FALSEaboutgenitor-urinaryanatomy?
a)Superficialdorsalpenilearteryisabranchofbulbourethral
artery
b)Penileskinissuppliedbysuperficialexternalpudendalartery
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c)Penisreceivesthreevenousdrainagesystemsd)Thereare5urethralsphinctersinchildren
e)Nervesupplyofpenisincludespelvicsplanchnicnerves
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Superficialdorsalpenilearteryisabranchof
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bulbo-urethralartery&'d'i.e.,Thereare5urethralsphinctersinchildren
Vasculature&Innervationofpenis
A.Arterialsupply:mainlybybranchesoftheinternalpudendal
artery(branchofanteriordivisionoftheinternaliliacartery).
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DorsalArteriesofpenissupplyingthefibroustissuearoundcorporaandskinofpenis.
Deeparteriesofpenis(cavernousarteryorarterytocruraofpenis):
theypiercethecruraandrunwithinthecorporacavernosa,thus
supplyingtheerectiletissue.
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Arteryofbulbofpenis(Bulbo-urethralartery):supplyposteriorpartofcorpusspongiosum+Cowper'sglands
SuperficialeirDeepbranchesofexternalpudendalartery(branchof
femoralartery):supplypenileskin
B.Venusdrainage:Thepenisisdrainedbythreevenous
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systems:superficial,intermediate,anddeep.SUPERFICIALveins:drainsintotheleftsaphenousvein.Veinsfrom
moresuperficialtissuemaydrainintotheexternalsuperficial
pudendalveins.
INTERMEDIATEsystemcontainsthedeepdorsalandcircumflex
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veins,lyingwithinandbeneathBuck'sfascia.DEEPdrainagesystemconsists:
1. Cruralveins
2. Cavernosalveins
3. Theinternalpudendalveins
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C.Lymphaticdrainage:Glansdrainintothedeepinguinalnodes.
Fromrestofthepenislymphdrainsintothesuperficialinguinal
nodes.
D.Nervesupply
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a)Somaticsupply:Skinofthepenisissuppliedbypudendalnerveviadorsalnerveof
penisandposteriorscortalnerve.
Asmal areaonthedorsumofproximalpenis(root):ilionguinal
nerve.
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Themuslces,bulbocavernosusandischeocavernosus:perinealbranchofpudendalnerve.
b)Parasympathetic:Itisresponsibleforerectionandisderivedfrom
pelvicsplanchnicnerves(S2S3S4).
c)Sympathetic:Itisresponsibleforejaculation(initialpart)andis
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derivedfromLlsegmentviasuperiorandinferiorhypogastricplexus.2.4thAorticarchisresponsibleforthe
formationof?
a)Archofaorta
b)Pulmonaryartery
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c)Pulmonaryveind)Subclavianartery
e)Subclavianvein
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Archofaorta&'d'i.e.,Subclavianartery
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AorticarchIV:Therightandleftsidedevelopdifferently:1. LeftaorticarchIVformspartofarchofaortawhichliesbetweenleft
commoncarotidandleftsubclavianarteries.
2. RightaorticarchIVformsmostproximalpartofrightsubclavian
artery(distalpartisformedbyrightdorsalaortaandright7th
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cervicalintersegmentalartery).Theleftsubclavianarteryisformedbyleft7thcervicalintersegmentalartery.
Aboutotheroptions
1. Pulmonaryartery-5thaorticarch
2. Pulmonaryvein-pulmonaryveinsdevelopindependently(duringthe
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formationofseptumprimum.3. Subclavianvein-Subclavianveinsareformedby7thcervical
intersegmentalvein
3.Allaretrueregardingrenalanatomy
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EXCEPT?a)Leftkidneyisrelatedtoboth11th&12thribs
b)Longaxisislateralandupwards
c)Suppliedbyanteriorsegmentalartery
d)Suppliedbyrectalplexus
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e)BothkidneysmoveinoppositedirectionduringrespirationCorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Longaxisislateralandupwards,'d'i.e.,Supplied
byrectalplexus&'e'i.e.,Bothkidneysmoveinopposite
directionduringrespiration
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LOCATIONArterialSupply:
Eachkidneyissuppliedbyrenalarteries,leftandright,which
branchfromleft&rightphrenicarterywhichbranchdirectlyfrom
theabdominalaorta.
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Posterior,apical,upperanterior,middleanteriorandlowerare5segmentsofvascularsupplyineachkidney
Kidneysreceiveapproximately20%ofthecardiacoutput.
RenalarterySegmentalarteriesInterlobararteries(penetrate
therenalcapsuleandextendthroughtherenalcolumnsbetweenthe
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renalpyramids)InterlobararteriessupplyArcuatearteries(runthroughthe
boundaryofthecortexandthemedul a)Interlobulararteries
Afferentarterioles(supplytheglomeruli).
Branchesofrenalarteryareendarteries.
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RightrenalarteryislongerandpassesbehindIVC.NERVESUPPLY:
Kidneyissuppliedbyrenalplexus,anoffshootofcoelicplexus.
4.Truestatementregardinganatomyof
nasolacrimalapparatusis/are?
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a)Nasolacrimalductopensininferiormeatusb)Thereisupper&lowercanaliculus
c)Mostpeoplehavecommoncanaliculus
d)CanaliculusislinedbyCiliarystratifiedcolumnarepithelium
e)Nasolacrimalductisfracturedinmostheadandneckinjuries
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:EAns.is'a'i.e.,Nasolacrimalductopensininferiormeatus,'b'
i.e.,Thereisupper&lowercanaliculus,'c'i.e.,Mostpeople
havecommoncanaliculus&`e'i.e.,Nasolacrimalductis
fracturedinmostheadandneckinjuries
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Nasolacrimal(drainage)apparatusconsistsof:1. Lacrimalcanaliculi
2. Lacrimalsac
3. Nasolacrimalduct
Lacrimalcanaliculi
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Therearetwolacrimalcanaliculi-superiorandinferioroneachside.Theyunitetoformacommoncanaliculusanddrainviathesinusof
Maierintothelacrimalsacposteriortothemedialpalpebralligament
andanteriortotheorbicularisoculimuscle.
Itislinedbystratifiedsquamousepitheliumsupportedbyelastic
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tissue.Lacrimalsac:
Thelacrimalsacliesinthelacrimalfossaontheinferomedialaspect
ofthebonyorbitbetweentheposteriorandanteriorlacrimalcrests.
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ThesacreceivesthelacrimalcanaliculibeforeitdrainsviathevalveofKrauseintothenasolacrimalduct.
Nasolacrimalduct
Thenasolacrimalductistheinferiorcontinuationofthelacrimalsac
2parts:
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1. intraosseouspart(12mm):lieswithinthenasolacrimalcanalofthemaxil a
2. membranouspart(3-5mm):runsinthenasalmucosa;terminates
belowtheinferiornasalmeatusasaslit-likeopeningwhereitis
coveredbyamucosalfoldcal edthevalveofHasner
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5.Posteriorinterosseousnervesupplies?
a)Extensorcarpiradialislongus
b)Extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
c)Extensorcarpiulnaris
d)Brachioradialis
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e)Extensorpol icislongusCorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Extensorcarpiradialisbrevis,'c'i.e.,Extensor
carpiulnaris&`e'i.e.,Extensorpollicislongus
Theposteriorinterosseousnerveisapuremotornerve
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andinnervatessupinator&extensorcarpiradialis.Itsupplies:?
1. Extensorcarpiulnaris
2. Extensordigitorum
3. Extensordigitiminimi
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4. Abductorpol icislongus5. Extensorpol icislongusandbrevis
6. Extensorindicis
6.Cavernoussinusreceivesbloodfrom?
a)Superiorophthalmicvein
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b)Superiorpetrosalsinusc)Inferiorpetrosalsinus
d)Spheno-parietalsinus
e)Basilarplexusofveins
CorrectAnswer-A:D
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Superiorophthalmicvein&'d'i.e.,Spheno-parietalsinus
Tributaries(incomingchannels)ofcavernoussinus
1. Superiorophthalmicvein
2. Abranchofinferiorophthalmicveinorsometimesveinitself.
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3. Centralveinofretina(itmayalsodrainintosuperiorophthalmicvein).
4. Superficialmiddlecerebralvein.
5. Inferiorcerebralvein.
6. Sphenoparietalsinus
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7. Frontaltrunkofmiddlemeningealvein(itmayalsodrainintopterygoidplexusorintosphenoparietalsinus).
7.InnerWaldayer'sringincludes?
a)Jugulo-diagastricnodes
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b)Jugulo-omohoidnodesc)Palatinetonsil
d)Tubaltonsil
e)Pharyngealtonsil
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,Palatinetonsil,'d'i.e.,Tubaltonsil&`e'i.e.,Pharyngealtonsil
8.Structure(s)passingthroughaortic
openingintothechestinclude?
a)Thoracicduct
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b)Azygousveinc)Hemiazygousvein
d)Esophagus
e)Inferiorvenacava
CorrectAnswer-A:B
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Thoracicduct&'b'i.e.AzygousveinTheaortichiatusisaholeinthediaphragm.Itisthelowestand
mostposteriorofthelargeapertures.
Itislocatedapproximatelyatthelevelofthetwelfththoracic
vertebra(T12).
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Throughitpassestheaorta,theazygosvein,thethoracicduct,andhemi-azygosveinpassesthroughtheleftcrus.
9.ConstituentsofRotatorcuffincludesall
EXCEPT?
a)Teresmajor
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b)Teresminorc)Supraspinatus
d)Infraspinatus
e)Subscapularis
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,TeresmajorEachoneofthesemusclesispartoftherotatorcuffandplays
animportantrole:
Supraspinatus.Thisholdsyourhumerusinplaceandkeepsyour
upperarmstable.Andhelpsliftyourarm.
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Infraspinatus.Thisisthemainmusclethatletsyourotateandextendyourshoulder.
TeresMinor.Thisisthesmal estrotatorcuffmuscle.Itsmainjobis
toassistwithrotationofthearmawayfromthebody.
Subscapularis.Thisholdsyourupperarmbonetoyourshoulder
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bladeandhelpsyourotateyourarm,holditstraightoutandlowerit.10.NotTRUEstatementregardingparotid
glandis/are?
a)Deeplobecontainsdeeplymphatics
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b)Dividedintosuperficialanddeeplobesbyfacialnervec)Parotidductopensoppositetotheseconduppermolar
d)Ectodermalinorigin
e)Auriculotemporalnerveisthemainsensorynerve
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,DeeplobecontainsdeeplymphaticsDevelopment:
Parotidglandisthefirstsalivaryglandtoappear,inearly6'week.
Itisectodermalinoriginanddevelopsfromthebuccalepithelium
justlateraltotheangleofmouth
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StructuresemergingfromparotidThefollowingstructuresemergefromtheparotidgland:
Anteriorborder:
Parotidduct
3Terminalbranchesoffacialnerve:
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Thezygomaticandbuccalbranches:towardthetemporalregion,eyelidsandcheek,respectively.
Mandibularbranch:Runalongthebodyofthemandibletowardsthe
mouth
Apex:
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5thterminalbranchoffacialnerve:Cervicalbranchcontinuesintotheneck(toplatysma).
