1.Allofthefollowingaretrueaboutvasectomy,EXCEPT:
a)Takeabout3monthsbeforethespermstoresareusedup
b)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocauteryisused
c)Reversalismostsuccessfulwithin10yearsofinitialsurgery
d)Thereisariskofchronictesticularpain
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(B)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocautery
isused
Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifthermalcauteryisused
Somecomplicationsofvasectomy:
1. Hematomaandinfection
2. SpermGranulomas
3. Chronictesticularpain
5. Antispermantibodyformation
Ref:OxfordHandbookofClinicalSpecialities,8thEdition,Page305;
Shaw'sTextbookofGynaecology,12thEdition,Page182
2.Zoonoticdiseasesare-
b)Plague
c)Anthrax
d)All
e)None
Ans.(D)All
3.TrueaboutPasteurizationofmilkisall
except
a)Doesnotkillthermoduricbacteria
c)Cause>95%decreaseinbacterialcount
d)Killstuberclebacillus
e)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Pasteurization
Pasteurizationisdonetodestroythepathogensthatmaybepresent
inmilk,whilecausingminimalchangeinthecomposition.flovour
andnutritivevalue.
moreheatresistant-Tuberclebacilli-Qfeverorganisms
Itdoesnotkillthethermoduricbacteria.
Itdoesnotkillbacteriaspores.
Thereare3widelvusedmethodsforpasteurization:
cooledto5?C.
2. HTSTmethod:'Hightemperatureshorttime'method(Flash
method)
Ileatedto72?Cfor15sec.andthenrapidlycooledto4?C
method:
Ultra-hightempraturemethod.
Rapidlyheatedintwostagesto125?Cforfewseconds.
Thesecondstageisbeingunderpressure.
4.Mean,Medianandmodeallarezero.The
typeofdistributionis?
a)Standardnormal
b)Negativelyskewed
d)Jshaped
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Standardnormal
5.Trueaboutanophelesmosquito?
a)Larvaehavesiphontube
b)Larvaearesurfacefeeder
c)Larvaearebottomfeeder
d)Larvaetieatanangletowatersurface
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Larvaearesurfacefeeder
Tribe
Anophelinianopheles
genus
Mansonia
1. Laidsingly
1. Laidinclustersor
2. Eggsareboat-shaped
raft,eachraft
containing100-&
containing100-250
eggs(exceptaedes)
float
2. Eggsareoval
shaped¬
floats
1. Restparalleltowater 1. Suspendedwithhead
surface
downwardsatan
2. Nosiphontube
angletowater
3. Palmatehairspresent
surface.
2. Siphontubepresent
3. Nopalmatehairs
Pupae
Siphontubeisbroad Siphontubeis
long&narrow
Adult
Adult
1. Whenatrest,inclineda
anangletosurface
bodyexhibitsa
2. Wingsspotted
hunchback
2. Wingsunspotted
sexes
3. Palpishortin
female
6.MostcommoncancerinfemalesinIndia?
a)Breast
b)Cervix
c)Ovary
d)Uterus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Breast[RefPark24th/ep.401]
Overallcancersinworld:Breast>Prostate>Colorectal>Lung>
Cervix
Stomach>Urinarybladder
Cancersinfemalesinworld:Breast>Colorectum>Cervix>Uterus
>Thyroid
OverallcancersinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Lip/oralcavity>
CancersinmalesinIndia:Lip/oralcavity>Prostate>Colorectum
>Pharynx(otherthannasopharynx)>Larynx
CancerinfemalesinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Ovary>Uterus>
Colorectum
7.Viralhemorrhagicfeverincludes?
a)Yellowfever
b)Westnilefever
c)Lassafever
d)Rossfever
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Yellowfever,'c'i.e.,Lassafever&`e'i.e.,Crimian
-Congofever[Refhttp://nasi.org.in
i)Febrilegroup(feverandmyalgia)
undifferentiatedfevers,generallybeginwithorwithoutrashesand
jointpain.
Importantvirusesinthisgroupare:-Dengue,Chikungunya,West
Nile,Coloradotickfever,SandflyfeverandSindbis.
ThisgroupaffectsCNSandcausesencephalitisor
meningoencephalitis.
Importantvirusinthisgroupare:-Californiaserogroupviruses
(Californiaencephalitis,Jamestowncanyon,Kesstone,La
summer,WestNile,Powassan,EasternEquine,WesternEquine
andVenezuela.
iii)Hemorrhagicgroup
Hemorrhagicgroupisassociatedwithhemorrhage.
Yellowfever,Lassa,CrimeanHECongo,Omek,Riftvalley,
Hantavirus,MarbungorEbola.
8.Trueregardingoddsratiois/are?
a)Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposedpopulation
c)Usedincohortstudy
d)Usedincasecontrolstudy
e)Itissimilartorelativerisk
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
disposedpopulation,'b'i.e.,Itiscrossproductivityratio,`d'i.e.,
Usedincasecontrolstudy&'e'i.e.,Itissimilartorelative
risk[RefPark24thlep.78]
Fromacasecontrolstudyoddsratiocanbederivedwhicha
outcome.Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposed
population
Oddsratioisakeyparameterinanalysisofcasecontrol
studies.
(RR)incohortstudy(asORisanestimateofRR)
9.MaximumchancesofHIVtransmissionare
associatedwith?
a)Receptiveanalsex
c)Receptiveoralsex
d)Insertiveoralsex
e)Vaginalsex[femaletomale]
CorrectAnswer-A
sex[RefHttp://www.aidsmap.com/HIV-risk-levels-for-the-
insertive-and-receptive-partner-in-different-types-of-sexual-
intercourse/page/14434904
HIVrisklevelsfortheinsertiveandreceptivepartnerindifferent
Analintercoursehashighestriskoftransmission(analintercourse>
vaginalintercourse>oralsex).
UnprotectedanalintercoursecarriesahigherriskofsexualHIV
transmissionthanunprotectedvaginalintercourse.Althougheither
analintercourse,HIVismorelikelytopassfromanHIV-positive
insertivepartnertohisreceptivepartnerthanfromanHIV-positive
receptivepartnertohisorherinsertivepartner.
10.Vectorborndiseasesare?
b)KFD
c)Japaneseencephalitis
d)Plague
e)Yellowfever
Ans.is'All'i.e.,a,b,c,d&e[Ref:Park24`"/ep.194&23rd/ep.
185]
11.Screeningtestsshouldbe?
a)Costly
c)Difficulttoperform
d)Morespecific
e)Lesssensitive
CorrectAnswer-B:D
24th/ep.149&23'alep.387;Modernepidemiology3ra/ep.204]
Thediseaseshouldbeanimportanthealthproblemwitha
recognizablelatentorasymptomaticstage.
Thereshouldbeatest(screeningtest)whichcandetectthedisease
test.
Atestshouldhavehighsensitivityandspecificity.
Accuracy=(Sensitivity)(Prevalence)/(Specificity)(1-Prevalence)
Accuracy=Truepositive+Truenegative/Truepositive+False
Otherimportantcriteriaare:Simplicity,rapidity,lowcost(cost
effectiveness),safety,andeaseofadministration
12.CashbenefitsinESIschemeinclude?
a)Sickness
c)Maternal
d)Liability
e)Funeral
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
i.e.,Funeral[RefPark24th/ep.853&23"1/ep.816]
Medicalbenefit:-905Rspercapita.
Disablementbenefit
Dependentsbenefit
Maternitybenefit:-Forconfinement,thedurationofbenefitis12
weeks.Formiscarriageitis6weeks.Forsicknessarisingoutof
confinementitis30days.
Sicknessbenefit:Thesicknessbenefitispayableforamaximum
TOTAL34differentdiseasesaregivenimportancesuchas,Mental
diseases(Psychoses),Chroniccongestivecardiacfailure,,Aplastic
anaemia,Monoplegiaetc
13.Trueregardingfrostbiteis/are?
b)Whenonfoot,knownastrenchfoot
c)Onfaceitissuperficialandseverefromoccuronextrimities
d)Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&swelling
e)3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandbloodfilledblister
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint,'d'
i.e.,Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&
swelling&'e'i.e.,3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandblood
Frostbiteisanintegerthatiscausedbyexposureofourbodyto
belowfreezingpoint.Theunderlyingmechanisminvolvesinjuryfrom
icecrystalsandbloodclotsinsmallbloodvesselsfollowingthawing.
Areasthatareusuallyaffectedincludecheeks,ears,noseand
areas.
InfirstdegreeTheskinisnumb,usuallybecomeswhiteandpossibly
swollen,withareddenedborder.Sometimestheskinisred,may
feelhardorstiff.,Ifitistreatedquickly,theskinusuallyrecovers
InseconddegreeThereisalsousuallyquitealotofswellingofthe
affectedarea.,Blistersfilledwithaclearormilkyfluidappearonthe
skin.,Atalatestage,lastingcoldsensitivityandnumbnesscan
develop.
BloodfilledBlistersalsodevelop.Theskinfeelshardandcold.In
theweeksafterinjury,painpersistsandablackenedcrust(eschar)
develops.thecanbelongtermulcerationanddamagetogrowth
plates.
