Download PGIMER (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh) 2020 May SPM Solved Question Paper
a)Takeabout3monthsbeforethespermstoresareusedup
b)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocauteryisused
c)Reversalismostsuccessfulwithin10yearsofinitialsurgery
d)Thereisariskofchronictesticularpain
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(B)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocautery
isused
Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifthermalcauteryisused
ratherthanelectrocautery.
Somecomplicationsofvasectomy:
1. Hematomaandinfection
2. SpermGranulomas
3. Chronictesticularpain
4. Spontaneousrecanalisation
5. Antispermantibodyformation
Ref:OxfordHandbookofClinicalSpecialities,8thEdition,Page305;
Shaw'sTextbookofGynaecology,12thEdition,Page182
2.Zoonoticdiseasesare-
a)Salmonellosis
b)Plague
c)Anthrax
d)All
e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.(D)All
3.TrueaboutPasteurizationofmilkisall
except
a)Doesnotkillthermoduricbacteria
b)Doesnotkillspores
c)Cause>95%decreaseinbacterialcount
d)Killstuberclebacillus
e)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,"Causes>95%decreaseinbacterialcount
Pasteurization
Pasteurizationisdonetodestroythepathogensthatmaybepresent
inmilk,whilecausingminimalchangeinthecomposition.flovour
andnutritivevalue.
Pasteurizationkillsnearly90%ofthebacteriainmilk,includingthe
moreheatresistant-Tuberclebacilli-Qfeverorganisms
Itdoesnotkillthethermoduricbacteria.
Itdoesnotkillbacteriaspores.
Thereare3widelvusedmethodsforpasteurization:
1. Holdermethod:Milkkeptat63-66?Cfur30minutesisrapidly
cooledto5?C.
2. HTSTmethod:'Hightemperatureshorttime'method(Flash
method)
Ileatedto72?Cfor15sec.andthenrapidlycooledto4?C
Thisisnowthemostwidelyusedmethod.
method:
Ultra-hightempraturemethod.
Rapidlyheatedintwostagesto125?Cforfewseconds.
Thesecondstageisbeingunderpressure.
Itisthenrapidlycooled.
4.Mean,Medianandmodeallarezero.The
typeofdistributionis?
a)Standardnormal
b)Negativelyskewed
c)Positivelyskewed
d)Jshaped
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Standardnormal
5.Trueaboutanophelesmosquito?
a)Larvaehavesiphontube
b)Larvaearesurfacefeeder
c)Larvaearebottomfeeder
d)Larvaetieatanangletowatersurface
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Larvaearesurfacefeeder
Tribe
Anophelinianopheles
Culciniculex,aedes,
genus
Mansonia
1. Laidsingly
1. Laidinclustersor
Eggs
2. Eggsareboat-shaped
raft,eachraft
containing100-&
containing100-250
providedwithlateral
eggs(exceptaedes)
float
2. Eggsareoval
shaped¬
providedwithlateral
floats
1. Restparalleltowater 1. Suspendedwithhead
surface
downwardsatan
Larvae
2. Nosiphontube
angletowater
3. Palmatehairspresent
surface.
onabdominalsegments
2. Siphontubepresent
3. Nopalmatehairs
Pupae
Siphontubeisbroad Siphontubeis
&short
long&narrow
Adult
Adult
1. Whenatrest,inclineda
1.t Whenatrest,the
anangletosurface
bodyexhibitsa
2. Wingsspotted
hunchback
3. Palpilonginboth
2. Wingsunspotted
sexes
3. Palpishortin
female
6.MostcommoncancerinfemalesinIndia?
a)Breast
b)Cervix
c)Ovary
d)Uterus
e)Oralcavity
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Breast[RefPark24th/ep.401]
Overallcancersinworld:Breast>Prostate>Colorectal>Lung>
Cervix
Cancersinmalesinworld:Prostate>Colorectum>Lung>
Stomach>Urinarybladder
Cancersinfemalesinworld:Breast>Colorectum>Cervix>Uterus
>Thyroid
OverallcancersinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Lip/oralcavity>
Colorectum>Prostate
CancersinmalesinIndia:Lip/oralcavity>Prostate>Colorectum
>Pharynx(otherthannasopharynx)>Larynx
CancerinfemalesinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Ovary>Uterus>
Colorectum
7.Viralhemorrhagicfeverincludes?
a)Yellowfever
b)Westnilefever
c)Lassafever
d)Rossfever
e)Crimian-Congofever
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Yellowfever,'c'i.e.,Lassafever&`e'i.e.,Crimian
-Congofever[Refhttp://nasi.org.in
i)Febrilegroup(feverandmyalgia)
Thisisthemostcommongroupwhichcomprisesalargenumberof
undifferentiatedfevers,generallybeginwithorwithoutrashesand
jointpain.
Importantvirusesinthisgroupare:-Dengue,Chikungunya,West
Nile,Coloradotickfever,SandflyfeverandSindbis.
ii)Encephilitisgroup
ThisgroupaffectsCNSandcausesencephalitisor
meningoencephalitis.
Importantvirusinthisgroupare:-Californiaserogroupviruses
(Californiaencephalitis,Jamestowncanyon,Kesstone,La
Cross,Trivittatus),StLouis,JE,centralEuropean,Russianspring
summer,WestNile,Powassan,EasternEquine,WesternEquine
andVenezuela.
iii)Hemorrhagicgroup
Hemorrhagicgroupisassociatedwithhemorrhage.
Importantvirusesinthisgroupare:-Dengue,KFD,Chikungunya,
Yellowfever,Lassa,CrimeanHECongo,Omek,Riftvalley,
Hantavirus,MarbungorEbola.
8.Trueregardingoddsratiois/are?
a)Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposedpopulation
b)Itiscrossproductivityratio
c)Usedincohortstudy
d)Usedincasecontrolstudy
e)Itissimilartorelativerisk
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-
disposedpopulation,'b'i.e.,Itiscrossproductivityratio,`d'i.e.,
Usedincasecontrolstudy&'e'i.e.,Itissimilartorelative
risk[RefPark24thlep.78]
Fromacasecontrolstudyoddsratiocanbederivedwhicha
measureofthestrengthofassociationbetweenriskfactorand
outcome.Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposed
population
Oddsratioisakeyparameterinanalysisofcasecontrol
studies.
InterpretationofOddsratios(OR):IssimilartoRelativerisk
(RR)incohortstudy(asORisanestimateofRR)
9.MaximumchancesofHIVtransmissionare
associatedwith?
a)Receptiveanalsex
b)Insertiveanalsex
c)Receptiveoralsex
d)Insertiveoralsex
e)Vaginalsex[femaletomale]
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Receptiveanal
sex[RefHttp://www.aidsmap.com/HIV-risk-levels-for-the-
insertive-and-receptive-partner-in-different-types-of-sexual-
intercourse/page/14434904
HIVrisklevelsfortheinsertiveandreceptivepartnerindifferent
typesofsexualintercourse
Analintercoursehashighestriskoftransmission(analintercourse>
vaginalintercourse>oralsex).
UnprotectedanalintercoursecarriesahigherriskofsexualHIV
transmissionthanunprotectedvaginalintercourse.Althougheither
sexualpartnercanacquireHIVfromtheotherduringunprotected
analintercourse,HIVismorelikelytopassfromanHIV-positive
insertivepartnertohisreceptivepartnerthanfromanHIV-positive
receptivepartnertohisorherinsertivepartner.
10.Vectorborndiseasesare?
a)Dengue
b)KFD
c)Japaneseencephalitis
d)Plague
e)Yellowfever
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Ans.is'All'i.e.,a,b,c,d&e[Ref:Park24`"/ep.194&23rd/ep.
185]
11.Screeningtestsshouldbe?
a)Costly
b)Easytoperform
c)Difficulttoperform
d)Morespecific
e)Lesssensitive
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Easytoperform,'d'i.e.,Morespecific[Ref:Park
24th/ep.149&23'alep.387;Modernepidemiology3ra/ep.204]
Thediseaseshouldbeanimportanthealthproblemwitha
recognizablelatentorasymptomaticstage.
Thereshouldbeatest(screeningtest)whichcandetectthedisease
priortoclinicalstage,withavailabilityofadiagnostic(confirmatory)
test.
Atestshouldhavehighsensitivityandspecificity.
Accuracy=(Sensitivity)(Prevalence)/(Specificity)(1-Prevalence)
Accuracy=Truepositive+Truenegative/Truepositive+False
positive+Truenegative+Falsenegative
Otherimportantcriteriaare:Simplicity,rapidity,lowcost(cost
effectiveness),safety,andeaseofadministration
12.CashbenefitsinESIschemeinclude?
a)Sickness
b)Medical
c)Maternal
d)Liability
e)Funeral
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sickness,'b'i.e.,Medical,'c'i.e.,Maternal&`e'
i.e.,Funeral[RefPark24th/ep.853&23"1/ep.816]
Medicalbenefit:-905Rspercapita.
Disablementbenefit
Dependentsbenefit
Funeralexpenses:-Rs.5000isgiven
Maternitybenefit:-Forconfinement,thedurationofbenefitis12
weeks.Formiscarriageitis6weeks.Forsicknessarisingoutof
confinementitis30days.
Sicknessbenefit:Thesicknessbenefitispayableforamaximum
periodof9ldaysinanycontinuousperiodof365days.
TOTAL34differentdiseasesaregivenimportancesuchas,Mental
diseases(Psychoses),Chroniccongestivecardiacfailure,,Aplastic
anaemia,Monoplegiaetc
13.Trueregardingfrostbiteis/are?
a)Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint
b)Whenonfoot,knownastrenchfoot
c)Onfaceitissuperficialandseverefromoccuronextrimities
d)Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&swelling
e)3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandbloodfilledblister
formation
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint,'d'
i.e.,Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&
swelling&'e'i.e.,3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandblood
filledblisterformation[RefPark23rd/ep.748;wiki]
Frostbiteisanintegerthatiscausedbyexposureofourbodyto
belowfreezingpoint.Theunderlyingmechanisminvolvesinjuryfrom
icecrystalsandbloodclotsinsmallbloodvesselsfollowingthawing.
Areasthatareusuallyaffectedincludecheeks,ears,noseand
fingersandtoes.Thereisnodifferenceintheseverityamongthese
areas.
InfirstdegreeTheskinisnumb,usuallybecomeswhiteandpossibly
swollen,withareddenedborder.Sometimestheskinisred,may
feelhardorstiff.,Ifitistreatedquickly,theskinusuallyrecovers
fully.
InseconddegreeThereisalsousuallyquitealotofswellingofthe
affectedarea.,Blistersfilledwithaclearormilkyfluidappearonthe
skin.,Atalatestage,lastingcoldsensitivityandnumbnesscan
develop.
BloodfilledBlistersalsodevelop.Theskinfeelshardandcold.In
theweeksafterinjury,painpersistsandablackenedcrust(eschar)
develops.thecanbelongtermulcerationanddamagetogrowth
plates.
14.Primarypreventionofhypertension
includes?
a)Weightreduction
b)Dietarysaltreduction
c)Exercisepromotion
d)Earlydiagnosis
e)Antihypertensivedrugs
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Weightreduction,'b'i.e.,Dietarysaltreduction&
'c'i.e.,Exercisepromotion[RefPark24th/ep.393&23'd/ep.
374]
Dietarymodification(Nutrition):Reductioninsaltintaketo<5gm/
day,moderatefatintake,avoidanceofalcoholintake,andrestriction
ofenergyintakeappropriatetobodyneeds.