Anterior&posteriordivisionsofretromandibularvein
Posteriorborder:
Posteriorauricularnerve
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PosteriorauriculararteryPosteriorauricularvein
Alongbase:
superficialtemporalartery
temporalbranchoffacialnerve
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AuriculotemporalnerveSTRUCTURESWITHINGLAND:
Arteries:
Externalcarotidarteryentersthroughposteromedialsurface
Maxil aryartery
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SuperficialtemporalvesselPosteriorauricularartery
Veins:
Theretromandibularveins
FacialNerve
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ParotidDuct(Stenson'sduct)Theductturnsopensintothevestibuleofthemouth(gingivo-buccal
vestibule)oppositethecrownoftheupper2ndmolartooth
Nervesupply:
PARASYMPATHETIC:auriculotemporalnerve
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SYMPTHETICSUPPLY-plexusaroundtheexternalcarotidartery.SENSORYNERVES:auriculotemporalnerve,exceptforparotid
fascia&overlyingskinwhichareinnervatedbyGreatauricular
nerve(C2,C3).
11.Externalanalsphincterisinnervatedby?
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a)S2,S3,S4b)S2,S3
c)S1,S2
d)L5,Sl
e)L2,L3
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,S2,S3,S4
AnalSphincters:
Twosphincters,internalandexternal,surroundtheanalcanal:
A.Internalsphincter(sphincteraniinternus):
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InvoluntarySympatheticfibersthroughsuperiorhypogastricplexusa
Parasympatheticfibersfrompelvicsplanchnicnerves(S2S3S4).
B.Externalsphincter(sphincteraniexternus)
Voluntary
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SurroundstheentirelengthofanalcanalInferiorrectalnerve(S2S3S4)andperinealbranch
12.Apatienthadalesioninthewrist.On
examinationthethumbwaslaterally
rotated&adducted,withapethumb
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deformity.Whichisthenerveinvolved?a)Median
b)Ulnar
c)Radial
d)Postinterosseousnerve
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Median
Apethumb(Simianthumb)deformity:-
TheApeHandDeformityiscausedbydamagetothedistalmedian
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nerve(alsocal edaMedianClawlesion),andsubsequentlossofopponenspol icismusclefunction.
Thethumbisadductedandlateral yrotatedsothatthethumbliesin
thesameplaneastheotherfingers.Itisduetooveractionof
adductorpol icis(suppliedbyulnarnerve).
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13.Springligamentrefersto?
a)Plantarcalcaneonavicularligament
b)Shortplanterligament
c)Longplanterligament
d)Both'b'&'c'
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Plantarcalcaneonavicularligament
Thespringligament(Plantarcalcaneonavicularligament)isagroup
ofligamentswhichconnectcalcaneumtonavicular.
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Itconsistsof:?1. Superomedialligament.
2. Medioplantarobliqueligament(medialor
intermedialcalcaneonavicularligament).
3. Inferoplantarlongitudinalligament(Lateralcalcaneonavicular
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ligament).14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacontentof
medialwallofmiddleear?
a)Ovalwindow
b)Roundwindow
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c)Processuscochlearformisd)Aditus&antrum
e)NotchofRivinus
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Aditus&antrum&'e'i.e.,NotchofRivinus
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Medialorinnerlabyrinthicwallofmiddleear(Parieslabyrinthica):
Itisformedbythelateralwal oflabyrinth.
Itpresentsfollowingstructures:
1. Promontory:Itisabonybulgewhichisduetothebasalcoilof
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cochlea.Tympanicplexuspresentoverit.2. Ovalwindow(fenestravestibuli/ovalis):
3. Thefootplateofstapes
4. Roundwindow(fenestracochleae/rotunda):coveredbythe
secondarytympanicmembrane.
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5. Horizontaltympanicpartoffal opiancanalforfacialnerve6. Thetympanicsegmentoffacialnervecanal
7. Lateralsemicircularcanal
8. Processuscochleariformis
Thetendonoftensortympanitakesaturnonthisprocessandthen
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isinsertedontheneckofmal eus.Processuscochleariformisisanimportantsurgicallandmarkforthe
levelofthegenuofthefacialnerve.
15.Pronatorquadrateshassame
innervationsasfollowingmuscles?
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a)Flexorpol icislongusb)Flexordigitorumsuperficialis
c)Palmarislongus
d)Flexordigitorumprofundusofmiddlefinger
e)Flexorcarpiulnaris
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:DAns.is'a'i.e.,Flexorpollicislongus,'b'i.e.,Flexordigitorum
superficialis,'c'i.e.,Palmarislongus,'d'i.e.,Flexor
digitorumprofundusofmiddlefinger
Al theflexormusclesoftheforearmaresuppliedbymediannerve,
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excepttheflexoraulnarisandthemedialhalfofflexordigitorumprofundustotheulnartwofingers(4th&5thfinger).
MEDIANNERVEINNERVATONS:
Themediannerveinnervatesthemajorityofthemusclesin
theanteriorforearm,andsomeintrinsichandmuscles.
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AnteriorForearmInnervatesmusclesinthesuperficialandintermediatelayers:
Superficiallayer:Pronatorteres,flexorcarpiradialisandpalmaris
longus.
Intermediatelayer:Flexordigitorumsuperficialis.
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Themediannervealsogivesrisetotheanteriorinterosseousnerve,whichsuppliesthedeepflexors:
Deeplayer:Flexorpol icislongus,pronatorquadratus,andthe
lateralhalfoftheflexordigitorumprofundus(themedialhalfofthe
muscleisinnervatedbytheulnarnerve).
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HandThemediannerveinnervatessomeofthemusclesinthehand
viatwobranches.
Therecurrentbranch:Thenarmuscles
Thepalmardigitalbranch:Innervatesthelateraltwolumbricals.
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16.Supination&pronationdoesn'ttakeplace
at?
a)Superiorradioulnarjoint
b)Middleradioulnarjoint
c)Inferiorradioulnarjoint
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d)Radiocarpaljointe)Midcarpaljoint
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Radiocarpaljoint&`e'i.e.,Midcarpaljoint
Forearmrotation(supinationpronation)occursatradio-ulnarjoint
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complexi.e.Superior(proximal)radioulnarjoint,Inferior(distal)radioulnarjoint&Middleradioulnarjoint.
Movement:Musclesresponsibleformovements
Supination
Supinator(whenelbowisextended)
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Bicepsbrachi (whenelbowisflexed)Brachioradialis(supinatesthepronatedforearmtomidprone
position)
Pronation
Pronaterteres(rapidpronator)
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Pronatorquadrates(strongpronator)Brachioradialis(pronatesthesupinatedforearmtomidprone
position)
17.
Occlusionoccursat2ndpartofaxillary
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artery,bloodflowismaintainedbywhichofthefollowinganastomosis?
a)Suprascapularartery&postcircumflexhumeralartery
b)Anteriorandposteriorcircumflexhumeralartery
c)Circumflexscapularandposteriorcircumflexhumeralartery
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d)Deepbranchofthetransversecervicalarteryandsubscapularartery
e)Anteriorcircumflexarteryandsubscapularartery
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Suprascapularartery&postcircumflexhumeral
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artery&'d'i.e.,Deepbranchofthetransversecervicalarteryandsubscapularartery
Anastomosisaroundscapulaprovidesbloodsupplytodistalpartif
firstorsecondpartofaxil aryarteryisblocked.
Anastomosisaroundscapulaconnectsthefirstpartofsubclavian
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arterywiththirdpartofaxil aryartery.AnastomosisAroundScapula
Connects1stpartofsubclavianwith3rdpartofaxil aryartery.
Aroundbodyofscapula
1. Suprascapular(branchof1stpartofsubclavian).
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2. Deepbranchoftransversecervical(branchofthyrocervicaltrunkfromIstpartofsubclavian).
3. Circumflexscapular(branchofsubscapular,branchof3rdpartof
axil ary).
Ontheacromionprocess
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1. Acromialbranchofthoracoacromial(branchof2ndpartofaxil ary).
2. Ascendingbranchofposteriorcircumflexhumeral(branchof3rd
partofaxil ary).
3. Acromialbranchofsuprascapular(branchof1stpartofsubclavian).
18.Trueregardingredpulpofspleenis/are?
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a)Periarteriolarlymphoidsheathsb)B-cel containinglymphoidfol icles
c)Perisinusoidalmacrophages
d)Composedofsinusoidsandspleniccords
e)RemovalofoldRBCsandmodificationofnewcel s
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CorrectAnswer-C:D:EAns.is'c'i.e.,Perisinusoidalmacrophages,'d'i.e.,Composed
ofsinusoidsandspleniccords&`e'i.e.,RemovalofoldRBCs
andmodificationofnewcells
STRUCTUREOFSPLENICPARENCHYMA
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Thespleencomprisesmanyunitsofredpulp&whitepulp,whicharecentredaroundcentralarterioles(smal erbranchesofsplenic
artery).
Redpulp
Redpulpcontainslargenumberofvenoussinusoidsdraininginto
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tributariesofsplenicvein.Venoussinusoidsarelinedbyendothelialstavecel swhichform
incompletelayer&presentintracel ularslitsb/wthemthroughwhich
bloodcanpercolate.
Surroundingthesinusesistheparenchyma,whichcontains
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lymphocytes,macrophages,plasmacel s,etc.Itmetabolizessenescentredbloodcel s(erythrocytes).
Adjacentbloodspacescontainbloodcel sandarrangedincords
cal edspleniccordsofbil roth(spleniccordsofreticulinfibers).
19.Posteriorinterosseousnervesuppliesall
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except:a)Extensorcarpiradialislongus
b)Extensorcarpiulnaris
c)Extensordigitorum
d)Extensorindices
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e)FlexorcarpiulnarisCorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans.(a)Extensorcarpiradialislongus,(e)Flexorcarpiulnaris
Theposteriorinterosseousnerveisapuremotornerve
andinnervatessupinator&extensorcarpiradialis.
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Itsupplies:?1. Extensorcarpiulnaris
2. Extensordigitorum
3. Extensordigitiminimi
4. Abductorpol icislongus
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5. Extensorpol icislongusandbrevis6. Extensorindicis
20.Muscle'sofanteriorcompartmentofleg
is/are:
a)Peroneustertius
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b)Peroneusbrevisc)Peroneuslongus
d)Flexordigitorumlongus
e)Flexorhal ucislongus
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.(a)PeroneustertiusThe4musclesintheanteriorcompartmentofthelegare-thetibialis
anterior,extensordigitorumlongus,extensorhal ucislongus,and
fibularis(Peroneus)tertius
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21.Branchesofinternalcarotidarterydirectly
arisingfromit:
a)Posteriorcommunicatingartery
b)Superiorhypophysealartery
c)Inferiorhypophysealartery
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d)PosteriorcerebralArterye)RecurrentarteryofHeubner
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(a)Posteriorcommunicatingartery,(b),Superior
hypophysealartery,(c)Inferiorhypophysealartery
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InternalCarotidArteryBranches:Ophthalmicartery
Posteriorcommunicatingartery
Anteriorchoroidalartery
Anteriorcerebralartery:Orbital;FrontalandParietalbranches
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Middlecerebralartery:Deeporperforatingbranch;temporalbranch;FrontalbranchandParietalbranches
22.