14.Primarypreventionofhypertension
a)Weightreduction
b)Dietarysaltreduction
c)Exercisepromotion
d)Earlydiagnosis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Weightreduction,'b'i.e.,Dietarysaltreduction&
'c'i.e.,Exercisepromotion[RefPark24th/ep.393&23'd/ep.
374]
day,moderatefatintake,avoidanceofalcoholintake,andrestriction
ofenergyintakeappropriatetobodyneeds.
Weightreductionandexercisepromotion.
Behavioralchanges:Reductionofstress,avoidanceofsmoking,
Healtheducationandselfcare,e.g.measuringownBP.
Secondarypreventionincludesearlycasedetectionbydiagnosis
(i.e.identificationofhypertension)andtreatment.
15.Organism(s)includedincategory'A'bio-
a)Vibriocholera
b)ClostridiumBotulinum
c)Yersiniapestis
d)Bacillusanthracis
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ClostridiumBotulinum&'c'i.e.,Yersiniapestis&
'd'i.e.,Bacillusanthracis[RefHarrison18thiep.1769]
Bioterrorismagentscanbeseparatedintothreecategories,
illnessordeaththeycause.CategoryAagentsareconsideredthe
highestriskandCategoryCagentsarethosethatareconsidered
emergingthreatsfordisease.
Smallpox,Anthrax(B.anthracis),Botulism(Clostridiumbotulinum),
categeroyA
V.cholerae,Q.fever(Coxiellaburnetii),Typhusfever(Rickettsia
prowazekii),psittacosis(Chlamydiapsittaci),glanders(Burkholderia
mallie),Malioidosis(Burkholderiapseudomallie)arecategoryB
categoryC
16.Breastmilkcontains?
a)Fat
b)Protein
d)VitamineC
e)VitamineK
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Fat,'b'i.e.,Protein,'c'i.e.,VitamineA
Breastmilkisrichinpolyunsaturatedfattyacids,necessaryforthe
myelinationofthenervoussystemandbraingrowth.
Activelipaseinthebreastmilkpromotesdigestionoffatsand
providesFFA.
againstirondeficiencyanemia.
BreastmilkalsopreventsdeficienciesofvitaminA,C,D,Eandzinc.
Mostoftheproteiniswheyproteins(lactalbuminand
lactoglobulin),whichcanbedigestedeasily(Incontrastcowmilk
Breastmilkcontainstheidealratiooftheaminoacidscystine,
taurineandmethioninetosupportdevelopmentofcentraland
peripheralnervoussystem.
ExclusivebreastfeedingmaycausedeficiencyofvitaminB12
VitaminKdeficiencycancausehemorrhagicdiseaseofnew
born
Theremaybeneonataljaundiceandgoldencolorstool.
17.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
a)Indiahasapproximately1/41hofGloballoadofTB
b)MDR-TBamongnotifiednewpulmonaryTBpatientsisabout
5%
c)5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive
e)incidenceisaround2millionnewTBcasesannually
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer:D,MDR-TBamongretreatmentcasesisabout
15%(Ref:Park23rd/176-77;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
bySuryakantha4"/364-70]
IndiaisthehighestTBburdencountryintheworldintermof
absolutenumberofincidentcasesthatoccureachyear.Itaccounts
forone-fourthoftheestimatedglobalincidentTBcasesin2013"
2.2%andamongretreatmentcaseswasabout15%
Currently,multidrug-resistantTBisaglobalconcernandis
encounteredin3%ofallnewcasesand12%ofretreatmentcases.
Approximately5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive-
18.Importanceoflepromintestareallexcept:
a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance
b)Prognosticvalue
c)Tellsaboutimmunitystatusofleprosypatients
e)Predictivevalue
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer:(a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance(Ref:Park
23rd/320-21;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Thetesthaspredictivevalueaswell.Itgivesanindicationoftherisk
ofthediseaseamongcontactsofopencases.
Thetesthasanepidemiologicalvalueaswell.Itindicatesthe
incidenceandprevalenceofinfectionamongchildren.Inthefirst6
positiveprogressivelyastheirageadvances.
Thetwodrawbacksthatstandinthewayofthistestbringusedfor
diagnosisare:(i)positiveresultsinnon-cases,and(ii)negative
resultsinlepromatousandnear-lepromatouscases
19.Aleprosypersonispresentedwith
involvementsofsuralandradialnerve.
Whichtypeofregimenyouwillgive:
a)MultibacillarytreatmentX9month
b)MultibacillarytreatmentX12month
d)PaucibacillarytreatmentX6month
e)SingledosetreatmentofRifampicin,Ofloxacinand
Minocycline(ROM)
CorrectAnswer-B
23rd/323-24;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGuptalst/282-83;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4th/535-45;NeenaKhanna5th/272-84]
Itisapureneuritictypeofleprosy.ItisacaseofMultibacillary
morethanonenervetrunkinvolvementistermedasmultibacillary
fortreatmentpurpose.
manyconsiderthatpureneuriticleprosybelongstothe
paucibacillarygroupsinceallofthemareacid-fastbacillinegativeon
AccordingtopresentNLEPguidelinesinIndia,whenonenerve
trunkisinvolvedinleprosyitisconsideredaspaucibacillary,and
whenmorethanonenervetrunkisinvolved,itisconsideredas
multibacillaryfortherapeuticpurposes.
20.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdata
representation:
a)Histogramisusedforpresentationofdiscretedata
b)Randomdotsinscatterdiagram--nocorrelation
c)Pictogramisrepresentedbysmallpicturesorsymbols
e)Regressiongraphissaidtobelinearwhentheincreaseor
decreaseinthevariablesremainsproportionalindifferent
subjects
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
isrepresented...,(e)Regressiongraphissaidlinear...
[Ref:Park23rd/845-47;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/652;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/694-99,729-30]
observation.Whenallthepointareplotted,thediagramgivesthe
pictureofascatter.Hencethename'Scatterdiagram'(Dot
diagram).
Thedirectionofscatterhelpstodeterminethepresenceorabsence
thetwoaxes,itsignifiespositiveassociation(correlation)
Ifittakesadirectionatrightanglestomidwayscatteritindicates
negativeassociation.
Ahaphazardscatterrepresentsneitherpositivenornegative
21.TrueaboutProgramevaluationandreview
technique(PERT):
a)Betterthancriticalpathmethodforsmallproject
b)RecurrentactivitiesisbettermonitoredthanCPM
d)Mainobjectivetomonitorcost
e)Itisamanagementtechniquebetterfornon-researchactivities
thanCPM
CorrectAnswer-C
23rd/872;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/783;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4'h/860]
PERT(ProgrammeEvaluationandReviewTechnique)isa
planningandmorecomprehensivesupervision.
Itaidsinplanning,schedulingandmonitoringtheproject;itallows
bettercommunicationb/wthevariouslevelsofmanagement;it
identifiespotentialproblems;itfurnishescontinuous,timelyprogress
andcheckingsystem
TheessenceofPERTistoconstructanArrowDiagram.The
diagramrepresentsthelogicalsequenceinwhicheventsmusttake
place
22.Whichofthefollowingis/aremorein
humanmilkthancowmilk:
a)Protein
b)Iron
c)Carbohydrate
e)Energy
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer:(b)Iron,(c)Carbohydate[Ref:Park23rd/630;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
23.WhichofthefollowingIs/aretrue:
a)Serialinterval=gapintimeb/winvasionbyaninfectiousagent
andtheappearanceofclinicalfeature
b)Latentperiod=theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodisease
c)Incubationperiod=timeb/wtheonsetoftheprimarycaseand
thesecondarycase
d)Generationtime=timeperiodbetweentheonsetoftheinfection
andthemaximuminfectivityofthehost
isinfectioustoothers
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.B,Latentperiod=theperiodfromdisease...D,Generation
time=timeperiodbetween...andE,Communicableperiod=It...
AdvancesbySuryakantha4th/281-82]
Thetermlatentperiodisusedinnon-infectiousastheequivalentof
incubationperiodininfectiousdisease.Latentperiodhasbeen
definedas"theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodiseasedetection.
infectionbyahostandmaximalinfectivityofthathost"
Ingeneral,generationtimeisroughlyequaltotheincubationperiod.
However,thesetwotermsarenotthesame
CommunicablePeriodisdefinedas"thetimeduringwhichan
infectedpersontoanotherperson,fromaninfectedanimaltoman,
orfromaninfectedpersontoananimal,includingarthropods
24.Teststocheckpasteurizationofmilk:
a)Phosphatasetest
c)Methylenebluetest
d)Nitricacidtest
e)Coliformcount
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Methylenebluetest,(e)Coliformcount
(Ref:Park23rd/655;CommunityMedicinewithRecent
AdvancesbySuryakantha4th/186]
Nitricacidtestisdoneepidemicdropsy(argemoneoildetection)"-
Phosphatasetest:Thistestiswidelyusedtochecktheefficiencyof
pasteurization.Thistestisbasedonthefactthatrawmilkcontains
anenzymecalledphosphatasewhichisdestroyedonheatingata
temperaturewhichcorrespondscloselywiththestandardtimeand
MethylenebluetestPasteurizationofMilkPark23rd/655
Itkillsnearly90%ofthebacteriainmilkincludingthemoreheat-
resistanttuberclebacillusandtheQfeverorganisms.Butitwillnot
killthermoduricbacterianorthebacterialspores
25.Benefitofverticalhealthprogramme
includes:
a)MorefocusonefficiencY
b)Morerapidresults
c)Dedicatedworkeralwaysavailable
e)Effectivewayofmaximizingtheimpactoftheavailable
resources
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Morefocus...,b.Morerapid...,c.Dedicatedworker...,e.
