiency;e)Estradiolvaginal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ringishelpfulAtrophicVaginitis
Alsocalledsenilevaginitis,isthethinningofvaginalwalldueto
decreasedestrogenlevels.
Mostcommonaftermenopause,butmayalsodevelopaftersurgical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
removalofovaries.Thereisatrophyofvulvovaginalstructure'
TheacidityofvaginaisdecreasedcausingincreaseinpH.
Importantclinicalfeaturesare:-
Dryvagina
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThinningofvaginalwallShorteningandtighteningofvaginalcanal
Dyspareunia
Spotting(bleeding)afterintercourse
Purulent,oftenbloodtingeddischarge
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PainorburningwithurinationFrequentUTIs
Urinaryincontinence
Treatmentincludes:
Intravaginalapplicationofestrogencream,estradiolvaginalringand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Systemicestrogentherapy190.Feature(s)ofHELLPsyndrome
a)Lowplatelets
b)IncreasedASTandALT
c)Decreasedlactatedehydrogenase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Increasedconjugatedbilirubine)Hemolysis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.a)Lowplatelets;b)IncreasedASTandALT;e)Hemolysis
HELLPsyndromeisanacronymforHemolysis(H),Elevated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
liverenzymes(EL)andLowPlateletcount(LP)of<1,00,000/mm3
ClinicalFeatures:
Manifestedbynausea,vomiting,epigastricorrightupperquadrant
pain,alongwithbiochemicalandhaematologicalchanges.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Parenchymalnecrosisofliveriauseselevationinhepaticenzymes(ASTandALT>70IU/LandLDH>600IU/L)
Theremaybesubcapsularhematomaformation(whichmayneed
CTscanning)andabnormalperipheralsmear.
Eventuallylivermavrupturetocausesuddenhypotension,dueto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hemoperitoneum191.Riskfactorsforabruptioplacentais/are
a)Traumaticseparationoftheplacenta
b)Mutigravida
c)Diabetes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Gestationalhypertensione)Submucousfibroid
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.a)Traumaticseparationoftheplacenta;b)Mutigravida;d)
Gestationalhypertension;e)Submucousfibroid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ETIOLOGY:PrimarycauseofAPisuncertain
Severalassociatedconditionsidentified:
Increaseinage&parity:1.3-1.5%
Pre-eclamsia:2.1-4%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chronichypertension:1.8-3%Pretermrupturedmembranes:2.4-4.9%
Multifetalgestation:2.1%
Cigarettesmoking:1.4-1.9%
Cocaineabuse:NA
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FolicaciddeficiencyPriorabruption:10-25%
Uterineleiomyoma:NA
Hydromnios:2%
192.Allis/aretrueaboutHIVinpregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excepta)Verticaltransmissiontotheneonateisabout15-30%
b)HAARTtherapyofpregnantwomanreduceschanceof
transmissiontoneonates
c)Zidovudinetherapyshouldbegiventoneonates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Electivecaesareansectionreducestheriskofverticaltransmission
e)ZidovudineisgiveninplaceofstavudineinHAARTtherapyif
motherisanaemic
CorrectAnswer-E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(e)ZidovudineisgiveninplaceofstavudineinHAARTtherapyifmotherisanaemic
ManagementofHIVinpregnancy:
Antepartum:-
Mostpatientswillbeasymptomatic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Patientrequiresobstericcare+HIVcare.ConsultHIVspecialist.MTPoptionisoffered.
Nutritionalsupplementincludingmicronutrients.
Routineantenatalinvestigation+BaselineCBC,LFT,RFT.
InvestigationsofSTDs,TB,Toxoplasmosis,Cytomegalovirus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CD4count&vitalloadineachtrimester.IfCD4count<200,prophylacticAntibioticsareindicated.
Counselagainstunprotectedcoitus.
USG-Routine+Fetalwellbeingassessment.
Avoidinvasiveprocedures.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AntiRetroviralTherapy(ART)
ACTG076regimen:-(AIDSClinicalTrialGroup)
Zidovudine(AZT)
Reductionoftransmission:-25.5%to8.3%
CDCThairegimen:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Zidovudine(AZT)Reductionoftransmission:-50%
HIVNET012regimen:-
Nevirapine
Reductionoftransmission:-47%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PETRAstudy:-Zidovudine(AZT)+Lamuvidine(3TC)Reductionoftransmission:-69%
INTRAPARTUMMANAGEMENT
ElectiveLSCSreducesperinataltransmissionupto50-80%.