Weightreductionandexercisepromotion.
Behavioralchanges:Reductionofstress,avoidanceofsmoking,
doingyogaandmeditation.
Healtheducationandselfcare,e.g.measuringownBP.
Secondarypreventionincludesearlycasedetectionbydiagnosis
(i.e.identificationofhypertension)andtreatment.
15.Organism(s)includedincategory'A'bio-
terrorismis/are?
a)Vibriocholera
b)ClostridiumBotulinum
c)Yersiniapestis
d)Bacillusanthracis
e)Burkholderiamallie
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ClostridiumBotulinum&'c'i.e.,Yersiniapestis&
'd'i.e.,Bacillusanthracis[RefHarrison18thiep.1769]
Bioterrorismagentscanbeseparatedintothreecategories,
dependingonhoweasilytheycanbespreadandtheseverityof
illnessordeaththeycause.CategoryAagentsareconsideredthe
highestriskandCategoryCagentsarethosethatareconsidered
emergingthreatsfordisease.
Smallpox,Anthrax(B.anthracis),Botulism(Clostridiumbotulinum),
Plague(Yersiniapestis),tularemia(Francisellatularensis)are
categeroyA
V.cholerae,Q.fever(Coxiellaburnetii),Typhusfever(Rickettsia
prowazekii),psittacosis(Chlamydiapsittaci),glanders(Burkholderia
mallie),Malioidosis(Burkholderiapseudomallie)arecategoryB
1EmerginginfectionslikeNipah,Hantavirus,SARScoronavirus
categoryC
16.Breastmilkcontains?
a)Fat
b)Protein
c)VitamineA
d)VitamineC
e)VitamineK
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Fat,'b'i.e.,Protein,'c'i.e.,VitamineA
&'d'i.e.,VitamineC[RefPark24thiep.574&23"1/ep.630]
Breastmilkisrichinpolyunsaturatedfattyacids,necessaryforthe
myelinationofthenervoussystemandbraingrowth.
Activelipaseinthebreastmilkpromotesdigestionoffatsand
providesFFA.
Ironofbreastmilkisverywellabsorbed,breastfeedingprevents
againstirondeficiencyanemia.
BreastmilkalsopreventsdeficienciesofvitaminA,C,D,Eandzinc.
Mostoftheproteiniswheyproteins(lactalbuminand
lactoglobulin),whichcanbedigestedeasily(Incontrastcowmilk
containsmorecasein).
Breastmilkcontainstheidealratiooftheaminoacidscystine,
taurineandmethioninetosupportdevelopmentofcentraland
peripheralnervoussystem.
ExclusivebreastfeedingmaycausedeficiencyofvitaminB12
(ifmotherispurevegetarian),vitaminK,VitaminDandfluoride.
VitaminKdeficiencycancausehemorrhagicdiseaseofnew
born
Theremaybeneonataljaundiceandgoldencolorstool.
17.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
abouttuberculosisinindiaexcept?
a)Indiahasapproximately1/41hofGloballoadofTB
b)MDR-TBamongnotifiednewpulmonaryTBpatientsisabout
5%
c)5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive
d)MDR-TBamongretreatmentcasesisabout15%
e)incidenceisaround2millionnewTBcasesannually
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer:D,MDR-TBamongretreatmentcasesisabout
15%(Ref:Park23rd/176-77;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
Gupta1'x/192-97;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvances
bySuryakantha4"/364-70]
IndiaisthehighestTBburdencountryintheworldintermof
absolutenumberofincidentcasesthatoccureachyear.Itaccounts
forone-fourthoftheestimatedglobalincidentTBcasesin2013"
MDR-TBamongnotifiednewpulmonaryTBpatientswasabout
2.2%andamongretreatmentcaseswasabout15%
Currently,multidrug-resistantTBisaglobalconcernandis
encounteredin3%ofallnewcasesand12%ofretreatmentcases.
Approximately5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive-
PiyushGupta1"/194,Park23rd/177
18.Importanceoflepromintestareallexcept:
a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance
b)Prognosticvalue
c)Tellsaboutimmunitystatusofleprosypatients
d)Differentiatebetweendifferenttypesofleprosy
e)Predictivevalue
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer:(a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance(Ref:Park
23rd/320-21;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/539-40
Thetesthaspredictivevalueaswell.Itgivesanindicationoftherisk
ofthediseaseamongcontactsofopencases.
Thetesthasanepidemiologicalvalueaswell.Itindicatesthe
incidenceandprevalenceofinfectionamongchildren.Inthefirst6
monthsoflife,mostchildrenareleprominnegative.Theybecome
positiveprogressivelyastheirageadvances.
Thetwodrawbacksthatstandinthewayofthistestbringusedfor
diagnosisare:(i)positiveresultsinnon-cases,and(ii)negative
resultsinlepromatousandnear-lepromatouscases
19.Aleprosypersonispresentedwith
involvementsofsuralandradialnerve.
Whichtypeofregimenyouwillgive:
a)MultibacillarytreatmentX9month
b)MultibacillarytreatmentX12month
c)MultibacillarytreatmentX15month
d)PaucibacillarytreatmentX6month
e)SingledosetreatmentofRifampicin,Ofloxacinand
Minocycline(ROM)
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer(b)MultibacillarytreatmentX12month[Ref:Park
23rd/323-24;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGuptalst/282-83;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4th/535-45;NeenaKhanna5th/272-84]
Itisapureneuritictypeofleprosy.ItisacaseofMultibacillary
leprosyfortherapeuticpurpose(accordingtoWHOclassification,
morethanonenervetrunkinvolvementistermedasmultibacillary
fortreatmentpurpose.
manyconsiderthatpureneuriticleprosybelongstothe
paucibacillarygroupsinceallofthemareacid-fastbacillinegativeon
skinsmearsbydefinitionandaremostlyleprominpositive.
AccordingtopresentNLEPguidelinesinIndia,whenonenerve
trunkisinvolvedinleprosyitisconsideredaspaucibacillary,and
whenmorethanonenervetrunkisinvolved,itisconsideredas
multibacillaryfortherapeuticpurposes.
20.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdata
representation:
a)Histogramisusedforpresentationofdiscretedata
b)Randomdotsinscatterdiagram--nocorrelation
c)Pictogramisrepresentedbysmallpicturesorsymbols
d)Piechartisrepresentedbyquadrangularfigures
e)Regressiongraphissaidtobelinearwhentheincreaseor
decreaseinthevariablesremainsproportionalindifferent
subjects
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Answer:4.(b)Randomdotsinscatterdiagram...,(c)Pictogram
isrepresented...,(e)Regressiongraphissaidlinear...
[Ref:Park23rd/845-47;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/652;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/694-99,729-30]
Therewillbeasmanypointsasthereareindividualsinthe
observation.Whenallthepointareplotted,thediagramgivesthe
pictureofascatter.Hencethename'Scatterdiagram'(Dot
diagram).
Thedirectionofscatterhelpstodeterminethepresenceorabsence
oftheassociation.Ifthescattertakesthedirectionmidwaybetween
thetwoaxes,itsignifiespositiveassociation(correlation)
Ifittakesadirectionatrightanglestomidwayscatteritindicates
negativeassociation.
Ahaphazardscatterrepresentsneitherpositivenornegative
association.
21.TrueaboutProgramevaluationandreview
technique(PERT):
a)Betterthancriticalpathmethodforsmallproject
b)RecurrentactivitiesisbettermonitoredthanCPM
c)Activitiesaredividedintosmallgoals
d)Mainobjectivetomonitorcost
e)Itisamanagementtechniquebetterfornon-researchactivities
thanCPM
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer:(c)Activitiesaredividedintosmallgoals(Ref:Park
23rd/872;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/783;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4'h/860]
PERT(ProgrammeEvaluationandReviewTechnique)isa
managementtechniquewhichmakespossiblemoredetailed
planningandmorecomprehensivesupervision.
Itaidsinplanning,schedulingandmonitoringtheproject;itallows
bettercommunicationb/wthevariouslevelsofmanagement;it
identifiespotentialproblems;itfurnishescontinuous,timelyprogress
reports;itformsasolidfoundationuponwhichtobuildanevaluation
andcheckingsystem
TheessenceofPERTistoconstructanArrowDiagram.The
diagramrepresentsthelogicalsequenceinwhicheventsmusttake
place
22.Whichofthefollowingis/aremorein
humanmilkthancowmilk:
a)Protein
b)Iron
c)Carbohydrate
d)Fat
e)Energy
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer:(b)Iron,(c)Carbohydate[Ref:Park23rd/630;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4th/620]
23.WhichofthefollowingIs/aretrue:
a)Serialinterval=gapintimeb/winvasionbyaninfectiousagent
andtheappearanceofclinicalfeature
b)Latentperiod=theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodisease
detectioninnon-infectiousdisease
c)Incubationperiod=timeb/wtheonsetoftheprimarycaseand
thesecondarycase
d)Generationtime=timeperiodbetweentheonsetoftheinfection
andthemaximuminfectivityofthehost
e)Communicableperiod=Itisaperiodduringwhichthereservoir
isinfectioustoothers
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.B,Latentperiod=theperiodfromdisease...D,Generation
time=timeperiodbetween...andE,Communicableperiod=It...
[Ref:Park23rd/99-100;CommunityMedicinewithRecent
AdvancesbySuryakantha4th/281-82]
Thetermlatentperiodisusedinnon-infectiousastheequivalentof
incubationperiodininfectiousdisease.Latentperiodhasbeen
definedas"theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodiseasedetection.
Generationtimeisdefinedas"theintervaloftimeb/wreceiptof
infectionbyahostandmaximalinfectivityofthathost"
Ingeneral,generationtimeisroughlyequaltotheincubationperiod.
However,thesetwotermsarenotthesame
CommunicablePeriodisdefinedas"thetimeduringwhichan
infectiousagentmaybetransferreddirectlyorindirectlyfroman
infectedpersontoanotherperson,fromaninfectedanimaltoman,
orfromaninfectedpersontoananimal,includingarthropods
24.Teststocheckpasteurizationofmilk:
a)Phosphatasetest
b)Standardplatecount
c)Methylenebluetest
d)Nitricacidtest
e)Coliformcount
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Answer:(a)Phosphatasetest,(b)Standardplatecount,(c)
Methylenebluetest,(e)Coliformcount
(Ref:Park23rd/655;CommunityMedicinewithRecent
AdvancesbySuryakantha4th/186]
Nitricacidtestisdoneepidemicdropsy(argemoneoildetection)"-
Park23rd/658
Phosphatasetest:Thistestiswidelyusedtochecktheefficiencyof
pasteurization.Thistestisbasedonthefactthatrawmilkcontains
anenzymecalledphosphatasewhichisdestroyedonheatingata
temperaturewhichcorrespondscloselywiththestandardtimeand
temperaturerequiredforpasteurization
MethylenebluetestPasteurizationofMilkPark23rd/655
Itkillsnearly90%ofthebacteriainmilkincludingthemoreheat-
resistanttuberclebacillusandtheQfeverorganisms.Butitwillnot
killthermoduricbacterianorthebacterialspores
25.Benefitofverticalhealthprogramme
includes:
a)MorefocusonefficiencY
b)Morerapidresults
c)Dedicatedworkeralwaysavailable
d)Manyprogramscanrunatonetime
e)Effectivewayofmaximizingtheimpactoftheavailable
resources
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Morefocus...,b.Morerapid...,c.Dedicatedworker...,e.