Verticalprogrammesare"socalledbecausetheyaredirected,
supervised,andexecuted,eitherwhollyortoagreatextent,bya
specializedserviceusingdedicatedhealthworkers"
Incontrast,anintegratedprogrammeis"theprocessofbringing
solvecommonproblems,developingacommitmenttosharedvision
andgoalsandusingcommontechnologiesandresourcestoachieve
thesegoals"
Verticalprogrammes(alsoknownasstand-alone,categoricalor
instanceswhere"thesolutionofagivenhealthproblem[is
addressed]throughtheapplicationofspecificmeasuresthrough
single-purposemachinery"
26.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
a)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhicharenot-additive
b)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhichareproportional
percentagecontributionofcategories
c)Piechartisusedforcomparisonof2categorialdatawhichare
d)Comparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesindiscrete
data
e)Comparisonofcontinuousdata
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
magnitude
BarDiagram
Lengthofbarrepresentsfrequencyofacharacter
Popularereasymethod
discretedata
Spacingb/wanytwobarsshouldbenearlyequaltohalfofthewidth
ofthebar
3Type-simple,proportionate&multiple.
Appropriatediagram
onx-axis representedony-axis*
Continuous Additive
Pieifproportionalcontribution
ofthecategoriesistobe
percentage),
represented,otherwise
histogram
histogram
Linefordepictionoftrend,
otherwisebar
Addictive(frequencyor
Pieifproportionalpercentage
percentage),
categorical
contributionofthecategories
(number,rateorratio)
otherwisebar
bar
27.Trueaboutsilicosisallexcept:
b)Severeexposure-wholelunglavagemayhelpfulin
alleviat_ingsymptoms
c)Fibrosisofupperlung
d)Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstoppingexposure
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d-Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstopping
exposure
Silicosisisprogressive&whatismoreimportantisthatsilicoticsare
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangesthat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed
Nodularfibrosis,morefrequentinapex&posteriorborder(upper
partoflung)(c.finasbestosisfibrosisinlowerhalfoflung)
recentyearthereisdoubtwhethersilicoticsreallydevelopT.B.)
Foracutesilicosis,bronchoalveolarlavagemayalleviatesymptoms,
butdoesnotdecreaseoverallmortality.
28.TrueaboutCivilregistrationsystemin
a)Dualrecordsystem
b)Deficient
c)Headofinstitutionorofficer-inchargeisresponsiblefor
registration
e)Causeofdeathisrecorded
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Deficie...,c.Headofinstitution...,d.Birth&Death
both...,e.Causeofdeath
databeinggrosslydeficientinregardstoaccuracy,timeliness,
completeness&coverage.Thisisbecauseofilliteracy,ignorance,
lackofconcern,&motivation
Thecentralbirths&DeathRegistrationAct,1969fixesthe
parents,relatives)aretoreporteventsoccurringintheirhouseholds,
theheadsofhospital,nursinghomes,hotels,jailsordharmashalas
aretoreporteventsoccurringinsuchinstitutionstobeconcerning
registrar
daysuniformlyalloverIndia.Incaseofdefaultalatefeecanbe
imposed.
29.Specialprotectionincludes:
a)Personalitydevelopment
c)Specificnutritionaldiet
d)Protectionfromoccupationalhazard
e)Environmentalmodification
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Protectionfromoccupational
SpecificProtection
Immunization
Useofspecificnutrients
Protectionagainstoccupationalhazards
Protectionagainstaccident
Protectionfromcarcinogens
Avoidanceofallergens
pollution,noisecontrol
Controlofconsumerproductquality&safetyoffoods,drugs,
cosmeticsetc
30.Followupisnotrequiredinwhichof
a)Prospectivestudy
b)Retrospectivestudy
c)Cross-sectionalstudy
d)Longitudinalstudy
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans:b.Retrospectivestudy,c.Cross-sectionalstudy.[RefPark
23rd/62,69;Community
Cohort(Knownbyavarietyofnames-prospectivestudy,
upstudywithindividualasunitofstudy(Park23rd/62,75)Case
controlstudies,oftencalledretrospectivestudies:
Noattritionproblems,becausecasecontrolstudiesdonotrequire
follow-upofindividualintothefuture.
examination(sonofollowup)ofacross-sectionofpopulationatone
pointintime-theresultsofwhichcanbeprojectedonthewhole
population.
Longitudinalstudies:Observationsarerepeatedinthesame
examinations.
31.Trueabouthumandevelopmentindex
(HDI)-
a)Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100
c)Lifeexpectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years
d)GDPpercapitarangefrom25$to50000$
e)HDIscorerangeis0-l
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
expectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years&`e'i.e.,
HDIscorerangeis0-1[RefPark's24thlep.17-18;
AccordingtoHDIcountriesaredivided?
1. Developedcountries(HighHDI0.8)-USA,Canada,Norway
3. Underdevelopedcountries(LowHDI0.5)Seiera,Ethopia
32.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpost
exposureprophylaxisinrabies?
a)CategoryI-Bothvaccineandimmunoglobulinaregiven
c)Localwoundcleaningisdoneinallcasesofdogwound
d)CategoryI-requiresvaccinationonly
e)Vaccineisstoppedifwithin3daysofbite,dogdies
CorrectAnswer-B:C
vaccinationisreceived;&'c'i.e.,Localwoundcleaningisdone
inallcasesofdogwound[RefPark's24'h/ep.296-97;
CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1"/ep.3231
Cleansing:Withplentyofsoapandwater,preferablyundera
Suturing:Itshouldnotbedoneimmediately;ifrequiredshouldbe
done24-48hourslater,withminimumpossiblestitches.
CategoryI-touchingorfeedinganimals,licksonintactskinNone
CategoryII-nibblingofuncoveredskin,minorscratchesof
withoutbleeding
CategoryIII-singleormultipletransdermalbitesorscratches,licks
onbrokenskin;-->Immediatevaccinationandadministrationof
rabies
localtreatmentofthewoundmembranewithsalivafromlicks,etc.
33.VaccinecontraindicatedinAIDSpatient-
a)MMRvaccine
b)HepatitisAvaccine
d)Hibvaccine
e)DPTvaccine
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,MMRvaccine;'b'i.e.,HepatitisAvaccine;&'c'
[RefPark's24thlep.108;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1"/ep.428;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/ep.287;O.P.Ghai8thlep.189-90]
Liveattenuatedvaccinesarecontraindicatedinimmunodeficiency
ImportantexamplesoflivevaccinesareBCG,OPV(Sabinoralpolio
vaccine),measles,mumps,rubella,yellowfever(17Dvaccine),
typhoidoral(typhoral),chickenpox,influenza,plague,epidemic
typhusandhepatitisA.
34.Trueaboutpopulationcoverageof
primaryhealthcenter?
a)20000inplainarea
b)30000inplainarea
c)10000intribalarea
e)30000intribalarea
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,30000inplainarea;&'d'i.e.,20000tribalarea
35.TruestatementaboutIPVvaccine-
b)Giventhroughintradermalroute
c)Doesnotrequirestringentconditions
d)Doseis-0.1ml/dose
e)Doseis-0.5ml/dose
Ans.is'a'i.e.,GiventhroughIM/SCroute;'c'i.e.,Dosenot
requirestringentconditions;&`e'i.e.,Doseis-0.5ml/dose[Ref
Park's24th/ep.221-22;O.P.Ghai8th/ep.192]
IPVisadministeredbyintramuscular(preferred)orsubcutaneous
Theprimaryorinitialcourseofimmunizationconsistsof4
inoculation(4doses).Thefirst3dosesaregivenatintervalsof1-2
monthsand4thdose6-12monthsafterthethirddose.Firstdose
usuallygivenwhentheinfantis6weeksold.Additionaldosesare
ageof18.
ItcanbecombinedwithDPT,Hepatitis,and/orH.influenzaetypeB
vaccine.Inthecombinationvaccines,thealumorthepertussis
vaccine,orbothhaveanadjuvanteffect.
canbegiveninpregnancyandimmunocompromisedpersons
(personwithlymphoreticularmalignancies,onradiotherapyor
corticosteroid,>50yearsofage).
Theotherimportantadvantageisthatthereisnoriskofvaccine
associatedparalyticpolio(VAPP)asvirusisinactive.Vaccinedoes
notrequirestringentconditionsduringstorageandtransportation,
thushavinglongshelflife.Oneortwodosesoflivevaccine(OPV)
canbegivensafelyasboosterafteraninitialcourseofimmunization
withIPV.