DuringDelivery:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AvoidARMAvoidVaginaltears
AvoidInstrumentaldelivery
RestrictEpisiotomy
Avoidfetalscalpelectrode/fetalbloodsampling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
POSTPARTUMMANAGEMENT:Washnewbornafterbirth,especiallyface.
Mouthsuctionisavoided
Avoidhypothermia
AntiRetroviralTherapy(ART)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Allvaccinestoasymptomaticchildren&onlyinactivatedvaccinestosymptomaticchildren
Newborntesting
ELISATESTfalsepositiveupto18months
Beforethattoconsidernewbornpositive2testsmustbepositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fromHIV1culture,p-24antigen,PCR193.Truestatementaboutvacuumextraction
ofbaby-
a)Pressureismaintainedb/w5kg/cm2to8kg/cm2
b)Donewhencervixisfullydilated
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c)Centreofcupshouldbeplaced1cminfrontofposteriorfontanelle
d)Cuprimshouldbeplaced3cmfromtheanteriorfontanelle
e)Alltheabove
CorrectAnswer-B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(b)Donewhencervixisfullydilated;(d)Cuprimshouldbeplaced3cmfromtheanteriorfontanelle
INDICATIONSOFVENTOUSEDELIVERY:
Fetalheartrateabnormalities
LowfetalscalppH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non-progressivelabourin2ndstageMaternalexhaustion
Cervixshouldbefulldilated.
Thepressureiskeptbetween0.2kg/cm2,to0.8kg/cm2
Theflexionpointisfoundalongthesagittalsuture,approximately3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cminfrontoftheposteriorfontanelandapproximately6cmfromtheanteriorfontanelBecausecupdiametersrangefrom5to6cm,when
properlyplaced,thecuprimlies3cmfromtheanteriorfontanel
194.Truestatementaboutprimary
dysmenorrhea-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Painstarts2-3daybeforemenstruationandstopsafter1dayofmenstruation
b)Painbeginsafewhoursbeforeorjustaftertheonsetofa
menstrualperiodandmaylast48to72hours
c)MaybeassociatedwithPsychologicalfactors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GnRHantagonistsarealwaysusedin1stlinetreatmente)All
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Painbeginsafewhoursbeforeorjustafterthe
onsetofamenstrualperiodandmaylast48to72hours;&'c'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i.e.,MaybeassociatedwithpsychologicalfactorsPrimarydysmenorrheaoccursduringovulatorycyclesandusually
appearswithin6to12monthsofthemenarche.
Painindysmenorrheabeginsafewhoursbeforeorjustafterthe
onsetofmenstruationandusuallylasts48-72hours.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AssociatedSymptomsNauseaandvomiting
Fatigue
Diarrhoea
Lowerbackache
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HeadacheBehaviouralandpsychological
Treatment
NSAIDsarethedrugsofchoicefortreatmentofprimary
dysmenorrhea,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OCPs195.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is
trueaboutabdominalincisioninwomen
forvarioussurgicalprocedures-
a)Paramedian:bestincision
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Transverseincisionshouldbeonlyusedinexceptionalcasesc)Cherneyincisionisusefulinuro-gynaecologicalprocedures
d)Marylandincisionprovideimprovedaccesstothepelvicside
wall
e)Rutherford-morrisonisparticularlyusefulforapproaching
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ovarianmassesCorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Cherneyincisionisusefulinuro-gynaecological
procedures;'d'i.e.,Maylardincisionprovideimprovedaccess
tothepelvicsidewall;&'e'i.e.,Rutherford-Morrisonis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
particularlyusefulforapproachingovarianmasses.Factsaboutabdominalincisionsinobstetrics
MostcommonlypreferredincisionsMidlineverticalincisionor
suprapubictransverseincision(Pfannenstielincision).
Paramedianormidlinetransverseincisionarenotusedexceptin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
exceptionalsituations..Maylardincisionprovideimprovedaccesstopelvicsidewall.
Cherneyincisionisusefulfor:
Oncologicalsurgery
Complexurogynaecologicalprocedures(ifincisionisplacedlower).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rutherford-Morrisonisparticularlyusefulforreachingtheovarianmassesinpregnancy(especiallyin2ndhalf).
196.Ahighgradesquamousintraepithelial
lesionisnotedwithpap,next
managementincludes?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Warthim'shysterectomyb)Localexcision
c)Colposcolicstudyandbiopsy
d)HPVDNAtesting
e)Liquidbasedcytology
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns'is'c'i.e.,Colposcolicstudyandbiopsy
Forhighgradeintraepitheliallesions(HSIL),firststepistodo
colposcopyandbiopsy.