Effectivewayof.
Verticalprogrammesare"socalledbecausetheyaredirected,
supervised,andexecuted,eitherwhollyortoagreatextent,bya
specializedserviceusingdedicatedhealthworkers"
Incontrast,anintegratedprogrammeis"theprocessofbringing
togethercommonfunctionswithinandbetweenorganizationsto
solvecommonproblems,developingacommitmenttosharedvision
andgoalsandusingcommontechnologiesandresourcestoachieve
thesegoals"
Verticalprogrammes(alsoknownasstand-alone,categoricalor
free-standingprogrammesortheverticalapproach)referto
instanceswhere"thesolutionofagivenhealthproblem[is
addressed]throughtheapplicationofspecificmeasuresthrough
single-purposemachinery"
26.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutuseofBardiagram:
a)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhicharenot-additive
b)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhichareproportional
percentagecontributionofcategories
c)Piechartisusedforcomparisonof2categorialdatawhichare
proportionalpercentagecontributionofcategories
d)Comparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesindiscrete
data
e)Comparisonofcontinuousdata
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans:a.Comparison...,c.Piechartis...,d.Comparisonof
magnitude
BarDiagram
Lengthofbarrepresentsfrequencyofacharacter
Popularereasymethod
Usedforcomparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesin
discretedata
Spacingb/wanytwobarsshouldbenearlyequaltohalfofthewidth
ofthebar
3Type-simple,proportionate&multiple.
Categories Quantitytobe
Appropriatediagram
onx-axis representedony-axis*
Continuous Additive
Pieifproportionalcontribution
(frequencyor
ofthecategoriesistobe
percentage),
represented,otherwise
histogram
histogram
Linefordepictionoftrend,
otherwisebar
Addictive(frequencyor
Discreteor
Pieifproportionalpercentage
percentage),
categorical
contributionofthecategories
istoberepresented,
(number,rateorratio)
otherwisebar
bar
27.Trueaboutsilicosisallexcept:
a)Causedbyexposureofsilicaoxide
b)Severeexposure-wholelunglavagemayhelpfulin
alleviat_ingsymptoms
c)Fibrosisofupperlung
d)Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstoppingexposure
e)MoreriskofTB&lungcancer.
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d-Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstopping
exposure
Silicosisisprogressive&whatismoreimportantisthatsilicoticsare
pronetotuberculosis
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangesthat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed
Nodularfibrosis,morefrequentinapex&posteriorborder(upper
partoflung)(c.finasbestosisfibrosisinlowerhalfoflung)
Silicoticsaremorepronetodeveloppulmonarytuberculosis(butin
recentyearthereisdoubtwhethersilicoticsreallydevelopT.B.)
Foracutesilicosis,bronchoalveolarlavagemayalleviatesymptoms,
butdoesnotdecreaseoverallmortality.
28.TrueaboutCivilregistrationsystemin
India:
a)Dualrecordsystem
b)Deficient
c)Headofinstitutionorofficer-inchargeisresponsiblefor
registration
d)Birth&Deathbothareregistered
e)Causeofdeathisrecorded
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Deficie...,c.Headofinstitution...,d.Birth&Death
both...,e.Causeofdeath
TheregistrationsysteminIndiatendedtobeveryunreliable,the
databeinggrosslydeficientinregardstoaccuracy,timeliness,
completeness&coverage.Thisisbecauseofilliteracy,ignorance,
lackofconcern,&motivation
Thecentralbirths&DeathRegistrationAct,1969fixesthe
responsibilityforreportingbirths&deaths.Whilethepublic(e.g,
parents,relatives)aretoreporteventsoccurringintheirhouseholds,
theheadsofhospital,nursinghomes,hotels,jailsordharmashalas
aretoreporteventsoccurringinsuchinstitutionstobeconcerning
registrar
Thetimelimitforregisteringtheeventsofbirth&thatofdeathsis21
daysuniformlyalloverIndia.Incaseofdefaultalatefeecanbe
imposed.
29.Specialprotectionincludes:
a)Personalitydevelopment
b)lmmunizationagainstspecificdisease
c)Specificnutritionaldiet
d)Protectionfromoccupationalhazard
e)Environmentalmodification
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans:b.Immunizationagainst...,c.Specificnutritionaldiet...,d.
Protectionfromoccupational
SpecificProtection
Immunization
Useofspecificnutrients
Chemoprophylaxis
Protectionagainstoccupationalhazards
Protectionagainstaccident
Protectionfromcarcinogens
Avoidanceofallergens
Thecontrolofspecifichazardsinthegeneralenvironmente.g.,air
pollution,noisecontrol
Controlofconsumerproductquality&safetyoffoods,drugs,
cosmeticsetc
30.Followupisnotrequiredinwhichof
thefollowingstudy:
a)Prospectivestudy
b)Retrospectivestudy
c)Cross-sectionalstudy
d)Longitudinalstudy
e)Cohortstudy
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans:b.Retrospectivestudy,c.Cross-sectionalstudy.[RefPark
23rd/62,69;Community
Cohort(Knownbyavarietyofnames-prospectivestudy,
longitudinalstudy,incidencestudy&forwardlookingstudy)isfollow
upstudywithindividualasunitofstudy(Park23rd/62,75)Case
controlstudies,oftencalledretrospectivestudies:
Noattritionproblems,becausecasecontrolstudiesdonotrequire
follow-upofindividualintothefuture.
Cross-sectionalstudies(Alsok/aprevalencestudy)issingle
examination(sonofollowup)ofacross-sectionofpopulationatone
pointintime-theresultsofwhichcanbeprojectedonthewhole
population.
Longitudinalstudies:Observationsarerepeatedinthesame
populationoveraprolongedperiodoftimebymeansoffollow-up
examinations.
31.Trueabouthumandevelopmentindex
(HDI)-
a)Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100
b)HDIscorerangeis0-10
c)Lifeexpectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years
d)GDPpercapitarangefrom25$to50000$
e)HDIscorerangeis0-l
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100;'c'ie.,Life
expectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years&`e'i.e.,
HDIscorerangeis0-1[RefPark's24thlep.17-18;
AccordingtoHDIcountriesaredivided?
1. Developedcountries(HighHDI0.8)-USA,Canada,Norway
2. Developingcountries(mediumHDI0.5-0.79)-India
3. Underdevelopedcountries(LowHDI0.5)Seiera,Ethopia
32.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpost
exposureprophylaxisinrabies?
a)CategoryI-Bothvaccineandimmunoglobulinaregiven
b)Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfullvaccinationisreceived
c)Localwoundcleaningisdoneinallcasesofdogwound
d)CategoryI-requiresvaccinationonly
e)Vaccineisstoppedifwithin3daysofbite,dogdies
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfull
vaccinationisreceived;&'c'i.e.,Localwoundcleaningisdone
inallcasesofdogwound[RefPark's24'h/ep.296-97;
CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1"/ep.3231
Cleansing:Withplentyofsoapandwater,preferablyundera
runningtap.
Suturing:Itshouldnotbedoneimmediately;ifrequiredshouldbe
done24-48hourslater,withminimumpossiblestitches.
CategoryI-touchingorfeedinganimals,licksonintactskinNone
CategoryII-nibblingofuncoveredskin,minorscratchesof
Immediatevaccinationandlocaltreatmentofthewoundabrasions
withoutbleeding
CategoryIII-singleormultipletransdermalbitesorscratches,licks
onbrokenskin;-->Immediatevaccinationandadministrationof
rabies
contaminationofmucouscontactswithbatsimmunoglobulin;
localtreatmentofthewoundmembranewithsalivafromlicks,etc.
33.VaccinecontraindicatedinAIDSpatient-
a)MMRvaccine
b)HepatitisAvaccine
c)Varicellavaccine
d)Hibvaccine
e)DPTvaccine
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,MMRvaccine;'b'i.e.,HepatitisAvaccine;&'c'
i.e.,Varicellavaccine
[RefPark's24thlep.108;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1"/ep.428;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/ep.287;O.P.Ghai8thlep.189-90]
Liveattenuatedvaccinesarecontraindicatedinimmunodeficiency
stateslikeHIV.
ImportantexamplesoflivevaccinesareBCG,OPV(Sabinoralpolio
vaccine),measles,mumps,rubella,yellowfever(17Dvaccine),
typhoidoral(typhoral),chickenpox,influenza,plague,epidemic
typhusandhepatitisA.
34.Trueaboutpopulationcoverageof
primaryhealthcenter?
a)20000inplainarea
b)30000inplainarea
c)10000intribalarea
d)20000intribalarea
e)30000intribalarea
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,30000inplainarea;&'d'i.e.,20000tribalarea
35.TruestatementaboutIPVvaccine-
a)GiventhroughIM/SCroute
b)Giventhroughintradermalroute
c)Doesnotrequirestringentconditions
d)Doseis-0.1ml/dose
e)Doseis-0.5ml/dose
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,GiventhroughIM/SCroute;'c'i.e.,Dosenot
requirestringentconditions;&`e'i.e.,Doseis-0.5ml/dose[Ref
Park's24th/ep.221-22;O.P.Ghai8th/ep.192]
IPVisadministeredbyintramuscular(preferred)orsubcutaneous
routes.
Theprimaryorinitialcourseofimmunizationconsistsof4
inoculation(4doses).Thefirst3dosesaregivenatintervalsof1-2
monthsand4thdose6-12monthsafterthethirddose.Firstdose
usuallygivenwhentheinfantis6weeksold.Additionaldosesare
recommendedpriortoschoolentryandthenevery5yearsuntilthe
ageof18.
ItcanbecombinedwithDPT,Hepatitis,and/orH.influenzaetypeB
vaccine.Inthecombinationvaccines,thealumorthepertussis
vaccine,orbothhaveanadjuvanteffect.
ThemajoradvantageofIPVisthatbeinganinactivatedvaccine,it
canbegiveninpregnancyandimmunocompromisedpersons
(personwithlymphoreticularmalignancies,onradiotherapyor
corticosteroid,>50yearsofage).
Theotherimportantadvantageisthatthereisnoriskofvaccine
associatedparalyticpolio(VAPP)asvirusisinactive.Vaccinedoes
notrequirestringentconditionsduringstorageandtransportation,
thushavinglongshelflife.Oneortwodosesoflivevaccine(OPV)
canbegivensafelyasboosterafteraninitialcourseofimmunization
withIPV.
36.Trueaboutdemographiccycleoflndia-
a)Enteredintolowstationaryphase
b)Dependencyratio<40Vo
c)YearofBigdivide-l92lA.D
d)Populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop
e)FirstregularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,YearofBigdivide-1921A.D;'d'i.e.,Population
pyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop;&`e'i.e.,First
regularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881
[RefPark's24th/ep.513-518;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
GuptaPlep.610-12;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvance
bySuryakantha4th/ep.651-57]
Theproportionofpersonsabove65yearsofageandchildrenbelow
15yearsofageareconsideredtobedependentontheeconomically
productiveagegroup(15-64years).Theratioofcombinedage
group0-14yearsplus65yearsandabovetothe15-65yearsage
groupisknownastotaldependencyratio.
Incountrieswithhighbirthrates(e.g.developingcountrieslike
India),populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtap/apex
(conicalshape).