36.Trueaboutdemographiccycleoflndia-
a)Enteredintolowstationaryphase
b)Dependencyratio<40Vo
c)YearofBigdivide-l92lA.D
d)Populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,YearofBigdivide-1921A.D;'d'i.e.,Population
pyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop;&`e'i.e.,First
regularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881
GuptaPlep.610-12;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvance
bySuryakantha4th/ep.651-57]
Theproportionofpersonsabove65yearsofageandchildrenbelow
15yearsofageareconsideredtobedependentontheeconomically
group0-14yearsplus65yearsandabovetothe15-65yearsage
groupisknownastotaldependencyratio.
Incountrieswithhighbirthrates(e.g.developingcountrieslike
India),populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtap/apex
Indevelopedcountries,thepyramidgenerallyshowabulgeinthe
middleandnarrowerbase(dumb-bellshaped).CensusinIndia
CensusisveryimportantsourceofhealthinformationinIndia.Itis
carriedatregularintervalof10years.ThefirstcensusinIndiawas
CensusisunderMinistryofHomeAffairsandheadofcensus
organizationis'RegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner'.
Inrecentcensus(2011)Biometrywasincludedfirsttimeever:
Fingerprints,Irisscan,UID(uniqueidentificationnumber)and
Thereferraltimeanddateatwhichsnapshotofpopulationistaken
iscalledcensusstop(censusmovement),whichis00.0hrs01
March,i.e.Censusstops.
37.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
Programme(RNTCP)-
a)T.B.ismandatorytonotify
b)SuspiciousTBpatientsarescreenedthrough2sputum
smearexaminations
d)Casefindingisactive
e)CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,T.B.ismandatorytonotify;`b'i.e.,SuspiciousTB
'e'i.e.,CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
[RefPark's24th/ep.427-30;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
Gupta1"/ep.826-30;Suryakantha4'1*p.921-23;National
HealthProgramsofIndiabyfungalKishore7th/ep.91]
2012withfollowingobjectives:-
TohaveestablishedTBsurveillancesysteminthecountry.
ToextentmechanismofTBtreatmentadherenceandcontact
tracingofpatientstreatedintheprivatesector.
acceleratereductionofTBtransmission.
TomitigatetheimpendingdrugresistantTBepidemicinthecountry.
38.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutnationalironplusinitiotive-
b)Adolescentsofagegroupl0-19yrarecovered
c)Preschoolchildrenarecoveredthroughaganwadicenter
d)Biannuldewormingthroughalbendazoletablet
e)Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanaemia
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Adolescentsofagegroup10-19yearare
covered;'d'i.e.,Biannuldewormingthroughalbendaz,ole
tablet;&'e'i.e.,Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severe
facility[RefPark's24`5/ep.471;
http://nhm.gov.in/nrhmcomponnets;CommunityMedicineby
PiyushGupta1"/ep.814-15;Suryakantha4thlep.196-97]
Bi-weekly20mgelementalironand100microgram(mcg)folicacid
preschoolchildrenof6-59months.
Weeklysupplementationof45mgelementalironand400mcgfolic
acidperchildperdayforchildrenfrom1stto5thgradeingovt.&
Govt.Aidedschools,andatAWCforoutofschoolchildren(6to10
Weeklydoseof100mgelementalironand500mcgfolicacidwith
biannualde-worminginadolescents(10-19years)underWIFS.
Weeklysupplementationforwomaninreproductiveage,Pregnant
andlactatingwomen.
referringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility.
39.Periodofcornmunicabilityofmeasles
is-
a)3daysbeforeand10daysafterappearanceofrashes
c)Iweekbeforeappearanceofrashes
d)4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceofrashes
e)Upto3monthsafterappearanceofrashes
CorrectAnswer-D
rashestRef:Park24th/ep.157;CommunityMedicinewith
RecentbySuryakantha4th/ep.328]
Chickenpox:1-2daysbeforeto4-5daysafterappearanceof
rash.
Rubella:7daysbeforesymptomsto7daysafterappearanceof
rash.
Mumps:4-6daysbeforesymptomsto7daysthereafter.
Influenza:1-2daysbeforeto1-2daysafteronsetofsymptoms.
Pertussis:7daysafterexposureto3weeksafterparoxysmalstage.
40.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutsandfly-
a)Breedonoverheadtanks
c)Femaleflydoesnotbites
d)Don'tflybychoice
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:D
choice[RefPark24th/ep.812-13]
Size:Sandfliesaresmallerthanmosquitoes.
Wings:Thewingsofthesandflyareup-rightandlanceolatein
shape;thesecondlongitudinalveinbranchestwice,thefirst
Legs:Thelegsofthesandflyarelongercomparedwiththesizeof
thebody.
Hairs:Sandflyisahairyinsect
Hopping:Sandflieshopaboutanddonotflybychoice
daysforoviposition.Theyinhabitatholesandcrevicesinwalls,
holesintrees,darkrooms,stablesandstorerooms.
Sandflyconnotfly,itonlyhops.
TheinsecticideofchoiceisDDTassandflieshavenotdeveloped
41.9-valentHPVvaccinecoverswhichtype(s)
HPVstrain-
a)6,11
b)16,18
d)41,35
e)42,58
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)6,11(B)16,18(C)31,33
16,18,31,33,45,52and58,issafeandeffectiveandwillfurther
reducetheincidenceofHPVinfection,aswellasHPV-related
cancers.
TherearetwotypesofHPVvaccines:-
Bivalent:-containingHPVtypes16,18
42.Trueaboutsix-sigmamethodinhealth
care?
a)UsedtoImprovepatientcare
c)Itreducespatientdissatisfaction
d)Collectandanalyzethedata
e)Canbeusedforadministrationaswell
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
patientdissatisfaction;'d'i.e.,Collectandanalyzethedata;&
`e'i.e.,Canbeusedforadministrationas
well[Refwww.villanovau.com]
Tohelpreducewasteandimprovequalitycare,manyhopitalsand
helpachievegoals.EmployingSixSigmaprinciplesinhealthcare
settingscanhelpeliminatedefectsandvariationinprocesses,andit
canhelpmakeproceduresmorestreamlined,lesscostlyandhelp
improvepatientcare.
topatientdissatisfaction.Examplesofdefectsrangefrom
thefrustratingkind,suchasalongwaittoseeadoctor,tothe
seriouskind,suchasanincorrectdiagnosisortreatment.
Becausepatientcareishands-on,thepossibilityforvarianceis
smallanddifficulttoquantify,butSixSigma'sdata-drivenapproach
canresultinmeasurableimprovement.
Six-Sigmaisaqualityimprovementmethodologythatapplies
statisticstomeasureandreducevariationinprocesses.
thingsrightfirsttimeandeverytime'.Itis'ameasureofqualitythat
strivesforperfection'.ThetermSixSigmameans'standard
deviation'.
InHealthcaresectoritisusedforimprovingqualityofhealthcare
theerrorsandtomovetowards
43.TrueaboutIntrauterinecontraception
deviceis?
a)Causesinhibitionofovulation
c)BesttimeofinsertionisImmediatelyaftermenstruation
d)Bleedingiscommon
e)Expulsionismorecommonwithmultiload-375
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Immdiatelyaftermensturation;&'d'i.e.,Bleedingiscommon.
Firstgeneration
Thesearenon-medicatedandinertIUDs.ExamplesareLippesloopandGrafenberg'sring.
Secondgeneration
ExamplesareCuT,CuT200,CuT-200B,CuT-200C,Nova-T,Multiload375,Multiload250,
Cut-380A.
Thirdgeneration
ThesearealsomedicatedandbioactiveIUDs.ThesearehormonereleasingIUDs
LifespanofdifferentIUDsisdifferent.CuT-380Ahaslongestlifespanof10years.
LifespanofdifferentIUDsindescendingorder:CuT-380A(10years)>Nova-T,Multiload-
375(5years)andLNG-20/Mirena(5years)>CuT-200B(4yars)>CuT-200(3years)>
progestasert(1years).
44.COMBINEDvaccinesareavailablefor
a)HepatitisB
b)TAB
c)Pneumococcalvaccine
d)Typhoid
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,HepatitisB;'b'i.e.,TAB;&'d'i.e.,Typhoid[Ref
Park's23'/ep.110;www.omicsonline.org]
Ifmorethanonekindofimmunizingagentisincludedinthevaccine,
Theaimofcombinedvaccinesistosimplifyadministration,reduce
costs,minimizethenumberofcontactsofthepatientwiththehealth
system,reducingthestoragecost,improvingtimelinesof
vaccination,andfacilitatingtheadditionofnewvaccineinto
Thefollowingaresomeofthewell-knowncombination:
DPT(Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)
DT(Diphtheria-tetanus)
DP(Diphtheria-pertussis)
MMR(Measles,mumpsandrubella)
DPTP(DPTplusinactivatedpolio)
HepatitisA,andB
HepatitisA,andtyphoid.