Moderatetoseveredysplasia(CIN-II&CIN-III)(HSIL):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Treatmentoptionsare:Localdestructivemethods
Cryosurgery
Fulguration/electrocoagulation.
Laserablation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ExcisionofabnormaltissueColdknifeconisation
Laserconisation
LLETZ
LEEP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NETZSurgery:
Therapeuticconisation
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomywithremovalofvaginalcuffifcarcinomainsitu
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extendsintovaginalvault197.Screeningtestusedinfirsttrimesterfor
aneuploidy?
a)PAPP-A&estradiol
b)PAPP-A&AFP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)PAPP-A&betaHCGd)BetaHCG&inhibin
e)Estradiol&AFP
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,PAPP-A&betaHCG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1sttrimesteraneuploidyscreening:Humanchorionicgonadotropin(eitherintactorfree(-hCG).
Pregnancy-associatedplasmaproteinA(PAPP-A).
FetalDownsyndromein1sttrimester:
Higherserumfreebeta-hCGlevel.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LowerPAPP-Alevels.Trisomy18&13:
LoweredlevelsofbothHCGPAPPP-A.
2ndtrimesteranalytes:
Serumintegratedscreening.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Accuracyofaneuploidydetection:Greateroncombinationwith,
SonographicNTmeasurement.
198.Absolutecontraindicationofmedical
abortion?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)RHDb)Ectopicpregnancy
c)Hypersensitivitytoprostaglandins
d)Corticosteroidtherapy
e)Porphyria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:EAns.is'b'i.e.,Ectopicpregnancy;'c'i.e.,Hypersensitivityto
prostaglandins;&'e'i.e.,porphyria
Absolutecontraindicationofmedicalabortion:
Allergiestomifepristone/misoprostol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InheritedporphyriaChronicadrenalfailure
Knownorsuggestedectopicpregnancy
Undiagnosedadnexalmass
199.Vaginalprolapsefollowingabdominal
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hysterectomyis/arecausedbydamageof
a)LevelIsupport
b)LevelIIsupport
c)LevelIIIsupport
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d)Urogenitaldiaphragme)Alltheabove
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e)Alltheabove
Vaginalprolapsecanbedividedinto:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LevelI:damagecausesuterinedescent,enterocele,vaultdescent'LevelII:damagecausecystocele,rectocele
LevelIII:damagecausesurethrocele,gapingintroitusanddeficient
perineum
Themiddlepartofvaginaissupportedbytheurogenitaldiaphragm
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200.Contraindicationofcombinedoral
contraceptive(COC)include(s)-
a)Severehypertension
b)Ischemicheartdisease
c)Pre-menstrualtension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Activeliverdiseasee)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Aps.is'a'i.e.,Severehypertensiorr;'b'i.e.,Ischemicheart
disease;&'d'i.c',Activeliverdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ContraindicationsofOCPs(WHOguidelines)Absolute:
Thromboembolismevent,cerebrovascularaccident,coronaryartery
disease,
Breastcancer,
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DM(>20yearsduration)Impendingmajorsurgery
Hyperlipidaemia
Pregnancy
Lactation(<6weekspostpartum)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Activeliverdisease,hepatomaUncontrolledhypertensionorwithvasculardiseases
>35yearsoldandheavysmoker(>20cigarettes/day)
Migrainewithaura
Diabeticnephropathy/neuropathy/retinopathy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structuralheartdiseasewithpulmonaryhypertension,AForSABE.Relative:
Lactation(6weeks-6months)
Controlledhypertension
Undiagnosedvaginalbleeding
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MigrainewithoutauraGallbladderdisease
Age>35yearsandlightsmoker(<20cigarettes/day)
DMwithvascularcomplications.
201.Chronicuseofcombineoral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contraceptive(COC)helpsinallexcepta)Dysmenorrhea
b)Breakthroughbleeding
c)Menorrhagia
d)Migraine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)AnaemiaCorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.b)Breakthroughbleeding&d)Migraine
OCPS
ADVANTAGES:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ControlsfertilityTreatsMenorrhagia&polymenorrhoea.
Relievedysmenorrhoeaandpremenstrualtension
Preventsanaemia
Lowerschancesof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FibrocysticdiseaseOvariancyst
Ovarian,uterine&anorectalmalignancy
PID
Ectopicpregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Usefulinacne,PCODandendometriosisPreventRA
NoncontraceptivebenefitsofOCPs:
Cyclestabilization
Cureofmenstrualdisorder-usefulinmenorrhagia&polymenorrhea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Preventsanemia.
