Followingcellsarepartofinnateimmunity?
a)B-cells
b)T-cells
c)NK-cells
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d)Macrophagese)Dendriticcells
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Answer-C,D,E,NK-cells,Macrophages,Dendriticcells
Importantcomponentsofinnateimmunityare:-
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1. Cells:Phagocyticcells(macrophages,neutrophils),dendriticcells,NKcells,eosinophils,mastcells,basophils,epithelialcells(forming
epithelialbarrier).
2. Complementcomponentantimicrobialpeptides
3. Patternrecognitionreceptors(PRn)
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TherearetwotypesofPRR:1. SolublePRR(MannoserecePtors,C-reactiveprotein):
2. SurfacePRR(Scavengerreceptorsonmacrophages,Toll-like
receptors).
2.Whichofthefollowingaretype3
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hypersensitivityreactions?a)GoodPasteursyndrome
b)Serumsickness
c)Arthusreaction
d)Asthma
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e)RheumatoidarthritisCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Serumsickness
Local-Arthusreaction
Systemic-serumsickness
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SchicktestPolyarteritisnodosa(PAN)
Rheumatoidarthritis
SLE
Acuteviralhepatitis
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PenicillaminetoxicityHyperacutegraftrejection
Type2leprareaction(ENL)
Hypersensitivitypneumonitis
Infectiveendocarditis
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HenochschonleinpurpuraGlomerulonephritis
3.TrueregardingDownsyndromeis?
a)Increasedpaternalageisariskfactor
b)Karyotypingisnotneededinallpatients
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c)>85%ofaffectedpatientshave1morechromosome21d)Increasednuchaltranslucency
e)AssociatedwithearlyonsetofAlzheimer'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Karyotypingisnotneededinallpatients
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Down'ssyndromeisthemostcommonchromosomaldisorderandmostcommoncongenitalcauseofmentalretardation(2nd
mostcommongeneticcauseofmentalretardationisFragile-X
sydrome).
Trisomy21-Thereisanextrachromosome21whichisdueto
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meioticnondisjunctioninovum.Themostimportantriskfactorisadvancedmaternalage(>35
Years).
AntenatalScreeningforDownsyndrome
Followingmethodsareused:-
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1. TripletestItincludes(i)Unconjugatedestrogen(estriol):decreased;(ii)Maternalserumalphafetoprotein(MSAFP):decreased;and(iii)
hCG:increased
2. Newmarkers:Theseare(i)IncreasedinhibinAinmaternalblood;
and(ii)DecreasedPAPA(pregnancyassociatedplasmaprotein).
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3. USG:Itshows:(i)Increasednuchaltranslucency(increasednuchalfoldthickness);(ii)Ductusvenousflowreversed;and(iii)Nasalbone
hypoplasia.
4.A14yearoldboypresentedwithhereditary
spherocytosis.Whichofthefollowing
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indicesis/areincreased?a)LDH
b)MCHC
c)MCV
d)Urineurobilinogen
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e)HaptoglobinCorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-A,B,DLDH,MCHC,Urineurobilinogen
MCVdecreased
MCHCincreased
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LDHincreased5.Ascomparedtoirondeficiencyanemia,
whichofthefollowingisdecreasedin
anemiaofchronicdisease?
a)Endogenousbonemarrowironstores
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b)Serumferritinc)Transferrinsaturation
d)TIBC
e)MCV
CorrectAnswer-D
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Answer-D.TIBCMCV/MCH-Decreasedornormal
Serumiron-Decreased
TIBC-Decreased,normal
Transferrinsaturation-Decreased
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Serumferritin-Normalorincreased6.Antibodywhichis/arespecificforSLE?
a)ANA
b)Anti-dsDNA
c)Anti-Sm
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d)Anti-histonee)Anti-RNP
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer-B,CAnti-dsDNA,andAnti-Sm
ThesearethemostspecificantibodiesforSLE.
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7.Microcytosiscanbeseenindeficiencyof?
a)Iron
b)Folicacid
c)VitaminB12
d)VitaminC
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e)VitaminB6CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-A,D,E,Iron,VitaminC,VitaminB6
Seenin-
1. Irondeficiencyanemia(mostcommoncauseofanemiaingeneral
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andofmicrocyticanemiainparticular)2. Thalassemiatrait
3. OtherhemoglobinopathiessuchashemoglobinCsyndrome&
hemoglobinSsyndrome
4. Chronicinflammation
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5. Anemiaofchronicdisease6. Siderobasticanemia
7. Deficiencies-Pyridoxin(Vit86),vitaminCandcopper
8.Bloodtestsdonetoseeliverfunctions
include?
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a)Bilirubinb)Uricacid
c)Alaninetransaminase
d)Urea
e)Albumin
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CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Bilirubin
1. Aspartateaminotransferase/SGOT
2. Alaninetransaminase/SGPT
3. Alkalinephosphatase
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4. Gamma-Glutamyltransferase5. Conjugatedbilirubin
6. Unconjatedbilirubin
7. Albumin
9.Anaplasiaismalignanttumormayleadto?
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a)Changeinnuclearsizeb)Lossofcellpolarity
c)Metaplasia
d)Increasedmitosis
e)Malignanttransformation
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:EAnswer-A,B,D,E,Changeinnuclearsize,Lossofcell
polarity,Increasedmitosis,Malignanttransformation
Anaplasticcellsshowfollowingfeatures:-
1. Lossofpolarity
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2. Increasednuclearcytoplasmicsizeratio3. Increasednumberofmitosiswhichisatypical
4. Hyperchromatosia
5. Pleomorphbm
10.Duringinflammation,mediatorsinvolved
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inadhesionandmovementinclude?a)Compliment5a
b)LeukotrieneB4
c)Integrins
d)IL-8
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e)L-selectinCorrectAnswer-C:E
Answer-C&E,Integrins,L-selectin
Ligandon
Adhesion
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ExtravasationCells
endothelial
molecules
stage
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cellsNaiveT
GlyCAM-1,
L-selection
lymphocytes,other
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CD34,Tethering/Rolling
(CD62L)
leukocytes
MadCAM-1
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E-selection(CD26E),
PSGL-1
Neutrophils
Tethering/Rolling
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P-Selectin(CD62P),
ActivatedT
ICAM-1
LFA-1
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lymphocytes,other(CD54),
(2Integrin
Tightadhesion
leukocytes,other
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ICAM-2CD11A/CD18) leukocytes
(CD102)
Activated
VLA-4
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TleukocytesVCAM-
(1Inegrin,
monocytes,
1(CD106),
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TightadhesionCD49d/CD28)
Fibronection
CD49d/CD28) neutrophils,
Fibronection
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eosiophils,basophilsNeutrophils,
ICAM-
Mac-1
Monocytes,
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1,iC3b,Tightadhesion
(CD11b/CD18) Macrophages
fibronection
VCAM-1
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LPAM-1(7EffectorT
MAdCAM-1 adhesion
integrin)
lymphocytes
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fibronection11.Causesofunconjugated
hyperbilirubinemiainclude?
a)Sepsis
b)Criggler-Najarsyndrome
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c)Rotorsyndromed)Gilbertsyndrome
e)Intravascularhemolysis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Answer-A,B,D,E,Sepsis,Criggler-Najarsyndrome,Gilbert
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syndrome,IntravascularhemolysisUnconjugatedhyperbilirubinemia:-
Increasedproductionofbilirubinfromhemoglobin,Sothatthe
capacityoflivertoconjugatebilirubinisoverwhelmedbyincreased
production,e.g.
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1. Hemolyticanemia(bothintravascularandextamascular)sHereditarysphnocytosis,G6PDdefciency.
2. Inefrectiveerythropoiesis-Thalassemia,Perniciousanemia.
3. Reducedhepaticuptakeofbilirubinfrombilirubin-albumincomplex
>Drugs,
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4. Infections:-Sepsis,UTI5. Impairedhepaticconjugation.
12.Majorhistocompatibilitycomplexesare
foundonwhichcells?
a)Dendriticcells
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b)Basophilsc)Eosinophils
d)Tcells
e)RBCs
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
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Answer-A,B,C,D,Dendriticcells,Basophils,Eosinophils,Tcells
HLAcomplexconsistsofthreeseparateclustersofgenes:-
1)ClassI(MHC-I)
ImportantcellswithMHC-I(HLA-I)onsurfaceareB-cells,T-cell,
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macrophages/monocytes,neutrophils,langerhanscells,dendriticcells,platelets(thrombocytes),epithelialcellsofthymusand
hepatocytes.MHCclassIpresentantigentocytotoxicCD-8Tcells.
2)ClassII(MHC-II)
Itcomprises'D'region(HLA-DR,HLA-DQ,HLADP).Itisfoundonly
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onthecellsofimmunesystem,i.e.T-cells,B-cells,langerhanscells,dendriticcells,andmacrophages.
3)ClassIII(MHC-III)
Tumornecrosisfactor-alphaandbeta(TNF-alphaandbeta).
13.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEabout
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mutationofp53?a)Cellwillcontinuetomultiply
b)Cancerformation
c)Cellcyclewillbearrested
d)DNArepair
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e)AlloftheaboveCorrectAnswer-C:D
Answer-C&D,Cellcyclewillbearrested,DNArepair
p53isatumorsuppressorgene.
Themajorfunctionalactivitiesofthep53proteinarecellcyclearrest
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andinitiationofapoptosisinresponsetoDNAdamage.p53causes-
1. Cellcyclearrest-thereisarrestofcellcyclelateinG1phase.This
allowstimeforDNArepair.
2. DNArepair-GADD45encodesaproteinthatisinvolvedinDNA
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repair.p53inducesapoptosis.
Mutationinp53leadstolossofaboveprotectivemechanismsi,e.
cellcyclearrest&DNArepair.Itwillleadtounarrestedcell
multiplicationandfinallycarcinogenesis.
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Non-mutated(wildtype)p53reducesthechancesofcancer.14.Correctdyadofdiseaseandtheir
respectiveinheritancepatterninclude?
a)Wilsondisease-autosomalrecessive
b)Cysticfibrosis-autosomaldominant
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c)Marfansyndrome-autosomalrecessived)Gardnersyndrome-autosomaldominant
e)Duchenemusculardystrophy-X-linkedrecessive
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-(A)Wilsondisease-autosomalrecessive(D)Gardner
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syndrome-autosomaldominant(E)Duchenemusculardystrophy-X-linkedrecessive
Autosomalrecessivedisorders
1)Metabolic-Cysticfibrosis,Phenylketonuria,Galactosemia,
Homocystinuria,Lysosomalstoragedis,alphal-antitrypsin
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deficiency,Wilsondisease,Hemochromatosis,Glycogenstoragedisorders.
Autosomaldominantdisorders
1.GIT-Familialpolyposiscoli,Gardner'ssyndrome
2.Skeletal-Marfansyndrome
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X-linkedrecessivedisorders1)Musculoskeletal-Duchenemusculardystrophy,Becker's
dystrophy
15.Psammonabodiesis/areseenin-
a)Medullarycaofthyroid
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b)Ependymomac)Papillarycaofthyroid
d)Follicularcaofthyroid
e)Meningioma
CorrectAnswer-C:E
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Answer-C,E,Papillarycaofthyroid,MeningiomaApsammomabodyisaroundcollectionofcalcium,seen
microscopically.ThetermisderivedfromtheGreekwordpsammos
meaning"sand."Psammomabodiesarecommonlyseenincertain
tumorssuchas:
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PapillarythyroidcarcinomaPapillaryrenalcellcarcinoma
Serouspapillaryovarianadenocarcinoma(cystadenocarcinoma)
Endometrialadenocarcinomas(Papillaryserouscarcinoma?
3%-4%)
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MeningiomaMesothelioma
Psammomabodiesusuallyhavealaminarappearance.
16.Woundhealingisaffectedby-
a)Age
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b)Nutritionc)Drynessofwound
d)Drugs
e)Temperature
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
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Answer-A,B,C,D,E,Age,Nutrition,Drynessofwound,Drugs,Temperature
Intrinsicfactor
Healthstatuseg:diabetes
Agetactors
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BodybuiJdNutritionalstatus(Droteindeficiencv.
VitaminCdeficiency)
Inadequatebloodsupply
Extrinsicfactor-
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1. Temperature2. Desiccationandmaceration
3. Infection(singlemostimportantfactor)
4. Chemicalstress
5. Medicationseg;corticosteroids
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17.Allaremajorcriteriaforrheumaticfever
except:
a)Pancarditis
b)Chorea
c)Arthritis
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d)Subcutaneousnodulese)Fever
CorrectAnswer-E
Answer-E.Fever
Chorea,ArthritisandCarditisaremajorcriteriafordiagnosisof
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RheumaticfeverFeverisaminorcriteriaErythemaMarginatumisamajorcriteriaandnotErythema
nodosum.
18.IncreasePTisseenwith-
a)Warfarinadministration
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b)FactorVdeficiencyc)FactorVIIIdeficiency
d)FactorIXdeficiency
e)VitKdeficiency
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A,B,E,Warfarinadministration,FactorVdeficiency,VitKdeficiency
1. Bleedingtime-Prolongationgenerallyindicatesthedefectinplatelet
numberorfunction.
2. Partialthromboplastintime(PTT)-AprolongedPTTV,VIII(factor
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VIIIc,Vonwillebrandfactor,IX.X,XI,XII,prothrombinorfibrinogen.3. Prothrombintime(PT)-PTcanresultsfromdeficiencyoffactorV,
VII,X,prothrombinorfibrinogenV,VII,X,prothrombinorfibrinogen.
4. Thrombintime-elevatedinfibrinogendeficiency.
5. VitaminKdeficiencyalsocauseprolongationofbothPTandaPTT
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asitinhibitsfactorII,VII,IXandX.19.Trueinsicklecellanemia-
a)Splenomegaly
b)Microcytosis
c)Microcardia
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d)Autosplenectomye)Gammagandybodies
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-A,D,E,Splenomegaly,Autosplenectomy,Gamma
gandybodies
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ChronichemolysisVasoocclusivesymptoms
1. Painfulbonecrisis
2. Hand-footsyndromeDactylitisofbonesofhands/feet.
3. Autosplenectomy
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4. Acutepainfulenlargementofspleen5. Theremaybecardiomegalyandleukocytosis.
6. GammaGandybodies
Thereisnomicrocytosisinsicklecelldisease.
20.Microscopywhichcanbeperformedwith
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minimumopticalillumination-a)Darkfield
b)Brightfield
c)Phasecontrast
d)Confocal
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-A&D,Darkfield,Confocal
Thelighthastobereducedwhileusingdarkfield&phasecontrast
microscope,othermicroscopesusefullillumination.
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Darkfieldmicroscopy-Usesacarefirllyalignedlightsourcetominimizethequantityof
directlytransmittedlightenteringtheimageplane,collectingonlythe
lightscatteredbythesample.
Confocalmicroscopy/confocallaserscanningmicroscopy/laser
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confocalscanningmicroscopy-Usesascanningpointoflightandapinholetopreventoutoffocus
lightfromreachingthedetector.
21.Acanthocytesareseenin?
a)Abetalipoproteinemia
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b)Severeliverdiseasec)PatientswithMacleodbloodgroup
d)SLE
e)Hyperprolactinemia
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A,B,C,Abetalipoproteinemia,Severeliverdisease,PatientswithMacleodbloodgroup
Acanthocytesorspurcells,areabnormalerythrocfteswhichare
spiculatedwithafewspinyorthornyprojectionsofcytoplasmof
varyingsizeandsurfacedistribution.
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Themostfrequentandmostsignificantconditionswithacanthocytosisincludeabetalipoproteinemia.
McLeodredcellPhenotype.