45.TrueaboutBCGvaccination?
a)Usuallygivenatbirth
b)Canbegiveninpregnancy
c)Usesliveattenuatedvaccine
e)CausestuberculintesttobecomeNEGATIVE
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.is'a'i.e,Usuallygivenatbirth;&'c'i.e.,Useslive
attenuatedvaccine[RefPark24thiep.194-195].
deltoid(usuallyleftside).Doseofvaccineis0.1mlforallage,witha
strengthof0.1mgin0.1m1.Vaccineisusuallygivenatbirthorat6
weeksofagesimultaneouswithDPTandPolio.
Durationofprotectionisaround15-20years.Efficacyofprotection
forsevereformsofTBitis0-80%(average50%)andforleprosyitis
20-40%(note:BCGvaccinationalsogivessomeprotectionagainst
leprosy).
Storage-BCGvaccinesarestableforseveralweeksatambient
directlightandstoredinacoolenvironment.Thevaccinemustbe
protectedfromexposuretolightduringstorage(wrappedupin
doublelayerofredorblackcloth.
46.allareStepsusedinSix-sigmaexcept-
b)Analyze
c)Improve
d)Feedback
e)Control
Ans-"D"Feedback
SixSigmarequiresfivestepsforqualityimprovement?
1. Define-+Definetheproblem,clarifyandrelateittothecustmer.
Whoarethepatient's,andwhattheywant?Whataretheobjectives?
good.Whatwillimprovementlookline?Onwhatdatawilloureffect
measured.
3. Analyze-+Lookforrootcauseandgenerateaprioritizedlistingof
themcollectdataandanalyzeusingproventools.
solutionImplementmodificationtoimprovetheprocess.
5. ControlBesuretheproblemdoesnotcomebackandsustainit
Monitorperformancetomaintainimprovement.
PopularoutcomesfromSix-Sigma
Increasedprescription,accuracy,Reducedwaitingtimeand
variation,Saferandmoreefficientemergencyservices,Fewer
medicalerrorsdefects,Increasedphysiciansatisfaction.
47.Fortreatmentofextendeddrugresistance
EXCEPT?
a)Rifampicin
b)INH
c)Moxifloxacin
e)Clofazimine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'A'Rifampicin[RefPark24th/ep.199]
MDR-TBisdefinedasresistancetoatleastbothINHandrifampicin.
PLUS).
Thetreatmentisgivenintwophases,theintestivephase(IP)and
thecontinuationphase(CP).Thetotaldurationoftreatmentfor
regimenforMDR-TBis24-27months,dependingontheIPduration
1. Intensivephase(6-12months):Sevendrugs:Capreomycin,PAS,
moxifloxacin,highdoseINH,clofazimine,Linezolid,amoxyclay.
2. Continuationphase(18months):Sixdrugs:PAS,moxifloxacin,
highdoseINH,clofazimine,linezolid,amoxyclay.
48.Screeningisatypeof?
a)Primordialprevention
b)Secondaryprevention
c)Primaryprevention
d)Tertiaryprevention
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.isbi.e.,Secondaryprevention
49.Causalassociationcanbebest
establishedin-
b)Cohortstudy
c)Casecontrolstudy
d)Ecologicalstudy
e)None
Ans.'a'i.e.,RTC(Refhttp://wilderdom.com/research/meta-
analysis.html;http://edres.org/metal.]
Asasinglestudyunit,doubleblindRCTisthebest.
However,overallmeta-analysisisabetterstudysinceitcombines
"Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCT)providethestongest,most
relevantevidencetoinformpractice.Someevidencehierarchies
placesystematicreviewandmeta-analysisaboveRCTssincethese
oftencombinedatafrommultipleRCTs,andpossiblyfromother
So,systematicreviewandmeta-analysisofRCTsarebest
epidemiologicalstudies
50.Trueaboutdistributionofprevalenceof
goitreinschoolagechildren?
b)5%-19.9%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
c)20%isdefinedassevereiodinedeficiency
d)20-30%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
e)None
Ans.is'a'i.e.,>5%definedareaasendemic;&'d'i.e.,20-30%is
definedasmoderateiodinedeficinecy[RefPark22"/ep.
578;OPGhaip.484]
Totalgoitrerate:Percentageofchildrenaged6-11withpalpableor
braindamageandmentalretardation.
GoitreareclassifiedasNotvisible,palpableandvisibleasshown
below.
Theterm'endemicgoitre'referstoatotalgoitrerateofgreaterthan
51.Whichofthefollowingis/arecorrect
regardingCohortstudyVsCase-control
study?
a)Case-controlstudyiseasy
c)Cohortstudycanestimatebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk
d)Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy
e)Cohortstudyischeaper
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
canestimadebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk&'d'i.e.,
Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy.
Casecontrolstudy
Cohortstudy
2. Startswiththedisease
1. Proceedsfrom"causetoeffect"
3. Testswhetherthesuspected 2. Startswithpeopleexposedto,risk
causeoccursmorefrequentlyin factororsuspectedcause
amongthosewithoutthe
frequentlyinthoseexposed,thanin
disease
thosenotsimilarexposed.
4e
. Reservedfortestingofprecisely
testingofahypothesis,butalso formulatedhypothesis.
usefulforexploratorystudies 5. Involveslargernumberofsubjects.
6. Longfollow-upperiodoften
subjects
needed,involvingdelayedresults
6. Yieldsrelativelyquickresults 7. Inappropriatewhenthediseaseor
7. Suitableforthestudyofrare
exposureunderinvestigationis
diseases.
rare.
8. Generallyyieldsonlyestimate8. Yieldsincidencerates,RRaswell
asAR(oddsratio)
9. Cannotyieldinformationabout
9. Canyieldinformationaboutmore
diseasesotherthanthat
selectedforstudy
10. Expensive
10. Relativelyinexpensive
11. lessbias
52.Trueaboutinfluenzaepidemiology-
a)Itshowscyclictrend
b)Pandemiciscausedbyinfluenza-Bvirus
c)Majorreservoirishuman
e)Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25suspectcasesofH1N1
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Itshowscyclictrend;'d'i.e.,Epidemicsoccur
every2-3years;&'e'i.e.,Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25
InfluenzavirusaRNAvirus,belongstoorthomyxovirus.
Therearethreeviralsubtypes:TypeA(causesallpandemicsand
mostepidemics);typeB;andtypeC(notcirculatingcurrently).
Currentlytheinfluenzavirusescirculatingintheworldare:H,N,of
typeA(causesbirdfluoravianinfluenza);H7N,oftypeA(caused
epidemicofavianinfluenzainChinain2013);andtypeB.
Influenzashowscyclictrendwithepidemicoccurringevery2-3years
incaseofinfluenza-Aandevery4-7yearsincaseofinfluenza-B.
Influenzaaffectsallagesandbothsexes.
Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.
Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalsandbirds.
Incubationperiodis18-72hours.Mostoftheinfectionsare
headache.
53.TrueaboutWHOclassificationofDengue
fever?
a)DenguehemorrhagicfeverIand2areDengueshocksyndrome
<150000cells/Cumm
c)Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedbyHematocrit
increase>20%
d)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyHematocrit
e)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount
<100000/Cumm
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedby
4ischaracterizedbyHematocriteincrease>20%;&'e'i.e.,
Denguehemorrhagefever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount...
DHFIIAbovesignsandsymptomsplussomeevidenceof
spontaneousbleedinginskinorotherorgans(blacktarrystools,
Thrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<100,000/cu.mm.Haematorcit
rise20%ormore
DHFIVSignsasgradeIIIplusprofoundshockwithundetectable
bloodpressureorpulsThrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<
DHFIIIandIVareDengueShockSyndrome
54.Correctregardingmanagementofsewage
-
a)Activesludgeprocessingisnolongerrecommended
decomposition
c)Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater
d)Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygendemand
e)None
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater;&'d'
i.e.,Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygen
demand[Ref:Park's2e*p.799-802]
Sewageiswastewaterfromcommunity,containingsolidandliquid
inorganic).
'Dryweatherflow'istheaverageamountofsewagethatflowsin
sewagesystemin24hours.
Thesegregationofexcretabyimposingabarrieriscalled
BODvaluerangesfromabout1mgperlitrefornaturalwatersto
about300mgperlitreforuntreateddomesticsewage.
IftheBODis300mg/Iandabove,sewageissaidtobestrong;ifitis
100mg/I,itissaidtobeweak."
1. Disposalbydilution:Disposalintowatercoursessuchasriversand
streamsiscalleddisposalbydilution.
2. Disposalonland:Ifsuitablelandisavailabletheeffluentcanbe
usedforirrigationpurposes(e.g.Okhlasewagetreatmentplanin
55.Post-exposureprophylaxisisgivenin-
a)Rabies
b)HBV
c)Influenza
e)Measles
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rabies;'b'i.e.,HBV;&`e'i.e.,Measles[RefPark's
22"diep.149,278]
afterexposuretoapathogen,inordertopreventinfectionbythe
pathogenanddevelopmentofdisease.
Post-exposureimmunization
Hereprophylacticvaccinationisgivenafterexposure.
rabies,hepatitis-B,measles,tetanus,andmeningococcalmeningitis.
Post-exposurechemoprophylaxis
Heredrugsareusedforpost-exposurechemoprophylaxis.
ItisusedinHIV,Herpes,diphtheria,andmeningococcalmeningitis.