Reducestheincidenceofectopicpregnancy.
Protectionagainstcancer?Ovarian,Endometrial
Benigntumour-Benignbreastdisease,Ovarianfunctionalcyst,
Fibromyomauterus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Protects-PID,Anemia,Endometriosis,PCOD,Acne,hirsutism,Rheumatoidarthritis,Osteoporosis
202.ContraindicationsforIUCD
a)Postabortalsepsismorethan1yearago
b)Presentcervicitisandvaginitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)PasthistoryofectopicPregnancyd)Unknowncauseofvaginalbleeding
e)Severedysmenorrhea
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b)Presentcervicitisandvaginitis;c)Pasthistoryof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ectopicPregnancy;d)Unknowncauseofvaginalbleeding;e)Severedysmenorrhea
ContraindicationsforplacingIUCDare:
Suspectedpregnancy
PID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PresenceoffibroidsMenorrhagiaanddysmenorrhoeaofcopperTisused.
Severeanemia
Diabeticwomenwhoarenotwellcontrolled.
Heartdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ScarreduterusPreviousectopicpregnancy
LevonorgestrelIUCDinbreastcancer
Preferablyavoiditsuseinunmarriednulliparouspatientbecauseof
theriskofPID.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
203.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)
is/aretrueaboutcystsinovaryexcept-
a)Follicularcystisleastcommonamongfunctionalcyst
b)CorpuslutealcystsareoftenassociatedwithPregnancy
c)Dermoidcystaregermcelltumor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)FibromaofovaryisassociatedwithMeig'ssyndromee)Thecaleutincystisseeninassociationwithhydatiformmole
andGnRHanalogueuse
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a)Follicularcystisleastcommonamongfunctionalcyst
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Functionalovariancysts:Benignmassintheovary
Thesecystsare:-
Follicularcyst:Mostcommonfunctionalovariancyst.Itisofsmall
size,rarelyislargerthan8cm.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Corpusluteumcyst:Maybeassociatedwithpregnancyandpersistupto14weeksasnormalphysiologicalstructure.
Thecaluteincysts:Leastcommonoffunctionalovariancysts.
Usuallybilateralandoccurwithpregnancy,includingmolar
pregnancies.associatedwithmultiplegestations,molar
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pregnancies,choriocarcinoma,diabetes,Rhsensitization,clomiphenecitrateuse,humanmenopausalgonadotropin-human
chorionicgonadotropinovulationinduction,andtheuseofGnRH
analogues.
Allteratomas,includingbenignmatureteratoma(dermoidcyst),are
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germcelltumors.Combinationofanovarianfibromawithascitesandhydrothorax
(usuallyrightsided)isknownasMeig'ssyndrome.
204.Dermatologicmanifestationoflithium
is/are-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Rashb)Psoriasisexacerbation
c)Acneiformeruptions
d)Pustulardermatoses
e)Pemphigus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:DAns.(B)Psoriasisexacerbation(C)Acneiformeruptions
(D)Pustulardermatoses
[Ref.NeenaKhannap.45;KDT7e/ep.449]
Dermatologicalsideeffectsoflithium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AcneiformeruptionsExacerbationOfPsoriasis
DLE
Pustulardermatosis
Alopecia,thinning&dryingofhair
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Itchingskin205.Subepidermalblistersis/areseenin-
a)Pemphigusvulgaris
b)Pemphigusvegetans
c)Pemphigoid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Dermatitishepetiformise)Pemphigusfoliaceus
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.(C)Pemphigoid(D)Dermatitishepetiformis
[RelNeenal(hanna5e/ep.76]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Subepidermal(Dermo-epidermal)Functional(AtBasallamina)
Junctionalepidermolysisbullosa
Bullouspemphigoid
Toxicepidermalnecrolysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dermolytic(BelowBasallamina)Epidermolysisbullosaacquisita
Epidermolysisbullosadystrophica
DermatitisHerpetiformis
Deepburns
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Porphyriacutaneatarda206.Desmogleinisassociatedwith?