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Cross-sectionofmedullaatthelevelofmid-olivarysectionthroughtheflooroffourth
ventriclecontainswhichofthefollowing
structure?
a)Trapezoidbody
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b)Dorsalnucleusofvagusc)Nucleusoftractussolitarius
d)Nucleusambigus
e)Superiorvestibularnucleus
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
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Ans.(b)Dorsalnucleusofvagus,(c)Nucleusoftractussolitarius,(d)Nucleusambiguus
23.Correctstatementaboutmeiosis:
a)Somaticcel snotdividebymeiosisbecausenumberof
chromosomesreducestohalf
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b)Occuringermcel whichresultinhaploidcel sc)Onespermatocyteproducesonespermandoneoocyte
producesoneovum
d)Germcel undergoesdivisiontoformdiploidcel andincrease
theirnumber
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e)Bodyneedsmeiosistoproducelargeno.ofeggsandspermsCorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.(a)Somaticcellsnotdividebymeiosis(b)Occuringerm
cellwhichresult(e)Bodyneedsmeiosistoproduce.
Meiosis:
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Meiosisisatypeofcel divisionthatreducesthenumberofchromosomeslntheparentcel byhalfandproducesfourgamete
cel s.
Thisprocessisrequiredtoproduceeggand,spermcel forsexual
reproduction
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Meiosisbeginswithaparentcel thatlsdiploidandformsfourdaughtercel sthatarehaploid,whichhavehalfthenumberof
chromosomesofthediploidcel s.
24.Allaretrueaboutvestibularnerveexcept:
a)Ithastwodivision-superiorandinferiorvestibular
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b)Vestibularnucleisituatedatjunctionofponsandmedul ac)Nervefibresrelayatscarpa'sganglion
d)Nucleusliesinmidbrainnearaqueduct
e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.(d)NucleusliesinmidbrainnearaqueductVestibularnerve:
Themainnervedividesatandwithinthevestibular(Scarpa's)
ganglionintosuperiorandinferiordivision,whichareconnectedby
anisthmus
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Vestibularnucleiislocatedinfloorof4thventricle&issuppliedbyPICA.
Vestibularganglionisalsok/aScarpa'sganglion.
Vestibularnerveanastomosewithcochlearandfacialnerve.
25.Whichflexortendonzoneinhandis
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knownasNoman'sland?a)ZoneI
b)ZoneII
c)ZoneIII
d)ZoneIV
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e)ZoneVCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(b)ZoneII
ZoneIIextendsfromthemiddleofthemiddlephalanxtodistal
palmarcrease.Itcontainsbothflexortendonsuperficialisandflexor
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tendonprofundus.Ithasbeencal edNoMan'sLand.'or"NoMan'sZonebecause
repairinthiszoneisverydifficult.
26.Content(s)ofaortichiatus?
a)Thoracicduct
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b)Aortac)Vagusnerve
d)Inferiorvenacava
e)Azygosvein
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
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Ans.(a)Thoracicduct,(b)Aorta,(e)AzygosveinTheaortichiatussituatedatthelevelofT12vertebra.
Structurespassingthroughaortichiatusalongwithaortaare:
Thoracicduct
Azygosvein
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Hemiazygosvein27.Trueabouttrochlearnerve:
a)Arisefromventralaspectofbrainstem
b)EntersorbitthroughannulusofZinn
c)Lesioncausesdiplopia
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d)Nucleusofthetrochlearnerveislocatedinthecaudalmesencephalonbeneaththecerebralaqueduct
e)Damagecausesipsilateralpalsyofsuperiorobliquemuscle
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.(c)Lesioncausesdiplopia,(d)Nucleusofthetrochlear
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nerveislocatedinthecaudalmesencephalonThetrochlearnervehascertainuniquefeatures:
Itistheonlycranialnervewhosefibersoriginatetotal yfromthe
contralateralnucleus.
Itistheonlycranialnervetoemergefromthedorsalsurfaceofthe
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brainstem.Itisthemostslenderofal thecranialnerves.
Ithasthelongestintraduralcourseamongthethreeextraocular
motornerves.
Itsuppliesonlyonemusclei.e.superioroblique(Abducentcranial
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nervealsosuppliesonlyonemusclei.e.Lateralrectus).28.Trueaboutinferiorobliquemuscle:
a)Suppliedbyinferiordivisionof3rdCN
b)Primaryeyeaction-Extorsion,abduction&depression
c)Themusclepassbelowinferiorrectus
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d)Originfromlacrimalbonee)Nerveentersthemusclefromocularsurface
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.(A)Suppliedbyinferiordivisionof3rdCN(C)Themuscle
passbelowinferiorrectus
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Itoriginatesfromorbitalplateofmaxil alateraltotheorificeofnasolacrimalduct.
Itistheonlymuscletotakeoriginfromfrontoftheorbit.Otherrecti
muscletakeoriginfromannulusofzinn.
Occulomotornerveinorbit:Thelarger,lowerdivisiondividesinto3
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branchesforthemedialrectus,theinferiorrectus6theinferioroblique.Al branchesenterthemuscleontheirocularsurfaces
exceptthatfortheIOwhichentersitsposteriorborder'
29.TrueaboutSubmandibularglandduct
obstructionbystone:
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a)Presentsasamassbelowbodyofmandibleb)StoneinWhartonductcanbepalpatedbelowmucous
membraneoffloorofmouth
c)Startspainjustafterstartingameal
d)Paincarriedbyglossopharyngealnerve
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e)Al theaboveCorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e.Alltheabove
Thesubmandibularsalivaryglandisacommonsiteofcalculus
formation.
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Thepresenceofatenseswel ingbelowthebodyofthemandible,whichisgreatestbeforeorduringamealandisreducedinsizeor
absentbetweenmeals,isdiagnosticofthecondition.
Examinationofthefloorofthemouthwil revealabsenceofejection
ofsalivafromtheorificeoftheductoftheaffectedgland.
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Frequently,thestonecanbepalpatedintheduct,whichliesbelowthemucousmembraneofthefloorofthemouth'
Al the3pairsofsalivaryglandsaresuppliedbyefferent
(Parasympathetic&sympathetic)&afferentnerves(chordatympani-
br.ofVIInerve&IXnerw).Afferentfiberscarrypainimpulsefrom
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salivarygland30.Trueaboutpalatinetonsil:
a)Cryptsislinedbysquamousepithelium
b)SuppliedbyIXCN
c)Tonguedepressorisusedforexamination
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d)Arterialsupplyisbytonsil arascendingbranchofgraterpalatineartery
e)Presentinoropharynx
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.(A)Cryptsislinedbysquamousepithelium;(B)Supplied
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byIXCN;(C)Tonguedepressorisusedforexamination;(E)Presentinoropharynx
Palatinetonsil
ThePalatinetonsilsaretwoprominentmassessituatedoneon
eithersidebetweentheglossopalatineandpharyngopalatine
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arches.Eachtonsilconsistsfundamental yofanaggregationoflymphoid
tissueunderlyingthemucousmembranebetweenthepalatine
arches.
Inthechildthetonsilsarerelatively(andfrequentlyabsolutely)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
largerthanintheadultThefol iclesofthetonsilarelinedbyacontinuationofthemucous
membraneofthepharynx,coveredwithstratifiedsquamous
epithelium
Arteriessupplyingthetonsilarethe:
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DorsalislinguaefromthelingualTheascendingpalatineandtonsil arfromtheexternalmaxil ary
Theascendingpharyngealfromtheexternalcarotid
Thedescendingpalatinebranchoftheinternalmaxil ary
Atwigfromthesmal meningeal.
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Theveinsendinthetonsil arplexus,onthelateralsideofthetonsilThenervesarederivedfromthesphenopalatineganglion,andfrom
theglossopharyngeal.
31.Trueaboutarticularcartilage:
a)Inzonelchondrocytesaresmal er
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b)Zone2containsarticularcartilageprogenitorcel sc)Zone3containscalcifiedcartilage
d)Zone4containcalcifiedcartilage
e)Chondrocytesareactivecel
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
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Ans.(A)Inzonelchondrocytesaresmaller;(C)Zone3containscalcifiedcartilage;(E)Chondrocytesareactivecell
Therearefourzones(layers)ofarticularcartilagefromthearticular
surfacetosubchondralbone.
1.Superficialzone(Zone-1)
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Itisthethinnestzone.Itconsistsoftwolayers:(i)Asheetofdenslypackedcol agenwith
littlepolysaccharideandtocel s,coversthejointsurface,and(i )
flattenedelipsoid-shapedchondrocytes,withtheirmajoraxis
paral eltojointsurface.
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2.Transitionzone(Zone2)Compositionisintermediatebetweensuperficialzoneandmiddle
zone.
3.Middlezoneorradialzoneordeepzone(Zone-3)
Thechondrocytesarespheroidalinshapewiththeirmajoraxis
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perpendiculartojointsurface.Chondrocytesaremostactivesynthetical yinthiszone.
Thiszonecontainsthelargestdiametercol agenfibrils,thehighest
concentrationofproteoglycansandthelowestconcentrationof
water.
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4.Calcifiedcartilagezone(Zone-4)
Itseparatesthemiddlezonefromsubchondralbone.
Thecel saresmal withsmal amountofendoplasmicreticulumand
golgiapparatuswithverylittlemetabolic
32.AllaretrueaboutCSFexcept:
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a)Totalvolumeis250mlb)Pressureis60-180mmofH2O
c)Formedfromchoroidplexusof3rdventricle
d)Formedfromchoroidplexusoflateralventricle
e)Noneoftheabove
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.a.Totalvolumeis250ml
ThemajorsourceofCSFisthechoroidalplexusofal 4ventricles,
mainlyintwolateralventricles.
OthersourcesofCSFareependymalcel softheventriclesandthe
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brainitself,viaperivascularspaces.ThetotalvolumeofCSFinanadultisabout125-150ml.
TherateofformationofCSFisabout500-550ml/day.ThustheCSF
isreplaced3-4timeseveryday.
CSFpHis7.33
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112mmH20istheaveragenormalCSFpressure33.TrueaboutAtlanto-axialjoint:
a)Vertebralarterypassthroughgroveonarchofatlasvertebrae
toforamenmagnum
b)Permitsflexion&extension
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c)Permitsidetosidemovementofheadd)Permitsflexiononly
e)Permitsrotation
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Vertebralarterypassthroughgroveonarchofatlas
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vertebraetoforamenmagnum;c.Permitsidetosidemovementofhead;e.Permitsrotation
Thereare3atlantoaxialarticulations-twolateralatlantoaxialjoints
b/wthelateralmassesofCl&C2vertebrae&onemedian
atlantoaxialjointb/wthedensofC2&theanteriorarchtransverse
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ligamentoftheatlasMovement(mainlyrotation)atal threeatlantoaxialjointspermitsthe
headtobeturnedfromsidetoside,asoccurswhenrotatingthe
headtoindicatedisapproval(the'NO'movement)
Themostimportantfactorsmaintainingstabilityaretheligaments,of
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whichthetransverseatlantalligamentisthestrongest.Thealarligamentsareweaker
34.Trueaboutinnervationofparotidgland:
a)Postganglionicparasympatheticfibresecretomotor
b)PreganglionicparasympatheticfibrerelayinOticganglion
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c)Preganglionicparasympatheticnervebeginininferiorpetrosalnucleus
d)Sympatheticnervearevasomotor
e)Postganglionicparasympatheticfibrespassthroughthe
glossopharyngealnerve
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:DAns:a.Postganglionicparasympatheticfibresecretomotor.b.
PreganglionicparasympatheticfibrerelayinOticganglion.d.
Sympatheticnervearevasomotor.