56.TrueaboutNationalProgrammeFor
ControlofBlindnessis?
a)Startedin1962
b)ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi
c)NottoinvolveNGOSintheprogramme
e)MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi;
&'e'i.e.,MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters[RefiPark's24th/e
NPCBwaslaunchedin1976.Indiawasthefirstcountrytolauncha
nationallevelprogrammeforblindness.
Itsobjectivewastoreducetheprevalenceofeyediseasesin
generalandtheprevalenceofblindnessfrom1.40%to0.3%by
Itisa'100%centrallysponsoredProgramme'.TheApexcentre
(NationalEyeInstitute)isDr.RajendraPrasadCentrefor
OphthalmicSciences,NewDelhi,AIIMS.
'WorldBank'providesassistancetoNPCBforcontrolofcataract,
TostrengthenparticipationofVoluntaryOrganizationsinthe
programmeandtoearmarkgeographicareastoNGOsand
GovernmentHospitalstoavoidduplicationofeffortandimprovethe
performanceofGovernmentUnitslikeMedicalColleges,District
PrimaryHealthCentresetc.
57.Trueabout90:90:90strategy-
a)ForHIVtreatment
b)Targetsfor2025
d)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillknowHIVstatus
e)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillbepreventedfromTB
infection
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
infectionwillreceivetreatment;&'d'i.e.,90%peoplewithHIV
infectionwillknowHIVstatus[Ref:www.unaids.org]
InDec.2013,theUNAIDSprogrammeCoordinatingBoardcalledon
UNAIDStosupportcountry-andregion-ledeffortstoestablishnew
stakeholderconsultationsonnewtargetshavebeenheldinall
regionsoftheworld.Atthegloballevel,stakeholdersassembledina
varietyofthematicconsultationsfocusedoncivilsociety,laboratory
medicine,paediatricHIVtreatment,adolescentsandotherkey
PowerfulmomentumisnowbuildingtowardsanewnarrativeonHIV
treatmentandanew,final,ambitious,butachievabletarget:
By2020,90%ofallpeoplelivingwithHIVwillknowtheirHIVstatus.
By2020,90%ofallpeoplewithdiagnosedHIVinfectionwillreceive
By2020,90%ofallpeoplereceivingantiretroviraltherapywillhave
viralsuppression.
58.Biodegradablewasteproducts,disposing
inwhichofthecolourcodeofthebags-
b)Black
c)Green
d)Yellow
e)None
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Yellow
59.ObjectivesofNationalHealthPolicy-2017-
a)ReduceIMRto28by2019
b)ReduceMMRto100by2020
d)ReduceNeonatalmertalityto15by2020
e)ReduceTFRto2.1by2025
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ReduceIMRto28by2019;'b'i.e.,ReduceMMRto
HealthPolicy2017Document-MinistryofHealth&Fantily
Welfare]NationalHealthPolicy2017
60.AladyoncombinedOCPforgottotake3
consecutivepillsinthefirstweakofpill
a)Hastotake3pillsimmediately
b)Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule
c)HastoshifttoIUCD
d)Hastousebarriermethodfor7days
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule;'d'i.e.,Has
tousebarriermethodfor7days;&'e'i.e.,Useemergency
contraceptives[Ref:www.enpowerhealth.com]
61.
Whichofthefollowingispartofnational
healthpolicy2015draftexcept:
a)IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%
b)Assureuniversalavailabilityoffree,comprehensiveprimary
reproductive,maternal,childandadolescenthealth
c)Provisionofrighttohealth
d)Engageprivatedoctors
e)Enableuniversalaccesstofreeessentialdrugs&diagnosticsin
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%[Ref
http://www.mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=3014;www.mohfw.
nic.in/showfile.php?lid=30141]
thatafullachievementofthegoalsandprinciplesasdefinedwould
requireanincreasedpublichealthexpenditureto4to5%ofthe
GDP
However,giventhattheNHP,2002targetof2%wasnotmet,and
thisamountandtheinstitutionalcapacitytoutilizetheincreased
fundinginaneffectivemanner,thispolicyproposesapotentially
achievabletargetofraisingpublichealthexpenditureto2.5%ofthe
GDP.
62.Allaretrueaboutlepromatousleprosy(LL)
except:
a)Multibacillary(MB)-Multidrugtherapy(MDT)isgivenfor
treatment
b)Onsplitstain-multiplebacilli
d)Multiplesymmetricalskinlesionpresent
e)Lepromintestpositive
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans:e.Lepromintest....[RefNeenaKhanna5th/272-83;
Slitsmear:AllpatientswhoareAFBpositiveshouldbegiven
multibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation-
NeenaKhanna5th/281,283
SkinlesioninLepromatousleprosy(LL):NormalAesthetic/minimally
MultiDrugTherapy(MDT)BlisterPacksareAvailablein4
ColoursNeenaKhanna5th/284
1. Adultmultibacillary(MB)pack:Pink-redcolour
2. Childmultibacillary(MB)pack:Yellowcolour
4. Childpaucibacillary(PB)pack:Bluecolour
63.Whichofthefollowingis/aremethodof
healthcommunication:
a)Lecture
c)Groupdiscussion
d)Paneldiscussion
e)Roleplay
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
23rd/863-65;CummunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/763;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/75665]
GROUPdISCCUSION-1.Lectures,2.Demonstration,3.
Symposium-Workshop,7--Conferences,8--Seminars-Roleplay
MASSAPPROACH-1.Television,2.Radio,3.Newspaper,4.
Printedmaterial,5.Directmailing,6.Posters,7.Healthmuseums
andexhibitions,8.Folkmethods,9-Internet.
Personalletter
64.Allarestepsofinvestigationofan
epidemicexcept:
a)Verifythediagnosis
c)Formulationofhypotheses
d)Confirmationoftheexistenceofanepidemic
e)Plan&implementcontrolmeasures
CorrectAnswer-B
MedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/598603]
InvestigationofanEpidemicalnStepsPark23rd/131-33
Verificationofdiagnosis
Confirmationofexistenceofanepidemic
Rapidsearchforallcases&theircharacteristic
Dataanalysis
Formulationofhypotheses
Testingofhypotheses
Furtherinvestigationofpopulationatrisk
Writingthereport
65.MMR(Measles,mumps,rubella)vaccineis
anexampleof:
b)Conjugatedvaccine
c)Polysaccharidevaccine
d)Killedvaccine
e)Toxiod
Ans:a.Liveattenuated..[RefPark23rd/103;0.P.Ghai8th/195-
96;CommunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
3rd/320]
KILLED
TOXOID
WHOLE
POLYSACCHARIDE GLYCOCONJUGATE
ATTENUATED
ORGANISM
BCG,Yellow
fever,OPV,
Typhoid,
Cholera,
Mumps,
Plague,
Diphtheria,
Pertussis,
Tetanus,
Typhoid,
Influenza,
Pneumococcus,
Hib,Pneumococ-
Varicella,
Typhus,
cus,MenACWY
Rotavirus,
lPV,
Anthrax,
(Meningococcus)
Cholera,
Rabies,
Influenza
subunit
influenza,
borne
Rotavirus
reassortants.
reassortants.
HAV
Zost
66.Allareelementsofprimaryhealthcare
except:
a)Adequatesupplyofsafewater
b)Provisionoffreeessentialdrugsonlytopoor
c)Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition
e)Educationconcerninghealthproblems
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:b.Provisionoffree....
Elementsofprimaryhealthcare:8Essentialcomponent:
preventing&controllingthem
2. Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition,
3. Anadequatesupplyofsafewater&basicsanitation.
4. Maternal&childhealthcareincludingfamilyplanning
6. Prevention&controloflocallyendemicdisease
7. Appropriatetreatmentofcommondiseases&injuries
8. Provisionofessentialdrug
67.WhichofthefollowingvaccineisC/Iin
a)BCG
b)Oralpoliovaccine
c)Measles
d)Tetanus
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)BCG(B)Oralpoliovaccine(C)Measles
[RefPark23rd/103,216;Ananthanarayan9th/83;Park19th/97-
98,162,170,179;Harrison17th/779;AsmaRahimcommunity
Pregnancy?isanotherC/I,forlivevaccinesunlesstheriskof
infectionexceedstheriskofharmtothefoetusofsomelive
vaccinesTheonlyabsoluteC/Iforkilledvaccineisseverelocalor
generalreactiontoapreviousdose.
sufferingfromgeneralizedeczema?,infectivedermatitis?,
hypogammaglobulinemia,tothosewithahistoryofdeficient
immunity?(symptomaticHIVinfection,knownorsuspected
congenitalimmunodeficiency,leukemia,lymphomaorgeneralized
(corticosteroids,alkylatingagents,antimetabolites,radiation)&
pregnancy?
HepatitisBC/I:Individualswithahistoryofallergicreactionstoany
ofthevaccinescomponents;NeitherpregnancyorlactationisaC/I
foruseofthisvaccine.