a)Arrhythomogenicrightventricularcardiomyopathy
b)Hypertrichosis
c)Pemphigusvulgaris
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Psoriasise)Keratodermawithwoolyhair
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.(A)Arrhythomogenicrightventricularcardiomyopathy
(C)Pemphigusvulgaris(E)Keratodermawithwoolyhair
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Desmoglein:Pemphigusfoliaceus,
pemphigusvulgaris(mucocutaneoustype)paraneoplastic
pemphigus
Staphylococcalscaldedskinsyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BullousimpetigoStriatepalmoplantarkeratoderma
207.Drugsknowntotriggermalignant
hyperthermia-
a)Halothane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Succinylcholinec)Pancuronium
d)Fentanyl
e)Propofol
CorrectAnswer-A:B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(A)Halothane(B)Succinylcholine[RefMorganAnaesthesia5th/ep.1187-9A;AiayYadavp.13j-35;
Miterp.1187-89;Leel3'h/ep.353;Wylle'sAflaesthesiflVh/cp.I65-
67]
DrugscausingMalignanthyperthermia(MH):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SuccinylcholineHalothane
Isoflurane
Enflurane
Sevoflurane
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DesfluraneMethoxyflurane
MAOinhibitors
TCA
Phenothiazines
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lignocaine208.Whenwillyoususpectmalignant
hyperthermiainpostappendectomy
patientshiftedtoICUwithhighfever&-
a)Hypotonia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Seizurec)Masseterspasm
d)Metabolicacidosis
e)Hypokalemia
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(B)Seizure(C)Masseterspasm(D)Metabolicacidosis[Ref:MorganAnaesthesia5'h/ep.1187-90;AjayYadavSe/ep.133-
35;MillerThlep,1187-89;Leel3'h/ep.35i;Wylie'sAnesthesiaVh/e
p.j65,367]
Malignanthyperthermia:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theconditionoccursduringorimmediatelyafteranaesthesiaandmaybeprecipitatedbypotentinhalationagents(enflurane,
halothane,isoflurane),orsuxamethonium.
Clinicalfeaturesare:-
MassetersPasmIfapatientdevelopsseveremasseterspasm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aftersuxamethonium,thereisasignificantpossibilityofmalignanthyperthermia.
Tachycardiaandarrhythmias
Riseinend-tidalCO,(firstsign)
Increasedtemperature&unexpectedchangeinBP.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Seizuresagitationandmusclerigidity209.Whichofthefollowingis/areusedin
bupivacainetoxicity-
a)CaC12
b)Bretylium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Intralipidsd)Esmolol
e)Epinephrine
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans.(B)Bretylium(C)Intralipids(E)Epinephrine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[Re!.MorganAnaesthesiaSth/ep.273-74;Ajayyadav5'h/ep.144;Miller6th/ep.933;Leel3th/ep.384;BarashAnaesthesia6,h/ep.
545]
Managementofbupivacainetoxicity
Ensureadequateoxygenation,whetherbyfacemaskorby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intubation.Anticonvulsantssuchasbenzodiazepinesandbarbituratesarethe
drugofchoiceforseizurecontrol.
Propofolcanalsobeused.
Succinylcholineissometimesalsousedtoterminatethe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neuromusculareffectsofseizures.ForunresPonsivebupivacainetoxicity,intravenouslipidor
cardiopulmonarybypassmaybeconsidered.
Forarrhythmias,amiodaroneistheDOC.Bretyliumandesmololcan
alsobeused.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
210.Anaesthesiausedforinductionis/are-
a)Propofol
b)Thiopentone
c)Ketamine
d)Diazepam
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)MidazolamCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.(A)Propofol(B)Thiopentone(C)Ketamine(E)Midazolam
[Ref:MorganAnaesthesia5th/ep.175-82;AjayYadavS,h/ep.92;
Leel3th/ep.155]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intravenousinducingagents:Thiopentone
Methohexitone
Propofol
Etomidate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
KetamineBenzodiazepines
211.Whichofthefollowingcriteriais/are
usedforsettingmechanicalventilatorfor
adultinICU-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Ageb)Gender
c)Weight
d)Height
e)Underlyingconditionofpatient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:EAns.(B)Gender(C)Weight(D)Height(E)Underlyingcondition
ofpatient
[Ref:MorganAnaesthesia5th/ep.1288;emedicine.medscape.com]
Mainlydependsonidealbodyweight(IBW),whichiscalculated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
basedongenderandheight.WomenIBW(lbs)=105+5(Heightininches-60)
MenIBW(lbs)=106+6(Heightininches-60)
Settingsalsodependatypesoflungdisease,i.e.whetherthe
patientisnormalorwithrestrictivediseaseorwithobstructivelung
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disease212.Trueaboutendotrachealtube-
a)Noncuffedtubeisusedinpediatricagegroup
b)MadeofPVC&disposable
c)Canbeputeitheroralornasalaccordingtodifferentsituations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CuffedPVCtubes-lowpressure,lowvolumee)Moretendencytogotorightbronchusthereby
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.(A)Noncuffedtubeisusedinpediatricagegroup
(B)MadeofPVC&disposable(C)Canbeputeitheroralor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nasalaccordingtodifferentsituations(E)Moretendencytogotorightbronchusthereby
[Ref:MorganAnaesthesiap.320-25;AjayYedav5'h/ep.43-46;Lee
l3th/ep.205-09]
Endotrachealtubesaremainlyoftwotypes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CuffedEndotrachealTube:CuffPressureshouldnotexceed30cmH2O(22mmHg)toprevent
ischemicdamagetotrachealmucosa.