Indevelopedcountries,thepyramidgenerallyshowabulgeinthe
middleandnarrowerbase(dumb-bellshaped).CensusinIndia
CensusisveryimportantsourceofhealthinformationinIndia.Itis
carriedatregularintervalof10years.ThefirstcensusinIndiawas
takenin1881.LastcensuswasheldinMarch2011.
CensusisunderMinistryofHomeAffairsandheadofcensus
organizationis'RegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner'.
Inrecentcensus(2011)Biometrywasincludedfirsttimeever:
Fingerprints,Irisscan,UID(uniqueidentificationnumber)and
photograph.
Thereferraltimeanddateatwhichsnapshotofpopulationistaken
iscalledcensusstop(censusmovement),whichis00.0hrs01
March,i.e.Censusstops.
37.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
RevisedNationalTuberculosisControl
Programme(RNTCP)-
a)T.B.ismandatorytonotify
b)SuspiciousTBpatientsarescreenedthrough2sputum
smearexaminations
c)MDR-TBisnotincludedinRNTCP
d)Casefindingisactive
e)CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,T.B.ismandatorytonotify;`b'i.e.,SuspiciousTB
patientsarescreenedthrough2sputumsmearexaminations&
'e'i.e.,CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
[RefPark's24th/ep.427-30;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
Gupta1"/ep.826-30;Suryakantha4'1*p.921-23;National
HealthProgramsofIndiabyfungalKishore7th/ep.91]
GovernmentofIndiadeclareTBanotifiablediseaseon7thMay
2012withfollowingobjectives:-
TohaveestablishedTBsurveillancesysteminthecountry.
ToextentmechanismofTBtreatmentadherenceandcontact
tracingofpatientstreatedintheprivatesector.
ToensureproperTBdiagnosisandcasemanagementandfurther
acceleratereductionofTBtransmission.
TomitigatetheimpendingdrugresistantTBepidemicinthecountry.
38.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutnationalironplusinitiotive-
a)Onlyschoolgoingadolescentsarecovered
b)Adolescentsofagegroupl0-19yrarecovered
c)Preschoolchildrenarecoveredthroughaganwadicenter
d)Biannuldewormingthroughalbendazoletablet
e)Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanaemia
andreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Adolescentsofagegroup10-19yearare
covered;'d'i.e.,Biannuldewormingthroughalbendaz,ole
tablet;&'e'i.e.,Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severe
anaemiaandreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealth
facility[RefPark's24`5/ep.471;
http://nhm.gov.in/nrhmcomponnets;CommunityMedicineby
PiyushGupta1"/ep.814-15;Suryakantha4thlep.196-97]
Bi-weekly20mgelementalironand100microgram(mcg)folicacid
permlofliquidformulationandageappropriatede-wormingfor
preschoolchildrenof6-59months.
Weeklysupplementationof45mgelementalironand400mcgfolic
acidperchildperdayforchildrenfrom1stto5thgradeingovt.&
Govt.Aidedschools,andatAWCforoutofschoolchildren(6to10
years).
Weeklydoseof100mgelementalironand500mcgfolicacidwith
biannualde-worminginadolescents(10-19years)underWIFS.
Weeklysupplementationforwomaninreproductiveage,Pregnant
andlactatingwomen.
Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanemiaand
referringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility.
39.Periodofcornmunicabilityofmeasles
is-
a)3daysbeforeand10daysafterappearanceofrashes
b)3weeksafterappearanceofrashes
c)Iweekbeforeappearanceofrashes
d)4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceofrashes
e)Upto3monthsafterappearanceofrashes
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceof
rashestRef:Park24th/ep.157;CommunityMedicinewith
RecentbySuryakantha4th/ep.328]
Chickenpox:1-2daysbeforeto4-5daysafterappearanceof
rash.
Measles:4daysbeforeto5daysafterappearanceofrash.
Rubella:7daysbeforesymptomsto7daysafterappearanceof
rash.
Mumps:4-6daysbeforesymptomsto7daysthereafter.
Influenza:1-2daysbeforeto1-2daysafteronsetofsymptoms.
Diphtheria:14-28daysfromdiseaseonset.
Pertussis:7daysafterexposureto3weeksafterparoxysmalstage.
40.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutsandfly-
a)Breedonoverheadtanks
b)Smallerthanmosquito
c)Femaleflydoesnotbites
d)Don'tflybychoice
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Smallerthanmosquito;&'d'i.e.,Don'tflyby
choice[RefPark24th/ep.812-13]
Size:Sandfliesaresmallerthanmosquitoes.
Wings:Thewingsofthesandflyareup-rightandlanceolatein
shape;thesecondlongitudinalveinbranchestwice,thefirst
branchingtakingplaceinthemiddleofthewing.
Legs:Thelegsofthesandflyarelongercomparedwiththesizeof
thebody.
Hairs:Sandflyisahairyinsect
Hopping:Sandflieshopaboutanddonotflybychoice
Onlyfemalesandfliesbite.Theyrequireabloodmealevery3-4
daysforoviposition.Theyinhabitatholesandcrevicesinwalls,
holesintrees,darkrooms,stablesandstorerooms.
Sandflyconnotfly,itonlyhops.
TheinsecticideofchoiceisDDTassandflieshavenotdeveloped
resistance.DDTissprayeduptoaheightof4-6feetofwalls.
41.9-valentHPVvaccinecoverswhichtype(s)
HPVstrain-
a)6,11
b)16,18
c)31,33
d)41,35
e)42,58
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)6,11(B)16,18(C)31,33
The9-valentHPVvaccine,whichprotectsagainstHPVtypes6,11,
16,18,31,33,45,52and58,issafeandeffectiveandwillfurther
reducetheincidenceofHPVinfection,aswellasHPV-related
cancers.
TherearetwotypesofHPVvaccines:-
Quadrivalent:-containingHPVtypes6,11,16,18
Bivalent:-containingHPVtypes16,18
42.Trueaboutsix-sigmamethodinhealth
care?
a)UsedtoImprovepatientcare
b)Requiresfoursteps
c)Itreducespatientdissatisfaction
d)Collectandanalyzethedata
e)Canbeusedforadministrationaswell
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,UsedtoImprovepatientcare;'c'i.e.,Itreduces
patientdissatisfaction;'d'i.e.,Collectandanalyzethedata;&
`e'i.e.,Canbeusedforadministrationas
well[Refwww.villanovau.com]
Tohelpreducewasteandimprovequalitycare,manyhopitalsand
healthcarepracticeshaveadoptedSixsigmamanagementtoolsto
helpachievegoals.EmployingSixSigmaprinciplesinhealthcare
settingscanhelpeliminatedefectsandvariationinprocesses,andit
canhelpmakeproceduresmorestreamlined,lesscostlyandhelp
improvepatientcare.
Inhealthcareenvironmentsadefectisdefinedasafactorthatleads
topatientdissatisfaction.Examplesofdefectsrangefrom
thefrustratingkind,suchasalongwaittoseeadoctor,tothe
seriouskind,suchasanincorrectdiagnosisortreatment.
Becausepatientcareishands-on,thepossibilityforvarianceis
largerthaninotherprocess-drivenindustries.Variablesmaybe
smallanddifficulttoquantify,butSixSigma'sdata-drivenapproach
canresultinmeasurableimprovement.
Six-Sigmaisaqualityimprovementmethodologythatapplies
statisticstomeasureandreducevariationinprocesses.
Itisanorganizationalphilosophyinestablishingthebeliefof'doing
thingsrightfirsttimeandeverytime'.Itis'ameasureofqualitythat
strivesforperfection'.ThetermSixSigmameans'standard
deviation'.
InHealthcaresectoritisusedforimprovingqualityofhealthcare
servicesandreducingpatient'sdissatisfaction.Itisusedtoreduce
theerrorsandtomovetowards
43.TrueaboutIntrauterinecontraception
deviceis?
a)Causesinhibitionofovulation
b)Copper-TissecondgenerationIUD
c)BesttimeofinsertionisImmediatelyaftermenstruation
d)Bleedingiscommon
e)Expulsionismorecommonwithmultiload-375
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Copper-TissecondgenerationIUD;'c'i.e.,Besttimeofinsertionis
Immdiatelyaftermensturation;&'d'i.e.,Bleedingiscommon.
Firstgeneration
Thesearenon-medicatedandinertIUDs.ExamplesareLippesloopandGrafenberg'sring.
Secondgeneration
Thesearemedicatedandbio-activeIUDs.Metallicions(Copper)areaddedtothedevice.
ExamplesareCuT,CuT200,CuT-200B,CuT-200C,Nova-T,Multiload375,Multiload250,
Cut-380A.
Thirdgeneration
ThesearealsomedicatedandbioactiveIUDs.ThesearehormonereleasingIUDs
e.g.progestasertandLNG-20(Mirena).
LifespanofdifferentIUDsisdifferent.CuT-380Ahaslongestlifespanof10years.
LifespanofdifferentIUDsindescendingorder:CuT-380A(10years)>Nova-T,Multiload-
375(5years)andLNG-20/Mirena(5years)>CuT-200B(4yars)>CuT-200(3years)>
progestasert(1years).
44.COMBINEDvaccinesareavailablefor
a)HepatitisB
b)TAB
c)Pneumococcalvaccine
d)Typhoid
e)HPV
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,HepatitisB;'b'i.e.,TAB;&'d'i.e.,Typhoid[Ref
Park's23'/ep.110;www.omicsonline.org]
Ifmorethanonekindofimmunizingagentisincludedinthevaccine,
itiscalledamixedorcombinedvaccine.
Theaimofcombinedvaccinesistosimplifyadministration,reduce
costs,minimizethenumberofcontactsofthepatientwiththehealth
system,reducingthestoragecost,improvingtimelinesof
vaccination,andfacilitatingtheadditionofnewvaccineinto
immunizationprogramme.
Thefollowingaresomeofthewell-knowncombination:
DPT(Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)
DT(Diphtheria-tetanus)
DP(Diphtheria-pertussis)
DPTandtyphoidvaccine
MMR(Measles,mumpsandrubella)
DPTP(DPTplusinactivatedpolio)
HepatitisA,andB
HepatitisA,andtyphoid.
DTwP(Diphtheria,tetanus,whole-cellpertussis)
45.TrueaboutBCGvaccination?
a)Usuallygivenatbirth
b)Canbegiveninpregnancy
c)Usesliveattenuatedvaccine
d)Immunodeficiencyisacontraindication
e)CausestuberculintesttobecomeNEGATIVE
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.is'a'i.e,Usuallygivenatbirth;&'c'i.e.,Useslive
attenuatedvaccine[RefPark24thiep.194-195].
Thevaccineisgivenbyintradermalroute,justabovetheinsertionof
deltoid(usuallyleftside).Doseofvaccineis0.1mlforallage,witha
strengthof0.1mgin0.1m1.Vaccineisusuallygivenatbirthorat6
weeksofagesimultaneouswithDPTandPolio.
Durationofprotectionisaround15-20years.Efficacyofprotection
variesfordifferentdiseases:forpulmonarytuberculosisitiszero,
forsevereformsofTBitis0-80%(average50%)andforleprosyitis
20-40%(note:BCGvaccinationalsogivessomeprotectionagainst
leprosy).
Storage-BCGvaccinesarestableforseveralweeksatambient
tempratureintropicalclimate,andforupto1year.Ifkeptawayfrom
directlightandstoredinacoolenvironment.Thevaccinemustbe
protectedfromexposuretolightduringstorage(wrappedupin
doublelayerofredorblackcloth.