22.Featuresofchronicmyelogenous
leukemia(CML)-
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a)Bonemarrowbiopsyisnecessaryfordiagnosisb)PresenceofBCR-ABLgenewhichdirectsthesynthesisof
BCR-ABLtyrosinekinase
c)Dasatinibisusedinimatinibresistantcases
d)Generalizedpainfullymphadenopathyispresentingfeaturein
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mostcasese)Myeloblastsusuallyconstitutemorethan10%ofallwhitecells
inchronicphase
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,B,C,Bonemarrowbiopsyisnecessaryfor
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diagnosis,(B)PresenceofBCR-ABLgenewhichdirectsthesynthesisofBCR-ABLtyrosinekinase(C)Dasatinibisusedin
imatinibresistantcases
Splenomegalyispresentin90%
Imatinib,dasatinibandnilotinibspecificallyinhibitBCRABLtyrosine
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kinaseactivityandreducetheuncontrolledproliferationofwhitecells.
ThediseaseisdrivenbytheBCR-ABL1chimericgeneproduct,a
constitutivelyactivetyrosinekinase.
Commonmanifestationsareofanemiaandsplenomegaly,
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lymphadenopathy,andextramedullarydisease(skinorsubcutaneouslesions)
Thebonemarrowishypercellularwithmarkedmyeloidhyperplasia
andahighmyeloid-to-erythroidratioof15-20:1.
23.TrueaboutCysticfibrosis-
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a)OccursdueCFTRgenemutationonchromosome7b)Meconiumileusispresentin>90%cases
c)CFTRgenecanbedetectedantenately
d)Poorbodygrowth
e)Alloftheabove
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CorrectAnswer-A:C:DAnswer-A,C,D,OccursdueCFTRgenemutationon
chromosome7(C)CFTRgenecanbedetectedantenately
(D)Poorbodygrowth
Theprimarydefectincysticfibrosisresultsfromabnormalfunction
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ofanepitheltalchloridechannelproteinencodedbythecysticfibrosistransmembraneconductanceregulator(CFTR)geneon
chromosome7.
Contentsoftheintestinallumenaredifficulttoexcretewhichresults
inmeconiumileus.
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SequencingtheCFTRgeneisthegoldstandardfordiagnosisofcysticfibrosisPoorbodygrowth
24.Trueaboutcaspases-
a)Caspasesinitiateapoptosisbyextrinsicandintrinsicpathway
b)Caspasesareproteaseenzyme
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c)Caspasesarereceptord)Caspasesinhibitapoptosis
e)Causesnonenzymaticdegradationofcriticalcellular
components
CorrectAnswer-A:B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A,B,Caspasesinitiateapoptosisbyextrinsicandintrinsicpathway(B)Caspasesareproteaseenzyme
Apoptosisresultsfromtheactivationofenzymescalledcaspases.
Theprocessofapoptosismaybedividedintoaninitiationphase
(intrinsicpathway)andexecution(extrinsicpathway).
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Twodistinctpathwaysconvergeoncaspaseactivation:Themitochondrialpathwayandthedeathreceptorpathway
Caspasesareafamiyofendoproteases.
Theactivationoftheseenzymeistightlycontrolledbytheir
productionasinactivezymogensthatgaincatalyticactivityfollowing
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signalingeventspromotingtheiraggregationintodimersormacromolecularcomplexes"
25.Trueaboutminimalchangedisease-
a)Hypertensioniscommonlypresent
b)Mostcommoncauseofnephroticsyndromeinadults
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c)Highdosesteroidsresultsinremissioninmostcasesd)Commonlyprogresstochronicrenalfailure
e)Reversiblelossofpodocytefunction
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Answer-(C)Highdosesteroidsresultsinremissioninmost
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cases(E)ReversiblelossofpodocytefunctionMinimalchangedisease:
Alsok/alipoidnephrosa,footprocessdisease&Nildepositdisease
Thediseasesometimesfollowsarespiratoryinfectionorroutine
prophylacticimmunization'
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Theonsetmaybeprecededbyanupperrespiratoryinfection,atopicallergyorimmunisation.
Thediseasecharacteristicallyrespondtosteroidtherapy
Thebenigndisorderischaracterizedbydiffuseeffacementoffoot
processesofvisceralepithelialcell(podocytes).
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mostfrequentcauseofnephroticsyndromeinchildrenThevisceralepithelialchangesarecompletelyreversibleafrer
corticosteroidtherapy,concomitantwithremissionoftheproteinuria.
Thereiscommonlynohypertensionorhematuria.
Theappearanceofacuterenalfailureinadults.
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26.Feature(s)ofAdultpolycystickidney
diseaseis/are:
a)Renalenlargement
b)Smallkidney
c)Spiderlegdeformityonintravenousurography
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d)Ultrasoundshowsmultiplecystse)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-A,C,D,Renalenlargement(C)Spiderlegdeformityon
intravenousurography(D)Ultrasoundshowsmultiplecysts
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ADPKDischaracterizedbytheprogressivebilateralformationofrenalcrisis.
Inhieritence-autosomaldominant
Characterizedbymultipleexpandingcystsofbothkidneys.
Ingrossappearance,thekidneysarebilaterallyenlarged.
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Thepainmayresultfromrenalcystinfection,hemorrhage,ornephrolithiasis.
'Intravenousurographypolycystickidneydisease:Thespiderlegs,
deformityofthecalyces.
27.Whichis/arecausedbyprotein
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misfolding:a)Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease
b)Bovinespongiformencephalopathy
c)Huntingtondisease
d)Alzheimerdisease
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e)ParkinsondiseaseCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-A,B,C,D,E,Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease(B)Bovine
spongiformencephalopathy(C)Huntingtondisease
(D)Alzheimerdisease(E)Parkinsondisease
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Theproteinsfailtofoldintotheirnormalconfiguratoryinthismisfoldedstate,theproteinscanbecometoxicinsomeway(again
oftoxicfunction)ortheycanlosetheirnormalfunctionwhichis
knownasproteinmisfoldingdisease.
SuchdiseasesasCreutzfeldt-Jakobdisease,Alzheimer'sdisease,
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Parkinson'sdisease,priondisease,amyloidosis,Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,Huntingtondisease.
28.TrueaboutCreutzfeldt-JakobDisease:
a)Gliosisinthalamus
b)Spongiformswellingincerebralcortex
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c)Brainatrophyinlatestaged)SlowandirregularbackgroundrhythmonEEG
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-B,C,D,Spongiformswellingincerebralcortex
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(C)Brainatrophyinlatestage(D)SlowandirregularbackgroundrhythmonEEG
CJDisararedisorderthatmanifestsclinicallyasarapidly
progressivedementia.
TheprogressionofthedementiainCJDisusuallysorapidthatthere
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islittleifanygrosslyevidentbrainatrophy.Microscopically,thehallmarkisspongiformchangeofthecerebral
cortex.
Inadvancedcasesthereissevereneuronalloss,reactivegliosis.
EEGabnormaltdesarepresentinnearlyallpatients,consistingofa
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slowandirregularbackgroundrhythmwithperiodiccomplexdischarges.
29.Hereditarynon-polyposiscolorectal
cancer(HNPCC)is/arecommonly
associatedwith-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Endometrialcancerb)Cervicalcancer
c)Ovariancancer
d)Breastcancer
e)Thyroidcancer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:CAnswer-A,C,Endometrialcancer(C)Ovariancancer
Hereditarynon-polyposiscolorectalcancer(HNPCC)-
Malignancies-Colonic,endometrial,ovarian,pancreatic,gastric.
Inherictance-autosomaldominant
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Gene-ADMSH2,MLH1,MSH6,PMS1,PMS230.FeaturesofNonbacterialthrombotic
endocarditis(NBTE)-
a)CommoninSLE
b)Presentonundersurfaceofvalve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Vegetativegrowthislargeandlooselyattachedtovalved)Mayoccurafterpost-cardiaccatheterization
e)Sourceofsystemicemboli
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-B,D,E,Presentonundersurfaceofvalve(D)May
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
occurafterpost-cardiaccatheterization(E)Sourceofsystemicemboli
Theseverrucaearetypicallysmall,singleormultiple,brownishand
occuralongthelineofclosureoftheleaflet.
VegetatianofNBTEissmallandlooselyattachedtotheunderlying
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
valve.Sourceofsystemicembolithatproducesignificantinfarctsinthe
brain,heart,spleenandkidneys.
Itfrequentlyoccurswithdeepvenousthrombosis,pulmonaryemboli.
31.TrueaboutAlzheirnerdisease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Mostcommoncauseofdementiainelderlyb)Unusalbefore45yearsofage
c)Plaquesconsistsoftauprotein
d)Mayhavefamilyhistory
e)Shorttermmemoryisaffectedlessthanlong-termmemory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:DAnswer-A,B,D,Mostcommoncauseofdementiainelderly
(B)Unusalbefore45yearsofage(D)Mayhavefamilyhistory
Alzheimer'sdisease(AD)isaslowlyprogressivediseaseofthe
brainthatischaracterizedbyimpairmentofmemoryandeventually
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bydisturbancesinreasoning,planning,language,andperception.Alzheimer'sdiseaseisCommonin5thand6thdecade.
Trisomy21isassociatedwithalzheimer'sdementia.
Plaquecontainingbeta-amyloidpeptide,andneurofibrillarytangles
containingtauproteinoccursinneocortex.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecausesincludegenetic,environmental,andlifestylefactors.DementiaofAlzheimer'stypeisassociatedwithDepressive
symptoms,Delusions,Apraxiaandaphasia.
Recentmemoryloss(shorttermmemoryloss)isfeatureof
Alzheimer'sdisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
32.Negribodiesinanimalcanbebestseen
in:
a)Hippocampus
b)Basalganglia
c)Cerebralcortex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Cerebellume)Thalamus
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-A,D,Hippocampus(D)Cerebellum
Theyaremostprominentinpyramidalcellsofthehippocampusand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Purkinjecellsofcerebellumbuthavebeenseeninnervecellsthroughoutthebrainandspinalcord.
33.Trueaboutp53-
a)Hastyrosinekinaseactivity
b)Haspro-apoptoticactivity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Tumoursuppressorgened)Hasanti-apoptoticactivity
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,B,C,Hastyrosinekinaseactivity(B)Haspro-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
apoptoticactivity(C)Tumoursuppressorgenep53isatumorsuppressorgeneanditisaproapoptoticfactor,i.e.it
promotesapoptosisifrepairofDNAdamageisunsuccessfulatG1
arrest.
Theproteinkinasesthatareknowntotargetthistranscriptional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activationdomainofp53.34.TrueaboutTakayasusyndrome:
a)InvolvessmallandMediumsizedvessels
b)Sharesmanyclinicalfeaturesofgiantcellarteritisifinvolves
aorta
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Morecommoninmalethanfemaled)Granulomatousvasculitis
e)Alsocalledpulselessdisease
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-B,D,E,Sharesmanyclinicalfeaturesofgiantcell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
arteritisifinvolvesaorta(D)Granulomatousvasculitis(E)Alsocalledpulselessdisease
"Giantcellarteritis(GCA)isagranulomatousarteritisthat
predominantlyaffectsmedium-sizedarteriesintheheadandneck.
Itpredominantlyaffectstheaorta.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Takayasuarteritis(Pulselessdlsease):Thediseaseaffectschieflyyoungwomen.
Takayasuarteritisisagranulomatousvasculitisofmediumsized
andlargerarteriescharacterizedprincipallybyoculardisturbances
andmarkedweakeningofthepulsesintheupperextremities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
35.Correctmatchofstainwithtissueis/are-
a)Perls'Prussianblue-ironintissue
b)VonKossa-collagen
c)Masson'strichrome-elastinfiber
d)PAS-glycogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)PAS-AcidicandneutralmucinCorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-A,Perls'Prussianblue-ironintissueD,PAS-
glycogenE,PAS-Acidicandneutralmucin
1.Masson'strichrome-Trichromehistologystains
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Canbeusedtodistinguishbetweencellularitemsandextracellularitems
Canbeusedonconnectivetissue
2.VonKossastain-usedtoindicatecalciumandcalcium
deposits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.Periodicacidschiff(PAS)-AMucinstainUsedforstainingglycogen
Usedtoshowglomeruli,basementmembranes,andglycogeninthe
liver.
4.Perls'Prussianblue-Canbeusedtorevealthepresenceof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ironinbiologicaltissues36.Whichareinheritablemalignancies:
a)Breastcancer
b)Thyroidcancer
c)Wilmstumour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Retinoblastomae)Prostatecancer
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-A,B,C,D,E,Breastcancer(B)Thyroidcancer
(C)Wilmstumour(D)Retinoblastoma(E)Prostatecancer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Breast/ovarian-Breast,ovarian,colonic,prostatic,pancreaticWilm'stumour-Nephroblastoma,neuroblastoma,hepatoblastoma,
rhabdomyosarcomaRetinoblastoma-Retinoblastoma,
osteosarcoma
Prostatecancer-prostate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cowden'ssyndrome-Breast,thyroid,gastrointestinaltract,pancreatic
37.Trueaboutproliferalivephaseofwound
healing
a)Neutrophilsincreasesgradually
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Macrophageincreasesgraduallyc)CollagentypeIpresentpredominantly
d)CollagentypeIIIpresentpredominantly
e)Angiogenesisoccurs
CorrectAnswer-D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D,CollagentypeIIIpresentpredominantlyE,Angiogenesisoccurs
Duringproliferation,thewoundis'rebuilt'withnewgranulation
tissuewhichiscomprisedofcollagenandextracellularmatrixand
intowhichanewnetworkofbloodvesselsdevelop,aprocess
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
knownas'angiogenesis'.Maturationisthefinalphaseandoccursoncethewoundhas
closed.ThisphaseinvolvesremodellingofcollagenfromtypeIIIto
typeICellularactivityreducesandthenumberofbloodvesselsin
thewoundedarearegressanddecrease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
38.CausesofNon-megaloblasticmacrocytic
anameia-
a)Folatedeficiency
b)Leadtoxicity
c)Hypothyroidism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Liverdiseasee)VitB12deficiency
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Answer-C,D,Hypothyroidism(D)Liverdisease
Causesinclude:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ChronicalcoholismLiverdisease
Hypothyroidism
Reticularfibrosis
Blood.disorderslikered-cellaplasia,aplastic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anemia,myelodysplasticsyndromesandmyeloidleukemiaDrugsasazathioprine
Pregnancy
39.GlucoselevelinCSFis/arereducedin:
a)Bacterialmeningitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Fungalmeningitisc)Viralmeningitis
d)Tubercularmeningitis
e)Spirochetalmeningitis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A,BacterialmeningitisB,FungalmeningitisD,Tubercularmeningitis
Normal-45-48mg/dL
Bacterialmeningitis-Markedlyreduced(low<45)
Fungalmeningitis-Markedlyreduced(low<45)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Viralmeningitis-NormalorlowTubercularmeningitis-Reduced(low<45)
Spirochetalmeningitis-Normal
40.Whichoffollowingisnotclassifiedas
Primitiveneuroectodermaltumour(PNET):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Retinoblastomab)Medulloblastoma
c)Rhabdomyosarcoma
d)Ewingsarcoma
e)Carcinoidtumour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:EAnswer-A,RetinoblastomaC,RhabdomyosarcomaD,Ewing
sarcomaE,Carcinoidtumour
Embryonaltumorsorprimitiveneuroectodermaltumors(PNET)are
themostcommongroupofmalignantCNStumorsofchildhood.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PNETgroupincludes-medulloblastoma,supratentorialPNET,ependymoblastoma,medulloepithelioblastoma,andatypicalteratoid/
rhaboidtumor(ATRT).
Ewing'ssarcomaiscloselyrelatedtoPNET,butnotPNET.