Twotypes,basedoncuffpressureandvolume.
LowPressure,Highvolume:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inthiscuffhashighvolume&lowpressure.Becauseoflowpressurethesetubesproducelesstrachealinjury,
thereforesuitableforprolongedsurgeries.0
Morecommonlyusedthanhighpressurelowvolumetube.
Thesetubesaremadeupofpolyvinylchloride
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Highpressure,lowvolume:Madeupofredrubber.
UncuffedEndotrachealTube:
Inchildren(lessthanl0yearsofage)uncuffedtubesshouldbeused
andthereshouldbeslightteakoninspiratorypressureof30cmIIrO
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
213.Trueaboutendotrachealintubation-
a)HeadtraumapatientpresentingwithaGCSscore8orless
shouldbeintubated
b)Doneinpatientswithincreasedriskofaspiration
c)Canbeusedinpatientwithfullstomach
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Incervicalinjury,patientneckisstabilizedbeforeintuvatione)Doneinpatientswhoneedanaesthesia
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Ans.(A)HeadtraumapatientpresentingwithaGCSscore8or
lessshouldbeintubated(B)Doneinpatientswithincreased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
riskofaspiration(C)Canbeusedinpatientwithfullstomach(D)Incervicalinjury,patientneckisstabilizedbeforeintuvation
(E)Doneinpatientswhoneedanaesthesia
[RefLeel3tt'/ep.208;MillerVh/ep./586;CSDTl4th/ep.814]
Endotrachealintubationisusedtomaintainapatentairwayin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
operationtheateraswellasoutsidetheoperationtheater:-IndicationsforEndotrachealIntubationintheoperatingroom
include:
Theneedtodeliverpositivepressureventilation.
Protectionofrespiratorytractfromaspirationofgastriccontents.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Surgicalprocedureinvolvingtheheadandneckorinnon-supinepositionsthatprecludemanualairwaysupport.
Almostallsituationsinvolvingneuromuscularparalysis.
Somenon-operativeindicationsare:
Tracheobronchialtoilet(pulmonarytoilet).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Profounddisturbanceinconsciousnesswiththeinabilitytoprotecttheairways.
214.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of
epiduralanaesthesiathanspinal
anaesthesia-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Smallersizeofneedleisusedb)Drugusedislessinconcentration
c)Lesschanceofspinalheadache
d)Onsetofactionisdelayed
e)Densityofanaestheticagentislessinepiduralthanspinal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:EAns.(B)Drugusedislessinconcentration(C)Lesschanceof
spinalheadache(D)Onsetofactionisdelayed(E)Densityof
anaestheticagentislessinepiduralthanspinal
[RefMorganAnaesthesiap.959,969;AjayYadav5'h/ep.162;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MillerVh/ep.1626]Epiduralanaesthesia:
Sloweronsetofaction
Lessreliable
Difficult
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DurationcanbeprolongedbyrepeatedlyinjectingLAbyanepiduralcatheter.
Canbeusedforupperabdominal,thoracic&necksurgeryaswellin
additiontosurgeriesperformedbyspinalanaesthesia.
PDPHisunlikelybecauseduraisnotpierced->so,thereisnoCSF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
leakage.Epiduralneedlesarelargerthanspinalneedles.
215.Feature(s)ofcrohn'sdiseaseis/are-
a)Pipestemcolon
b)Pseudosacculation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Lossofhaustrasiond)Cobblestoneappearance
e)Stringsignofkantor
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.(B)Pseudosacculation(D)Cobblestoneappearance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(E)StringsignofkantorRadiologicalfindingsofCDare:-
EarliestchangesareaPhthouslesionsorerosions(centralflecksof
bariumsurroundedbyatranslucenthalo).Theselesionsarealso
knownasTargetlesionsorBull'seye.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
StringsignofKantor:-Greatlynarrowedterminalileumduetoinflammationandfibrosis.
'Creeping-faf"sign(OnCT):-Inflammatorychangesintheadjacent
mesentericfat.