46.allareStepsusedinSix-sigmaexcept-
a)Define
b)Analyze
c)Improve
d)Feedback
e)Control
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans-"D"Feedback
SixSigmarequiresfivestepsforqualityimprovement?
1. Define-+Definetheproblem,clarifyandrelateittothecustmer.
Whoarethepatient's,andwhattheywant?Whataretheobjectives?
2. MeasureMeasureyourtargetmetricandknowyourmeasureis
good.Whatwillimprovementlookline?Onwhatdatawilloureffect
measured.
3. Analyze-+Lookforrootcauseandgenerateaprioritizedlistingof
themcollectdataandanalyzeusingproventools.
4. ImproveDetermineandconfirmtheoptimal
solutionImplementmodificationtoimprovetheprocess.
5. ControlBesuretheproblemdoesnotcomebackandsustainit
Monitorperformancetomaintainimprovement.
PopularoutcomesfromSix-Sigma
Increasedpatientsatisfactionandcare,Fewercomplaints,
Increasedprescription,accuracy,Reducedwaitingtimeand
variation,Saferandmoreefficientemergencyservices,Fewer
medicalerrorsdefects,Increasedphysiciansatisfaction.
47.Fortreatmentofextendeddrugresistance
whichofthefollowingdrugsareused
EXCEPT?
a)Rifampicin
b)INH
c)Moxifloxacin
d)Capreomycin
e)Clofazimine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'A'Rifampicin[RefPark24th/ep.199]
MDR-TBisdefinedasresistancetoatleastbothINHandrifampicin.
PreviouslyitwasclassifiedasCategoryIVunderDOTS(DOTS-
PLUS).
Thetreatmentisgivenintwophases,theintestivephase(IP)and
thecontinuationphase(CP).Thetotaldurationoftreatmentfor
regimenforMDR-TBis24-27months,dependingontheIPduration
Regimenis:-
1. Intensivephase(6-12months):Sevendrugs:Capreomycin,PAS,
moxifloxacin,highdoseINH,clofazimine,Linezolid,amoxyclay.
2. Continuationphase(18months):Sixdrugs:PAS,moxifloxacin,
highdoseINH,clofazimine,linezolid,amoxyclay.
48.Screeningisatypeof?
a)Primordialprevention
b)Secondaryprevention
c)Primaryprevention
d)Tertiaryprevention
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.isbi.e.,Secondaryprevention
49.Causalassociationcanbebest
establishedin-
a)RCT
b)Cohortstudy
c)Casecontrolstudy
d)Ecologicalstudy
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.'a'i.e.,RTC(Refhttp://wilderdom.com/research/meta-
analysis.html;http://edres.org/metal.]
Asasinglestudyunit,doubleblindRCTisthebest.
However,overallmeta-analysisisabetterstudysinceitcombines
thedatafrommultipleRCTandalsofromothertypesofstudy.
"Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCT)providethestongest,most
relevantevidencetoinformpractice.Someevidencehierarchies
placesystematicreviewandmeta-analysisaboveRCTssincethese
oftencombinedatafrommultipleRCTs,andpossiblyfromother
studytypeaswell"--Epitemiologyatglance
So,systematicreviewandmeta-analysisofRCTsarebest
epidemiologicalstudies
50.Trueaboutdistributionofprevalenceof
goitreinschoolagechildren?
a)>5%definedareaasendemic
b)5%-19.9%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
c)20%isdefinedassevereiodinedeficiency
d)20-30%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,>5%definedareaasendemic;&'d'i.e.,20-30%is
definedasmoderateiodinedeficinecy[RefPark22"/ep.
578;OPGhaip.484]
Totalgoitrerate:Percentageofchildrenaged6-11withpalpableor
visiblegoitre.Thisisanindicatorofiodinedeficiency,whichcauses
braindamageandmentalretardation.
GoitreareclassifiedasNotvisible,palpableandvisibleasshown
below.
Theterm'endemicgoitre'referstoatotalgoitrerateofgreaterthan
5percentinagivencommunity.
51.Whichofthefollowingis/arecorrect
regardingCohortstudyVsCase-control
study?
a)Case-controlstudyiseasy
b)Incidenceiswellcalculatedbycase-controlstudy
c)Cohortstudycanestimatebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk
d)Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy
e)Cohortstudyischeaper
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Case-controlstudyiseasy;'c'i.e.,Cohortstudy
canestimadebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk&'d'i.e.,
Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy.
Casecontrolstudy
Cohortstudy
1. Proceedsfrom"effecttocause"
2. Startswiththedisease
1. Proceedsfrom"causetoeffect"
3. Testswhetherthesuspected 2. Startswithpeopleexposedto,risk
causeoccursmorefrequentlyin factororsuspectedcause
thosewiththediseasethan 3. Testswhetherdiseaseoccursmore
amongthosewithoutthe
frequentlyinthoseexposed,thanin
disease
thosenotsimilarexposed.
4. Usuallythefirstapproachtoth
4e
. Reservedfortestingofprecisely
testingofahypothesis,butalso formulatedhypothesis.
usefulforexploratorystudies 5. Involveslargernumberofsubjects.
5. Involvesfewernumberof
6. Longfollow-upperiodoften
subjects
needed,involvingdelayedresults
6. Yieldsrelativelyquickresults 7. Inappropriatewhenthediseaseor
7. Suitableforthestudyofrare
exposureunderinvestigationis
diseases.
rare.
8. Generallyyieldsonlyestimate8. Yieldsincidencerates,RRaswell
ofRR
asAR(oddsratio)
9. Cannotyieldinformationabout
9. Canyieldinformationaboutmore
diseasesotherthanthat
thanonediseaseoutcome.
selectedforstudy
10. Expensive
10. Relativelyinexpensive
11. lessbias
11. Chancesofbiasaremore
52.Trueaboutinfluenzaepidemiology-
a)Itshowscyclictrend
b)Pandemiciscausedbyinfluenza-Bvirus
c)Majorreservoirishuman
d)Epidemicsoccurevery2-3years
e)Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25suspectcasesofH1N1
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Itshowscyclictrend;'d'i.e.,Epidemicsoccur
every2-3years;&'e'i.e.,Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25
SuspectcasesofHiN,[Ref:Park's24th/ep.163-164]
InfluenzavirusaRNAvirus,belongstoorthomyxovirus.
Therearethreeviralsubtypes:TypeA(causesallpandemicsand
mostepidemics);typeB;andtypeC(notcirculatingcurrently).
Currentlytheinfluenzavirusescirculatingintheworldare:H,N,of
typeA(causesswineflu);H,N,oftypeA;H3N,oftypeA;1-1,Niof
typeA(causesbirdfluoravianinfluenza);H7N,oftypeA(caused
epidemicofavianinfluenzainChinain2013);andtypeB.
Influenzashowscyclictrendwithepidemicoccurringevery2-3years
incaseofinfluenza-Aandevery4-7yearsincaseofinfluenza-B.
Pandemicsarecausedbyonlyinfluenza-Aevery10-15years.
Influenzaaffectsallagesandbothsexes.
Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.
Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalsandbirds.
Incubationperiodis18-72hours.Mostoftheinfectionsare
subclinical.Clinicalcasespresentwithcough,fever,myalgiaand
headache.
53.TrueaboutWHOclassificationofDengue
fever?
a)DenguehemorrhagicfeverIand2areDengueshocksyndrome
b)Denguehemorrhagicfever-1ischaracterizedbyplateletcount
<150000cells/Cumm
c)Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedbyHematocrit
increase>20%
d)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyHematocrit
increase>20%
e)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount
<100000/Cumm
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedby
Hematocriteincrease>20%;'d'i.e.,Denguehemorrhagicfever-
4ischaracterizedbyHematocriteincrease>20%;&'e'i.e.,
Denguehemorrhagefever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount...
DHFIIAbovesignsandsymptomsplussomeevidenceof
spontaneousbleedinginskinorotherorgans(blacktarrystools,
epistaxis,bleedingfromgums,etc)andabdominalpain,
Thrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<100,000/cu.mm.Haematorcit
rise20%ormore
DHFIVSignsasgradeIIIplusprofoundshockwithundetectable
bloodpressureorpulsThrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<
100,000/cu.Mm.Haemotocritrisemorethan20%.
DHFIIIandIVareDengueShockSyndrome
54.Correctregardingmanagementofsewage
-
a)Activesludgeprocessingisnolongerrecommended
b)Sludgedegradationinvolvesbothaerobicandanaerobic
decomposition
c)Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater
d)Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygendemand
e)None
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater;&'d'
i.e.,Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygen
demand[Ref:Park's2e*p.799-802]
Sewageiswastewaterfromcommunity,containingsolidandliquid
excreta.Itcontains99.9%waterand0.1%solids(organicand
inorganic).
'Dryweatherflow'istheaverageamountofsewagethatflowsin
sewagesystemin24hours.
Thesegregationofexcretabyimposingabarrieriscalled
"Sanitationbarrier".
BODvaluerangesfromabout1mgperlitrefornaturalwatersto
about300mgperlitreforuntreateddomesticsewage.
IftheBODis300mg/Iandabove,sewageissaidtobestrong;ifitis
100mg/I,itissaidtobeweak."
Therearefollowingmethodsofdisposalofeffluent?
1. Disposalbydilution:Disposalintowatercoursessuchasriversand
streamsiscalleddisposalbydilution.
2. Disposalonland:Ifsuitablelandisavailabletheeffluentcanbe
usedforirrigationpurposes(e.g.Okhlasewagetreatmentplanin
Delhi).
55.Post-exposureprophylaxisisgivenin-
a)Rabies
b)HBV
c)Influenza
d)Rubella
e)Measles
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rabies;'b'i.e.,HBV;&`e'i.e.,Measles[RefPark's
22"diep.149,278]
Post-exposureprophylaxisreferstoprophylacticmeasuretaken
afterexposuretoapathogen,inordertopreventinfectionbythe
pathogenanddevelopmentofdisease.
Post-exposureimmunization
Hereprophylacticvaccinationisgivenafterexposure.
Post-exposureimmunizationisgivenforvaricella(chickenpox),
rabies,hepatitis-B,measles,tetanus,andmeningococcalmeningitis.
Post-exposurechemoprophylaxis
Heredrugsareusedforpost-exposurechemoprophylaxis.
ItisusedinHIV,Herpes,diphtheria,andmeningococcalmeningitis.
56.TrueaboutNationalProgrammeFor
ControlofBlindnessis?
a)Startedin1962
b)ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi
c)NottoinvolveNGOSintheprogramme
d)Emphasistowardseyecampapproach
e)MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi;
&'e'i.e.,MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters[RefiPark's24th/e
p.458,459]
NPCBwaslaunchedin1976.Indiawasthefirstcountrytolauncha
nationallevelprogrammeforblindness.
Itsobjectivewastoreducetheprevalenceofeyediseasesin
generalandtheprevalenceofblindnessfrom1.40%to0.3%by
2000AD.
Itisa'100%centrallysponsoredProgramme'.TheApexcentre
(NationalEyeInstitute)isDr.RajendraPrasadCentrefor
OphthalmicSciences,NewDelhi,AIIMS.
'WorldBank'providesassistancetoNPCBforcontrolofcataract,
andalsoforassessmentandaidingfordevelopmentoffunds.
TostrengthenparticipationofVoluntaryOrganizationsinthe
programmeandtoearmarkgeographicareastoNGOsand
GovernmentHospitalstoavoidduplicationofeffortandimprovethe
performanceofGovernmentUnitslikeMedicalColleges,District
Hospitals,SubDivisionalHospitals,communityHealthCentres,
PrimaryHealthCentresetc.