Recently,Ewingsarcomaandprimitiveneuroectodermaltumor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(PNET)havebeenunifiedintoasinglecategory:TheEwingsarcomafamilytumors(ESFT)basedonsharedclinical,
morphologic,biochemicalandmolecularfeatures
41.Truestatement(s)aboutWilm'stumour-
a)Mostcommonlypresentsasasymptomaticabdominalmass
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Hereditarypredispositionispresentin50%casesc)Bilateralin25%cases
d)Classictriphasiccombinationofblastemal,stromal,and
epithelialcelltypesisobserved
e)Mostcommoninchildren
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:D:EAnswer-A,D,E,Mostcommonlypresentsasasymptomatic
abdominalmass(D)Classictriphasiccombinationofblastemal,
stromal,andepithelialcelltypesisobserved(E)Mostcommon
inchildren
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ItisamalignanttumourofkidneywhichisseeninchildrenTumouriscomposedofepithelialandmesothelialelements(bone,
cartilage,muscleetc)socalledasnephroblastoma(immature
embryonictissue)
Wilmstumor,alsoknownasnephroblastomaisacomplexmixed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
embryonalneoplasmofthekidneycomposedofthreeelaments:blastema,epithelia,andstroma.
Clinicalfeatures-
Commoninfemalechildren(2-4years)
Massintheabdomen.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AbdominaldistensionduetoenlargedkidneyRarely,Wilm'stumourisbilateral
Hematuria
42.Suspicionofmalignancyinthyroidnodule
isindicatedbyallexcept-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Femalegenderb)Dysphagia
c)Age20-40years
d)Increasingpain
e)Rapidlyenlargingsize
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:EAnswer-(A)Femalegender(B)Dysphagia(C)Age20-40years
(E)Rapidlyenlargingsize
Themostcommonpresentingsignofthyroidcancerisathyroid
nodule.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SolitaryorMultiplethyroidnodulesNeckNodes
Hoarsevoiceofrecentonset
Mediastinaladenopathy
Boneorlungmetastasis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gender:Female>Males.Age:
Morecommonatyoungadults.
MTCusuallydiagnosedafter60.
Ahistoryofarapidlyenlargingthyroidnoduleusuallyindicates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hemorrhage,andthisoccurinbothbenignandmalignantdisease.43.Featuresofirreversiblecellinjuryare
a)Lysosomalinjury
b)Pyknosis
c)Cellmembraneinjury
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Mitochondrialamorphousdepositse)Apoptoticbodies
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Answer-B,PyknosisC,CellmembraneinjuryD,Mitochondrial
amorphousdepositsE,Apoptoticbodies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Characteristicfeaturesare-Largeflocculentamorphousdensitiesinmitodrondriadueto
accumulationofcalcium.
Intracytoplasmicmyelinefiguresappearduringreversibleinjurybut
becomesmoreprominentinirreversibleinjury.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nuclearchanges:Thesearemostspecificandincludepyknosis(nuclearcondensation),karyorrhexis(fragmentationofnucleus),and
karyolysis(nucleardissolution).
Decreasedbasophilia(duetodecreasedribonucleoprotein).
Leakageofintracellularenzymeacrossdamagedcellmembrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intoperiphralcirculationApoptoticbodiesareseeninapoptosis,whichisapatternofdeath
afterirreversibleinjury.
44.Premalignantlesionoforalcavity
includes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Lichenplanusb)Erythroplakia
c)Bowendisease
d)Behchetdisease
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Erythroplakia
Premalignantcondition:-Leukoplakia,Erythroplakia,Speckled
erythroplakia,chronichyperplasticcandidiasis.
45.PrognosisofHead&neckcancerisbased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
on-a)Siteofthetumor
b)Stageofthetumor
c)Etiologicalagent
d)Ageofpatient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)GenderofpatientCorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-(A)Siteofthetumor(B)Stageofthetumor
(C)Etiologicalagent
headandneckcancerisdeterminedbytumorlocationandstage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andetiology.46.Prothrombintimeiselevatedinfollowing
conditions
a)DefectinfactorXI
b)Fibrinogendefect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)DICd)FactorVIIdefect
e)VonWillebranddisease
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-B,FibrinogendefectC,DICD,FactorVIIdefect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itteststheextrinsicandcommoncoagulationpathways.So,aprolongedPTcanresultsfromdeficiencyoffactorV,
VII,X,prothrombinorfbrinogen.
47.TrueaboutDigeorgeSyndrome-
a)B-celldeficiency
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Defectin3rdpharyngealpouchc)Hypoparathyroidism
d)Candidiasis
e)Thymicaplasia
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(B)Defectin3rdpharyngealpouch(C)Hypoparathyroidism(D)Candidiasis(E)Thymicaplasia
DigeorgesyndomeisanexampleofaTcelldeficiencythatresults
fromfailureofdevelopmentofthethirdandfourthpharyngeal
pouches.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clinicalfeaturesinclude-Enhancedsusceptibility-viral,fungal(mucocutaneouscanididiasis)
andbacterialinfections
Facialabnormalities:Hypertelorism,abnormalears,shortphiltrum
andmicrognathia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hypocalcemictetanyduetofailureofparathyroiddevelopment(Hypoparathyroidism).
48.Followingfindingsareseeninrheumatic
heartdisease
a)McCallumsplaque
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Thickeningofmitralvalvec)Fibrousplaqueonundersurfaceofaorticvalve
d)Aschoffbodiesinmyocardium
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A,McCallumsplaqueB,ThickeningofmitralvalveD,Aschoffbodiesinmyocardium
1)Acuterheumaticcarditis-
ThecharacteristichistologicalfindingofrheumaticcarditisisAschoff
bodies/orAschoffnodules.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2)Chronicrheumaticcarditis-Irregularthickeningofposteriorwallofleftatriumproduces
MacCallumplaque/patchduetosubendothelialcollectionofAschoff
nodules.
Endocardiuminvolvementleadstoformationofsmallwarty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
projections(verrucae)alongthelineofclosureofvalvularleaflet,mostlyonmitralvalve.
49.Increasedreticulocytecountisseenin
a)Megaloblasticanemiaontreatmentwithhematinics
b)Acutehemorrhage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Congenitaldyserythropoieticanemiad)Hereditaryspherocytosis
e)Aplasticanemia
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-A,Megaloblasticanemiaontreatmentwith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hematinicsB,AcutehemorrhageAcutebloodlossorhemorrhage
Postsplenectomy
Microangiopathicanemia
Autoimmunehemolyticanemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HemoglobinopathyPostanemiatreatment
vitaminB12supplementation
50.DefinitiveRiskfactorsforcarcinoma
stomachis/are-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Smokingb)Alcoholism
c)HPyloriinfection
d)Chronicatrophicgastritc
e)Partialgastrectomy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:EAnswer-(A)Smoking(C)HPyloriinfection(D)Chronicatrophic
gastritc(E)Partialgastrectomy
Environmentalfactors:H.Pyloriinfection,cigarettesmoking,andlow
socioeconomicstatus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hostfactors:Chronicgastritis,partialgastrectomylntestinalmetaplasiaisthemostsignificantprecursorlesionfor
Gastriccancer.
Geneticfactors
51.Increasedreticulocytesareseenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Aplasticanemiab)B12deficiencyontreatmentwithhematinics
c)Irondeficiencyanemia
d)Hemolyticanemia
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:DAnswer-B,B12deficiencyontreatmentwith
hematinicsD,Hemolyticanemia
Acutebloodlossorhemorrhage
Postsplenectomy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MicroangiopathicanemiaAutoimmunehemolyticanemia
Hemoglobinopathy
Postanemiatreatment
vitaminB12supplementation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
52.Feature(s)ofTurnersyndromeis/are-
a)Monosomyofautosomes
b)Webbingofneck
c)Mentalretardation
d)Shortfourthmetacarpal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)StreakgonadesCorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-(B)Webbingofneck(D)Shortfourthmetacarpal
(E)Streakgonades
45X0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lymphademaofdorsumofhand&fatLooseskinfoldatnapeofneck
Shortstature
ShortNeck(withwebbingofneck)
Anomaliesear
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BroadshieldlikechestwithwidelyspacedsmallnippleRenalanomalies(Horse-shoe,soubleorcleftrenalpelvis)Coartof
aorta
53.TrueaboutamyloidSSA-
a)Mutanttransthyretin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Senilecardiacamyloidosisc)Wildtransthyretin
d)Familialpolyneuropathy
e)Senilesystemicamyloidosis
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(B)Senilecardiacamyloidosis(C)Wildtransthyretin(E)Senilesystemicamyloidosis
SSAischaracterizedbydepositionofwild-typetransthyretin(TTR)
-basedamyloidinparenchymalorgansinelderlyindividual.
SSAiscommondisease,affectingapproximately25%oofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
populationgreaterthan80yearsold.SSAischaracterizedbyamyloidosisclinicallylimitedtoheart;
therefore,initiallyitwasreferredtoassenilecardiacamyloidosis.
Thisformofcardiacamyloidosistendstorunabenignclinical
course.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
54.Parameterswhichareincreasedmore
thannormalinirondeficiencyanemia
are
a)TIBC
b)Serumferritin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Transferringsaturationd)Transferringreceptors
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-A,TIBCD,Transferringreceptors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SerumleveldecreaseTIBCincrease
Serumferrritindecrease
Redcellprotoporphyrindecrease
Serumtransferringreceptorsproteinincreased.(STFRtologof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ferritin)55.Amydoidassociatedprotein[AAprotein]
isseenin-
a)Multiplemyeloma
b)Dialysisassociatedamyloidosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Systemicsclerosisd)Sjogren'ssyndrome
e)Renalcellcarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-E
Answer-ERenalcellcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Primary2. Secondary(reactive)
ThereisdepositionofAAamyloidprotein-
Renalcellcarcinoma(hypernephroma),Hodgkinslynphoma.
56.Thefollowinglaboratoryfinding
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
differentiateanemiaofchronicdiseasefromirondeficiencyanemia
a)TIBC
b)Transferringsaturation
c)Serumironlevels
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Decreasedutilizationofendogenousferritine)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-A,TIBCB,TransferringsaturationD,Decreased
utilizationofendogenousferritin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Haemoglobin-anaemiamildtomoderateBloodpicture-microcytosisandhypochromic(butmostlynormocytic
&normochromic)
Absolutevalues-MCHCislow
Reticulocytecount-low
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Redcellsurvival-shortenlifespanoferythrocytesBonemarrow-myeloidhyperplasia&increaseinplasmacells.
Serumiron&TIBC-low
Serumferritin-increased(mostdistinguishingfeatureofchronic
disorder)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Otherplasmaproteins-raised57.Trueaboutdystrophiccalcification-
a)Raisedcalciumlevel
b)Seenindead/degenerativetissue
c)SeeninSarcoidosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Seeninatherosclerosise)Seeninrheumaticfever
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-(B)Seenindead/degenerativetissue(D)Seenin
atherosclerosis(E)Seeninrheumaticfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dystrophiccalcificationindeadtissues-Necrosisoftuberculosis(mostcommonwhichmaybeinlymph
nodes)
Chronicabscessinliquifactivenecrosis
Infarct
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThrombiDystrophiccalcificationindegeneratedtissues
Atheromatousplaque
Psommamabodies
Heartvalvesdamagedbyrheumaticfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
58.Whichofthefollowingcombinationsof
carcinomawiththeirgeneticmutations
aretrue-
a)Carcinomabreast-BRCA1
b)Rhabomyosarcoma-C-KIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)WilmstumorWT1d)RetinoblastomaRb
e)NeuroblastomaMYC
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Answer-(A)Carcinomabreast-BRCA1(C)WilmstumorWT1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(D)RetinoblastomaRb(E)NeuroblastomaMYCCarcinomasoffemalebreastandovary-BRCA1
Wilmstumor-WT-l
Retinoblastomas-RB
Gastrointestinalstromaltumors,testicularseminoma,melanoma,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AML-C-KITNeuroblastoma-NMYC
59.Whichofthefollowingis/areduetonon-
disjunctionofautosomes
a)Klinefelterssyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Turnerssyndromec)Pataussyndrome
d)Edwardsyndrome
e)CriduChatsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C,PataussyndromeD,EdwardsyndromeNondisjunctionofautosomes:Downsyndrome,edwardsyndrome,
patausyndrome
60.Commonmetaphysealtumorsare-
a)Enchondroma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Osteosarcomac)Nonossifyingfibroma
d)Osteoidosteoma
e)Osteoclastoma
CorrectAnswer-A:B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Enchondroma(B)OsteosarcomaOsteogenicsarcoma
Unicameral(simple)bonecyst
AneurysmalbonerystoFibrouscorticaldefect
Chondrosarcoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OsteochondromaEnchondroma
Osteoblastoma
61.Whichofthefollowingacutephase
protein(s)decreasesduringacute
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inflammationa)Albumin
b)Transferrin
c)Ceruloplasmin
d)C-reactiveprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)HaptoglobinCorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-A,AlbuminB,Transferrin
Negativeacutephaseproteins
Theseproteinsaredecreasedduringinflammation.Important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
examplesarealbumin,prealbumin,transferrin,transcortin,transthyretinandretinalbindingprotein
62.MalignanciesassociatedwithHIVare-
a)Kaposissarcoma
b)NHL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)AnalCarcinomad)CervicalCarcinoma
e)ColonCarcinom
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)Kaposissarcoma(B)NHL(C)AnalCarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(D)CervicalCarcinomaKaposisarcomaisthemostcommontumorinAIDS.
Non-Hodgkinlymphomas(NHLs)inAIDSare-
1. PrimaryCNSlymphoma(associatedwithEBV)
2. Burkitt'slymphoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hodgkin'sdiseaseLeukemia
Multiplemyeloma
CervicalCa
AnalCa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
63.Whichofthefollowingcombinationsare
true
a)Hyalinecasts-normal
b)Waxycasts-chronicpyelonephritis
c)Broadcasts-CRF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)RBCcasts-glomerulonephritise)Muddycasts-acutetubularnecrosis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-A,Hyalinecasts-normalB,Waxycasts-chronic
pyelonephritisC,Broadcasts-CRFD,RBCcasts-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glomerulonephritisE,Muddycasts-acutetubularnecrosisHyalinecasts
Thesearethemostcommoncastsandconsistsalmostentirelyof
Tamm-Horsfallprotein
Renaltubularepithelialcellcasts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EpithelialcellsarepresentalongwithcastWaxycasts
Theseareseeninchronicrenaldiseases
Broadcast
Theseareseeninadvancedrenalfailure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RBCcastsThereareseeninnepahriticsyndromeduetoglomenulonephritis
Muddycasts
Itispathognomonicofacutetubularnecrosis(ATN)
64.Trueregardingcastexaminationinurine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Acidisaddedb)Examinedattheedgeofcoverslip
c)Sedimentisused
d)Contrifugeisnotused
e)Broadcastindicatesstasisofurineflow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:EAnswer-A,AcidisaddedC,SedimentisusedE,Broadcast
indicatesstasisofurineflow
Thecellularelementsarebestpreservedinacid.
Theurinesedimentcanbebrokendownintocellularelements.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BroadcastsFormationoccursincollectingtubules:seriouskidneydisorder,
extremestasisofflow.
65.TrueaboutDubin-Johnsonsyndrome-
a)Increasedconjugatedbilirubin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)UsuallyassociatedwithincreasedASTandALTc)Mutationinuridinediphosphate-glucuronyltransferasepeptide
Al
d)Decreasedbiliaryexcretionofconjugatedbilirubin
e)Autosomaldominantinheritance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:DAnswer-(A)Increasedconjugatedbilirubin(D)Decreased
biliaryexcretionofconjugatedbilirubin
DuringJohnsonsyndromeisanautosomalrecessivehereditary
disorderpresentingwithconjugatedhyperbilirubinemiaduetodefect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inhepaticexcretoryfunctionacrossthecanalicularmembraneofhepatocyte.
DJSisatypeofcongenitalconjugatedhyperbilirubinemia.
Conjugatedbilirubinisincreasedbecauseofdefectivebiliary
excretionofbilirubinglucuronidesduetomutationincanalicular
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multidrugresistanceprotein2.66.Trueaboutalcoholicsteatosis
a)Microvesicular
b)Macrovesicular
c)Reversible
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d)Malloryhyalinee)Centralhyalinesclerosis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,MicrovesicularB,MacrovesicularC,Reversible
Hepaticsteatosis(Fattyliver)
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Initiallythereismicrovesicularfattychange.Latermacrovesicularfattychangesarealsoseen.Itisreversiblestage.