Combsign:-Prominentvasarectaofmesentericvessels.
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Discontinuousinvolvement(Skipareasarepresent).Cobblestoneappearance
Raspberryrosethornappearance
Pseudosacculation
216.Neoadjuvantchemotherapystandsfor-
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a)Chemotherapyalongwithsurgeryb)Chemotherapybeforesurgery
c)Chemotherapyaftersurgery
d)Chemotherapyalongwithradiationtherapy
e)Chemotherapyafterradiationtherapy
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Chemotherapybeforesurgery
[Ref:Katzung13th/ep.919-20;chemoth.com/neoadjuvant-
chemotherapy]
NeoadiuvantchemotherapyreferstoCombinationofChemotherapy
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andsurgery/radiotherapyinwhichchemotherapyisgivenpriortosurgery/radiotherapy.
217.Trueaboutconcomitant
chemoradiotherapy-
a)Chemotherapyandradiotherapybothgivensimultaneously
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b)Radiotherapyactslocoregionallyandchemotherapyactsagainstdistantmicrometastases
c)Radiotherapyactsassensitizingagent
d)Chemotherapymayactassensitizingagent
e)None
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:DAns.(A)Chemotherapyandradiotherapybothgiven
simultaneously(B)Radiotherapyactslocoregionallyand
chemotherapyactsagainstdistantmicrometastases
(D)Chemotherapymayactassensitizingagent
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ConcomitantchemoradiotherapyRadiotherapyandchemotherapyaregivensimultaneously.
Threeclinicalrationalessupporttheuseofchemotherapydelivered
concurrentlywithradiation.
First,concomitantchemoradiotherapycanbeusedwithorgan-
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preservingintent,resultinginimprovedcosmesisandfunctioncomparedwithsurgicalresectionwithorwithoutadjuvanttreatment.
Second,chemotherapycanactasaradiosensitizer,improvingthe
probabilityoflocalcontroland,insomecases,survival,byaidingthe
destructionofradioresistantclones.
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Third,chemotherapygivenaspartofconcurrentchemoradiationmayactsystemicallyandpotentiallyeradicatedistant
micrometastases.
218.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
brachytherapythanteletherapy-
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a)Moreeffectiveincarcinomacervixb)Sameproportionofradiationisdeliveredtoboth-tumour&
normaltissue
c)Betterthanteletherapyforlarge&bulkytumour
d)Deliverhigherdoseofradiationtotumour
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e)LessdamagetonormaltissueCorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.(A)Moreeffectiveincarcinomacervix(D)Betterthan
teletherapyforlarge&bulkytumour(E)Lessdamagetonormal
tissue
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Advantageofbrachytherapyisthatitdelivershighradiationdosetotumorlocallywithhighlocalcontrol.
Damagetonormaltissueislessastheirisrapidfall-offofradiation
aroundthesource.
Thistechniqueisparticularlyusefulintreatingcancersofcemix,
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uterus,vaginaandcertainHandNcancers.Itcanalsobeusedtotreatbreast,brain,skin,esophageal,soft
tissue,lung,bladderandprostatecancer.
219.Featuresofstrontium89incomparison
tophosphorus-32-
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a)Longert-1/2b)Deeperpenetration
c)EmitsbetarayswhileP-32emitsalpharays
d)Lessertoxicity
e)None
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CorrectAnswer-A:DAns.(A)Longert-1/2(D)Lessertoxicity
[ReJ:ReviewofRadiologybySumerSethiCh/ep.184;Harrison
l9h/ep.363e-3;Bonica'sManagementofPuinbyScottFishmanp'
655]
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Half-lifeofP-32is14.3daysandstrontium-89is50.5days.SofttissuepenetrationofP-32is8mmandstrontium-89is2.4mm.
BothP-32andStrontium-89emitB-rays.
P-32ismoderatelytoxicwhereasstrontiumhaslowtoxicity.
220.Maximumscoreinminimentalstatus
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examinationis-a)10
b)15
c)20
d)25
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e)30CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.E.30
[Ref:KaplanandSadockp.2537]
Themini-mentalstatusexaminationoffersaquickandsimplewayto
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quantifycognitivefunctionandsteenforcognitiveImpairment.Ithelpstoconfirmthepresenceofcognitiveimpairmentandtofollow
theprogressionofdementia.
Ittestsindividual'sorientation,attention,calculation,recall,
language,andmotorskills.Eachsectionofthetestinvolvesa
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relatedseriesofquestionsorcommands.TheindIVIdualreceivesonepointforeachcorrectanswer.The
individualcanreceiveamaximumscoreof30points,i.e.,
MMSEis30pointprogrammetoevaluatecognitivefunction.