Development:
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Parotidglandisthefirstsalivaryglandtoappear,inearly6'week.Itisectodermalinoriginanddevelopsfromthebuccalepithelium
justlateraltotheangleofmouth
Structuresemergingfromparotid
Thefollowingstructuresemergefromtheparotidgland:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anteriorborder:Parotidduct
3Terminalbranchesoffacialnerve:
Thezygomaticandbuccalbranches:towardthetemporalregion,
eyelidsandcheek,respectively.
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Mandibularbranch:Runalongthebodyofthemandibletowardsthemouth
Apex:
5thterminalbranchoffacialnerve:Cervicalbranchcontinuesinto
theneck(toplatysma).
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Anterior&posteriordivisionsofretromandibularveinPosteriorborder:
Posteriorauricularnerve
Posteriorauricularartery
Posteriorauricularvein
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Alongbase:superficialtemporalartery
temporalbranchoffacialnerve
Auriculotemporalnerve
STRUCTURESWITHINGLAND:
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Arteries:Externalcarotidarteryentersthroughposteromedialsurface
Maxil aryartery
Superficialtemporalvessel
Posteriorauricularartery
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Veins:Theretromandibularveins
FacialNerve
ParotidDuct(Stenson'sduct)
Theductturnsopensintothevestibuleofthemouth(gingivo-buccal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vestibule)oppositethecrownoftheupper2ndmolartoothNervesupply:
PARASYMPATHETIC:auriculotemporalnerve
SYMPTHETICSUPPLY-plexusaroundtheexternalcarotidartery.
SENSORYNERVES:auriculotemporalnerve,exceptforparotid
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fascia&overlyingskinwhichareinnervatedbyGreatauricularnerve(C2,C3).
35.Muscle(s),whichformthefloorofpelvic
floor:
a)Obturatorinternus
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b)Piriformisc)Puborectalis
d)Pubococcygeus
e)Ischiococcygeus
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
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Ans.c.Puborectalis;d.Pubococcygeus;e.IschiococcygeusThepelvicfloorisformedbythelargelevatorani(withparts
includingthepubococcygeus,puborectalis,andiliococcygeus)and
themuchsmal ercoccygeus.
36.Whichofthefollowingmuscleissupplied
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bymediannerve:a)Oppenenspol ocis
b)Adductorpol icis
c)LateralhalfoftheFlexordigitorumprofundus
d)Superficialheadofflexorpol icisbrevis
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e)Deeppartofflexorpol icisbrevisCorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.a.Oppenenspollocis;c.LateralhalfoftheFlexor
digitorumprofundus;d.Superficialheadofflexorpollicis
brevis
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Therearefourshortmusclesofthumb(pol ex),theyareabductorpol icisbrevis,opponenspol icis,flexorpol icisbrevisandadductor
pol icis.Thefirstthreeofthesemusclesformthethenareminence.
Al thesemusclesaresuppliedbymediannerveexceptforadductor
pol iciswhichisinnervatedbyulnarnerve.
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37.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is/are
trueaboutsphinctersofbody:
a)Lower5cmofoesophagealactasoesophagealsphincter&itis
notmorphological ydifferentfromotherportionofoesophagus
b)Oesophageal&pyloricsphincterremainsintopical ycontracted
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statec)Pre-capil arysphincterispresentinb/wmetarteriole&capil ary
d)Pudendalnervesuppliesthesphincterurethrae
e)Sphincterofoddiliesatjunctionofduodenum&CBD
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
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Ans.b.Oesophageal&pyloricsphincterremainsintopicallycontractedstate;c.Pre-capillarysphincterispresentinb/w
metarteriole&capillary;d.Pudendalnervesuppliesthe
sphincterurethrae;e.Sphincterofoddiliesatjunctionof
duodenum&CBD
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Thecommonbileductenterstheduodenumatduodenumpapil a.ItsorificeissurroundedbythesphincterofOddi6itusual yunites
withthemainpancreaticductjustbeforeenteringtheduodenum
Atthelowerendoftheesophagus,extendingupwardabout3cm
aboveitsjunctionwithstomach,itisbroadloweresophageal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sphincter.Loweroesophagealsphincter,aspecializezoneofcircularsmooth
musclesurroundingtheoesophagusatitstransitthroughthe
diaphragmandformuchofitsshortabdominalfloor
Atthepointwhereeachtruecapil aryoriginatesfromametarteriole,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
asmoothmusclefiberusual yencirclesthecapil ary.Thisiscal ed,theprecapil arysphincter.Thissphinctercanopen&closethe
entrancetothecapil ary
Pyloricsphincterremainslightlytonical ycontractedalmostal the
time.Despitenormaltoniccontractionofthepyloricsphincter,the
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pylorususual yisopenenoughforwater&otherfluidstoemptyfromthestomachintotheduodenumwithease.
38.Trueaboutabductionatshoulderjoint:
a)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction
b)Serratusanterior&trapeziusalsohelpinabduction
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c)Multipennatedeltoidclavicularfiberismainabductord)Axil arynerveinjuryhasnoeffectonabduction
e)Musculotendinouscuffstabilizesshoulderjoint
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.(a)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction(b)Serratusanterior
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
&trapeziusalsohelpinabduction(e)Musculotendinouscuffstabilizesshoulderjoint.
MOVEMENTSOFSHOULDERJOINT
Movementineverydirection(Flexion,extension,abduction,
adduction,rotation,circumduction)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SpinalCordregulatingShouldermovements(C5,C6,C7&C8)Flexion,Abduction,&lateralrotation(C5,C6,).
Extension,Adduction,&Medialrotationis(C6,C7,C8)
Movementsthattakeplaceduringabductionofshoulderare
axialrotationofhumerusatacroclavicularjoint,elevationof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
humerus&movementatclavicularendofsternoclavicularjoint.TYPEOF
PLANE AXISOFMUSCLES HUMERALRANGE FACTOR
MOVEMENTOF
HEAD
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OFMOTIONMOTIONINVOLVED
GLIDING MOTION LIMITING
Total-0-
165?or
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175?-Inferior
Ful
glenohumeral
internal
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ligament-Tightnessof
internal
Inferiorly rotationof -Tightnessof
Abduction
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Frontal Saggital Deltoid,theinferior
plane
axis
Supraspinatusinglenoid humerus0-
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cavity60?
joint
Ful
capsuleof
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externalthe
rotationof gleno-
humerus0-humeraljoint
90?
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39.Organwhichhavenolymphaticsupply:
a)Eyebal
b)Brain
c)Liver
d)Kidney
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e)SpinalcordCorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.a.Eyeball;b.Brain&e.Spinalcord
Lymphcapil ariesareabsentfromthecel ularstructureslikebrain,
spinalcord,splenicpulp,bonemorrow,articulatecartilage,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
epidermis,hair,nail&cornea.Lymphaticvesselarefoundinal tissue&organofbodyexceptthe
centralnervoussystem,eyebal ,internalear,epidermisoftheskin,
cartilage&bone.
40.Trueregardingthyroidglandis?
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a)DeepinvestinglayerformBerryligamentb)Condensedfibrouspartofglandformtruecapsule
c)Superiorthyroidarteryliesposterolateraltosuperiorlaryngeal
nerve
d)Recurrentlaryngealnervehasvariablecourseonbothsides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)SuppliedbyThyrocervicalTrunkCorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.Ans.is'b'i.e.,Condensedfibrouspartofglandformtrue
capsule;'e'i.e.,SuppliedbyThyrocervicalTrunk
Thyroidglandhastwocapsule:-
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1. Truecapsule-peripheralcondensationoftheconnectivetissueofthegland.
2. Falsecapsule-derivedfromthepretracheallayerofthedeep
cervicalfascia.ItalsoformsthesuspensoryligamentofBerrywhich
connectsthelobetothecricoidcartilage.
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3. Ligamentofberryandfalsecapsulearederivedfrompretracheallayerofdeepcervicalfascia(notinvestinglayer).
Superiorthyroidarteryisrelatedtoexternallaryngealnerve
(externalbranchofsuperiorlaryngealnerve),butnotdirectlyrelated
tosuperiorlaryngealnerveitself
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Recurrentlaryngealnervehasvariablerelationtoinferiorthyroidarteryonlyonrightside,onleftsideithasconsistentrelation
Bloodsupplyofthyroidglandisthrough:
Superiorthyroidartery-Branchofexternalcarotidartery
Inferiorthyroidartery-BranchofThyrocervicaltrunk
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Thyroideaimaartery-Fromthebrachiocephalictrunkorarchofaorta
41.Correctstatement[s]regardingthe
anatomyofvertebraeare?
a)C7hasnoforamentransversarium
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b)C6hasprominentlateralmassc)T3hassmal estspinousprocess
d)T12haslargecostalfacet
e)T7hasvertical yorientedarticularprocess
CorrectAnswer-E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.e)T7hasverticallyorientedarticularprocessC7hasforamentransversarium,butitdoesnottransmitsvertebral
artery(unlikeforaminatransversariaofC1toC6)
LateralmassisseeninC1(notinC6)
Thoracicvertebrae(includingT3)havelongspinousprocess.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Smal spinousprocessesareseenincervicalvertebrae(exceptforC7).
T11&T12donothavecostalfacets
T2-79aretypicalthoracicvertebraeand71,TI0,711,712areatpical
thoracicvertebrae
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IntypicalthoracicvertebraeArticularprocessesarevertical yplacedandinterlocked;Sodislocationcanonlyoccuriftheyarefractured.
42.Uppereyelidhasfollowinglayer[s]-
a)Orbicularisoculi
b)Adiposetissue
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c)Looseconnectivetissued)Levatorpalpebraesuperioris
e)Mul ermuscles
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Orbicularisoculi;'c'i.e.,Looseconnective
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tissue;'d'i.e.,Levatorpalpebraesuperiors;'e'i.e.,Mullermuscles
Layersofeyelid:
Eachlidismadeupof(fromwithoutinwards)
Skin
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Subcutaneousareolartissue:Layeroflooseareolarconnectivetissue,withoutanyfat.
Layerofstriatedmuscles:Orbicularisoculimuscle;Inuppereyelid
levatorpalpebraesuperioris
Submuscularareolartissue:Nervesandvesselsofthelidslieinthis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
layerFibrouslayer:Itistheframeworkofthelidsandconsistsof:
1. Tarsalplates:Tarsiformtheskeletonofeyelids.Septumorbitale
andMul er'smuscleareattachedtosuperiorborderofUpper
tarsus.Orbitalseptum,capsulopalpebaralfasciaandinferior
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palpebralmuscleareattachedtoinferiorborderoflowertarsus.Tarialglands(meibomianglands)areembeddedintheposterior
surfaceoftarsi.
2. Septumorbitale(palpebralfascia):Itisathin,floatingmembrane
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whichtakespartinal movementsofeyelids'3. Medialandlateralpalpebralligaments.
Layersofnon-striatedmusclefibres:Thislayerconsistsofsmooth
musclefibersofmul ermuscles.
Conjunctiva
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43.Branch[es]ofophthalmicarteryis/are-
a)Centralarteryofretina
b)Supratrochlearartery
c)Anteriorethmoidalartery
d)Posteriorethmoidalartery
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e)PosteriorarticulararteryCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans..is.a,i.e.,Centralarteryofretina,'b'i.e.,Supratrochlear
artery,'c'i.e.,Anteriorethmoidalartery'd'i.e.,Posterior
ethmoidal
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OphthalmicarteryItgivesfollowingbranches:-
Centralarteryofretina(endartery)
Lacrimalartery:-Itgivesfollowingbranches?
LateralPalpebralbranch.