67.Feature(s)ofantiphospholipidsyndrome
is/areexcept-
a)Recurrentthrombosis
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b)SLEisassociatedwithprimaryantiphospholipidsyndromec)Itincludestwotypesofantibodies-lupusanticoagulantand
anticardiolipinantibody
d)Foetuslossmayoccur
e)Occurd/tdefectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:EAnswer-(B)SLEisassociatedwithprimaryantiphospholipid
syndrome(C)Itincludestwotypesofantibodies-lupus
anticoagulantandanticardiolipinantibody(E)Occurd/tdefect
in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inantiphospholipidsyndromethereishypercoagulabititywhichresultsinrecurrefltvenousandarterialthrombosis.
Peripheralyenoussystetn)DVT
CNSCerebrovascularaccident,sinusthrombosismigraine,
epilepsy.
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HematologicalThrombocytopenia,hemolyticanemia.ObstetricsAbortionin2rd&3rdtrimester(latefetalloss)is
commonbutitmayoccuranytimeinpregnancy;recurrentabortion,
eclampsia.
PulmonaryPulmonaryembolism,pulmonaryhypertension.
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CardiacLimbman-Sackendocarditis,MI.Dermatological>Livedoreticularis,purpura,infarct/ulceration.
OcularAmaurosis,retinalthrombosis.
AdrenalInfarction,hemorrhage.
Musculoskeletal>Avascularnecrosisofbone.
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CatastrophicantiphospholipidsydromeMultiorganinfarction.68.TrueaboutRASoncogene-
a)TyrosinekinasehasroleinRASactivation
b)Mostcommonformofoncogeneinhumantumors
c)IthasanintrinsicGTPaseactivity
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d)Mutationmayresultincarcinomatousgrowthe)Belongstogrowthfactorcategoryofoncogene
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)TyrosinekinasehasroleinRASactivation(B)Most
commonformofoncogeneinhumantumors(C)Ithasan
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intrinsicGTPaseactivity(D)Mutationmayresultincarcinomatousgrowth
InnormalcellstheactivatedstateofthisRASproteinistransient
becausenormalRAS-proteinshaveintrinsicGTPaseactivity.
MutationintheRASproteincausespermanentactivationofRAS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proteinwhichmayresultincarcinomatousgrowth.ActivatedRASraf-landactitesmitogen-activatingkinase(MAP-
kinase)pathway.
PointmutationofRASfamilygenesisthesinglemostcommon
abnormalityofoncogenesinhumantumor.
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69.Trueabouthaematologicaldisorder-
a)CryoprecipitateisusedintreatmentinhaemophiliaB
b)BothPTandaPTTareincreasedinDIC
c)Intravenousgammaglobulinisusefulinimmune
thrombocytopenicpurpura
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)HemophiliaC:X-linkeddisordere)PlateletcountisdecreasedinDIC
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-(B)BothPTandaPTTareincreasedinDIC
(C)Intravenousgammaglobulinisusefulinimmune
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thrombocytopenicpurpura(E)PlateletcountisdecreasedinDIC
1.CryoprecipitateisusedinHemophiliaA-
Itcontainsfbrinogen,factorVIIIcandvWF,andfactorXIII.
UsedinhemophiliaAandvon-Willebranddisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.PT&aPTTareincreasedinDICaldplateletcountisdecreasedBloodfilmshowsmicroangiopathichaemolyticanaemia.
PT,thrombintime,andActivatedPartialthromboplastintimeallare
prolonged.
3.IVimmunoglobulinisusefulinITP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IVimmunoglobulinisthetreatmentofchoiceforneonatalaswellaschildhoodITP.
4.HemophiliaCiscausedbydeficiencyoffactorXI.
Itisinheritedasanautosomalrecessivepattern.
70.Whichis/arenottumorsuppressor
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gene(s)a)TP53
b)RB
c)CD95
d)SKT11
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e)RASCorrectAnswer-C:E
Answer-C,CD95E,RAS
71.Mostcommontranslocationinacute
promyelocyticleukemia(APML)is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)t(8:14)b)t(9:22)
c)t(15:17)
d)t(8:21)
e)t(11:118)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C,t(15:17)
Acutepromyelocyticleukemia(M3bytheFABclassification)is
associatedwithat(15;17)(q22;q11)translocation.
Disseminatedintravascularcoagulationcanoccurinthisdisorder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
duetothereleaseofprocoagulantsubstancesfromtheleukemiccells,especiallyduringtreatment.
Thet(4;11)(q21;q23)translocationisassociatedwithacute
lymphocyticleukemia(ALL)andundifferentiatedleukemia.
Thet(6;9)(p23;q34)translocationisfoundinsubtypesofAMLwith
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basophilia(M1,M2,M4).Burkitt'sleukemia,whichisrelatedtoBurkitt'slymphoma,is
associatedwitht(8;14)(q24;q32).
Thet(8;21)(q22;q22)translocation(choiceD)isseeninM2
leukemia,alsoknownasacutemyeloidleukemia(AML)with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
maturation72.Prolongationofboth-activatedpartial
thromboplastintime(aPTT)and
prothrombintime(PT)maybeseenin
factordeficiencyof-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Factor2b)Factor5
c)Factor10
d)Factor8
e)Factor9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:CAnswer-(A)Factor2(B)Factor5(C)Factor10
Partialthromboplastintime(pTT)
Itteststheintrinsicandcommoncoagulationpathways.So,a
prolongedPTTcanresultsfromdeficiencyoffactorV,VIII(factor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VIIIc,vonwillebrandfactor),IX,X,X,XII,prothrombinorfibrinogen.Prothrombintime(PT)
Itteststheextrinsicandcommoncoagulationpathways.So,a
prolongedPTcanresultsfromdeficiencyoffactorV,
VII,X,prothrombinorfibrinogen.
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73.Mostcommonaneuploidycompatiblewith
lifeis
a)Downsyndrome
b)Turnersyndrome
c)Klinefelter'ssyndrome
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d)Patausyndromee)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A,Downsyndrome
Mostcommonaneuploidyinwhichinfantcansurviveistrisomy-21
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(Downsyndrome)74.Smallvesselvasculitisis/are-
a)Kawasakidisease
b)IgAvasculitis
c)Carcinomaassociatedvasculitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Anti-glomerularbasementmembrane(anti-GBM)diseasee)Takayasuarteritis
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-(B)IgAvasculitis(C)Carcinomaassociatedvasculitis
(D)Anti-glomerularbasementmembrane(anti-GBM)disease
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i)ANCApositiveWegner'sgranulomatosis,Microscopicpolyangitis,Churgstrauss
sytdrome,Good-posturesyndrome.
ii)ANCAnegative
Henoch-Schonleinpurpura,Bechetssyndrome
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75.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
sideroblasticanaemia
a)Basophilsstipplinginleadpoisoning
b)Erythroidhypoplasiainbonemarrow
c)Pappenheimerbodiesisalwayspresent
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d)DimorphicRBCe)IncreasedMCHC
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-A,BasophilsstipplinginleadpoisoningD,Dimorphic
RBC
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Importantfeaturesofsideroblasticanemiaare:-Ringeedsidetoblastsinbonemarrowprussionbluereaction.
Dimorphicbloodpicture,i.e.amixturemicrocytichypochromicand
macrocyticerythrocytes
Increased:Ironstores,serumferritin,serumiton,transferrin
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saturation.Ineffectiveerythropoiesisbecauseironcannotbeincorporatedinto
erythrocytes.
otherfeature:DecreasedMCVMCHandMCHC;basophiling
stipplinginleadporsonizgAnisopoikilocytosis(varying
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sizesandabnormalshapesofRBCs),erthroidhyperplasiainbonemarrow.
76.Cancer(s)causedbyviralinfections-
a)Kaposisarcoma
b)Nasopharyngealcarcinoma
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c)Hepatocellularcancerd)Hodgkin'slymphoma
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)Kaposisarcoma(B)Nasopharyngealcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(C)Hepatocellularcancer(D)Hodgkin'slymphomaDNAvirusesHerpesviridaeHHV-8Kaposissarcoma
Hepadnaviridae(HBV)hepatocellularcarcinoma
Flaviviridae(HCV)hepatocellularcarcinoma
EBVassociatedmalignancies-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Burkitt'slymphomaNasopharynagealcarcinoma
Hodgkin'sdisease
77.Multiplemyelomamaybeassociatedwith
a)Fanconi'ssyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Amyloidosisc)Mixedcryoglobinemia
d)Castnephropathy
e)Interstitialnephritis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
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Answer-A,Fanconi'ssyndromeB,AmyloidosisC,MixedcryoglobinemiaD,CastnephropathyE,Interstitialnephritis
Factorscontributingthedamageare:-
BenceJonesproteinuriaandcastnephropathy
Amyioidosis
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Lightchainnephropathy,Glomerulopathy,tubule-interstitialnephritis.
Vasculardisease.
Urinarytractobstruction.
Fanconi'ssyrdrome
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TypeIcryoglobulienmiaiscomposedofasinglemono-clonalIg,usuallyIgM
78.Trueaboutautosomalrecessive
polycystickidneydisease(ARPKD)
a)CanbediagnosedinuterobyUSG
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b)Hypertensiondevelopsinlatestagesofthediseasec)Mayproceedtorenalfailurebeforepreschoolage
d)Enlargementofkidney
e)Hematuriaisearlyfeature
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A,CanbediagnosedinuterobyUSGC,MayproceedtorenalfailurebeforepreschoolageD,Enlargementofkidney
ThepresentationinPolycysticdiseaseofkidneyischaracteristically
bilateral
Thebilateralenlargementcanhardlybemistakenonroutine
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examinationUSGandCTshowmultiplecystsinbothkidneys
Thediseasemaypresentatanyagebutthemostcommonage
ofpresentationisinthe3rdor4thdecade.
Boththekidneyaregrosslyenlargedandsituatedwithmultiple
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cysts.Childhoodpolycystickidneydiseasehasautosomalrecessive
inheritance.
79.Truestatementaboutasbestosis-
a)Mayinvolvehilarlymphnode
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b)Asbestosisbeginsinthelowerlobesc)Pleuralplaquesconsistsofcalcifiedhyalinzedcollagenous
tissue
d)HighresolutionCTscanningisthebestimagingmethod
e)Noriskoflungcarcinoma
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CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:DAnswer-(A)Mayinvolvehilarlymphnode(B)Asbestosis
beginsinthelowerlobes(C)Pleuralplaquesconsistsof
calcifiedhyalinzedcollagenoustissue(D)HighresolutionCT
scanningisthebestimagingmethod
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asbestosisisaninterstitiallungdiseaseduetoinhalationofasbestosparticles.
Therearetwodistinctgeometricformsofasbestos:(i)Serpentine
(chrysolite),and(ii)Amphibole(crocidolite).
Bothserpentineandamphibolecancauseallasbestosisrelated
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diseaseexceptformesothelioma,whichisusuallyassociatedwithamphibole.
Pleuralplaquesarethemostcommonmanifestationofasbestos
exposure.
Thereisdiffuseinterstitialfibrosismainlyinvolvinglowerlungfields.
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Thelungisinvadeddirectly,andthereisoftenmetastaticspreadtothehilarlymphnodes.
HighresolutionCTscanningisthebestimagingmethodfor
asbestosis.
80.Feature(s)oftypeImembranoproliferative
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glomerulonephritis(MPGN)-a)Tramtrackappearanceonlightmicroscopy
b)Subendothelialelectron-densedepositsonelectronmicroscopy
c)Immunofluorescencemicroscopyshowpositiveflorescenceof
IgGandC3ondensedeposit
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d)Intramembranousdensedepositonelectronmicroscopye)Mesangialhypocellularity
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,Tramtrackappearanceonlight
microscopyB,Subendothelialelectron-densedepositson
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
electronmicroscopyC,ImmunofluorescencemicroscopyshowpositiveflorescenceofIgGandC3ondensedeposit
Onlightmicroscope,Alltypeshavefollowingsimilarfeatures.
1. TheglomeruliarehypercellularDuetoexocapillaryand
endocapillaryproliferation.
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2. Theglomerulihavelobularappearanceaccentuatedbytheproliferatingmesangialcellsandincreasedmesangialmatrix.
3. Parietalepithelialcrescentinmanycases
4. GBMisthickened,whichismostevidentintheperipheralcapillary
loops.
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5. Theglomelularcapillarywallshowsadoublecontourortramtrackappearancebecauseofduplicationofbasementmembraneasa
resultofnewbasementmembranesynthesis.
6. Withinthebasementmembranethereisinterpositionofcellular
elementsthatgiverisetotheappearanceofsplitbasement
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membrane.
TypeIandIIMPGNdifferintheirultrastructuralfeatures.
TypeISubendothelialdeposits.
TypeIIIntramembranousdeposition.
TypeIdisease(mostcommon)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IdiopathicSubacutebacterialendocarditis
TypeIIdisease(Densdepositdisease)
Idiopathic
C3nephriticfactorassociated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PartiallipodystrophyTypeIIIdisease
Idiopathic
Complementfactordeficiency
Systemiclupuserythematosus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HepatitisCMixedcryoglubulinemia
81.Trueaboutsilicosis-
a)Lowerlobeismorecommonlyinvolved
b)Radiographicallyseenaseggshellclacification
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Lobarpneumoniaiscommond)Associatedwithanincreasedsusceptibilitytotuberculosis
e)Histologicallysilicanodulesconsistsofhyalinisedcenter
surroundedbyconcentriclaminationsofcollagen
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(B)Radiographicallyseenaseggshellclacification(D)Associatedwithanincreasedsusceptibilitytotuberculosis
(E)Histologicallysilicanodulesconsistsofhyalinisedcenter
surroundedbyconcentriclaminationsofcollagen
Silicosisisalungdiseasecausedbyinhalationofcrystallinesilicon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dioxide(silica).Silicosisisaslowlyprogressivedisease.
SilicosisisassociatedwithanincreasedsusceptibilitytoT.B.
Silicosisischaracterized-
NodulesintheUpperzonesofthelunghardcollagenousscars
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Radiologically,eggshellcalcificationcanbeseeninthelymphnodes.
Histologically,silicosislesionsconsistofconcentriclayersof
hyalinizedcollagensurroundedbyadensecapsuleofmore
condensedcollagen.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
82.Tumormarkerforlungadenocarcinoma
is/are
a)Positiveforcytokeratin5
b)Positiveforcytokeratin7
c)Positiveforcytokeratin20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Transthyretin(TTR)mutatione)EGFRmutation
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Answer-B,Positiveforcytokeratin7E,EGFRmutation
Adenocarcinoma-AKT1,ALK,BRAF,EGFR,HER-2,K-RAS,MEK-
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1,MET,N-RASCK7(+)ve-BreastCa,PancreaticCa,CervicalCa,adenocarcinoma
oflung.
83.Whichofthefollowingis/areassociated
withsynovialcellsarcoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Translocation(9;22)(q34;q11)b)SS18-SSX4fusiongenes
c)Translocationt(X;18)(p11;g11)
d)SS18-SSX1fusiongenes
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:DAnswer-B,SS18-SSX4fusiongenesC,Translocationt(X;18)(p1
1;g11)D,SS18-SSX1fusiongenes
Mostsynovialsarcomasshowacharacteristicchromosomal
translocationt(X:18)producingSYT-SSX1or-SSX2fusion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
genes.Thespecifictranslocationisassociatedwithpoorprognosis.Histologichallmarkofbiphasicsynovialsarcomaisthedualliningof
differentiationofthetumorcells(eg.epitheliatlikeandspindlecells)
CalcifiedconcrectionscanbepresentonX-rays
84.Truestatementaboutprimary
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myelofibrosisa)Hepatomegalyisthemostcommonmanifestation
b)Drytaponbonemarrowaspiration
c)Onlypotentiallycurativetreatmentisallogeneicstemcell
transplantation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Splenomegalyisalmostinvariablypresente)Myeloblastsmaybeseeninperipheralblood
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Answer-B,DrytaponbonemarrowaspirationC,Only
potentiallycurativetreatmentisallogeneicstemcell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transplantationD,SplenomegalyisalmostinvariablypresentE,Myeloblastsmaybeseeninperipheralblood
Thehallmarkofprimarymyelofibrosisisrapiddevelopmentof
obliterativemarrowfibrosis.