57.Trueabout90:90:90strategy-
a)ForHIVtreatment
b)Targetsfor2025
c)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillreceivetreatment
d)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillknowHIVstatus
e)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillbepreventedfromTB
infection
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ForHIVtreatment;'c'i.e.,90%peoplewithHIV
infectionwillreceivetreatment;&'d'i.e.,90%peoplewithHIV
infectionwillknowHIVstatus[Ref:www.unaids.org]
InDec.2013,theUNAIDSprogrammeCoordinatingBoardcalledon
UNAIDStosupportcountry-andregion-ledeffortstoestablishnew
targetsforHIVtreatmentscale-upbeyond2015.Inresponse,
stakeholderconsultationsonnewtargetshavebeenheldinall
regionsoftheworld.Atthegloballevel,stakeholdersassembledina
varietyofthematicconsultationsfocusedoncivilsociety,laboratory
medicine,paediatricHIVtreatment,adolescentsandotherkey
issues.
PowerfulmomentumisnowbuildingtowardsanewnarrativeonHIV
treatmentandanew,final,ambitious,butachievabletarget:
By2020,90%ofallpeoplelivingwithHIVwillknowtheirHIVstatus.
By2020,90%ofallpeoplewithdiagnosedHIVinfectionwillreceive
sustainedantiretroviraltherapy.
By2020,90%ofallpeoplereceivingantiretroviraltherapywillhave
viralsuppression.
58.Biodegradablewasteproducts,disposing
inwhichofthecolourcodeofthebags-
a)Blue
b)Black
c)Green
d)Yellow
e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Yellow
59.ObjectivesofNationalHealthPolicy-2017-
a)ReduceIMRto28by2019
b)ReduceMMRto100by2020
c)ReduceUnderfivemortalityto20by2020
d)ReduceNeonatalmertalityto15by2020
e)ReduceTFRto2.1by2025
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ReduceIMRto28by2019;'b'i.e.,ReduceMMRto
100by2020;&'e'i.e.,ReduceTFRto2.1by2025[RefNational
HealthPolicy2017Document-MinistryofHealth&Fantily
Welfare]NationalHealthPolicy2017
60.AladyoncombinedOCPforgottotake3
consecutivepillsinthefirstweakofpill
cycle.Whatshouldbedone?
a)Hastotake3pillsimmediately
b)Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule
c)HastoshifttoIUCD
d)Hastousebarriermethodfor7days
e)Useemergencycontraceptives
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule;'d'i.e.,Has
tousebarriermethodfor7days;&'e'i.e.,Useemergency
contraceptives[Ref:www.enpowerhealth.com]
61.
Whichofthefollowingispartofnational
healthpolicy2015draftexcept:
a)IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%
b)Assureuniversalavailabilityoffree,comprehensiveprimary
healthcareservices,asanentitlement,forallaspectsof
reproductive,maternal,childandadolescenthealth
c)Provisionofrighttohealth
d)Engageprivatedoctors
e)Enableuniversalaccesstofreeessentialdrugs&diagnosticsin
publichealthfacilities
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%[Ref
http://www.mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=3014;www.mohfw.
nic.in/showfile.php?lid=30141]
TheNationalHealthPolicyacceptsandendorsestheunderstanding
thatafullachievementofthegoalsandprinciplesasdefinedwould
requireanincreasedpublichealthexpenditureto4to5%ofthe
GDP
However,giventhattheNHP,2002targetof2%wasnotmet,and
takingintoaccountthefinancialcapacityofthecountrytoprovide
thisamountandtheinstitutionalcapacitytoutilizetheincreased
fundinginaneffectivemanner,thispolicyproposesapotentially
achievabletargetofraisingpublichealthexpenditureto2.5%ofthe
GDP.
62.Allaretrueaboutlepromatousleprosy(LL)
except:
a)Multibacillary(MB)-Multidrugtherapy(MDT)isgivenfor
treatment
b)Onsplitstain-multiplebacilli
c)Sensationpresentinlesions
d)Multiplesymmetricalskinlesionpresent
e)Lepromintestpositive
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans:e.Lepromintest....[RefNeenaKhanna5th/272-83;
Roxburg17th/;Park23rd/314-29]
Slitsmear:AllpatientswhoareAFBpositiveshouldbegiven
multibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation-
NeenaKhanna5th/281,283
SkinlesioninLepromatousleprosy(LL):NormalAesthetic/minimally
hyperaesthetic"-NeenaKhanna5th/276.
MultiDrugTherapy(MDT)BlisterPacksareAvailablein4
ColoursNeenaKhanna5th/284
1. Adultmultibacillary(MB)pack:Pink-redcolour
2. Childmultibacillary(MB)pack:Yellowcolour
3. Adultpaucibacillary(PB)pack:Greencolour
4. Childpaucibacillary(PB)pack:Bluecolour
63.Whichofthefollowingis/aremethodof
healthcommunication:
a)Lecture
b)Imitation
c)Groupdiscussion
d)Paneldiscussion
e)Roleplay
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans:a.Lectu...c.Group...,d.Panel...,e.Roleplay[RefPark
23rd/863-65;CummunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/763;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/75665]
GROUPdISCCUSION-1.Lectures,2.Demonstration,3.
Discussionmethods,4-Groupdiscussion,5-Paneldiscussion,6--
Symposium-Workshop,7--Conferences,8--Seminars-Roleplay
MASSAPPROACH-1.Television,2.Radio,3.Newspaper,4.
Printedmaterial,5.Directmailing,6.Posters,7.Healthmuseums
andexhibitions,8.Folkmethods,9-Internet.
Individualapproach,1.Personalcontact,2.Homevisits,3-
Personalletter
64.Allarestepsofinvestigationofan
epidemicexcept:
a)Verifythediagnosis
b)Beforestartinginvestigation,informthemedia
c)Formulationofhypotheses
d)Confirmationoftheexistenceofanepidemic
e)Plan&implementcontrolmeasures
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:b.Beforestarting....[RefPark23rd/131-33;Community
MedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/598603]
InvestigationofanEpidemicalnStepsPark23rd/131-33
Verificationofdiagnosis
Confirmationofexistenceofanepidemic
Definingthepopulationat-risk
Rapidsearchforallcases&theircharacteristic
Dataanalysis
Formulationofhypotheses
Testingofhypotheses
Evaluationofecologicalfactors
Furtherinvestigationofpopulationatrisk
Writingthereport
65.MMR(Measles,mumps,rubella)vaccineis
anexampleof:
a)Liveattenuatedvaccine
b)Conjugatedvaccine
c)Polysaccharidevaccine
d)Killedvaccine
e)Toxiod
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Liveattenuated..[RefPark23rd/103;0.P.Ghai8th/195-
96;CommunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
3rd/320]
KILLED
LIVE
TOXOID
WHOLE
POLYSACCHARIDE GLYCOCONJUGATE
ATTENUATED
PROTEINS
ORGANISM
BCG,Yellow
fever,OPV,
Typhoid,
Measles,
Cholera,
Mumps,
Plague,
Diphtheria,
Rubella,
Pertussis,
Tetanus,
Typhoid,
Influenza,
Acellular
Pneumococcus,
Hib,Pneumococ-
Varicella,
Typhus,
pertussis, Meningococcus,
cus,MenACWY
Rotavirus,
lPV,
Anthrax,
Hib,Typhoid(Vi)
(Meningococcus)
Cholera,
Rabies,
Influenza
Cold-adapted JE,Tick
subunit
influenza,
borne
Rotavirus
encephalitis,
reassortants.
reassortants.
HAV
Zost
66.Allareelementsofprimaryhealthcare
except:
a)Adequatesupplyofsafewater
b)Provisionoffreeessentialdrugsonlytopoor
c)Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition
d)Prevention&controloflocallyendemicdisease
e)Educationconcerninghealthproblems
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:b.Provisionoffree....
Elementsofprimaryhealthcare:8Essentialcomponent:
1. Educationconcerningprevailinghealthproblems&themethodsof
preventing&controllingthem
2. Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition,
3. Anadequatesupplyofsafewater&basicsanitation.
4. Maternal&childhealthcareincludingfamilyplanning
5. Immunizationagainstmajorinfectiousdiseases
6. Prevention&controloflocallyendemicdisease
7. Appropriatetreatmentofcommondiseases&injuries
8. Provisionofessentialdrug
67.WhichofthefollowingvaccineisC/Iin
pregnancy:
a)BCG
b)Oralpoliovaccine
c)Measles
d)Tetanus
e)HepatitisB
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)BCG(B)Oralpoliovaccine(C)Measles
[RefPark23rd/103,216;Ananthanarayan9th/83;Park19th/97-
98,162,170,179;Harrison17th/779;AsmaRahimcommunity
medicinelst/141]
Pregnancy?isanotherC/I,forlivevaccinesunlesstheriskof
infectionexceedstheriskofharmtothefoetusofsomelive
vaccinesTheonlyabsoluteC/Iforkilledvaccineisseverelocalor
generalreactiontoapreviousdose.
Unlessspecificallyindicated,BCGshouldnotbegiventopatients
sufferingfromgeneralizedeczema?,infectivedermatitis?,
hypogammaglobulinemia,tothosewithahistoryofdeficient
immunity?(symptomaticHIVinfection,knownorsuspected
congenitalimmunodeficiency,leukemia,lymphomaorgeneralized
malignantdisease),patientunderimmunosuppressivetreatment
(corticosteroids,alkylatingagents,antimetabolites,radiation)&
pregnancy?
HepatitisBC/I:Individualswithahistoryofallergicreactionstoany
ofthevaccinescomponents;NeitherpregnancyorlactationisaC/I
foruseofthisvaccine.
OPVC/I;Immunocompromised,immunedeficiencyQ,HIVdiseaseQ
&activeviralinfection;Acuteinfectiousdiseases,fever,diarrhoea&
dysentery
68.Whichofthefollowingisnotzoonosis:
a)Gonorrhoea
b)Pertussis
c)Anthrax
d)Brucella
e)SalmonellaparatyphiB
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans:a.Gonorrhoea.&b.Pertussis[RefAnanthanarayan
9th/684;Ananthanarayan8th/381,322;MedicalParasitologyby
Paniker6th/214;Park23th/93,276,788
ThetermentericfeverincludestyphoidfevercausedbyS.typhi&
paratyphoidfevercausedbyS.paratyphiA,B&C.While
SalmonellaparatyphiAoccuronlyinhumanbeings,S.paratyphiB
caninfectanimalssuchasdogsorcows,whichmayactsassource
ofhumandisease"
Zoonosis:(Infectionofanimalscommunicabletoman)
Zoonosisisdefinedasaninfectionorinfectiousdiseasethatis
transmissibleundernaturalconditionsfromvertebrateanimalsto
manZoonoticdiseasemaybeduetoinfectionswithviruses,
bacteria,protozoa,helminths,fungiorarthropods.
Zoonosis:4Categories:1.Directzoonosis,2.CycloZoonosis,
3.Metazoonosise.g.,arbovirusinfection,4.`Saprozoonosis.