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ZygomaticotemporalZygomaticofacial
Recurrentmeningeal
Meningeal
Ciliary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anteriorethmoidal-SuppliesanteriorethmoidalsinusPosteriorethmoidal
MedialPalpebral
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
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Dorsalnasal44.Bloodsupplyofoptictractcomesthrough
a)Middlecerebralartery
b)Anteriorcerebralartery
c)Posteriorcerebralartery
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d)Anteriorchoroidalarterye)Internalcarotidartery
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a,i.e.,Middlecerebralartery'd'i.e.,Anteriorchoroidal
artery;'e'i.e,Internalcarotidartery
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Optictractissuppliedby:Anteriorchoroidalartery(branchofinternalcarotidartery)
Posteriorcommunicatingartery(branchofICA);
Middlecerebralartery(BranchofICA)
45.Trueaboutdevelopmentofcochlea
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a)Ful ydevelopedat22weeksb)Derivedfromsurfaceectoderm
c)Developsinbonylabyrinth
d)Developsfromoticvesicle
e)Developsfromoticcapsule
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CorrectAnswer-A:C:EAns.a.Fullydevelopedat22weeks;'c'i.e.,Developsinbony
labyrinth;'e'1.e.,Developsfromoticcapsule
Developmentofinternalearstartsbytheageof3weeksof
intrauterinelifedevelopmentofmembranousinternalearis
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completedby16thweekandreachesitsadultsize&shapeby20-22weekswhenthecochleaisdevelopedsufficiently.
Developmentofphylogenetical yolderpartoflabyrinth,i.epars
superior(semi-circularcanalandutricle)takesplaceearlierthan
parsinferior(sacculeandcochlea).
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DEVELOPMENTDERIVATIVESOFEAR:Surfaceectoderm:
Membranouslabyrinth
Epithelialliningofexternalauditorymeatus
Outersurfaceoftympanicmembrane
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Mesoderm:Bonylabyrinth
Earossicle
Skeletalmuscle
Centreoftympanicmembrane
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Endoderm:Eustachiantubelining
Middleearcavity
Epithelialcoveringofossicle
Innerlayeroftympanicmembrane
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Tympanicmembraneisderivedfromal threelayersofgermline.46.Urogenitaldiaphragmismadeupof?
a)Deeptransverseperinei
b)Perinealmembrane
c)SphincterUrethrae
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d)Fasciaofurogenitaldiaphragme)Al theabove
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e.Alltheabove
Urogenitaldiaphragm:
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Consistsoftwomuscles:Sphincterurethrae
Deeptransverseperinei,alsocal edtransversusperneiprofundus
Twofasciae:
Inferiorfasciaofurogenitaldiaphragm,alsocal edperineal
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membraneSuperiorfasciaofurogenitaldiaphragm
47.Trueaboutepiglottis?
a)Containsserousgland
b)Containsmucoussecretingglands
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c)Itisovalshapedd)Madeupofelasticcartilage
e)Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.b)Containsmucoussecretingglands;d)Madeupof
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elasticcartilage;e)HasbilaterallymphaticsupplyEpiglottis:
Theepiglottisofelasticcartilagetissuecoveredwithamucous
membrane,attachedtotheentranceofthelarynx.
Theepiglottishastwosurfaces,lingualandalaryngealsurface,
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relatedtotheoralcavityandthelarynxrespectivelyTheentirelingualsurfaceandtheapicalportionofthelaryngeal
surfacearecoveredbyastratifiedsquamousnon-keratinized
epithelium.
Therestofthelaryngealsurfaceon,whichisinrelationtothe
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respiratorysystem'hasrespiratoryepithelium:pseudostratified,ciliatedcolumnarcel sandmucussecretingGobletcel s.
Epiglottishasbilaterallymphaticdrainagetopperdeepcervical
lymphnodes
48.TrueaboutmeiosisI:
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a)Sisterchromatidsreplicateb)Sisterchromatidsseparate
c)Haploiddaughtercel s
d)Homologouschromosomesexchangematerial
e)Homologouschromosomesseparate
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CorrectAnswer-C:D:EAns.is'c'i.e.,Haploiddaughtercells;'d'i.e.,Homologous
chromosomesexchangematerial!&'e'i.e."Homologous
chromosomesseparate
MeiosisIisdividedintofollowingphases:-
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1.ProphaseI:Longestphase.
Itisfurthersubdividedinto:_
1. Leptotene:Diffusechromatinstartscondensingintochromosomes
andchromosomesstartappearinginthisstage.
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2. Zygotene:InthisstageHomologouschromosomespairup.Thisprocessiscal ed'synapsis'orconjugationandeachpairiscal ed
bivalent.
3. Pachytene:Inthisstagetwochromatidsofeachpairseparateandis
cal edtetrad.Thenthereoccurs'crossing-over',i.e.,oneorboth
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chromatidsofonehomologouschromosomecrossesoverwiththosefromotherhomologouschromosomeofthatpairforming
synaptonemalcomplex.Thepointofcrossingoverarecal ed,
chiasmata.
4. Diplotene:Thetwochromosomesofbivalenttrytomoveapart.
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ThereisexchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenHomologouschromosomes
5. Diakinesis:Inthisstagethereorganizedchromosomesmoveapart.
Eachbivalentcannowbeseentocontainfourchromatidslinkedby
acommoncentromere,whilenon-sisterchromatidsarelinkedby
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chiasmata.2.MetaphaseI:Thebivalentsbecomearrangedaroundtheequator
ofthespindle,attachedtotheircentromeres.
3.AnaphaseI:Spindlefibrespul homologouschromosomes.This
separatesthechromosomeintotwohaploidsets'onesetateach
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endofspindle.4.TelophaseI:Twodaughtercel sareformedeachcontaining23
chromosomes(Haploid),eachconsistingoftwochromatids(2C).
49.TrueaboutFibrousskeletonofheart?
a)Fibrousringaroundmitralvalve
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b)Tendonofinfundibulumisbetweenpulmonary&aorticvalvec)Trigonumdextrumisbetweenmitral&tricuspidvalve
d)Trigonumsinistrumisbetweenmitralandaorticvalve
e)TendonofTodaroisbetweencentralfibrouspartsto
Eustachianvalve
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:EAns.is'a'i.e.,Fibrousringaroundmitralvalye;'b'i,e.,Tendon
ofinfundibulumisbetweenpulmonary&aorticvalve;'d'i.e.,
Trigonumsinistrumisbetweenmitralandaorticvalve;&'e'
i.e.,TendonofTodaroisbetweencentralfibrouspartsto
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EustachianvalveFibrousskeletonofheart:
Fibrousringsurroundingtheorificesofatrioventricular(mitraland
tricuspid)orifices,pulmonaryorificeandaorticorifice,alongwith
someadjoiningmassesoffibroustissue.
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Tendonofinfundibulumisfibroustissuebetweenpulmonaryandaorticring.
Trigonumfibrosumdextrumisfibrosustissuebetweenatrioventricular
rigs(mitralandtricuspid)andaorta.
Trigonumfibrosumsinistrumisfibroustissuebetweentheaorticand
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mitralrings.50.Tastesensationfromthetongueis/are
carriedby?
a)Facialnerve
b)Glossopharyngealnerve
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c)Hypoglossalnerved)Vagusnerve
e)Trigeminalnerve
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans,is'a'i,e.Faeialnerve'b'i,e.Glossopharyngealnerve;&'d'
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i,e.VagusnerveTastesensationoftongue:
Anterior2/3rdpart:Chordatympani
Posterior1/3rdpart&circumval atepapil ae:Glossopharyngeal
nerve
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Posteriormostpart:InternallaryngealbranchofVagusnerve51.Trueaboutepiglottis?
a)Containsserousgland
b)Containsmucoussecretingglands
c)Itisovalshaped
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d)Madeupofelasticcartilagee)Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Containsmucoussecretingglands;'d'i.eMadeup
ofelasticcartilage&'e'i.e',Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
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Epiglottis:Theepiglottisofelasticcartilagetissuecoveredwithamucous
membrane,attachedtotheentranceofthelarynx.
Theepiglottishastwosurfaces,lingualandalaryngealsurface,
relatedtotheoralcavityandthelarynxrespectively
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Theentirelingualsurfaceandtheapicalportionofthelaryngealsurfacearecoveredbyastratifiedsquamousnon-keratinized
epithelium.
Therestofthelaryngealsurfaceon,whichisinrelationtothe
respiratorysystem'hasrespiratoryepithelium:pseudostratified,
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ciliatedcolumnarcel sandmucussecretingGobletcel s.Epiglottishasbilaterallymphaticdrainagetopperdeepcervical
lymphnodes
52.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is/are
trueaboutphrenicnerveexcept-
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a)Itisprimarymotorsupplytodiaphragmb)Accessoryphrenicnervejoinsthephrenicnervenearthefirst
rib
c)Formedinfrontofscalenusmediusmuscle
d)Itdescendsposteriortosternocleidomastoid
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e)GivessensorysupplytocentraltendonofdiaphragmCorrectAnswer-C
Ansis.'Ci.e.,Formedinfrontofscalenusmediusmuscle
Liesanteriortoanteriorscalenusmuscle
Phrenicnerveisamixednerve&carriesmotorfibrestothe
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diaphragm&sensoryfibresfromthediaphragm,pleura,pericardium&partoftheperitoneum.
Origin:
Itariseintheneckfromtheant.ramiofthe3rd,4th&5thcervical
nerves
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Itisformedatthelateralborderofthescalenusanterior,oppositethemiddleofthesternocleidomastoidattheleveloftheupper
borderofthethyroidcartilage.
Relations:
Itrunsvertical ydownwardsontheant.surfaceofthescalenusant.
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&inthispartitisrelatedanteriorlyto1. Prevertebralfascia
2. Inf.bel yofomohyoid
3. Transversecervicalartery
4. Suprascapularartery
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5. Internaljugularvein6. Sternocleidomastoidmus.
7. Thoracicductonleftside.
Afterleavingtheant.surfaceofthescalenusant.thenerveruns
downwardsonthecervicalpleurabehindthecommencementofthe
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brachiocephalicvein.(onleftsidenerveleavesthescalenusant.atahigherlevel&crossesinfrontofthe.firstpartofthesubclavian
art.).Hereitcrossestheinternalthoracicartery(eitheranteriorlyor
posteriorly)&entersthethoraxbehindthe1stcostalcartilage.
53.Allaresuppliedbyanteriorinterosseous
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nerveexcept?a)Flexorcarpiulnaris
b)Brachioradialis
c)Abductorpol icisbrevis
d)Flexorpol icislongus
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e)FlexordigitorumsuperficialisCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.is'a'i'e.,Flexorcarpiulnaris'b'i.e.,Brachioradialis;'c'i.e.,
Abductorpollicisbrevis;&'e'i.e.,Flexordigitorumsuperficial
Theanteriorinterosseousnerve(volarinterosseousnerve)isa
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branchofthemediannervethatsuppliesthedeepmusclesontheanterioroftheforearm,excepttheulnar(medial)halfoftheflexor
digitorumprofundus.