Myelofibrosissuppressesbonemarrowhematopoiesis,leadingto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peripheralbloodcytopenias.Peripheralbloodpictureshowsleukoerythroblastosis(erythroidand
granulocyticprecursorsinperipheralblood),andtear-drop
erythrocytes(dacrocytes).
Bonemarrowbiopsyistheinvestigationofchoice.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Unsuccessfulbonemarrowaspirationalsocalleddrytap.Allogmeicbonemarrowtransplantationistheonlycurativetreatment
forPMF.
85.Newerinclusionin2015WHO
classificationofsquamouscellcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oflunginclude(s)a)Clearcellvariant
b)Papillarycellvariant
c)Adenocarcinomavariant
d)Nonkeratinizingvariant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Lymphoepithelioma-likecarcinomaCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D,Nonkeratinizingvariant
Oldclassification-
Papillary
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ClearcellSmallcell
Basaloid
NewerClassification-
KeratinizingSCC
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NonkeratinizingSCCBasaloidSCC
Preinvasive:SCCinsitu
86.Whichofthefollowingcancause
pulmonaryembolism-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Pregnancyb)OCPuses
c)Mitralregurgitation
d)Leftventricularfailure
e)Excessiveunaccustomedexercise
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:DAnswer-(A)Pregnancy(B)OCPuses(D)Leftventricularfailure
PatientFactors
Age
Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Varicoseveins/superficialthrombophlibitsImmobility
Pregnancy
PuerPerium
High-doseoestrogentherapyorOCPuse
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diseaseorsurgicalprocedure-Traumaorsurgery
Malignancy
Heartfailure
Paralysisoflowerlimb
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Infection87.Serotonin,amediatorofinflammationin
ourbody,issecreted/releasedby:
a)Leukocytes
b)Endothelialcell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Mastcelld)Platelet
e)Macrophage
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Platelet
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Serotonin:Itisfoundintheintestinalmucosa,braintissue&platelets.
Releaseofserotonin(andhistamine)fromplateletsisstimulated
whenplateletsaggregateaftercontactwithcollagen,thrombin,
adenosinediphosphate(ADP),andantigen-antibodycomplexes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
88.Whichofthefollowingmarker/mutation
is/areseeninpapillarycarcinomaof
thyroid:
a)Synaptophysin
b)RET/PTC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)P53d)NTRK1
e)RAS
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Answer-B,RET/PTCD,NTRK1E,RAS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GeneticAlterationsinThyroidNeoplasia-RET/PTC
BRAF
TRK
RAS
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89.Autosomalrecessivedisease(s)is/are:
a)Sicklecellanaemia
b)Phenylketonuria
c)Tuberousscelerosis
d)Familialpolyposiscoli
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)MarfansyndromeCorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-(A)Sicklecellanaemia(B)Phenylketonuria
1.Metabolic-
Cysticfibrosis
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PhenylketonuriaGalactosemia
Homocystinuria
Wilsondisease
Hemochromatosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.HematopoieticSicklecellanemia
Thalassemias
3.Endocrine
Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.SkeletalEhlers-Danlossyndrome
5.Nervous
Friedreichataxia
Spinalmuscularatrophy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
90.Whichofthefollowingmarkerfavours
diagnosisofpreinvasive&invasive
cervicalcancer:
a)Ki67
b)OncoproteinE6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)p16INK4,cyclinE,andKi-67d)OncoproteinE8
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-A,Ki67B,OncoproteinE6C,p16INK4,cyclinE,andKi-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
67TheexpressionofE7determinestheinactivationofpRbwitha
consequentincreaseoffreeE2Finthecell,leadingtobothan
increaseofcyclin-dependentkinaseinhibitorpl6(p16INK4a)and
aberrantproliferation(markedbyincreasedlevelsofKi-67
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
expression).91.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeatures(s)of
lewybodydementia:
a)Plaquecontainingbeta-amyloidpeptide
b)Depositionofa-synucleinprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Oftenresistanttostandardtreatmentd)Commoninelderly
e)Riskoffallingmaypresent
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Answer-(B)Depositionofa-synucleinprotein(C)Often
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
resistanttostandardtreatment(D)Commoninelderly(E)Riskoffallingmaypresent
Alpha-synucleincontainingLewybodiesoccurinthebrainstem,
midbrain,olfactorybulb,andneocortex.
Thisisaneurodegenerativedisorderclinicallycharacterizedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dementiaandsignsofParkinson'sdisease.Commoninelderly.
TheDLBclinicalsyndromeischaracterizedbyvisualhallucinations,
parkinsonism,fluctuatingalertness,falls.
92.TrueaboutAlzheimer'sdisease:
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a)Morecommoninolderageb)Impairmentoftheabilitytoremembernewinformation
c)Mainlyaffectslongtermmemory
d)Generalcognitivebehaviorimpairedinprodromalphase
e)Atrophyoffrontal&parietallobe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:EAnswer-(A)Morecommoninolderage(B)Impairmentofthe
abilitytoremembernewinformation(D)Generalcognitive
behaviorimpairedinprodromalphase(E)Atrophyoffrontal&
parietallobe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alzheimer'sdisease(AD)isaslowlyprogressivediseaseofthebrainthatischaracterizedbyimpairmentofmemory.
Alzheimer'sdiseaseisCommonin5thand6thdecade.
EarlyStage-
Thisisconsideredasamild/earlystageandthedurationperiodis2-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4years.Frequentrecentmemoryloss.
Writingandusingobjectsbecomedifficultanddepressionand
apathycanoccur.
Secondstage-
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Thisisconsideredasamiddle/moderatestageandthedurationis2-10years.
DementiaofAlzheimer'stypeisassociatedwithDepressive
symptoms,Delusions,Apraxiaandaphasia.
Pervasiveandpersistentmemorylossimpactslifeacrosssettings.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Moderatestage-Increasedmemorylossandconfusion.
Laststage-
Thisisconsideredastheseverestageandthedurationis1-3years.
Extremeproblemswithmood,behavioralproblems,hallucinations,
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anddelirium.93.RScellhavingsameimmunophenotyping
arepresentinwhichsubtypesof
Hodgkin'slymphoma:
a)Nodularsclerosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Lymphocytepredominantc)Lymphocyterich
d)Mixedcellularity
e)Lymphocytedepletion
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Nodularsclerosis(C)Lymphocyterich(D)Mixedcellularity(E)Lymphocytedepletion
Inthefirstfoursubtypes-nodularsclerosis,mixedcellularity,
lymphocyte-rich,andlymphocytecells.
94.Trueaboutsurgicaljaundice:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Increaseofserumbilirubinb)Increaseacidphosphatase
c)Increasealkalinephosphatase
d)Urinebilirubinisabsent
e)Stoolsterocobilinogenabsent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:EAnswer-A,IncreaseofserumbilirubinC,Increasealkaline
phosphataseE,Stoolsterocobilinogenabsent
Obstructivejaundice-
1.Biluribin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Direct&Indirect-increased2.Urinebilirubin-increased
3.Serumalbumin-generallyunchanged
4.Alkalinephosphatase-Increased
5.Sterocobilinogen-absent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
95.TrueaboutLyonisationofXchromosome:
a)InactivationofXchromosomeonlyinsomaticcell
b)InactivationofXchromosomeonlyingermcell
c)InactivationofXchromosomeinsomatic&germcellboth
d)MaximunnumberofBarrbodyisequaltoXchromosome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)AllCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.InactivationofXchromosomeonlyinsomaticcell
Infemale,oneoftwoX-chromosome(eitherpaternalormaternal)is
inactivatedduringembryogenesisasstatedinLyonhypothesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisinactivationispassedtoallthesomaticcellwhilethegermcellsinthefemaleremainunaffected.
96.TwomostcommoncancerinIndian
womanis:
a)Carcinomabreast
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Carcinomacervixc)Carcinomacolon
d)Carcinomastomach
e)Carcinomalung
CorrectAnswer-A:B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Carcinomabreast(B)CarcinomacervixInwomen,cancerbreast,cervixuteri,colorectum,ovary,lip&oral
cavity.
97.Prognosticfactorsforcarcinoma
esophagusis/are:
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a)Depthofinvasionb)Lymphnodestatus
c)Tumourgrading
d)Stageofthedisease
e)All
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CorrectAnswer-EAnswer-E,All
StageThemostreliableprognosticfacforforesophagealcanceris
thestageofthetumouratthetimeofdiagnosis.
Tumoursize
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LymphnodesstatusCancerhasspreadtodistantorgans
Cancerthatremainsaftersurgery
Tumourgrade
98.TrueaboutDentigerouscyst:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Arisesinrelationtouneruptedteethb)Itmostcommonlyencroachesmaxillaryantrum
c)Mandibularthirdmolariscommonsite
d)Commoninmandible
e)All
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:DAnswer-A,ArisesinrelationtouneruptedteethC,Mandibular
thirdmolariscommonsiteD,Commoninmandible
Commoninlowerjaw(mandible)inwomen30-40years.
Itoccursinrelationtounerupted,permanent,molartooth,most
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commonlytheupperorlowerthirdmolar.99.Whichofthefollowingisparaganglioma:
a)AdrenalPheochromocytoma
b)Extra-adrenalPheochromocytoma
c)Carotidbodytumour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Carcinoidtumoure)Glomustympanicum
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-(B)Extra-adrenalPheochromocytoma(C)Carotidbody
tumour(E)Glomustympanicum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pheochromocytornaisachromaffin-cellneoplasmthatcanariseanadrenal(adrenalmedulla)orextraadrenaltumor.
Extraadrenalpheochromocytomaisalsoreferredtoas
paraganglioma.
Thecarotidbodytumorisaprototypeofaparasympathetic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
paraganglioma.Glomustympanicum:Mostcommontumourinmiddleear.
100.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)
is/arecorrectexcept:
a)IncreasedPTinextrinsicpathways
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)IncreasedaPTTininstrinsicpathwaysc)Ifplateletcountis>1.5lac/microL,thennormalhomeo-stasis
present
d)BTisdecreasedinplateletabnormality
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAswer-D.BTisdecreasedinplateletabnormality
Hemostasisisspontaneousarrestofbleedingbyphysiological
Process.
Prothrombintime(PT):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisassayteststheextrinsicandcommoncoagulationpathways.Partialthromboplastintime(PTT):
Thisassayteststheintrinsicandcommonclottingpathway.
Prolongationgenerallyindicatesadefectinplateletnumbersor
function.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
101.Feature(s)ofXIIIfactordeficiencyis/are:
a)Delayedwoundclosure
b)Clotsolubilitytestsareabnormal
c)TaPTT
d)TPT
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e)TBTCorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-A,DelayedwoundclosureB,Clotsolubilitytestsare
abnormal
Itcharacteristicallyleadstodelayedbleedingthatoccurshoursto
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daysafterahemostaticchallenge.Clotsolubilitytestsareabnormal.
102.PAX5is/aremarkerfor?
a)Acutemyeloidleukemia
b)T-celllymphomas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Anaplasticlargecelllymphomad)Hodgkin'slymphoma
e)B-lymphoblasticlymphoma
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Hodgkin'slymphoma;&`e'i.e.,B-Lyrnphoblastic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lymphoma[Ref:Robbins9th(SEA)/ep.590;Harrison19th/ep.699]
Pax5(B-cell-specificactivatorprotein)ismostlyexpressedinB-
lymphocytesandB-celllymphomas.Itisexpressedindeveloping
CNS,someneuroendocrinetumors,andoccasionalmyeloid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
leukemia.Pax5stainingispositiveinmostHodgkinlymphoma,B-cellNHL,
andprecursorB-celllymphoblasticneoplasms.
Lymphoplascytoidlymphoma,smallcellcarcinomasandMerkelcell
carcinomasarealsopositive.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
T-celllymphomas,plasmacellneoplasms,multiplemyeloma,andplasmablasticlymphomasarenegativeforPax5.
103.Trueaboutmiliarytuberculosis:
a)Occurprimarilyduetohematogenousspread
b)Miliarylesionisgenerallyofsize1-2mm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Diffusebilateralcrepitationisalwayspresentd)Onsetisgenerallyacute
e)Sputumsmearmicroscopyisnegativein80%ofcases
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Answer-(A)Occurprimarilyduetohematogenousspread
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(B)Miliarylesionisgenerallyofsize1-2mm(E)Sputumsmearmicroscopyisnegativein80%ofcases
MiliaryTBisduetohematogenousspreadoftuberclebacilli.
Blood-bornedisseminationgivesrisetomiliaryTB.
Thelesionsareusuallyyellowishgranulomasl-2mmindiameter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thatresemblemilletseeds(microscopicorsmall,visible).Clinicalfeatures-
Fever,nightsweats,anorexio,weaknas,andweightlossare
presentingsymptomsinthemajorityofcases.
Patientshaveacoughandotherrespiratorysymptoms.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,andlymphadenopathy.Eyeexamination-choroidaltubercles,whicharepathognomonicof
miliaryTB
Investigations-
Chestradiographyrevealsamiliaryreticulonodularpattern.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sputumsmearmicroscopyisnegativein80%ofcases.TST(Tuberculinskintest)maybenegative.
Bronchoalveolarlavageandtransbronchialbiopsyaremorelikelyto
providebacteriologicconfirmation.
Ausculutionisfrequentlynormalbutinmoreadvanceddisease,
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widespreadcracklesareevidentTreatment-
RegimensthatareeffectivefortreatingpulmonaryTBarealso
effectivefortreatingextrapulmonarydisease.
104.Whichofthefollowingcancerspread
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primarilybyhematogenousroute:a)Papillarycarcinomathyroid
b)Renalcellcarcinoma
c)Pheochromocytoma
d)Glioblastomamultiforme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)FollicularcarcinomaofthyroidCorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-(B)Renalcellcarcinoma(C)Pheochromocytoma
(E)Follicularcarcinomaofthyroid
Themostcommonlocationsofmetastasisarethelungsandbones.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Renalcellcarcinoma:TumourcelllinethebloodvesselwhichareresponsibleforearlybloodspreadfromRCC
Papillarycarcinomathyroid:Focioflymphaticinvasionbytumorare
oftenPresent,butnobloodvesselinvolvement
Pheochromocytomasisthepresenceofmetastases.
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Follicularcarcinomaofthyroid:Bloodbornemetastasesaremorecommon.
105.PresentationofPierre-Robinsyndrome
includes:
a)Retrognathia
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b)Lowsetearc)Prominentforehead
d)Isolatedcleftpalate
e)Glossoptosis
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Retrognathia(D)Isolatedcleftpalate(E)Glossoptosis
Triadofmicrognathia,glossoptosis&cleftpalate
Cleftsoftpalate
High-archedpalate
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Jawthatisverysmallwithsmall(receding)chinJawthatisfarbackinthethroat
106.Trueaboutmammalianmitochondrial
DNA:
a)Containsaround16500nucleotidesequence
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Makesuparound3%totalcellularDNAc)Makesuparound10%totalcellularDNA
d)Makesuparound0.3%totalcellularDNA
e)Makesuparound1%totalcellularDNA
CorrectAnswer-A:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Containsaround16500nucleotidesequence(E)Makesuparound1%totalcellularDNA
Inmammaliancells,mitochondrialDNAmakesuplessthan1%of
thetotalcellularDNA.