OPVC/I;Immunocompromised,immunedeficiencyQ,HIVdiseaseQ
&activeviralinfection;Acuteinfectiousdiseases,fever,diarrhoea&
dysentery
68.Whichofthefollowingisnotzoonosis:
b)Pertussis
c)Anthrax
d)Brucella
e)SalmonellaparatyphiB
Ans:a.Gonorrhoea.&b.Pertussis[RefAnanthanarayan
9th/684;Ananthanarayan8th/381,322;MedicalParasitologyby
Paniker6th/214;Park23th/93,276,788
ThetermentericfeverincludestyphoidfevercausedbyS.typhi&
SalmonellaparatyphiAoccuronlyinhumanbeings,S.paratyphiB
caninfectanimalssuchasdogsorcows,whichmayactsassource
ofhumandisease"
Zoonosis:(Infectionofanimalscommunicabletoman)
transmissibleundernaturalconditionsfromvertebrateanimalsto
manZoonoticdiseasemaybeduetoinfectionswithviruses,
bacteria,protozoa,helminths,fungiorarthropods.
Zoonosis:4Categories:1.Directzoonosis,2.CycloZoonosis,
69.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingreferenceman&womanexcept:
a)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kg
b)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs55kg
usuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity
d)Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50kg
e)Referencewoman:heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2
CorrectAnswer-B:D
kg,&d.Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50
kg,[RefPark23rd/632]
ReferenceIndianAdultMan:
Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kgwithaheight
foractivework,Oneachworkingday,heisengagedin8hoursof
occupationwhichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity;whilewhennot
atworkhespends8hoursinbed,4-6hoursinsitting&moving
about,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationorhouseholdduties.
29years,nonpregnantnon-lactating(NPNL)&weighs55kgwitha
heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2,isfreefromdisease&
physicallyfitforactivework.?Oneachworkingdaysheisengaged
in8hourofoccupation,whichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity,
sitting&movingabout,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationor
householdduties.
70.TrueaboutSilicosis:
a)Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightinlung
b)Fibrosisoflung
c)Stoppingtheexposurereversetheprogression
d)Impairmentoftotallungcapacity
e)Notifiabledisease
Ans:a.Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightin
lungnoduleb.Fibrosisoflungd.Impairmentoftotallung
capacity&e.Notifiabledisease[RefPark23rd/806;Harrison
19th/1688]
developingsilicosisItisfoundthattheincubationperiodmayvary
fromafewmonthsupto6yearsofexposure,dependinguponthe
abovefactors
Pathologically,silicosisischaracterizedbyadensenodularfibrosis,
manifestationsareirritantcough,dyspneaonexertion&painin
chest
Withmoreadvanceddisease,impairmentoftotallungcapacity
(TLC)iscommonlypresent,AX-rayofchestshows"snowstorm"
importantisthatsilicoticsarepronetopulmonarytuberculosis,a
conditionalcalled"silico-tuberculosis"
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangethat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed,Itwasmade
notifiablediseaseundertheFactoriesAct1948&Minesact1952
"Characteristicslungtissuepathologyinnodularsilicosisconsistsof
fibroticnoduleswithconcentric`onion-skinned"arrangementof
collagenfibers,centralhyalinization,andacellularperipheralzone,
withlightlybirefringentparticlesseenunderpolarizedlight.
71.Allofthefollowingaretrueregarding
watersupplyexcept:
a)Earlierrecommendedtargetofsupplynormforruralareawas
401pcd
b)150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequatesupply
c)In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibilityof
sourceofwater<200meterforruralareas
d)Formetrocitieswithpopulation>10lakh,targetis1501pcd
e)Formunicipalitywithpopulationb/w1-10lakh,targetis100-135
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:c.In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibility
ofsourceofwater<200meterforruralareas,
[RefPark23rd/706;NationalHealthProgrammesofIndiaby
in/rbis/india_information/drinking.Htm]
WaterRequirement:Theconsumptionofwaterdependsupon
climateconditions,standardofliving&habitsofpeople;Adaily
supplyof150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequate
Recommendedwater
PopulationLessthan20,000 supplynorm(Ipcd)
a.Populationservedbystand
40
b.Populationprovidedwithpipe 70
connections
connections
20,000tolessthan100,000
100(withnosewerage
system)
100,000tolessthan1,000,00 135(withsewerage
system)
150
40oronehand-pumpfor
Ruralandhills(perelevation
250personswithina
Walkingdistanceof1.6
km
Rural?additionalwaterfor
cattleinDesertevelopment
Programme(DDP)areas.
72.Deprivationindexincludes:
a)Education
b)Income
d)Dropoutofchildfromschool
e)Physicaldisability
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans:a.Education&BIncome&E,Physicaldisability
proposedaDeprivationIndexformulatoassessthebackwardness
ofstudents.
TheDeprivationIndexproposestolookatthe"socialbackground,
caste,religionandgender,familyeducationhistory,familyincome,
ruralareas,andaccountingforregionaldeprivation)andphysical
disability.
73.Whichofthefollowingdiseasehave
carrierstage:
b)GroupBStreptococcus
c)HepatitisB
d)Typhoid
e)Haemophilusinfluenzae
Ans:a.Staph.aureusc.HepatitisBd.Typhoid.&
EHaemophilusinfluenzae[Ref,Park23ril/95-96;
Ananthanarayan9th/72,203-05,3i0,216,296]
Staphylococcuscarriagestartsearlyinlife,colonizationofumbilical
carriers,called'shedders'disseminateverylargenumberofcoccifor
prolongedperiods"(Ananthanarayan9th/203-04)
Haemophilusinfluenzae:Carriageinupperrespiratorytractis
common,particularlyinyoungchildren,butsuchstrainsareusually
Rifampicinisgiventoeradicatethecarrierstate.
74.Incubatorycarriersare:
a)Polio
b)Diphtheria
d)Pertussis
e)HepatitisB
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Polio,b.Diphtheria.,c.Anthrax&e.HepatitisB[Ref
Incubatorycarriers:Measles,mumps,polio,pertussis,influenza,
diphtheriaandhepatitisB,Convalescentcarriers:Typhoidfever,
dysentery(bacillaryandamoebic),cholera,diphtheriaandwhooping
cough.
salmonellosis,anddiphtheria
Temporarycarriers:Maybeincludedtheincubatory
convalescentandhealthycarries.
Chroniccarriers:Typhoidfever,hepatitisB,dysentery,cerebro-
75.Whichofthefollowingdyadsarecorrects:
a)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census
b)CBR-21.3in2012
c)Generalfertilityrate-88.6in2012
e)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans:(A)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census,
(D)CDR-7in2012,&(E)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale,
2015/9;IndianEconomybyRameshSingh6th/Census2011;
Reddy27th/73;Parikh6th/2.131]
Generalfertilityrate-80.3(2012)(Park23rd/490),Totalfertilityrate-
2.4(2012)(Park23rd/490),Generalmaritalfertilityrate-114.9
23rd/490),Crudebirthrate-22.1per1000(2010);21.6per1000
(2012)(Park23rd/490),Crudedeathrate-7.2per1000(2010);7.0
per1000(2012)(Park23rd/490)
Grossreproductiverate-1.1(2012)(Park23rd/490,"TheCrude
declineof0.2pointsover2012.ThemaximumCBRhasbeen
reportedinBihar(27.6)andtheminimuminKerala(14.7):'(Sample
RegistrationSystem(SRS)survey)
76.Positivepredictivevalue:
b)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
c)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
d)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest&
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans:(b)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreening
test&(e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
&diagnostictestboth[RefPark23rd/139;BiostatisticsbyRao
edu/stat507/node/71;http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive]
Thepositiveandnegativepredictivevalues(PPVandNPV
respectively)aretheproportionsofpositiveandnegativeresultsin
results.ThePPVandNPVdescribetheperformanceofadiagnostic
testorotherstatisticalmeasure.Ahighresultcanbeinterpretedas
indicatingtheaccuracyofsuchastatistic.ThePPVandNPVarenot
intrinsictothetest;theydependalsoontheprevalence.ThePPV
Note:InPPV,numeratorcontainsonlytruepositive(notallpositive)
&denominatorcontainsallpositive.
positiveandnegativepredictivevaluesareinfluencedbythe
prevalenceofdiseaseinthepopulationthatisbeingtested.Ifwe
testpositivetrulyhavediseasethanifthetestisperformedina
populationwithlowprevalence...
Usingthesametestinapopulationwithhigherprevalence
increasespositivepredictivevalue.Conversely,increased
77.Whichofthefollowingcarcinomais
causedbyasbestos:
a)Mesothelioma
b)Bronchialcarcinoma
d)Breastcancer
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans:a.Mesotheliomab.Bronchialcarcinomac.Laryngeal
Harrison19th/168889;Chapman4th/536]
"Mesotheliomahaveastrongassociationwithcrocidolitevarietyof
asbestos"
Carcinomabronchus&Lung(squamouscelloradenocarcinoma)Q
Gastrointestinalcarcinoma(coloncancer)
Laryngealcarcinoma
LungcancerQisthemostfrequentcancerassociatedwithasbestos
exposure.
asbestosworkersisassociatedwithaminimumlatencyof15-19
yearsbetweenfirstexposureanddevelopmentofthedisease.