54.Truestatementaboutshoulderjoint?
a)Multipennateacromialfibresofdeltoidarepowerfulabductor
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b)Axil arynerveinjuryhasnoeffectonabductionc)Musculotendinouscuffstabilizesshoulderjoint
d)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction
e)Trapeziusandserratusanterioractsynergistical yinabduction
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Multipennateacromialfibresofdeltoidarepowerfulabductor;'c'i.e.,Musculotendinouscuffstabilizes
shoulderjoint;'d'i.e.,Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction;&'e'
i.e.,Trapeziusandserratusanterioractsynergisticallyin
abduction
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TYPEOFPLANEOF AXISOF
MOVEMENT MOTION
MOTION
MUSCLESINVOLVED
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PectoralisMajor,Ant.fiberFlexion
Saggital
Transverse
plane
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axisofdeltoid,
Coraco-brachialis,Biceps
Latissimus
Extension
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SaggitalTransverse dorsi,Teresmajor,Post.
plane
axis
fibers
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ofdeltoid,TricepsAbduction
Frontalplane Saggital
axis
Deltoid,Supraspinatus
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Subscapularis,PectoralisAdduction
Frontalplane Saggital
Major,
axis
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Latissimusdorsi,Teresmajor
major
Subscapularis,Pectoralis
Internal
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Transverse verticalMajor,
Rotation
plane
axis
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Latissimusdorsi,Teresmajor
External
Transverse vertical
Infraspinatus,Teres
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Rotationplane
axis
minor
55.Whichisattachedmostanteriorlyonthe
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intercondylarareaoftibiaintercondylarareaoftibia(areab/wmedial
andlateraltibialplateau)-
a)Anteriorcruciateligament
b)Posteriorcruciateligament
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c)Anteriorhornofthelateralmeniscusd)Anteriorhornofthemedialmeniscus
e)Ligamentumpatel ae
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e,Anteriorhornofthemedialmeniscus
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PROXIMALEND(upperend)Proximal(upper)endoftibiaincludesmedial&lateral
condyles,formingtibialplateau.
ItalsoincludestibialTuberosity&intercondylararea.
Attachmentsonproximalendare:
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Medialcondyle:Semimembranous(posteriorly),capsuleofkneejoint,tibial(medial)collateralligament(deeppart),medialpatel ar
retinaculum(anteriorly).
Lateralcondyle:il iotibialtract(anteriorly),capsuleofsuperior
tibiofibularjoint.
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TibialTuberosity:LigamentumpatellaeIntercondylararea(fromanteriortoposterior);
1. Anteriorhornofmedialmeniscus
2. Anteriorcruciateligament(ACL)
3. Anteriorhornoflateralmeniscus
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4. Posteriorhornoflateralmeniscus
5. Posteriorhornofmedialmeniscys
6. Posteriorcruciateligament(PCL)
56.Truestatementaboutdevelopment
ofpancreas:
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a)Uncinateprocessfromventralbudb)Lowerpartofheadfromdorsalbud
c)DuctofWirsungdevelopsfromdorsalbudonly
d)Pancreaticdivisumisduetoabnormaldevelopmentofducts
ofpancreas
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e)BodyisformedfromdorsalbudCorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a.Uncinateprocessfromventralbud;d.Pancreatic
divisumisduetoabnormaldevelopmentofductsofpancreas;
e.Bodyisformedfromdorsalbud
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Thepancreasdevelopsfromtwoendodermalbuds,dorsal&ventral,whicharisefromthepartofthegutthatlaterformsthesecondpart
oftheduodenum
Theventralbudformsthelowerpartofthehead&theuncinate
Processofthepancreas,whiletheupperpartofhead,thebody&
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thetailareformedfromthedorsalbud.Themainpancreaticduct(ductofWirsung)isformed,initsdistal
partbytheductofthedorsalbudandinifsproximalpart,bytheduct
oftheventralbud
57.Whichofthefollowingcombinationis/are
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trueregardingepithelialliningofurinarysystem:
a)Urinarybladder-transitionalepithelium
b)Pre-prostaticurethra-stratifiedcolumnar
c)Membranousurethra-transitionalepithelium
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d)Distalpartofpenileurethra-non-keratinisingstratifiedsquamousepithelium
e)Urethralmeatus-keratinisingstratifiedsquamousepithelium
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a.Urinarybladder-transitionalepithelium;d.Distalpartof
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penileurethra-non-keratinisingstratifiedsquamousepitheliume.Urethralmeatus-keratinisingstratifiedsquamousepithelium
Urinarybladderislinedbyuroepithelium(transitionalepithelium)
Theliningofurethravariesfromurotheliumofthebladderto
keratinizedstratifiedsquamousepitheliumoftheglans.
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Pre-prostaticurethra:TransitionalepitheliumProstaticurethra:Transitionalepithelium
Membranousurethra:Pseudostratifiedcolumnarepithelium
Spongyurethra(orpenileurethra):Pseudostratifiedcolumnar-
proximal y,Stratifiedsquamous-distal y
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58.Whichofthefollowingstatementis/are
trueregardinglesionofIXCN:
a)Gagreflex-absent
b)Deviationoftonguetooneside
c)Lossoftastesensationintheposteriorl/3ofthetongue
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d)Lossoftastesensationintheanterior2/3ofthetonguee)Maycausebulbarpalsy
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Gagreflex-absent;c.Lossoftastesensationinthe
posteriorl/3ofthetongue;e.Maycausebulbarpalsy
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GlossopharyngealNervePalsy:Lossofsensationoverthemucousmembraneofpharynx.
Lossoftastesensationintheposteriorl/3ofthetongue
Gagreflex-LostinlesionofIX&XCN
59.Feature(s)ofoculomotornervepalsy
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is/are:a)Ptosis
b)Miosis
c)Mydriasis
d)Diplopia
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e)LossofaccommodationCorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.a.Ptosis;b.Miosis;d.Diplopia;e.Lossof
accommodation
OculomotorNervePalsy:
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Complete&totalparalysis-ptosis,lateralsquint,dilationofpupil,lossofaccommodation,slightproptosis&diplopia.
Pupil arylightreflexinaffectedeyeisabsent.
Pupildilates&becomesfixedtolight.
Webersyndrome:amidbrainlesioncausingcontralateralhemiplegia
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&ipsilateralparalysisofthethirdnerve60.Cervixis/aredrainedby:
a)Externaliliaclymphnode
b)Internaliliaclymphnode
c)Aorticlymphnode
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d)Inguinallymphnodee)Sacrallymphnode
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.a.Externaliliaclymphnode;b.Internaliliaclymphnode;
e.Sacrallymphnode
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Cervix:Oneachside,thelymphaticsdrainintoExternaliliac,obturatorlymphnodeseitherdirectlyorthrough
paracervicallymphnodes,
Internaliliacgroups
Sacralgroup
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61.Whichofthefollowingmayoccurin
commonperonealnerveinjury:
a)Dorsiflexionnotpossible
b)Footdrop
c)Highsteppinggait
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d)Lossofinversionoffoote)Eversionoffootaffected
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.a.Dorsiflexionnotpossibleb.Footdropc.Highstepping
gaite.Eversionoffootaffected
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Commonperonealnerveinjury(usuallyd/tfractureofhead/neckfibula)resultsin:
Foot&toedrop
Lossofdorsiflexionofankle
Extensionoffinger
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EversionoffootLossofsensationin1stwebspace,anterolaterallowerleg&dorsum
offootandtoes.
Incommonperonealnerveinjurysensationofsole,lateralborder&
medialborder&inversion&plantarflexionremainnormal.
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62.O'Donoghue'striadcomprisesof:
a)Anteriorcruciateligamenttear
b)Posteriorcruciateligamenttear
c)Medialmeniscus
d)Lateralmeniscus
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e)Medialcol ateralligamentCorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Anteriorcruciateligamenttear;c.Medialmeniscus;e.
Medialcollateralligament
Anunhappytriad(orterribletriad,"horribletriangleO'Donoghue's
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triadora"blownknee-')isaninjurytotheanteriorcruciateligament,medialcol ateralligament,andthemedialmeniscus
63.
Whichofthefollowingvein(s)is/arepartof
portalcirculation:
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a)Splenicveinb)Paraumbilicalvein
c)Superiorrectalvein
d)Leftgastricvein
e)Inferiorrectalvein
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:DAns.a.Splenicveinb.Paraumbilicalveinc.Superiorrectalvein
d.Leftgastricvein
Portalveincol ectsbloodfromtheforegut,midgut,andhindgut.
Theportalveinislocateddeeptothehepaticarteryandcysticduct
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andisformedbytheunionofthesuperiormesentericveinandsplenicvein,deeptotheneckofthepancreas.
Bloodfromportalveintransportedtothehepaticsinusoidsofthe
liverforfiltrationanddetoxification.
Thehepaticsinusoidsemptyintothecommoncentralvein,which
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emptiesintothehepaticveinsandultimatelydrainsintotheinferiorvenacava.
64.Thrombosisofanteriorcerebralartery
cause:
a)Leftfootparalysisinrightanteriorcerebralarterythrombosis
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b)Urinaryincontinencec)Paralysisofthecontralateralface,arm,andleg
d)Homonymoushemianopia
e)Gegenhaltenrigidity
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
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Ans.a.Leftfootparalysisinrightanteriorcerebralarterythrombosis;b.Urinaryincontinence;e.Gegenhaltenrigidity
Signsandsymptomsofanteriorcerebralarterythrombosis:
Paralysisofoppositefootandleg:Motorlegarea
Alesserdegreeofparesisofoppositearmareaofcortexorfibers
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descendingtocoronaradiateCorticalsensorylossovertoes,footandleg:Sensoryareaforfoot
andleg
Urinaryincontinence:SensorimotorareainParacentrallobule
Contralateralgraspreflex,suckingreflexgegenhalten(paratonic
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rigidity)Abulia(akineticmutism),slowness,delayintermittentinterruption,
lackofspontaneity,whisperingreflexdistractiontosightsand
sounds
Impairmentofgaitandstance(gaitapraxia)
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Dyspraxiaofleftlimbs,tactileaphasiainleftlimbs65.Fibrocartilageis/arefoundin:
a)Temporomandibularjoint
b)Sternoclavicularjoint
c)Hipjoint
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d)Vertebraldisce)Inferiorradioulnarjoint
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.a.Temporomandibularjoint;b.Sternoclavicularjoint;d.
Vertebraldisc;e.Inferiorradioulnarjoint
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Fibrocartilageisawhiteopaquestructureduetodensecol agefibres(typeIandII).
Whenafibroustissueissubjectedtopressureitisreplacedby
fibrocartilage.
Itisseeninjoints,symphysis,intervertebraldiscs,menisciandlabra
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(shoulderjointandhipjoint).Pinnaisatypeofelasticcartilage.
Elasticcartilagesareseenatsitesconcernedwithproductionor
receptionofsoundse.g.externalacousticmeatus(lateralpart),
auditorytubeandepiglottis.
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66.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
vertebralcolumncurvature:
a)Primarycurvesareconcaveforward
b)Lumbarcurveisprimary
c)Thoraciccurvedevelopwheninfantstartwalking
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d)Cervicalappearwhentheinfantstartssupportingitsheade)Lumbarcurveappearswhenthechildassumestheupright
posture
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a.Primarycurvesareconcaveforward;d.Cervicalappear
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whentheinfantstartssupportingitshead;e.Lumbarcurveappearswhenthechildassumestheuprightposture
Thethoracicandsacralkyphoticcurvesaretermedprimarycurves,
becausetheyarepresentinthefetus.
Thecervicalandlumbarcurvesarecompensatoryorsecondary,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andaredevelopedafterbirth.KYPHOTICCURVE:
Thethoraciccurve,concaveforward,beginsatthemiddleofthe
secondandendsatthemiddleofthetwelfththoracicvertebra.Its
mostprominentpointbehindcorrespondstothespinousprocessof
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thesevenththoracicvertebra.Thiscurveisknownasakyphoticcurve.