AuniquefeatureofmitochondrialDNAismaternalinheritence.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mitochondriahavethereowngenomesconsistingofdouble-strandmitochondrialDNA(mtDNA)moleculeconsistingofa16,569
nucleotidesequence.
mtDNAsequencecontainsatotalof37genesencoding13ETC.
107.Allaretrueaboutfocalnodular
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hyperplasiaexcept:a)Multiplenodulemaypresent
b)Morecommoninmale
c)Maybeassociatedwithcontraceptivepillsuse
d)Hypovascularonthearterial-phaseandhypervascularonthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
delayed-phaseCTimagese)CTislesssensitivethanMRIindepictingthecharacteristic
centralscar
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Morecommoninmale
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FNHistypicallybenign"FNHismostfrequentlyfoundinyoungtomiddle-agedadults,witha
strongfemalepredilection.
thelesionismultinodular
Bileductulesareusuallyfoundattheinterfacebetweenhepatocytes
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andfibrousregions.Kupffercellsarepresent
108.HighlevelofhCGis/areseeninall
except:
a)Downsyndrome
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b)Neuraltubedefectc)Germcelltumor
d)Gestationaltrophoblasticdisease
e)Multiplepregnancy
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.Neuraltubedefect'HighlevelofhCGauldbedetectedin-multiplepregnancy,
hydatiformmole,choriocarcinoma,Downsyndrome,
Plasmalowerlevelsarefoundinectopicpregnancies&in
spontaneousabortion.
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hCGisproducedbythesyncytiotrophoblastoftheplacenta.109.Humanpapillomavirusis/areassociated
withallexcept:
a)Oropharyngealtumors
b)Carcinomanasophraynx
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c)Carcinomaanalcanald)Carcinomapancreas
e)Carcinomacervix
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Answer-(B)Carcinomanasophraynx(D)Carcinomapancreas
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Skinwarts(Plantarwart,commonwart,flatwart&Epidermodysplasiaverruciformis)
Papilloma(Laryngeal,Oral)
Condylomaacuminatum(genitalwart)
Oralsquamouscellcarcinoma
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Cervicalintraepithelialneoplasia(CIN)Carcinomacervix
110.Neuroendocrinecelltumourmarkersare:
a)ChromograninA
b)CD56
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Neuron-specificenolased)Synaptophysin
e)Cytokeratin7
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-A,ChromograninAB,CD56C,Neuron-specific
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
enolaseD,SynaptophysinChromograninAisthemostwidelyused
Neuron-specificenolase(NSE)isacytosolicmarkerof
neuroendocrinedifferentiation.
Synaptophysinfoundinsmallvesiclesofneuronsand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neuroendocrinetumors.CD56aremarkers.
111.TrueaboutHodgkin'slymphoma:
a)Oftenlocalizedtosingleaxialgroupoflymphnode
b)Hepatomegalyisalwayspresent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Contiguousspreadoflymphnoded)Canbecuredbychemotherapy&radiotherapy
e)Commonlyresentswithpainlesslymphadenopathy
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Answer-(A)Oftenlocalizedtosingleaxialgroupoflymphnode
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(C)Contiguousspreadoflymphnode(D)Canbecuredbychemotherapy&radiotherapy(E)Commonlyresentswith
painlesslymphadenopathy
Hodgkin'slymphomaisamalignantneoplasmoflymphoreticular
system.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itcaninvolvelymphnodes,spleenandliver.Commoninmales.
ClassicdiagnosticfeatureisthepresenceofReed-Sternberg(RS)
cellsorDorothy-ReedSternbergcells.
ClassicmarkersforHodgkin'sdiseaseisCD15&CD30.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AxiallymphaticsystemisalmostalwaysaffectedinHodgkin'sdisease.
Cervical&mediastinallymphnodesareinvolvedmostfrequently.
Mostcommonlyinpatientspresentaspainless,movableandfirm
lymphadenopathy.
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Treatment-StageI/IIclassicalHodgkin'sdisease-
Chemotherapy+fieldradiotherapy
112.Schaumannbodiesarenotseenin:
a)Sarcoidosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Histoplasmosisc)Cryptococcosis
d)Hypersensitivitypneumonitis
e)Tuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B,HistoplasmosisC,CryptococcosisSarcoidosis,
Hypersensitivitypneumonitis,
Berylliosis
Crohn'sdisease&tuberculosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
113.CD30is/aremarkerfor:
a)Anaplasticlargecelllymphoma
b)Embryonalcellcarcinoma
c)SquamousCellCarcinoma
d)Seminoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Hodgkin'slymphomaCorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Answer-(A)Anaplasticlargecelllymphoma(B)Embryonalcell
carcinoma(E)Hodgkin'slymphoma
CD30ispositiveinanaplasticlargecelllymphoma&Hodgkin's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lymphoma.ActivatedBcells,Tcells,andmonocytes;alsoexpressedbyReed-
SternbergcellsandvariantsinclassicalHodgkinlymphoma.
114.ChromosomalabnormalitiesinDown
syndromeis/aredueto:
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a)Nondisjunctionalofmaternalchromosomeb)Nondisjunctionalofpaternalchromosome
c)Translocationsbetweenchromosome21&14
d)Disjunctionofpaternalchromosome
e)Disjuctionofmaternalchromosome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:CAnswer-(A)Nondisjunctionalofmaternalchromosome(B)
Nondisjunctionalofpaternalchromosome(C)Translocations
betweenchromosome21&14
Trisomy21(47,XX+21)isthemostcommon(95%)chromosomal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abnormalityinDownsyndrome.InDownsyndromelargefragmentof14or15or22chromosome
fuseswithlargefragmentofchromosome21Extramaterialcomes
on21anditactslikethird21stchromosomeTrisomy21.
Extrachromosomeisofmaternalinorigin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
I%havemosaicwithsomeallhave46chromosome.4%haverobertsoniantranslocation.
1. t(13:21)
2. t(14:21)
3. t(15:21)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Veryrarelylongarmofchromosome21istriplicate(Partialtrisomy).115.Allaretrueaboutintestinalpolyp
syndromeexcept:
a)Cowdendisease-Hamartomatouspolyps
b)Hereditarynonpolyposiscolorectalcarcinoma(HNPCC)-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Multipleadenomatouspolypsc)Peutz-Jegherssyndrome-associatedwithcoloniccarcinoma
d)Colonichyperplasticpolyphasmalignantpotential
e)Cronkhite-Canadasyndrome-mayhaveassociatedbreast
tumour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D.Colonichyperplasticpolyphasmalignantpotential
Colonichyperplasticpolypsarebeningepithelialproliferation.
116.Increasethicknessofgastricmucosal
foldisseenin:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Menetrier'sdiseaseb)Gastritiscystica
c)Boerhaavesyndrome
d)Zollinger-Ellisonsyndrome
e)All
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:DAnswer-(A)Menetrier'sdisease(B)Gastritiscystica
(D)Zollinger-Ellisonsyndrome
TwowelldefinedexamplesareMenetrier'sdisease&Zollinger-
Ellisonsyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gastricglandhyperplasiasecondarytoexcessivegastrinsecretion,inthesettingofagastrinoma.
117.Trueaboutfibrolamellarcarcinomaof
liver:
a)Betterprognosisthantypicalhepatocellularcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Associatedwithcirrhosisc)AFP-positive
d)Occurinyoungeradults
e)Morecommoninfemales
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Betterprognosisthantypicalhepatocellularcarcinoma(D)Occurinyoungeradults(E)orecommonin
females
Itisadistinctivevariantofhepatocellularcarcinoma
Itisseeninyoungadults(20-40yrsofage)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IthasequalsexincidenceIthasbetterprognosis
IthasnoassociationwithHBVorcirrhosis
Itisgrosslyencapsulatedmass.
AFPelevationisnotseeninFibrolamellarCa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
118.Notseeninpoststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis(PSGN):
a)Nephroticrangeproteinuria
b)Neutrophilicinfiltrationoftubules
c)Subepithelialdeposits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Lineardepositsalongglomerularbasementmembranee)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-(A)Nephroticrangeproteinuria(B)Neutrophilic
infiltrationoftubules(D)Lineardepositsalongglomerular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
basementmembraneIttypicallyaffectschildrenbetweentheagesof2and14years.
Itismorecommoninmales.
Poststreptococcalglomerulonephritisduetoimpetigodevelops2-6
weeksafterskininfectionandl-3weeksafterstreptococcal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pharyngitis.ThereisgranularsubendothelialimmunedepositsofIgG,IgM,C3,
C4andC5-9,andsubepithelialdeposits.
Clinicalfeatures-
Acutenephritiswithhematuria,pyuriaredbloodcellcasts,edema,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypetension,andoliguricrenalfailure.20%ofadultshaveproteinuriainthenephroticrange.
Antibodiesinstreptococcalinfection:ASOAnti-DNAaseB,Anti-
Streptokinase,anti-Nicotinyladeninedinucleotidase&
Anti-Hyaluronidase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
119.Bloodtransfusionreactioncanleadsto:
a)Acuteglomerulonephritis
b)Myoglobinuria
c)Hemoglobinuria
d)Transfusion-relatedacutelunginjury
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)AcuterenaltubularnecrosisCorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Answer-(C)Hemoglobinuria(D)Transfusion-relatedacutelung
injury(E)Acuterenaltubularnecrosis
Hemolytictransfusionreaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IntravascularhemolysisTransfusion-relatedacutelunginjury(TRALI)
Renalfailure
120.Trueaboutfollicularlymphoma:
a)Lymphadenopathyisthemostcommonpresentation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)BCL-1positivec)CD5positive
d)Morecommoninmalesthanfemales
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.Lymphadenopathyisthemostcommonpresentation
Itisthetumorofgerminalcentre(follicularcentre),Bcells,andis
stronglyassociatedwithchromosomaltranslocationinvolvingBcl2.
Growthpatternisnodular(follicular)ornodular(follicular)and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diffuse.TheneoplasticcellscloselyresemblenormalgerminalcentreB
cells,expressingCD19,CD20,CD10,surfaceIg,andBcl6.
Inmostfollicularlymphomas,centrocytespredominate.
Itusuallypresentsinmiddleageandaffectsmalesandfemales
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
equal.Themostcommonpresentationforfollicularlymphomaiswithnew
painlesslymphadenopathy.
121.TrueaboutChronicLymphocytic
Leukaemia:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Mostcommonleukaemiainadultb)Proliferationcentreispathgnomonic
c)Massivesplenomegaly
d)Radiotherapy&chemotherapyaregivenintreatment
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:CAnswer-(A)Mostcommonleukaemiainadult(B)Proliferation
centreispathgnomonic(C)Massivesplenomegaly
CLListhemostcommonformofNHL.
CLLiswhenperipheralbloodlymphocytescountisexceeding4000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cells/L.ThetumourcellscontainshighlevelofBCL2(inhibitsapoptosis).
Clinicalfeatures-
Splenomegaly&hepatomegaly
Hypogammaglobulinemialeadstobacterialinfectionincombination
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofneutropenia.Treatment-
Alkylatingdrugsascyclophosphamide
Corticosteroids
Radiotherapy&chemotherapy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SplenectomyinAIHA122.TrueaboutmitochondrialDNA:
a)Linear
b)Circular
c)Transmittedbymotheronly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Transmittedbybothparentse)ContainslessgenethannuclearDNA
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer-(B)Circular(C)Transmittedbymotheronly
(E)ContainslessgenethannuclearDNA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Insexualreproduction,mitochondriaarenormallyinheritedexclusivelyfromthemother;themitochondriainmammaliansperm
areusuallydestroyedbytheeggcellafterfertilization.
UGAcodesfortryptophan,Codesfor13proteins,Circulardouble
strandedDNA,MitochondrialdiseaseoccurduetoPointMutations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andLarge-ScaleRearrangements.Theremaining22tRNAand2rRNA-encodinggenesarededicated
totheprocessoftranslationofthe13mtDNAencodedproteins.
123.Trueaboutautosomaldominanttypeof
inheritance:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)25%affected&50%carrier,ifoneparentaffectedb)50%affected&75%carrier,ifbothparentaffected
c)75%affected,ifbothparentaffected
d)50%affected,ifoneparentaffected
e)Allcarrierirrespectiveofeitheroneparentaffectedorboth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
parentaffectedCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.50%affected,ifoneparentaffected
Autosomaldominantdisordersaremanifestedintheheterozygous
state.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bothmalesandfemalesareaffected.Becausetheallelessegregaterandomlyatmeiosis,theprobability
thatanoffspringwillbeaffectedis50%.
124.Ina-thalassemia,HbBartsissaidwhen
numberofgenelociaffectedis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1b)2
c)3
d)4
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D.4
Thealpha-thalassemiasarecausedbyinheriteddeletionsthatresult
inreducedorabsentsynthesisofalpha-globinchains.
Normally,therearefouralpha-globingenes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
125.Whichofthefollowingcellular
componentgivespurplishbluecolour
withH&Ereagent:
a)Reticulum
b)Elastin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)P-selectind)Collagen
e)Heterochromatin
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Answer-(A)Reticulum(E)Heterochromatin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThemostcommonlyusedstainingsystemiscalledH&E(HaematoxylinandEosin).
H&Econtainsthetwodyeshaematoxylinandeosin.
Eosinproducesthreedifferenthues-
Redbloodcellsstaindarkreddishorange
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Collagen(acidophilic)stainsalighterpastelpink.Smoothmusclestainsbrightpink.
Haematoxylinisabasicdye.
Itisusedtostainacidic(orbasophilic)structuresapurplishblue.
NucleusisstainedpurplebyH&Estaining.
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126.Trueaboutglutensensitiveenteropathy:
a)Dietshouldexcludebarley,wheat&rye
b)Intestinalbiopsyisdiagonstic
c)AntiIgAendomycialantibodyisspecific
d)Mucosalhyperplasia
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-A:C
Answer-(A)Dietshouldexcludebarley,wheat&rye(C)AntiIgA
endomycialantibodyisspecific
Intolerancetogliadinacomponentofglutenpresentinwheat,
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barley,rye&oat.Absenceorreducedheightofvilli(Flatappearance)
Crypthyperplasia,villousatrophy,Cuboidalappearanceofepithelial
cells&increasedintraepitheliallynphocytes.
Antiendomysialantibodies
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DisappearanceofIgantiendomysialantibodiesfollowinginstitutionofaglutenfreedietisdiagnostic.
lgAantiendomysial.
127.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
glutathione&glutathioneperoxidase:
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a)Actasscavengeroffreeradicleb)Glutathionehasanti-oxidantproperty
c)ReducedglutathionecanchemicallydetoxifyH202
d)OxidizedglutathionecanchemicallydetoxifyH202
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:CAnswer-(A)Actasscavengeroffreeradicle(B)Glutathione
hasanti-oxidantproperty(C)Reducedglutathionecan
chemicallydetoxifyH202
IthelpsindetoxificationofH2O2byreducingit.Superoxideanion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(O2)firstconvertedtoH2O2bysuperoxidedismutase.H2O2isthenreducedtoH2O2byglutathioneperioxidase,a
reactionrequiresreducedglutathione.Thus,glutathionescavenges
freeradicalsandsuperoxideanion.
Aseriesofenzymesactsasfreeradical-scavengingsystemsand
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breaksdownH2O2andO2128.Trueabouthyperacuterejectioninrenal
transplant:
a)Occurwithinfewdaysoftransplant
b)Tcellinvolvement
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c)Bloodvesselthrombosisd)Eosinophilicinfiltration
e)Bcellinfiltration
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-(C)Bloodvesselthrombosis
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Hperacuterejectionoccurswhenpreformedantidonorantibodiesarepresentinthecirculationoftherecipient.
Acuteantibody-mediatedrejectioniscausedbyantidonorantibodies
producedaftertransplantation.
Itismediatedbypreformedhumoralantibody.