69.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingreferenceman&womanexcept:
a)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kg
b)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs55kg
c)Referenceman:heisengagedin8hoursofoccupationwhich
usuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity
d)Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50kg
e)Referencewoman:heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans:b.Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs55
kg,&d.Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50
kg,[RefPark23rd/632]
ReferenceIndianAdultMan:
Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kgwithaheight
of1.73meter&aBMIof20.3;isfreefromdisease&physicallyfit
foractivework,Oneachworkingday,heisengagedin8hoursof
occupationwhichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity;whilewhennot
atworkhespends8hoursinbed,4-6hoursinsitting&moving
about,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationorhouseholdduties.
ReferenceIndianAdultWoman:Referencewomanisagedb/w18-
29years,nonpregnantnon-lactating(NPNL)&weighs55kgwitha
heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2,isfreefromdisease&
physicallyfitforactivework.?Oneachworkingdaysheisengaged
in8hourofoccupation,whichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity,
whilewhennotatworkshespends8hoursinbed,4-6hoursin
sitting&movingabout,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationor
householdduties.
70.TrueaboutSilicosis:
a)Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightinlung
nodule
b)Fibrosisoflung
c)Stoppingtheexposurereversetheprogression
d)Impairmentoftotallungcapacity
e)Notifiabledisease
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:a.Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightin
lungnoduleb.Fibrosisoflungd.Impairmentoftotallung
capacity&e.Notifiabledisease[RefPark23rd/806;Harrison
19th/1688]
Thelongerthedurationofexposure,thegreatertheriskof
developingsilicosisItisfoundthattheincubationperiodmayvary
fromafewmonthsupto6yearsofexposure,dependinguponthe
abovefactors
Pathologically,silicosisischaracterizedbyadensenodularfibrosis,
thenodulerangingfrom3to4mmindiameter,Someoftheearly
manifestationsareirritantcough,dyspneaonexertion&painin
chest
Withmoreadvanceddisease,impairmentoftotallungcapacity
(TLC)iscommonlypresent,AX-rayofchestshows"snowstorm"
appearanceinthelungfields,Silicosisisprogressive&whatismore
importantisthatsilicoticsarepronetopulmonarytuberculosis,a
conditionalcalled"silico-tuberculosis"
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangethat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed,Itwasmade
notifiablediseaseundertheFactoriesAct1948&Minesact1952
"Characteristicslungtissuepathologyinnodularsilicosisconsistsof
fibroticnoduleswithconcentric`onion-skinned"arrangementof
collagenfibers,centralhyalinization,andacellularperipheralzone,
withlightlybirefringentparticlesseenunderpolarizedlight.
71.Allofthefollowingaretrueregarding
watersupplyexcept:
a)Earlierrecommendedtargetofsupplynormforruralareawas
401pcd
b)150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequatesupply
tomeettheneedsforallurbandomesticpurpose
c)In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibilityof
sourceofwater<200meterforruralareas
d)Formetrocitieswithpopulation>10lakh,targetis1501pcd
e)Formunicipalitywithpopulationb/w1-10lakh,targetis100-135
1pcd
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:c.In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibility
ofsourceofwater<200meterforruralareas,
[RefPark23rd/706;NationalHealthProgrammesofIndiaby
JugalKishore7th/457-63;http://www.nih.ernet.
in/rbis/india_information/drinking.Htm]
WaterRequirement:Theconsumptionofwaterdependsupon
climateconditions,standardofliving&habitsofpeople;Adaily
supplyof150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequate
supplytomeettheneedsforallurbandomesticpurpose.
Recommendedwater
PopulationLessthan20,000 supplynorm(Ipcd)
a.Populationservedbystand
40
posts
b.Populationprovidedwithpipe 70
connections
connections
20,000tolessthan100,000
100
100(withnosewerage
system)
100,000tolessthan1,000,00 135(withsewerage
system)
1,000,000andabove
150
40oronehand-pumpfor
Ruralandhills(perelevation
250personswithina
differenceof100m)
Walkingdistanceof1.6
km
Rural?additionalwaterfor
cattleinDesertevelopment
30
Programme(DDP)areas.
72.Deprivationindexincludes:
a)Education
b)Income
c)Workingchild
d)Dropoutofchildfromschool
e)Physicaldisability
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans:a.Education&BIncome&E,Physicaldisability
DeprivationIndex:TheNationalKnowledgeCommission(NKC)has
proposedaDeprivationIndexformulatoassessthebackwardness
ofstudents.
TheDeprivationIndexproposestolookatthe"socialbackground,
caste,religionandgender,familyeducationhistory,familyincome,
typeofschool,placeofresidence(distinguishingbetweenurbanand
ruralareas,andaccountingforregionaldeprivation)andphysical
disability.
73.Whichofthefollowingdiseasehave
carrierstage:
a)Staph.aureus
b)GroupBStreptococcus
c)HepatitisB
d)Typhoid
e)Haemophilusinfluenzae
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans:a.Staph.aureusc.HepatitisBd.Typhoid.&
EHaemophilusinfluenzae[Ref,Park23ril/95-96;
Ananthanarayan9th/72,203-05,3i0,216,296]
Staphylococcuscarriagestartsearlyinlife,colonizationofumbilical
stumpbeingverycommoninbabiesborninhospitals.Some
carriers,called'shedders'disseminateverylargenumberofcoccifor
prolongedperiods"(Ananthanarayan9th/203-04)
Haemophilusinfluenzae:Carriageinupperrespiratorytractis
common,particularlyinyoungchildren,butsuchstrainsareusually
non-capsulated¬responsibleforacuteinvasiveinfection.
Rifampicinisgiventoeradicatethecarrierstate.
74.Incubatorycarriersare:
a)Polio
b)Diphtheria
c)Anthrax
d)Pertussis
e)HepatitisB
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Polio,b.Diphtheria.,c.Anthrax&e.HepatitisB[Ref
Park23rd/95-96;Ananthanarayan9th/72]
Incubatorycarriers:Measles,mumps,polio,pertussis,influenza,
diphtheriaandhepatitisB,Convalescentcarriers:Typhoidfever,
dysentery(bacillaryandamoebic),cholera,diphtheriaandwhooping
cough.
Healthycatiers:Poliomyelitis,cholera,meningococcal,meningitis,
salmonellosis,anddiphtheria
Temporarycarriers:Maybeincludedtheincubatory
convalescentandhealthycarries.
Chroniccarriers:Typhoidfever,hepatitisB,dysentery,cerebro-
spinalmeningitis,malaria&gonorrhoea
75.Whichofthefollowingdyadsarecorrects:
a)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census
b)CBR-21.3in2012
c)Generalfertilityrate-88.6in2012
d)CDR-7in2012
e)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans:(A)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census,
(D)CDR-7in2012,&(E)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale,
[RefPark23rd/490;Ananthanarayan9th/;IndianYearBook
2015/9;IndianEconomybyRameshSingh6th/Census2011;
Reddy27th/73;Parikh6th/2.131]
Generalfertilityrate-80.3(2012)(Park23rd/490),Totalfertilityrate-
2.4(2012)(Park23rd/490),Generalmaritalfertilityrate-114.9
(2012)(Park23rd/490)Totalmaritalfertilityrate-4.4(2012)(Park
23rd/490),Crudebirthrate-22.1per1000(2010);21.6per1000
(2012)(Park23rd/490),Crudedeathrate-7.2per1000(2010);7.0
per1000(2012)(Park23rd/490)
Grossreproductiverate-1.1(2012)(Park23rd/490,"TheCrude
BirthRate(CBR)atthenationallevelduring2013standsat21.4,a
declineof0.2pointsover2012.ThemaximumCBRhasbeen
reportedinBihar(27.6)andtheminimuminKerala(14.7):'(Sample
RegistrationSystem(SRS)survey)
76.Positivepredictivevalue:
a)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
b)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
c)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
d)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest&
diagnostictestboth
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans:(b)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreening
test&(e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
&diagnostictestboth[RefPark23rd/139;BiostatisticsbyRao
2nd/70-71,418;https://onlinecourses.science.psu.
edu/stat507/node/71;http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive]
Thepositiveandnegativepredictivevalues(PPVandNPV
respectively)aretheproportionsofpositiveandnegativeresultsin
statisticsanddiagnosticteststhataretruepositiveandtruenegative
results.ThePPVandNPVdescribetheperformanceofadiagnostic
testorotherstatisticalmeasure.Ahighresultcanbeinterpretedas
indicatingtheaccuracyofsuchastatistic.ThePPVandNPVarenot
intrinsictothetest;theydependalsoontheprevalence.ThePPV
canbederivedusingBayes'theorem.
Note:InPPV,numeratorcontainsonlytruepositive(notallpositive)
&denominatorcontainsallpositive.
positiveandnegativepredictivevaluesareinfluencedbythe
prevalenceofdiseaseinthepopulationthatisbeingtested.Ifwe
testinahighprevalencesetting,itismorelikelythatpersonswho
testpositivetrulyhavediseasethanifthetestisperformedina
populationwithlowprevalence...
Usingthesametestinapopulationwithhigherprevalence
increasespositivepredictivevalue.Conversely,increased
prevalenceresultsindecreasednegativepredictivevalue
77.Whichofthefollowingcarcinomais
causedbyasbestos:
a)Mesothelioma
b)Bronchialcarcinoma
c)Laryngealcarcinoma
d)Breastcancer
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans:a.Mesotheliomab.Bronchialcarcinomac.Laryngeal
carcinoma[RefPark23rd/807,2Ist/748;Robbins9th/690-91;
Harrison19th/168889;Chapman4th/536]
"Mesotheliomahaveastrongassociationwithcrocidolitevarietyof
asbestos"
Carcinomabronchus&Lung(squamouscelloradenocarcinoma)Q
Pleuralandperitonealmesotheliomae
Gastrointestinalcarcinoma(coloncancer)
Laryngealcarcinoma
LungcancerQisthemostfrequentcancerassociatedwithasbestos
exposure.
Theexcessfrequencyoflungcancer(allhistologictypes)in
asbestosworkersisassociatedwithaminimumlatencyof15-19
yearsbetweenfirstexposureanddevelopmentofthedisease.
78.TrueaboutcensusinIndia:
a)Firstcensusconductedin1851
b)DirectorGeneralofHealthServicesofIndia(DGHS)issupreme
officerforconductingcensus
c)Literacyrateisalsoincludedincensus
d)ConductedinaccordancetoCensusact,1948
e)ConductedinMidyear
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans:c.Literacy...,d.Conducted...(Ref:Park23rd/840]
ThefirstregularcensusinIndiawastakenin1881&conductedat
regularintervalof10year.
Thecensusisusuallyconductedattheendofthefirstquarterofthe
firstyearineachdecade,thereasonbeing,mostpeopleareusually
residentintheirownhomesduringthatperiod
Thelegalbasisofthecensusisprovidedbythecensusactof1948
Thesupremeofficerwhodirects,guides&operatesthecensusis
theCensusCommissionerforIndia
Apartfromdemographicinformation,economic&social
characteristicofpopulationarealsoincludedincensus(including
literacyrate)
79.Wildpolioisstillendemicin:
a)India
b)Pakistaan
c)Afganistan
d)Bangladesh
e)Nigeria
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans:b.Pakistaan,c.Afganistan,e.Nigeria[RefPark23rd/203,
21st/182I
Till2011,poliowasendemicin4countries-Pakistan,Afghanistan,
India&Nigeria(Mnemonic-PAIN).Butin2014,only3countries
(Afghanistan,NigeriaandPakistan;Mnemonic-PAN)remainpolio-
endemic,downfrommorethan125countriesin1988.