Thesacralcurvebeginsatthesacrovertebralarticulation,andends
atthepointofthecoccyx;itsconcavityisdirecteddownwardand
forwardasakyphoticcurve.
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LORDOTICCURVES:Thelumbarcurveismoremarkedinthefemalethaninthemale;it
beginsatthemiddleofthelastthoracicvertebra,andendsatthe
sacrovertebralangle.Itisconvexanteriorly,theconvexityofthe
lowerthreevertebraebeingmuchgreaterthanthatoftheuppertwo.
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Thiscurveisdescribedasalordoticcurve.Theuppercervicalspinehasacurve,convexforward,thatbeginsat
theaxis(secondcervicalvertebra)attheapexoftheodontoid
processordens,andendsatthemiddleofthesecondthoracic
vertebra;itistheleastmarkedofal thecurves.Thisinwardcurveis
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knownasalordoticcurve.67.Musclehavingdoublenervesupply:
a)Digastricmuscle
b)Omohyoidmuscle
c)Trapezius
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d)Thyrohyoidmusclee)Adductormagnus
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans.a.Digastricmuscle;e.Adductormagnus
InnervationofDigastric:
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Anteriorbel yofdigastricissuppliedbynervetomylohyoid(abranchofmandibularnerve)&posteriorbel yissuppliedbyfacial
nerve.
Innervationofadductormagnus
Posteriordivisionofobturatornerveinnervatesmostoftheadductor
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magnusVerticalorhamstringportioninnervatedbytibialnerve(L2,L3,L4)
68.Facialdevelopmenttakesplaceb/w:
a)4-8week
b)8-l0week
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c)12-14weekd)18-20week
e)6-10week
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.4-8week
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DevelopmentoffaceFacialdevelopmentoccursmainlybetween4thand8thweeks,and
isinducedbymigrationofcel sofneuralcrest.
Fivefacialprimordiaappearasprominencesofmesenchyme:a
frontonasalprocess,apairofmaxil aryprocessesandapairof
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mandibularprocesses.69.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)istrue
regardingaxillaryartery:
a)Startfromupperborderofclavicle
b)Ulnarnerveliesmedial ytodistall/3ofartery
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c)Radialnerveliesposteriorlydistal1/3ofarteryd)Axil aryveinlieslateral ytoproximal1/3oftheartery
e)Endatlowerborderofpectoralisminor
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.b.Ulnarnerveliesmediallytodistall/3ofartery;c.Radial
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nerveliesposteriorlydistal1/3ofarteryAxillaryartery
Itisthemainarteryofupperlimb.Itbeginsatthelevelofouter
borderoffirstribasacontinuationofsubclavianartery.Itendsatthe
leveloflowerborderofteresmajortocontinueasbrachialartery.
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Theaxil aryarteryiscoveredanteriorlybypectoralisminor,whichdividesitintothreeparts:?
Firstpart:-Thispartisproximaltoupperborderofpectoralisminor,
i.e.extendsfromouterborderoffirstribtoupperborderofpectoralis
minor.ThebranchoffirstpartisSuperiorthoracicartery.
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Secondpart:-Thispartisbehindpectoralisminor.Itgivesfol owingbranches.
Thoracoacromialartery:-Itpiercesclavipectoralfasciaandgives
fol owingbranches:-
1. Acromial
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2. Pectoral,3. Clavicularanddeltoid.
Lateralthoracicartery
Thirdpart:-Thispartisdistaltolowerborderofpectoralisminor,i.e.
extendsfrompectoralisminor(lowerborder)toteresmajor(lower
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border).Itgivesfol owingbranches?Subscapularartery:-Itgivesoffcircumflexscapulararteryandthen
continuesusthoracodorsalartery.
Anteriorcircumflexhumeralartery.
Posteriorcircumflexhumeralartery.
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Anteriorandposteriorcircumflexarteries(botharebranchesof3rdpartofaxil aryartery)formsanastomosisaroundsurgicalneckof
humerus.
70.Whichofthefollowingstructure(s)pass
throughadductormagnus
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a)Femoralvesselb)Femoralnerve
c)Femoralsheath
d)Saphenousnerve
e)Tibialnerve
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.a.Femoralvessel
Femoralarterypassthroughanopeningintheadductormagnusto
becomecontinuouswiththepoplitealartery
Femoralveinentersthethighbypassingthroughanopeninginthe
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adductormagnusasacontinuationofthepoplitealvein71.Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue
aboutPinnaexcept:
a)InTreacher-Col inssyndromemalformedpinnamaybepresent
b)Madeupofelasticcartilage
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c)Developfromlstpharyngealcleftonlyd)Helpsinlocalizationofsound
e)Mayinvolvesinrelapsingperichondritis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Developfromlstpharyngealcleftonly
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Firstbranchialcleftistheprecursorofexternalauditorycanal.Aroundthesixthweekofembryoniclife,aseriesofsixtubercles
appeararoundthefirstbranchialcleft
Branchialcleftsareectodermalinorigin.
Pinnadevelopsfrom1stand2ndpharyngealarch
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72.Pairedlaryngealcartilage(s)is/are:
a)Thyroid
b)Arytenoid
c)Corniculte
d)Cricoid
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e)CuneiformCorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans.b.Arytenoid;c.Corniculte;e.Cuneiform
Laryngealcartilages
Thyroid(unpaired)
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Itisthelargestofal laryngealcartilages.Itis'V'shapedwithrightandleftlamina.Bothlaminae(alae)meetanteriorlyforminganangle
of90?inmalesand120?infemales.Vocalcordsareattachedtothe
middleofthyroidangle.
Cricoid(unpaired)
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Itistheonlycartilageformingacompletering,thereforeisshapedlikearing.Itarticulateswitharytenoidcartilagetoform
cricoarytenoidjoint,atypeofsynovialjoint.
Epiglottis(unpaired)
Itisleaf-shapedelasticcartilage(inadults).Itisomegashapedin
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children.Itformstheanteriorwal oflaryngealinlet.Arytenoidcartilage(paired)
EachArytenoidcartilageispyramidalinshape.Basearticulateswith
cricoidcartilage,andapexsupportsthecorniculatecartilage.Avocal
processdirectedanteriorlyandgivesattachmenttovocalcord.A
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muscularprocessdirectedlateral yandgivesattachmenttointrinsiclaryngealmuscles.
Corniculatecartilage(ofSantorini):Paired
ArticulateswithapexofArytenoidcartilage
Cuneiformcartilage(ofWrisberg):Paired
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Situatedinaryepiglotticfoldinfrontofcorniculatecartilage.73.Allaretrueaboutmediastinumexcept:
a)Heartpassesthroughsuperiormediastinum
b)Heartpassesthroughmiddlemediastinum
c)Thymusremnantmaypresentinmiddlemediastinum
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d)PosteriorboundaryofposteriormediastinumcorrespondstoTl-T4vertebrae
e)Lowerborderofanteriormediastinumisextendedmorethan
posteriormediastinum
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
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Ans.a.Heartpassesthroughsuperiormediastinum;c.Thymusremnantmaypresentinmiddlemediastinum;d.Posterior
boundaryofposteriormediastinumcorrespondstoTl-T4
vertebrae;e.Lowerborderofanteriormediastinumisextended
morethanposteriormediastinum
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Superiormediastinum:Theregionsuperiortothesternalanglecontainingtheaorticarchanditsthreebranches,thesuperiorvena
cava(SVC)andthebrachiocephalicveins,thetrachea,the
esophagus,andthephrenicandvagusnerves.Thesuperior
mediastinumalsocontainsthethymus;however,inanadult,the
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thymusisusual yatrophiedandpresentsasafattymass.Anteriormediastinum:Theregionbetweenthesternalangle,the
deepsternalsurface,thepericardialsac,andthediaphragm.The
anteriormediastinumcontainsfatandareolartissueandtheinferior
partofthethymusoritsremnant.
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Middlemediastinum:Thisregioncontainsthepericardialsacandheart.
Posteriormediastinum:Theregioncontaininganatomicstructures
deeptothepericardialsac,includingthethoracicportionofthe
descendingaorta,theazygossystemofveins,thethoracicduct,the
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esophagus,andthevagusandsympatheticnerves.74.Trueaboutmedialmeniscus:
a)Madeupofhyalinecartilage
b)Injuryoflateralmeniscusismorefrequentthanmedial
meniscus
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c)Cshapedd)Fixedtomedialcol ateralligament
e)Innerpartismoreavascular
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.c.Cshaped;d.Fixedtomedialcollateralligament;e.
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InnerpartismoreavascularMedialMeniscus
LateralMeniscus
-Semilunar(c)shaped(less
-Semicircular(C)shaped(more
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circular)circular)
-Largerinradius/diameterbut -Smal erinradius/diameterbut
narrowerinbody&
widerinbody&thickerin
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thinnerinperipheryperiphery
-Posteriorhornislargerthan -Anterior&posteriorhornare
anteriorhorn
uniforminsize
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-Coverslesser(-65%)oftibial -Coversmore(-85%)oftibialarticularsurface
articularsurface
-Entireperipheryisattached -Peripheralareawherepopliteus
tojointcapsule(medial
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tendoncrossesthejointcapsularligament)
throughpopliteushiatusisnot
attached
-Attachedtomedialcol ateral -Notattachedtolateralcol ateral
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ligamentligament
-Attachedtobothcruciate
ligaments,andposteriorhorn
receivesanchoragetomedial
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femoralcondylesbyeitherthe-Doesnotattachtoeither
ligamentofHumphryorligamentof
cruciateligaments
Wrisberg,depending
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onwhichispresent.Itisalsoattachedposteriorlytothe
fasciacoveringpopliteusmuscle
andthearcuatecomplex
atposterolateralcornerofknee.
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-Lessmobilebecauseofitsattachment
-Moremobileb/oitsattachments
-Morepronetoinjury
-Lesspronetoinjury
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75.Whichofthefollowingstatementis/are
trueaboutoculomotornerve:
a)Arisefrompons
b)Edinger-Westphalnucleusgivesrisetoparasympatheticsupply
ofoculomotornerve
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c)Arisefrommedul ad)Passesthroughinterpeduncularfossa
e)Relatedtomedialwal ofcavernoussinus
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.b.Edinger-Westphalnucleusgivesriseto
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parasympatheticsupplyofoculomotornerve;d.Passesthroughinterpeduncularfossa
NUCLEI:
1.Generalsomaticefferent:
Throughoculomotornucleusformovementofeyebal supplyingall
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extraocularmusclesexceptSuperiorOblique(SO)andLateralRectus(LR).
2.Generalvisceralefferent(parasymapthetic):
ThroughEdinger-Westphalnucleusforpupil arycontractionand
accomodation.
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3.Generalsomaticafferent:Carriesproprioceptivefibresfromtheextraocularmusclesto
mesencephalicnucleusoftrigeminal.
Occulomotornucleus(forgeneralsomaticefferent)andEdinger-
Westphalnucleustogetherformoculomotornuclearcomplex.