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InacuterejectionthereisinfiItrationofT&Bcell129.Histologicalfindingofhypertrophic
cardiomyopathyincludes:
a)Myocytedisaaray
b)Interstitialfibrosis
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c)Amyloiddepositioninmuscled)Myocytehypertrophy
e)Myocardialfibresarearrangedinparallelpattern
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-(A)Myocytedisaaray(B)Interstitialfibrosis
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(D)MyocytehypertrophyMostimportanthistologicfeaturesofthemyocardiuminHCM
are-
1. extensivemyocytehypertrophy
2. haphazarddisarrayofbundlesofmyocytes-myocytes,and
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contractileelementsinsarcomereswithincells(myofiberdisarray)3. interstitialandreplacementfibrosis
130.Trueaboutbcl-2:
a)TApoptosis
b)Apoptosis
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c)TResistanceoftumourtotreatmentd)Onlyassociatedwithfollicularlymphoma
e)Causemeningioma
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer-(B)Apoptosis(C)TResistanceoftumourtotreatment
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Bcl-2inhibitsapoptosis;a(14:18)translocationresultinginoverexpressionofthebcl-2proteininBlymphocytescauses
apoptosisofneoplasticcellstobepermanentlyinhibited,producing
follicularlymphoma.
131.Trueaboutthrombusformation:
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a)Arterialthrombusgrowindirectiontowardheartb)Venousthrombusgrowindirectiontowardheart
c)Venousthrombusformchickenfat
d)LineofZahnisseenmicroscopicallyinredthrombi
e)None
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CorrectAnswer-B:DAnswer-(B)Venousthrombusgrowindirectiontowardheart
(D)LineofZahnisseenmicroscopicallyinredthrombi
Arterialorcardiacthrombiusuallybeginatasiteofendothelial
injury.
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Venousthrombicharacteristicallyoccurinsitesofstasis.Arterialthrombitendtogrowinaretrogradedirectionfromthepoint
ofattachment.
Venousthrombiextendinthedirectionofbloodflow(i.e.,towardthe
heart).
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Whenformedintheheartoraorta,thrombimayhavegrossly(andmicroscopically)apparentlaminations,calledlinesofZahn.
Arterialthrombiareusuallyocclusive;themostcommonsite.
132.Findinginhistopathologyofbrainin
rabiesincludes:
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a)Negribodyb)Nodule
c)Neuronophagia
d)Vacuolardegenerativechanges
e)Inflammatorycell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:EAnswer-(A)Negribody(B)Nodule(C)Neuronophagia
(E)Inflammatorycell
Rabiesisasevereencephalitistransmittedtohumansbythebiteof
arabiesanimal.
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Macroscopically,brainshowsintenseedemaandvascularcongestion.
Microscopically,
Widespreadneuronaldegenerationandaninflammatotyreaction
thatismostsevereintherhombencephalon.
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Negribodies,thepathognomonicmicroscopicfindingcanbefoundinpyramidalneuronsofthehippocampusandPurkinjecellsofthe
cerebellum.
PathologicstudiesshowmildinflammatorychangesintheCNSin
rabies,withmononuclearinflammatoryinfiltrationinthe
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leptomeninges,perivascularregions,andparenchyma,includingmicroglialnodulescalledBabesnodules.
Neuronophagiaisobservedoccasionally.
133.Trueaboutprimarybiliarycirhhosis:
a)Morecommoninfemale
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b)Periportalfibrosisc)MaybessociatedwithRheumatoidarthritis&crohn'sdisease
d)Jaundicemaybepresent
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Morecommoninfemale(B)Periportalfibrosis(D)Jaundicemaybepresent
PBCisprimarilyadiseaseofmiddle-agedwomen,withafemale
predominanceof9:l.
Antimitochondrialantibodiesarethemostcharacteristic-laboratory
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findinginPBC.Etiology-portalinflammationandnecrosisofcholangiocytesC/F
Hypercholesterolemiaiscommon
Xanthelasma,andxanthomata
Hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,ascites,andedema.
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DevelopmentofjaundiceInvestigations-
Thediseaseisconfirmedbyliverbiopsy,whichisconsidered
diagnosticifafloridductlesionispresent.
134.Redinfarctoccurin:
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a)Intissueswithdualcirculationsb)Occuronlywhenbotharterial&venousobstructionoccurs
simultaneously
c)Organswhicharepreviouslycongested
d)Organswithloosetissue
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e)AllCorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-(A)Intissueswithdualcirculations(C)Organswhich
arepreviouslycongested(D)Organswithloosetissue
Redinfarcts(Haemorrhagic):occurwith:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Venousocclusions(egovariantorsion);Inloosetissues(suchaslungs);
Intissueswithdualcirculation(e.g.Lung&S.intestine)
Intissuesthatwerepreviouslycongestedbecauseofsluggish
venousoutflow.
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Whenflowisreestablilshedtoasiteofpreviousarterialocculusionandnecrosis.
135.TrueabouthemophiliaB:
a)Factor8deficiency
b)Factor9deficiency
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)X-linkeddisorderd)ClinicallyindistinguishablefromhemophiliaA
e)Freshfrozenplasmagivenfortreatment
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Answer-(B)Factor9deficiency(C)X-linkeddisorder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(D)ClinicallyindistinguishablefromhemophiliaAHemophiliaisanX-linkedrecessivehemorrhagicdiseasedueto
mutationsintheF8gene(hemophiliaAorclassichemophilia)orF9
gene(hemophiliaB).
Malesubjectsareclinicallyaffected.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clinically,hemophiliaAandhemophiliaBareindistinguishable.Hemophiliaisclassifiedas-
severe(<1%),
moderate(l-5%),
ormild(6-30%)
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Clinicalfeatures-Bleedingintothejoints(hemarthrosis),softtissues,andmuscles.
Investigations-
HemophiliaB-NormalBT&PT&increasedPTT
Treatment-
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Thediseaseistreatedwithinfusionsofrecombinantfactoru.136.Alphafetoproteinis/areincreasedin:
a)Yolksactumour
b)Seminoma
c)Dysgerminoma
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d)Non-seminomae)Hepatocellularcarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-(A)Yolksactumour(D)Non-seminoma
(E)Hepatocellularcarcinoma
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Serumalphafetoproetinleveliselevatedinnonseminomatoustesticulartumors.
Nonseminomatoustesticulartumorsinclude:
1. Yolksacorendodermalsinustumor
2. Embryonalcarcinoma
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3. Teratomas4. Non-seminoma
137.Spindleshapedcellsis/areseeninwhich
sarcoma:
a)Osteosarcoma
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b)Chondromyosarcomac)Embryonalrhabdomyosarcoma
d)Leiomyosarcoma
e)Fibrosarcoma
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Osteosarcoma(C)Embryonalrhabdomyosarcoma(D)Leiomyosarcoma(E)Fibrosarcoma
"Osteosarcoma'.Thetumourcellsmayhavevariousshapessuchas
spindledpolygonal&bizarretumourgaintcells.
Leiomyosarcomas:Theyconsistofeosinophilicspindlecellswith
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blunt-ended.Fibrosarcoma-Malignantfibrousarrangedinaherringbonepattern.
Malignantfibroushistiocytomaofspindledfibroblastsarrangedina
storiformpatternadmixedwithlarge;ovoid,bizarremultinucleated
tumorgiantcell.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Embryonalrhabdomyosarcoma:consistofsheetsofbothprimitiveroundatdspindledcellsinamyxoidstroma.
"Liposarcomas-containsadipocyteswithscatteredatypicalspindle
cells.
138.FeatureofVonHippelLindausyndrome:
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a)Mutationinchromosome13b)Mutationinchromosome3
c)Pancreaticcyst
d)Cerebellarhemangioblastoma
e)All
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CorrectAnswer-B:C:DAnswer-(B)Mutationinchromosome3(C)Pancreaticcyst
(D)Cerebellarhemangioblastoma
Thisisanautosomal-dominantdiseaseinwhichaffectedindividuals
developtumorsincerebellarhemispheres,theretina,and,less
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commonly,thebrainstemandspinalcord.ThegeneforvonHippel-Lindaudisease,atumor-suppressorgene,
islocatedonchromosome3p25-26.
Thecerebellarcapillaryhemangioblastoma,istheneurologic
manifestationofthedisease.
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Retinalangiomas,Pheochromocytomaarealsoassociatedtumours.139.Allarethefeature(s)ofHermansky-
pudlaksyndromeexcept:
a)Autosomaldominantinheritance
b)Oculocutaneousalbinism
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c)Bleedingdisorderd)Pulmonaryfibrosis
e)Pain
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Autosomaldominantinheritance
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Itisarareautosomalrecessivedisorderwhichresultsinoculocutaneousalbinism,bleedingproblemsduetoaplatelet
abnormality(plateletdysfunction),storageofanabnormalfat-protein
compound.
Chromosome10q23isaffected.
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ThereareeightclassicformsofthedisorderinwhichlasttypeofdisorderisduetogenePallidin(PLDN)
Themajorcomplicationofthedisorderispulmonaryfibrosis.
140.Differencebetweenactive&restingcell
dependonwhichphaseofcellcycle:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)GOb)G1
c)G2
d)M
e)S
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CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.GO
Thecellcycleconsistsoffourdistinctphases-
G1phase
Sphase
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G2phaseMphase
Quiescent/senescent-
GapO
Arestingphasewherethecellhasleftthecycleandhasstopped
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dividing.141.Notfeature(s)ofapoptosis:
a)MediatedbyCaspases
b)InhibitionofEndonucleaseactivity
c)Membraneblebareseen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Chromatincondensatione)Associationwithinflammation
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Answer-(B)InhibitionofEndonucleaseactivity(E)Association
withinflammation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Caspaseactivatesendonuclease(neuronalapoptosislackscaspases,thusactivationofAIF)
MORPHOLOGICALFEATURES:
Convolutionofcellmembrane
Leadingtoformationofcytoplasmicblebs(althoughcellmembrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
remainsintact).Chromatincondensation(pyknosis)/nuclearcompaction
Doesnotelicitanyinflammatoryresponseduetointactcell
membrane.
142.TrueaboutIntravascularhemolysis:
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a)Increasedserumhaptoglobinb)IncreaseStercobillininurine
c)Increaseplasmamyoglobin
d)Increasedfecalexcretionofurobilin
e)Hemosiderinuria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-D:EAnswer-(D)Increasedfecalexcretionofurobilin
(E)Hemosiderinuria
Intravascularhemolysisismanifestedby
1. hemoglobinemia
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2. hemoglobinuria3. jaundice
4. hemosiderinuria
Decreasedserumhaptoglobinischaracteristicofintravascular
hemolysis.
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CommonFeaturesofHemolyticDisorders-Hbreduced
MCV,MCH-increased
Reticulocytes-increased
Bilirubin-increased
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143.Rheumaticheartdiseaseis/are:
a)Endocarditis
b)Constructivepericarditis
c)Mostcommonlyinvolvetrisucpidvalve
d)Breadbutterpericarditis
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e)PancarditisCorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Answer-(A)Endocarditis(D)Breadbutterpericarditis
(E)Pancarditis
AcuterheumattccarditisdurlngtheactivephaseofRFmayprogress
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tochronicrheumaticheartdisease(RHD).DuringacuteRF,diffuseinflammationandAschoffbodiesfound
threelayersoftheheart-
pericardium,myocardiumorendocardiumlesioniscalleda
pancarditis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ChronicRHDischaracterizedbyorganizationoftheacuteinflammationandsubsequentfibrosis.
Thecardinalanatomicchangesofthemitral(ortricuspid)valveare
leafletthickening,commissuralfusionandshortening'and
thickeningandfusionofthetendinouscords.
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Inchronicdisease,themitralvalvelsvirtuallyalwaysabnormal.RHDisthemostfrequentcauseofmitralstenosis.
Fibrousbridgingacrossthevalvularcommissuresandcalcification
create"fishmouth"orbuttonholestenoses.
Carditis,
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Subcutaneousnodules,Erythemamarginatumoftheskin,and
Sydenhamchorea,aneurologicdisorderwithinvoluntary
purposeless,rapidmovements
144.Allofthethefollowingstatement(s)
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is/aretrueexcept:a)DenevergroupF-containXchromosome
b)DenevergroupC-containXchromosome
c)DenevergroupG-containacrocentricchromosome
d)BarbodyisinactiveXchromosome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)InnormalfemalesgenerallyoneofthechromosomesundergoesXinactivationinsomaticcells
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-(A)DenevergroupF-containXchromosome
TheclassificationofchromosomesbasedonDenvergroup
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classificationChromosome
RelativePositionof
Size
Class
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CentromereLarge
GroupA(1-3)
Metacentric
Large
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GroupB(4-5)Submetacentric
Medium
GroupC(6-12,X)
Submetacentric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MediumGroupD(13-15)
Acroentric
Relatively
GroupE(16-18)
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Submetacentricshot
GroupF(19-20)
MetacentricorSubmetacentric
short
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GroupG(21-22,Y)Acroentric
Short
145.Percutaneousliverbiopsyis/are
contraindicatedin:
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a)Ascitesb)Hemangiomaofliver
c)Plateletcount<60000/0
d)Hepaticmetastasis
e)Echinococcuscystinliver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:EAnswer-(A)Ascites(B)Hemangiomaofliver(C)Plateletcount
<60000/0(E)Echinococcuscystinliver
Thrombocytopenia
Ascites
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DifficultbodyhabitusSuspectedhemangiona
Suspectedechinococcalinfection
Uncooperativepatient
146.TrueaboutAlcoholiccirrhosis:
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a)Predominantlymacronodularpatternb)Bileductproliferaton
c)Mallorybodyhardlyseen
d)Disturbednormalarchitecture
e)All
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-B:C:DAnswer-(B)Bileductproliferaton(C)Mallorybodyhardlyseen
(D)Disturbednormalarchitecture
Fibrosiscanbecentilobular,pericellular,orperiportal.
Thereisdisruptionofthenormallayerarchitectureandreplacement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oflivercellsbyregenerativenodules.Inalcoholiccirrhosis,referredtoasmicronodular.
Withcessationofalcoholuse,largernodulesmayform,resultingin
amixedmicronodularandmacronodularcirrhosis.
Scatteredlargernodulescreatea"hobnail"appearanceonthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surfaceoftheliver.TheetiologicalcluetodiagnosisintheformofMallorybodiesishard
tofindinafully-developedalcoholiccirrhosis.
147.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)
is/aretrue:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)InRobertsoniantranslocationthebreaksoccurclosetothecentromeresofeachchromosome
b)Aneuploidyisabnormalchromosomenumbercausedbyeither
gainorlossofchromosome
c)Comparativegenomichybridisation(CGH) Haploidisnormal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isatechniquethatpermitsthedetectionof number&chromosomalcopynumber
compositionof
chromosome
d)Haploidisnormalnumber&compositionofchromosome
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e)AllCorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Answer-(A)InRobertsoniantranslocationthebreaksoccur
closetothecentromeresofeachchromosome(B)Aneuploidy
isabnormalchromosomenumbercausedbyeithergainorloss
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ofchromosome(C)Comparativegenomichybridisation(CGH)isatechniquethatpermitsthedetectionofchromosomalcopy
number
Aneuploidy:Anabnormalchromosomenumbercausedbyeither
gainorlossofchromosomes.
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Haploid:Onlyone-halfthenormalcomplement,thatis,23chromosomes
Comparativegenomichybridisation(CGH)isatechniquethat
permitsthedetectionofchromosomalcopynumberchangeswithout
theneedforcellculturing.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Robertsoniantranslocation(orcentricfusion):ItisatranslocationRobertsoniantranslocation(orcentricfusion):Itisatranslocation
betweentwoacrocentricchromosomes.Typicallythebreakoccur
closetothecentromeresofeachchromosome.
148.AllaretrueaboutHistamineexcept:
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a)Secretedbymacrophageb)Vasoconstrictionofarterioles
c)Smoothmusclecontraction
d)Mediateinflammation
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:BAnswer-(A)Secretedbymacrophage(B)Vasoconstrictionof
arterioles
'Histamineinducessmoothmusclecontractionindiversetissues.