221.Trueaboutgeneralizedanxietydisorder
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?a)Insomnia
b)Clearhistoryofpasttraumaticevent
c)Excessiveanxietyandworry
d)Benzodiazepinesisdrugsofchoice
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.(A)Insomnia(C)Excessiveanxietyandworry
(D)Benzodiazepinesisdrugsofchoice
[Ref:NirajAhujap.90-91;KaplanandSadock11'h/ep.409]
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Generalizedanxietydisorder:Characterizedbyexcessiveanxietyandworrywhicharepersistent
&generalizedandnotrestrictedtoanyspecificsituationorobject.
Excessiveanxietyworryoccurforatleast6months.
Worryisdifficulttocontrolandisassociatedwithatleastthree
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symptomsfromthefollowing:Selflessnessorfeelingkeyedup
Difficultyconcentrating
Muscletension
Easilyfatigued
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IrritabilitySleepdisturbance
Anxietyandworrycausesignificantdistressandimpairmentis
social,occupational,orotherdailyfunctioning.
Treatment:
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Benzodiazepine-Drugofchoice.
222.Essentialcriteriaformajordepression
areallexcept-
a)Delusionofgrandeur
b)Lossofpleasure
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c)Insomniad)Hypersomnia
e)Anorexia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Delusionofgrandeur
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[RefNirajAhaiap.7l-72;KeplarnandSadsckp.357]Diagnosticcriteriaformajordepression
5ormoreofthefollowingsymptomsshouldbepresentmostofthe
dayforatleast2weeks:-
Depressedmood
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Lossofinterestorpleasureinallactivities.Decrease/increaseappetiteorloss/gainofweight.
Insomniaorhypersomnia(Increasedordecreasedsleep).
Psychomotorretardationoragitation(decreasedorincreased
psychomotoractivity).
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Fatigueorlossofenergy(weaknessorlethargy).Feelingsofworthlessnessorexcessiveguilt.
Diminishedconcentration
Recurrentthoughtsofdeathorrecurrentsuicidalideationorsuicidal
attempt.
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223.TruematchofEEGpatterninsleepEEG-
a)K-complexisseeninstageIofNREMsleep
b)Wakingstateshowalphawave
c)Alpha-waveoccurinonsetofsleep
d)ThetawaveisthepredominantwaveinstageIofNREMsleep
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e)StageIII-NREMsleepshowshighamplitudeslowwavesCorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.(B)Wakingstateshowalphawave(D)Thetawaveisthe
predominantwaveinstageIofNREMsleep(E)StageIII-NREM
sleepshowshighamplitudeslowwaves
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[RefNirajAhajap.132-34;Kaplan&Sedaockp.534]Fullawakeandalertstate=Betarhythm
Awake,eyesclosedandmindwanderingbutwithlessattentiveness
=Alpha-rhythm
Stage1NREM=Thetarhythm
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Stage2NREM=Sleepspindles,KcomplexStage3&4NREM(Deepsleep)=Deltarhythm
REMsleep=Betarhythmandsometimesalsoreappearanceof
alpharhythm-.
224.Naltrexoneis/areusedfor-
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a)Alcoholdependenceb)Opioiddependence
c)Cocainedependence
d)Cannabistoxicity
e)None
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:CAns.(A)Alcoholdependence(B)Opioiddependence
(C)Cocainedependence
[Ref:Katzungp.56-t;NiruiAhuia7h/ep.42,44,132;Pharmacology
bySatoskarp.165]
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Naltrexone:Antagonistonallopioidreceptors)
Morepotentthannaloxone.
Givenorally.
Usedasamaintenancedrugforopioidaddicts-opioidblockade
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therapyofpostaddict.Usedtodecreasecravinginchronicalcoholism.
225.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeature(s)of
nicotinewithdrawal-
a)Weightloss
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b)Irritabilityc)Impairedconcentration
d)Anxiety
e)Insomnia
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
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Ans.(B)Irritability(C)Impairedconcentration(D)Anxiety(E)Insomnia
Diagnosticcriteria{iaofnicotinewithdrawal:
Fourormoreofthefollowingsignsshouldbetherewithin24hours
ofwithdrawal
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DysphoriaordepressedmoodAnxiety
Decreasedheartrate(bradycardia)
Insomnia
Difficultyconcentrating
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IncreasedaPPetiteorweightgainIrritability,frustrationoranger
Restlessness.
invalidquestionid
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