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STRUCTURE:Midbrain
Midbrain
Thirdnervenucleus(atthelevelofthesuperiorcolliculusventral
tothecerebralaqueduct,onthepre-aqueductalgreymatter)
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RedNucleusSubstantiaNigra
ExitthroughInterpeduncularfossa
Investedwithasheathofpiamater
Passesbetweenthesuperiorcerebel ar&posterior
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cerebralarteries(Nervecompressedbyaneurysmofposteriorcommunicatingartery)
Piercestheduramater
Passb/wfreeandattachedbordersoftentoriumcerebel i
Cavernoussinus
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ReceivesfilamentsfromthecavernousplexusofthesympatheticnervoussystemandcommunicatingbranchfromV1
Superiororbitalfissure
Orbit
SuperiorandInferiorBranch
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76.Derivative(s)ofmesonephricduct
includes:
a)SomepartofprostaticUrethra
b)Seminalvesicle
c)Roundligamentofuterus
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d)Vasdeferense)Ductusdeferens
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.a.SomepartofprostaticUrethra;b.Seminalvesicle;d.
Vasdeferens;e.Ductusdeferens
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TheWolffianductormesonephricductformstheepididymis,vasdeferensandseminalvesicles.Testosteronedirectsthe
developmentofWolffianduct.
Trigoneofthebladderdevelopfromthecaudalendofthe
mesonephricduct.
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Apairofuretericbudgrowupwardsfromthedistalmesonephricductnearitsinsertionintothecloacatoformtherenalpelvis,
calycesandcol ectingducts.
Mostoftheprostateglanddevelopfromthesameprimordialareaof
urogenitalsinusthatformsthevaginalplateinfemales.
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TheMul erianorparamesonephricductformsthefal opiantubes,uterusandupperthirdofthevagina.
77.AllaretrueregardingUterusexcept:
a)Lymphvesselsfromfundusdraintopara-aorticlymphnodes
b)Broadligamentprovidesprimarysupporttouterus
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c)Mainlysuppliedbyuterinearteriesd)Posteriorsurfaceisrelatedtointestine
e)Al
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.b.Broadligamentprovidesprimarysupporttouterus
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BLOODSUPPLYANDLYMPHATICS:Uterineandovarianartery
Venousdrainageisviaaplexusinthebroadligamentthatdrains
intotheuterineveins.
Lymphaticdrainage:iliac,sacral,Paraaorticandinguinallymph
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nodes.LIGAMENTS:
Pelvicdiaphragm,Uterosacralligament&Transversecervical
ligamentareprimarysupportofuterus
Thetoneofthepelvicfloorprovidestheprimarysupportforthe
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uterus.Someligamentsprovidefurthersupport,securingtheuterusinplace.Theyare:
BroadLigament:Thisisadoublelayerofperitoneumattachingthe
sidesoftheuterustothepelvis.Itactsasamesenteryfortheuterus
andcontributestomaintainingitinposition.Itdonotprovideprimary
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support.78.Allaretrueaboutulnarnerveexcept:
a)RootvalueC8TI
b)Passthroughcubitaltunnel
c)Supplyflexordigitorumsuperficialis
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d)Supplyflexorcarpiulnarise)Passesbehindmedialepicondyle
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Supplyflexordigitorumsuperficialis
Nervecourse:
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RootvalueofulnarnerveisC7,C86T1.Ulnarnerve(C8,T1)arisesfromthemedialcordofthebrachial
plexus&descendsintheintervalb/wtheaxil aryartery&vein
Atelbow,ulnarnervepassesbehindthemedialepicondyle
Thecubitaltunnelisachannelwhichal owstheulnarnervetotravel
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overtheelbowVariousbranchesofulnarnerveare:?
Inarm:Nobranch.
Inforearm:Therearefollowingbranches:?
Muscular:Inproximalpartofforearmitsuppliesflexorcarpiulnaris
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andmedialhalfofflexordigitorumprofundus.Cutaneous:Therearetwocutaneousbranchesinforearm:-
Superficialterminalbranch:Itsuppliespalmarisbrevisandskinof
palmarsurfaceofmedial11/2fingers.
Palmarcutaneousbranch:Suppliesskinoverthehypothenar
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eminence.Dorsal(posterior)cutaneousbranch:Suppliesskinovermedial1/3
ofdorsumofhandanddorsalsurfaceofmedial11/2fingers.
Inhand:Ulnarnerveentersthepalmbypassingsuperficialtoflexor
retinaculumanddividesintotwoterminalbranches:?
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Deepterminalbranch:Itsuppliesadductorpol icis,al interossei,medialtwo(3rd&4th)lumbricalsandal hypothenarmusclesexcept
palmarisbrevis(i.e.abductordigitiminimi,flexordigitiminimi,
opponensdigitiminimi).
79.Trueregardingsaphenousvein:
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a)Longsaphenousvein-formedascontinuationofmedialsideofdeepvenousarch
b)Longsaphenousvein-situatedposteriortomedialmal eolus
c)Longsaphenousvein-closelyrelatedtosaphenousnerve
d)Shortsaphenousvein-openintogreatsaphenousvein
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e)Shortsaphenousvein-associatedwithsuralnerveCorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.a.Longsaphenousvein-formedascontinuationofmedial
sideofdeepvenousarch;c.Longsaphenousvein-closely
relatedtosaphenousnerve;d.Shortsaphenousvein-openinto
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greatsaphenousvein;e.Shortsaphenousvein-associatedwithsuralnerve
LongSaphenousVein
Formedbytheunionofthemedialendofdorsalvenousarchwith
themedialmarginalvein
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Passesupwardsinfrontofthemedialmal eolus,crossesthelowerone-thirdofthemedialsurfaceoftibiaobliquely&runsalongits
medialbordertoreachthebackoftheknees
ThesaphenousnerverunsinfrontofthegreatsaphenousVein
Small/ShortSaphenousVein:
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Formedonthedorsumoffootbytheunionofthelateralendofdorsalvenousarchwiththelateralmarginalvein
Entersthebackofthelegbypassingbehindthelateralmal eolus
Connectedwiththegreatsaphenousvein&withthedeepveins&is
accompaniedbythesuralnerve
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80.Branchofinternaliliacarteryis/are:
a)Inferiorvesicalartery
b)Inferiorepigastricartery
c)Iliolumbarartery
d)Internalpudendalartery
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e)ObturatorarteryCorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.a.Inferiorvesicalartery;c.Iliolumbarartery;d.Internal
pudendalartery;e.Obturatorartery
Branchesofanteriordivisionofinternaliliacarteryare:
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SuperiorvesicalMiddlerectal
Inferiorvesical(inmales),
Internalpudendal,
Vaginal(infemales),
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Uterine(infemales)Obturator
Inferiorgluteal.
Branchesofposteriordivisionare:
Iliolumbar
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LateralsacralSuperiorgluteal.
81.Trueaboutparietalperitoneum:
a)Suppliedbylower5thoracic&1stlumbar
b)Suppliedbylower4thoracic&upper3lumbar
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c)Painissomaticinnatured)Stretchingofparietalperitoneumcausepain
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.a.Suppliedbylower5thoracic&1stlumbar;c.Painis
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somaticinnatureParietalPeritoneum:
Itissensitivetopain,temperature,touch&pressure
Theparietalperitoneumliningtheanteriorabdominalwal issupplied
bythelower6thoracic&1stlumbarnervesthatis,thesamenerves
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thatinnervatetheoverlyingmuscles&skin.Thecentralpartofdiaphragmaticperitoneumissuppliedbythe
phrenicnerve;peripheral y,diaphragmaticperitoneumissuppliedby
lowersixthoracicnerves.
Theparietalperitoneuminthepelvisismainlysuppliedbythe
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obturatornerve,abranchofthelumbarplexus82.Compressionofcervicalribcancauses:
a)Thenarhypertrophy
b)Neurovascularsymptom
c)Reynaud'sphenomenon
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d)C8Tlparaesthesiae)Al
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.b.Neurovascularsymptom;c.Reynaud'sphenomenon;d.
C8Tlparesthesia
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Thelowertrunkofthebrachialplexus(C8,Tl),togetherwiththesubclavianarterymaybeangulatedoveracervicalrib(thoracic
outletsyndrome).
Thereisaslowinsidiousonsetofwastingofthesmal musclesof
thehand,whichoftenstartsonthelateralsidewithinvolvementof
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thethenareminence&firstdorsalinterosseous.Thereispain¶esthesiainthemedialaspectoftheforearm
extendingtothelitdefinger
83.Featuresofstellateganglionlesions
include:
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a)Miosisb)Vasodilationinipsilateralarm
c)Mydriasisincontralateraleye
d)Mydriasisinipsilateraleye
e)Visualloss
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CorrectAnswer-A:BAns.a.Miosis;b.Vasodilationinipsilateralarm
HorneroccurduetoinjuryofTlsympathetictrunk.Thereisptosis,
miosis,anhydrosis(vasodilation&lackofthermalsweating),
enophthalmos(sunkenglobe),lossofcilio-spinalreflex,narrow
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palpebralfissureofaffectedside84.Trueaboutattachmentofsuprapleural
membrane:
a)AttachedtoClavicle
b)Attachedtolstrib&itscostalcartilage
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c)Attachedto2ndrib&itscostalcartilaged)Attachedtojunctionofmanubrium&bodyofsternum
e)Attachedtotipofthetransverseprocessofthe7thcervical
vertebrae
CorrectAnswer-B:E
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Ans.b.Attachedtolstrib&itscostalcartilage;e.Attachedtotipofthetransverseprocessofthe7thcervicalvertebrae
SuprapleuralMembrane:
Itistentshapedfibroussheetattachedlateral ytothemedialborder
ofthelstrib&costalcartilage.
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Medial yitattachedtothefasciainvestingthestructurespassingfromthethoraxintotheneck.
Itisattachedatitsapextothetipofthetransverseprocessofthe
7thcervicalvertebrae
85.TrueaboutanatomyofEustachiantube:
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a)Aeratemiddleearb)Openduringswal owing
c)Lager&widerinadultthanchildren
d)Morehorizontalininfant&children
e)Openinoropharynx
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:DAns.a.Aeratemiddleear;b.Openduringswallowing;d.More
horizontalininfant&children
TheEustachiantube/auditorytubeintheadultis36mmin
length.(Range32-38mm)Fromitstympanicend,itruns
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downwardforwardandmedial yjoininganangleof45?withhorizontal.
Ininfants,thetubeisshorter,widerandismorehorizontal.
Thetympanicendoftheeustachiantubeisbonyandissituatedin
theanteriorwal ofmiddleear.
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Thepharyngealendofthetubeisslitlikeandissituatedinthelateralwal ofthenasopharynx,1-1.25cmbehindtheposteriorend
ofinferiorturbinate.
Normal yEustachiantube(ET)isclosedandopensintermittently
duringyawning,swal owingandsneezingthroughactivecontraction
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ofTensorvilipalatinimuscle.Normaltubalfunction:
Abilityoftubetoequilibratepositive&negativepressurestoambient
pressure.
Donebothinpatientswithperforatedorintacttympanicmembrane.
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86.Whichofthefollowingsinusesopeninto
middlemeatus:
a)Frontalsinus
b)Anteriorethmoidalsinus
c)Posteriorethmoidalsinus
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d)Maxil arysinuse)Sphenoidsinus
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.a.Frontalsinus;b.Anteriorethmoidalsinus;d.Maxillary
sinus
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Partoflateralnasalwall
Openings
Inferior
Nasolacrimalduct
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MiddleFrontalsinus,Maxil arysinus,Anterior
ethmoidalsinus
Superior
Posteriorethmoidalsinus
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Sphenoethmoidalrecess
Sphenoidsinus