Histamineiswidelydistributedintissues,therichestsourcebeing
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themastcells.Histaminecausesdilationofthearteriolesandincreasesthe
permeabilityofvenules
Itactsonthemicrocirculation.
149.AllaretrueaboutLesch-Nyhan
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syndromeexcept:a)Hyperurecaemia
b)Mentalretardation
c)Stoneproduction
d)Occurequallyinbothsexes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)X-linkedCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Occurequallyinbothsexes
AcompletedeficiencyofHPRT,theLesch-Nyhansyndrome,is
characterizedbyhyperuricemia,self-mutilativebehavior,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
choreoathetosis,spasticity,andmentalretardation.ThisisarareX-linkeddisorderofpurinemetabolismthatresults
fromHPRTdeficiency.
Thehyperuricemiaresultsfromurateoverproductionandcancause
uricacidcrystalluria,nephrolithiasis,obstructiveuropathy,andgouty
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arthritis.AffectsMalesonly.
Etiology-hereditary
Treatment-
Allopurinol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
150.TrueaboutNeutrophil:
a)Engulfbacteria
b)Multilobed
c)Neutrophilgranulesareslightlybasicandstainweaklywiththe
azurophiliccomponentofRomanowskystains
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d)Neutrophiliaoccurinacutebacterialinfectione)Primarygranulesisalsocalledspecificganules
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)Engulfbacteria(B)Multilobed(C)Neutrophil
granulesareslightlybasicandstainweaklywiththeazurophilic
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componentofRomanowskystains(D)Neutrophiliaoccurinacutebacterialinfection
'Neutrophilcontainprimaryorazurophilgranules&secondaryor
specificgranules
Neutrophiliaoccurinacutebacterialinfection.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thenucleusofneutrophilsnormallycontainsuptofoursegments.Characteristicfeaturesare-Condensed,multilobednucleus
Function-
Hydrolyticsubstratedegradation
Killingestedbacteria
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Regulateinflammation151.Marker(s)ofLangerhanscell
histiocytosis:
a)CD1a
b)S100
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c)CD3d)CD5
e)CD30
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-(A)CD1a(B)S100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheproliferatingLangerhanscellsinLangerhanscellhistiocytosisareHLA-DRpositiveandexpresstheCD1antigen.
ThehallmarkofLCHispositivityforS-100protein&CD1a
positivity.
152.Feature(s)offibroadenomaofbreast
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include:a)Clearlydefinededgeonpalpation
b)Hormoneresponsivetumor
c)Containbothepithelial&stromalelements
d)Well-encapsulated
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e)CommonaftermenopauseCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Answer-(A)Clearlydefinededgeonpalpation(B)Hormone
responsivetumor(C)Containbothepithelial&stromal
elements(D)Well-encapsulated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fibroadenomasareeasytomove,withclearlydefinededgesocalledasbreastmouse.
Mostcommonbenignbreasttumoroffemalebreast.
Theyarefrequentlymultiple&bilateral.
Fibroadenomasarebenignsolidtumorscomposedofstromaland
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epithelialelements.Onexcision,fibroadenomasarewell-encapsulatedmasses.
Fibroadenomasdonothavemalignantpotential.
153.Breastcanceris/areassociatedwith:
a)Familialadenomatouspolyposis
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b)Ataxia-telangiectasiac)Peutz-Jegherssyndrome
d)Cowdendisease
e)VonHippelLindausyndrome
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(B)Ataxia-telangiectasia(C)Peutz-Jegherssyndrome(D)Cowdendisease
VonHippelLindausymdromeisnotassociatedwithbreast
carcinoma.
Familialadenomatouspolyposisisassociatedwithcolorectal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carcinoma&someothercancerbutnotbreastcancer.STK11/LKB1(Peutz-Jegherssyndrome)
PTEN(Cowdendisease)
154.Hyperglycemiais/areassociatedwith:
a)Cushingdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Addisondiseasec)Pheochromocytoma
d)Hyperthyroidism
e)Acromegaly
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Cushingdisease(C)Pheochromocytoma(D)Hyperthyroidism(E)Acromegaly
Endocrinopathiesassociatedwithhyperglycemia-
Acromegaly
Cushingsyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HyperthyroidismPheochromocytoma
Glucagonoma
155.Calciumlevelisincreasedin:
a)Parathyroidadenoma
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b)Thiazidediureticsc)Chronicrenalfailure
d)HypervitaminosisD
e)Cirrhosis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-(A)Parathyroidadenoma(B)Thiazidediuretics(C)Chronicrenalfailure(D)HypervitaminosisD
Hyperparathyroidism
Adenoma
Thiazidediuretics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
156.Cause(s)ofmegaloblasticanaemia
include:
a)Anticonvulsantdrugs
b)Pregnancy
c)Resectionofileum
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d)Gastrectomye)Crohn'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-All(A)Anticonvulsantdrugs(B)Pregnancy
(C)Resectionofileum(D)Gastrectomy(E)Crohn'sdisease
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I.VITAMINB1DEFICIENCYInadequatedietaryintakee.g.strictvegetarians,breast-fed
infants,
Malabsorption
1. Gastriccauses:perniciousanaemia,gastrectomy,congenital
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lackofintrinsicfactor.2. Intestinalcauses:tropicalsprue,ilea!resection,Crohn's
disease,intestinalblindloopsyndrome,fish-tapeworm
infestation.
II,FOLATEDEFICIENCY
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Inadequatedietaryintakee.g.inalcoholics,teenagers,infants,oldage,poverty.
Malabsorptione.g.intropicalsprue,coeliacdisease,partial
gastrectomy,jejuna!resection,CrohIfsdisease.
Excessdemand
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1. Physiological:pregnancy,lactation,infancy.2. Pathological:malignancy,increasedhaematopoiesis,chronic
exfoliativeskindisorders,tuberculosis,rheumatoidarthritis.
Excessurinaryfolatelosse.g.inactiveliverdisease,congestive
heartfailure.
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III.OTHERCAUSESImpairedmetabolisme.g.inhibitorsofdihydrofolate(DHF)
reductasesuchasmethotrexateandpyrimethamine;alcohol,
congenitalenzymedeficiencies.
Unknownetiologye.g.inDiGuglielmo'ssyndrome,congenital
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dyserythropoieticanaemia,refractorymegaloblasticanaemia.157.WhichofthefollowingisCD15&CD30
positive:
a)LymphocytepredominanceHodgkin'slymphoma
b)Mantlecelllymphoma
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c)Burkit'slymphomad)MixedcellularityHodgkin'slymphoma
e)DiffuselargeBcelllymphoma
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.MixedcellularityHodgkin'slymphoma
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CD15-Granulocytes;alsoexpressedbyReed-Sternbergcellsandvariants
inclassicalHodgkinlymphoma
CD30-
ActivatedBcells,Tcells,andmonocytes;alsoexpressedbyReed-
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SternbergcellsandvariantsinclassicalHodgkinlymphoma.158.Bcellantigensare:
a)CD1
b)CD2
c)CD3
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d)CD19e)CD20
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Answer-(D)CD19(E)CD20
CD1-CorticalthymocytesandLangerhanshistiocytes
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CD3-Thymocytes,peripheralTcellsCD19-Marrowpre-BcellsandmatureBcellsbutnotplasmacells
CD20-Marrowpre-BcellsafterCD19andmatureBcellsbutnot
plasmacells
159.Trueaboutprotooncogene:
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a)Onlyfoundinvirusb)Onlyfoundinmalignantcell
c)Normallyinvolvedincellcycleproliferation
d)Canbeconvertedtooncogene
e)Onmutationitcausescancer
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CorrectAnswer-C:D:EAnswer-(C)Normallyinvolvedincellcycleproliferation(D)Can
beconvertedtooncogene(E)Onmutationitcausescancer
Genesthatpromoteautonomouscellgrowthincancercellsare
calledoncogenes,andtheirnormalcellularcounterpartsarecalled
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protooncogenes.Proteinsencodedbyprotooncogenesmayfunctionasgrowthfactor
malignantsandreceptors,signaltransducers,transcriptionfactors,
andcell-cyclecomponents.
160.Thrombosisispredisposedby:
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a)ProteinSdeficiencyb)Complementdeficiency
c)Antiphospholipidantibodysyndrome
d)Homocysteinuria
e)All
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CorrectAnswer-A:C:DAnswer-(A)ProteinSdeficiency(C)Antiphospholipidantibody
syndrome(D)Homocysteinuria
Hypercoagulablestates-
Primary(Genetic)-
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ProteinCdeficiencyProteinSdeficiency
Homozygoushomocystinuria
Secondary(acquired)-
MI
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AtrialfibrillationProstheticcardiacvalves
DIC
Thrombocytopenia
161.Pancytopeniacanoccurin:
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a)CMLb)Kala-azar
c)Typhoid
d)Hairycellleukemia
e)None
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CorrectAnswer-B:DAnswer-(B)Kala-azar(D)Hairycellleukemia
Primarybonemarrowdiseases-
Myelodysplasia
Paroxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria
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MyelofibrosisBonemarrowlymphomaHairycellleukemia
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis
Leishmaniasis
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162.Non-smallcelllungcarcinomais/are
associated:
a)K-ras
b)EGFR
c)WT1
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d)P53e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Answer-(A)K-ras(B)EGFR(D)P53
K-RASmutationsareseenprimarilyinadenocarcinoma.
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p53andRBtumorsuppressorgenesarefrequentlymutated-Squamouscellcarcinomas
EGFR-Adenocarcinoma
163.Cyclindependentkinase-2(CDK-2)acts
via:
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a)CyclinAb)CyclinB
c)CyclinC
d)CyclinD
e)CyclinE
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CorrectAnswer-A:EAnswer-(A)CyclinA(E)CyclinE
FormsacomplexwithcyclinEinlateG1,whichisinvolvedinthe
G1/Stransition.
FormsacomplexwithcyclinAattheSphasethatfacilitatesthe
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G2/Mtransition.164.Trueaboutcarotidbodytumor:
a)Slowgrowingtumour
b)Uncapsulated
c)MostlyBilateral
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d)Mostlybenigne)All
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-(A)Slowgrowingtumour(D)Mostlybenign
Raretumouroccurb/w3rd&6thdecadeoflifewithslightfemale
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preponderanceAfewarebilateral&someshowfamilialincidence
Grosslytheyaresmall,firm,darktan,encapsulatednodules
Tumoursareusuallybenignwithonlyasmallnumberofcases
producingprovenmetastases.
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Thereisoftenalonghistoryofaslowlyenlarging,painlesslumpatthecarotidbifurcation.
165.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
autosomaldominantpolycystickidney
diseaseexcept:
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a)Manypatientsmaybeasymptomatictill3rdor4thdecadeb)Pancreaticcyst
c)Associatedwithhypertension
d)Subarachnoidhaemorrhageismostcommonextrarenal
complication
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Subarachnoidhaemorrhageismostcommonextra
renalcomplication
ADPKDischaracterizedbytheprogressivebilateralformationof
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renalcrisis.Inheritance-autosomaldominant
Characterizedbymultipleexpandingcystsofbothkidneys.
Ingrossappearance,thekidneysarebilaterallyenlarged.
Thepainmayresultfromrenalcystinfection,haemorrhage,or
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nephrolithiasis.'Intravenousurographypolycystickidneydisease:Thespiderlegs,
deformityofthecalyces
Focalrenalcystsaretypicallydetectedinaffectedsubjectsbefore
30yearsofage.
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Complications-Hematuria,flankpain,urinarytractinfection,renalstones,
hypertension
166.Epidermalgrowthfactoris/areformed
by:
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a)Plateletb)Fibroblast
c)Mastcell
d)Endothelialcell
e)Keratinocyte
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CorrectAnswer-A:EAnswer-(A)Platelet(E)Keratinocyte
Inhealingwoundsoftheskin,EGFisproducedbykeratinocytes,
macrophages,andotherinflammatorycellsthatmigrateintothe
area.
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167.Whichofthefollowingisnotafeatureof
reversiblecellinjury?
a)Diminishedgenerationofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)
b)Formationofamorphousdensitiesinthemitochondrialmatrix
c)Formationofblebsintheplasmamembrane
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d)Detachmentofribosomesfromthegranularendoplasmicreticulum
e)Creationofmyelinfigures
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Formationofamorphousdensitiesinthe
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mitochondrialmatrixLargeflocculent,amorphousdensitiesinthemitochondrialmatrix
occurasaresultofirreversiblecelldamage.
Membranedamageplaysacentralroleinthepathogenesisof
irreversiblecellinjury.
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Itismorphologicallyassociatedwithsevereswellingofthemitochondria,damageofplasmamembranesandswellingof
lysosomes.
168.Pericardialeffusionis/areseeninall
except:
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a)Uraemiab)SLE
c)Rheumaticfever
d)Myxedema
e)Hyperthyroidism
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CorrectAnswer-EAnswer-(E)Hyperthyroidism
Infectious
Viral
Bacterial
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FungalParasite
Rickettsia
Postinjury
Trauma
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SurgeryMyocardialinfarction
Radiation
Metabolicdiseases
Uremia
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MedicationsSystemicdiseases
Rheumatoidarthritis
Systemiclupuserythematosus
Sarcoidosis
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SclerodermaDermatomyositis
AmyloidosisTumors
Aorticdissection
169.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
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Prothrombintime:a)Assessextrinsicpathways
b)TinLiverdisease
c)LinVit.Kdeficiency
d)Normalvalueis2-4minute
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-A:B
Answer-(A)Assessextrinsicpathways(B)TinLiverdisease
Prothrombiatimeassayassessesthefunctionoftheproteinsinthe
extrinsicpathways.
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Normalvalue-10to14secEvaluationofextrinsic&commonpathway.
Increasedinoralanticoagulationtherapy,DICandliverdisease,
VitaminKdeficiency.
170.at30yrofage,bloodformingbone
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marrowarefoundina)Sternum
b)Sacrum
c)Pelvis
d)Upperendtibia
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e)UpperendhumerusCorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Answer-(A)Sternum(B)Sacrum(C)Pelvis(D)Upperendtibia
(E)Upperendhumerus
Byage18onlythevertebrae,ribs,sternum,skull,pelvis,and
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proximalepiphysealregionsofthehumerusandfemur.171.Anti-nuclearantibodiesarenotfoundin:
a)SLE
b)DiffuseScleroderma
c)Druginducedlupus
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d)Limitedscelerodermae)Sarcoidosis
CorrectAnswer-E
Answer-(E)Sarcoidosis
Foundin-
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DruginducedlupusSjogren'ssyndrome
Scleroderma
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
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Arthritis172.TrueaboutThrombotic
thrombocytopenicpurpura:
a)Indirecthyperbilirubemia
b)Spherocytosiswiththrombocytopenia
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c)Scistocytosiswiththrombocytopeniad)Thrombiformation
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-(A)Indirecthyperbilirubemia(C)Scistocytosiswith
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thrombocytopenia(D)ThrombiformationItischaracterizedbyapentad-
Micromgiopathichemolyticanemia,thrombcytopenia,renalfailure,
neurologicfindings,andfever.
TTPdiagnosisincludeanincreasedlactatedehydrogenaseand
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indirectbilirubin,decreasedhaptoglobin,andincreasedreticulocytecount.
Theperipheralsmearshouldbeexaminedforevidenceof
schistocytes.
173.Inwhichofthefollowingdiseases
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antineutrophilcytoplasmicantibodies(ANCA)arenotfound:
a)Polyarteritisnodosa
b)Microscopicpolyangitis
c)Wegenergranulomatosis
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d)Bechetsyndromee)Churg-Strausssyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Answer-(A)Polyarteritisnodosa(D)Bechetsyndrome
ANCApositive
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Wegner'sgranulomatosisMicroscopicpolyarteritis
Churg'strausssyndrome
Renal-limitedvaculitis
(crescentricglomerulonephritis)
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