Completingthreefullyearswithoutreportinganycaseofpolio,India
celebratedalandmarkachievementinpublichealthon11February
2014?thevictoryoverpolio.Indiahasnotreportedanycaseof
poliosinceatwo-yearoldgirlgotpolioparalysison13January2011
inHowrahdistrictofWestBengal.
80.TrueaboutStandarddeviation:
a)1SDcovers95%population
b)Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeaninanormal
distribution
c)Representmeasurementofdispersions
d)Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans:b.Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeanina
normaldistributionc.Representmeasurementof
dispersionsd.Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange[Ref
Park23rd/847-49,21st/786;BiostatisticsbyBKRao2nd/54;
MethodsinBiostatisticsbyBKMahajan7th/57,60-68;
Basiceb,clinicalBiostatisties4th/30]
Deviationfromthemeaninanormaldistributionorcurveiscalled
relativeorstandardnormaldeviateorvariate&isgiventhesymbol
Z.ItismeasuredintermofSDs&indicateshowmuchan
observationisbiggerorsmallerthanmeaninunitofSD.SoZwillbe
aratio.
Thestandarddistributioncurve(Normaldistribution)isaperfectly
symmetrical,bellshapedcurvesuchthatthemean,medianand
mode,allhavethesamevalueandcoincideatthecentre,Standard
DistributionCurve(Normal)Q:Mean=Median=Mode
81.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeaturesof
septictank:
a)Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallons
b)Watertightseal
c)Recommendedforlargecommunities
d)Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptictank
e)Anaerobicprocesstakesplace
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:a.Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallonsb.Watertight
seald.Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptic
tanke.Anaerobicprocesstakesplace[RefPark23rd/760,
21st/701]
Theseptictankiswater-tightmasonrytankintowhichhousehold
sewageisadmittedfortreatment.
Capacity:Thecapacityofaseptictankwilldependuponthenumber
ofusers.Acapacityof20-30gallonsor2.5-5c.ft.perpersonis
recommendedforhouseholdseptictanks.Theminimumcapacityof
aseptictankshouldbeatleast500gallons
Septictanksarenotrecommendedforlargecommunities
Airspace:Thereshouldbeaminimumairspaceof30cmb/wthe
levelofliquidinthetank&theundersurfaceofthecover
Retentionperiod:Septictanksaredesignedinthiscountrytoallowa
retentionperiodof24hours
82.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
leprosy:
a)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsideredmultibacillary
leprosy
b)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatousspectrum
c)ItiseradicatedfromIndiain2000
d)12monthofMDTisrecommendedformultibacillaryleprosy
e)Multidrugtherapyisgiven
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:(A)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsidered
multibacillaryleprosy(B)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatous
spectrum(D)12monthofMDTisrecommendedfor
multibacillaryleprosy(E)Multidrugtherapyisgiven
"Grenzzoneoccurinlepromatousleprosy"(NeenaKhanna3rd/227)
"Multibacillaryleprosy:with6skinlesions,aswellasallsmear
positivecases"(KDT7th/783)
"Thereisnoplaceformonotherapyintreatmentofleprosy"-(Neena
Khanna3rd/229)
"Slitskinsmear:AllpatientswhoareAFBpositiveshouldbegiven
multibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation"
(NeenaKhanna3rd/227)
33state/UTwehaveachievedeliminationlevel(prevalencerate<1
per10,000population).Only3states/UTviz.Bihar,Chattisgarher
DerNHavelihasPRof2-4per10,000population"(Park23rd/316)
"Paucibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving1-5skinlesionseWoronly
onenerveinvolvement"(Park2Ist/292)
"Multibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving6ormoreskinlesionsd-/or
morethanonenerveinvolvement"
83.Whichofthefollowingviralexanthema
combinationis/arecorrectexcept:
a)Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever
b)Rubella-palatalpetechiaemayoccur
c)Roseola-rashappearafterfeversubsides
d)Measles-rashoccursbehindtheearsalonghairline
e)Chickenpox-pleomorphicrashesoccur
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever.[RefPark
23rd/144-145,148:0.Ghai7th/185;Harrison19th/1194,18th/149,
153]
Varicella(Chickenpox):Acharacteristicfeatureofrashisits
peomorphismi.e,allstageofrash(papules,vesicles&crusts)may
beseensimultaneouslyatonetime,inthesamearea.Temperature
risewitheachfreshcropofrash"(Park23rd/144-45)"Exanthem
subitum(roseola)iscausedbyhumanherpesvirus6andismost
commonamongchildren
84.Whichofthefollowingactis/arepassed
afterindependence:
a)ESIact
b)Factoryact
c)MTPact
d)Epidemicdiseaseact
e)SARDAact
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans:(A)ESIact(B)Factoryact(C)MTPact
Theprohibitionofchildmarriageact,2006(PCMA)wasenacted
repealingthechildmarriagerestraintactof1929inordertoprohibit
childmarriageratherthanonlyrestrainingthem"(Park23rd/589,
21st/542)
"ESIactpassedin1948(amended1975,1984&1989"(Park
23rd/815,21st/756)
"Indianfactoriesactpassedin1948"(Park23rd/815,21st/542)
"Medicalterminationofpregnancyactwaspassedin1971"(Park
23rd/506,21st/468)
85.AccordingtoWHO,recommended
treatmentforuncomplicatedplasmodium
falciparumis/are:
a)Mefloquine
b)Chloroquine
c)Artemether+lumefantrine
d)Artemesinonly
e)Lumefantrineonly
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:(C)Artemether+lumefantrine[RefPark23rd/263-65;KDT
7th/820;http://whglibdoc.who.int/
publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf]
Recommendationsunchangedfromthefirsteditionofthe
Guidelines(2006);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum
malaria
Artemisinin-basedcombinationtherapies(ACTs)arethe
recommendedtreatmentsforuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
ThefollowingACTsarerecommended:
Artemetherpluslumefantrine,artesunateplusamodiaquine,
artesunateplusmefloquine,andartesunateplussulfadoxine-
pyrimethamine.
ThechoiceofACTinacountryorregionwillbebasedonthelevel
ofresistanceofthepartnermedicineinthecombination.
Additionalrecommendationsinthesecondeditionofthe
Guidelines(2010);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum
malaria
Artemisinin-basedcombinationtherapiesshouldbeusedin
preferencetosulfadoxinepyrimethamine(SP)plusamodiaquine
(AQ)forthetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
Strongrecommendation,moderatequalityevidence.
ACTsshouldincludeatleast3daysoftreatmentwithanartemisinin
derivative.
Strongrecommendation,highqualityevidence.
Dihydroartemisininpluspiperaquine(DHA+PPQ)isanoptionforthe
first-linetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria
worldwide.
86.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
frostbite:
a)Occursattemperatureabovefreezingpoint
b)Reperfusioninjuryismoredangerousthanfrostbite
c)Rewarmingshouldbegradual&spontaneous
d)Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint
e)Intakeofhotfluidspromotesgeneralrewarming
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Reperfusion...,c.Rewarming...,d.Occurs...&e.
Intake...[RefPark23rd/748:Manipalsurgery4th/941
ReperfusioninjuryManipalsurgery4th/94
Thisdangerouseventfollowsrevascularizationoflimbs,resultingin
acutecompartmentsyndromewithcompartmentalpressure
exceedingcapillarypressure(30mmHg)
Mostofinjuryisbelievedtobedueto02derivedfreeradicals
Diagnosisisclinicalassuggestedbyseverepaininthelimb,
oedemaofleg&muscletenderness
Treatedbyurgentmultiplefasciotomy,decompressionfollowedby
debridementofdeadtissue.
Attemperaturebelowfreezing(dry-coldcondition)frostbiteoccurs;
thetissuefreeze&icecrystalsforminbetweenthecells
Affectedpartshouldbewarmedusingwaterat44?Criticism,
Warmingshouldlastabout20minutesatatime,Intakeofhotfluids
promotesgeneralrewarming
87.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingpopulationgrowthinIndia:
a)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble
b)In1971,populationwasmorethan500million
c)In1991,populationwasaround1billion
d)Between1971-2011,thedecadalgrowthratewas>20%
e)1921-2011,thedecadalgrowthratewasindoubledigit
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans:(A)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble,(B)In
1971,populationwasmorethan500million(E)1921-2011,the
decadalgrowthratewasindoubledigit
[Ref:Park23rd/afl]
Totalpopulation
Decadal
Year
(Million)
growthrate
1901
238.4
?
1911
252.1
0.75
1921
251.3
(-)0.31
1931
279
11
1941
318.7
14.22
1951
361.1
13.31
1961
439.2
21.64
1971
548.2
24.80
1981
683.3
24.66
1991
846.3
23.87
2001
1028.6
21.52
2011
1210.1
2011
1210.1
17.64
88.Catheterplacedinwhichtypeofcolour
codedbag:
a)Black
b)Blue
c)Yellow
d)Red
e)Transprentwhite
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Ans:(C)Yellow,(E)Transprent:"CategoryNo.7:Solidwaste-
wastesgeneratedfromdisposableitemsotherthanthewaste
sharpssuchastubings,catheters,intravenoussetsetc)
Colour
Typeof
Waste
Treatmentoptionsasper
coding
container
category Schedule1
Cat.1,2,
Yellow
Plasticbag
Incineration/deepburial
3,&6
Disinfected
Cat.
Autoclaving/microwaving/
Red
container/plastic 3,6,&7 Chemicaltreatment
bag
Plasticbag/
Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical
Blue/White
Cat.4,
punctureProof
Treatmentand
translucent
Cat.7.
container
Destruction/Shredding
Cat.5,9
Black
Plasticbag
Disposalinsecuredlandfill?
&10
89.Whichofthefollowingis/areprobability
sampling:
a)Judgesampling
b)Clustersampling
c)Simplerandomsampling
d)Snowballsampling
e)Stratifiedsampling
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans:(B)Clustersampling(C)Simplerandom
sampling(E)Stratifiedsampling
[RefMcGraw-HillBasic&ClinicalBiostatistics,4thEdition
Chap4;Park23rd/850;BiostatisticsbyB.K.Mahajan7th/83-91;
BiostatisticsbyKVRao2nd/12-15;Park23rd/850]
Thebestwaytoensurethatthesamplewillleadtoreliableandvalid
inferencesistouseprobabilitysamples,inwhichtheprobabilityof
beingincludedinthesampleisknownforeachsubjectinthe
population.Fourcommonlyusedprobabilitysamplingmethodsin
medicinearesimplerandomsampling,systematicsampling,
stratifiedsampling,andclustersampling,allofwhichuserandom
processes
90.Whichofthefollowingis/aresourceof
mortalityrelateddata:
a)Sampleregistrationsystem
b)Deathcertificate
c)Centralbirths&deathsregistrationact
d)Alloftheabove
e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d.Alloftheabove[RefPark23rd/840-41]
TheSRSisadual-recordsystem,consistingofcontinuous
enumerationofbirths&deathsbyanenumerator&anindependent
surveyevery6monthsbyaninvestigator-supervisor
Sincetheintroductionofthissystem,morereliableinformationon
birth&deathrates,age-specificfertility&mortalityrates,infant,
under-five&adultmortalityetc.havebecomeavailable.
Theactcameintoforceon1april1970,Theactprovidesfor
compulsoryregistrationofbirths&deathsthroughoutthecountry
Thetimelimitforregisteringtheeventofbirths&thatofdeathsis21
daysuniformlyalloverIndia
This post was last modified on 11 August 2021