78.TrueaboutcensusinIndia:
a)Firstcensusconductedin1851
officerforconductingcensus
c)Literacyrateisalsoincludedincensus
d)ConductedinaccordancetoCensusact,1948
e)ConductedinMidyear
Ans:c.Literacy...,d.Conducted...(Ref:Park23rd/840]
ThefirstregularcensusinIndiawastakenin1881&conductedat
regularintervalof10year.
Thecensusisusuallyconductedattheendofthefirstquarterofthe
residentintheirownhomesduringthatperiod
Thelegalbasisofthecensusisprovidedbythecensusactof1948
Thesupremeofficerwhodirects,guides&operatesthecensusis
theCensusCommissionerforIndia
characteristicofpopulationarealsoincludedincensus(including
literacyrate)
79.Wildpolioisstillendemicin:
a)India
c)Afganistan
d)Bangladesh
e)Nigeria
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
21st/182I
Till2011,poliowasendemicin4countries-Pakistan,Afghanistan,
India&Nigeria(Mnemonic-PAIN).Butin2014,only3countries
(Afghanistan,NigeriaandPakistan;Mnemonic-PAN)remainpolio-
Completingthreefullyearswithoutreportinganycaseofpolio,India
celebratedalandmarkachievementinpublichealthon11February
2014?thevictoryoverpolio.Indiahasnotreportedanycaseof
poliosinceatwo-yearoldgirlgotpolioparalysison13January2011
80.TrueaboutStandarddeviation:
a)1SDcovers95%population
b)Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeaninanormal
distribution
d)Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans:b.Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeanina
dispersionsd.Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange[Ref
Park23rd/847-49,21st/786;BiostatisticsbyBKRao2nd/54;
MethodsinBiostatisticsbyBKMahajan7th/57,60-68;
Basiceb,clinicalBiostatisties4th/30]
relativeorstandardnormaldeviateorvariate&isgiventhesymbol
Z.ItismeasuredintermofSDs&indicateshowmuchan
observationisbiggerorsmallerthanmeaninunitofSD.SoZwillbe
aratio.
symmetrical,bellshapedcurvesuchthatthemean,medianand
mode,allhavethesamevalueandcoincideatthecentre,Standard
DistributionCurve(Normal)Q:Mean=Median=Mode
81.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeaturesof
a)Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallons
b)Watertightseal
c)Recommendedforlargecommunities
d)Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptictank
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:a.Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallonsb.Watertight
seald.Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptic
tanke.Anaerobicprocesstakesplace[RefPark23rd/760,
Theseptictankiswater-tightmasonrytankintowhichhousehold
sewageisadmittedfortreatment.
Capacity:Thecapacityofaseptictankwilldependuponthenumber
ofusers.Acapacityof20-30gallonsor2.5-5c.ft.perpersonis
aseptictankshouldbeatleast500gallons
Septictanksarenotrecommendedforlargecommunities
Airspace:Thereshouldbeaminimumairspaceof30cmb/wthe
levelofliquidinthetank&theundersurfaceofthecover
retentionperiodof24hours
82.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
leprosy:
a)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsideredmultibacillary
b)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatousspectrum
c)ItiseradicatedfromIndiain2000
d)12monthofMDTisrecommendedformultibacillaryleprosy
e)Multidrugtherapyisgiven
Ans:(A)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsidered
multibacillaryleprosy(B)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatous
spectrum(D)12monthofMDTisrecommendedfor
multibacillaryleprosy(E)Multidrugtherapyisgiven
"Multibacillaryleprosy:with6skinlesions,aswellasallsmear
positivecases"(KDT7th/783)
"Thereisnoplaceformonotherapyintreatmentofleprosy"-(Neena
Khanna3rd/229)
multibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation"
(NeenaKhanna3rd/227)
33state/UTwehaveachievedeliminationlevel(prevalencerate<1
per10,000population).Only3states/UTviz.Bihar,Chattisgarher
"Paucibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving1-5skinlesionseWoronly
onenerveinvolvement"(Park2Ist/292)
"Multibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving6ormoreskinlesionsd-/or
morethanonenerveinvolvement"
83.Whichofthefollowingviralexanthema
combinationis/arecorrectexcept:
a)Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever
b)Rubella-palatalpetechiaemayoccur
c)Roseola-rashappearafterfeversubsides
e)Chickenpox-pleomorphicrashesoccur
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever.[RefPark
23rd/144-145,148:0.Ghai7th/185;Harrison19th/1194,18th/149,
Varicella(Chickenpox):Acharacteristicfeatureofrashisits
peomorphismi.e,allstageofrash(papules,vesicles&crusts)may
beseensimultaneouslyatonetime,inthesamearea.Temperature
risewitheachfreshcropofrash"(Park23rd/144-45)"Exanthem
commonamongchildren
84.Whichofthefollowingactis/arepassed
afterindependence:
a)ESIact
c)MTPact
d)Epidemicdiseaseact
e)SARDAact
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Theprohibitionofchildmarriageact,2006(PCMA)wasenacted
repealingthechildmarriagerestraintactof1929inordertoprohibit
childmarriageratherthanonlyrestrainingthem"(Park23rd/589,
21st/542)
23rd/815,21st/756)
"Indianfactoriesactpassedin1948"(Park23rd/815,21st/542)
"Medicalterminationofpregnancyactwaspassedin1971"(Park
23rd/506,21st/468)
85.AccordingtoWHO,recommended
treatmentforuncomplicatedplasmodium
falciparumis/are:
a)Mefloquine
b)Chloroquine
d)Artemesinonly
e)Lumefantrineonly
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:(C)Artemether+lumefantrine[RefPark23rd/263-65;KDT
publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf]
Recommendationsunchangedfromthefirsteditionofthe
Guidelines(2006);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum
malaria
recommendedtreatmentsforuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
ThefollowingACTsarerecommended:
Artemetherpluslumefantrine,artesunateplusamodiaquine,
artesunateplusmefloquine,andartesunateplussulfadoxine-
ThechoiceofACTinacountryorregionwillbebasedonthelevel
ofresistanceofthepartnermedicineinthecombination.
Additionalrecommendationsinthesecondeditionofthe
Guidelines(2010);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum
Artemisinin-basedcombinationtherapiesshouldbeusedin
preferencetosulfadoxinepyrimethamine(SP)plusamodiaquine
(AQ)forthetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
Strongrecommendation,moderatequalityevidence.
derivative.
Strongrecommendation,highqualityevidence.
Dihydroartemisininpluspiperaquine(DHA+PPQ)isanoptionforthe
first-linetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria
86.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
frostbite:
a)Occursattemperatureabovefreezingpoint
b)Reperfusioninjuryismoredangerousthanfrostbite
d)Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint
e)Intakeofhotfluidspromotesgeneralrewarming
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Reperfusion...,c.Rewarming...,d.Occurs...&e.
ReperfusioninjuryManipalsurgery4th/94
Thisdangerouseventfollowsrevascularizationoflimbs,resultingin
acutecompartmentsyndromewithcompartmentalpressure
exceedingcapillarypressure(30mmHg)
Diagnosisisclinicalassuggestedbyseverepaininthelimb,
oedemaofleg&muscletenderness
Treatedbyurgentmultiplefasciotomy,decompressionfollowedby
debridementofdeadtissue.
thetissuefreeze&icecrystalsforminbetweenthecells
Affectedpartshouldbewarmedusingwaterat44?Criticism,
Warmingshouldlastabout20minutesatatime,Intakeofhotfluids
promotesgeneralrewarming
87.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingpopulationgrowthinIndia:
a)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble
b)In1971,populationwasmorethan500million
c)In1991,populationwasaround1billion
e)1921-2011,thedecadalgrowthratewasindoubledigit
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans:(A)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble,(B)In
1971,populationwasmorethan500million(E)1921-2011,the
[Ref:Park23rd/afl]
Totalpopulation
Decadal
Year
growthrate
1901
238.4
?
252.1
0.75
1921
251.3
1931
279
11
1941
14.22
1951
361.1
13.31
439.2
21.64
1971
548.2
1981
683.3
24.66
1991
23.87
2001
1028.6
21.52
1210.1
2011
1210.1
17.64
88.Catheterplacedinwhichtypeofcolour
codedbag:
a)Black
b)Blue
c)Yellow
e)Transprentwhite
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Ans:(C)Yellow,(E)Transprent:"CategoryNo.7:Solidwaste-
wastesgeneratedfromdisposableitemsotherthanthewaste
Colour
Typeof
Waste
Treatmentoptionsasper
container
category Schedule1
Cat.1,2,
Yellow
Incineration/deepburial
3,&6
Disinfected
Cat.
Red
container/plastic 3,6,&7 Chemicaltreatment
bag
Plasticbag/
Blue/White
Cat.4,
punctureProof
Treatmentand
Cat.7.
container
Destruction/Shredding
Cat.5,9
Plasticbag
Disposalinsecuredlandfill?
&10
89.Whichofthefollowingis/areprobability
a)Judgesampling
b)Clustersampling
c)Simplerandomsampling
d)Snowballsampling
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans:(B)Clustersampling(C)Simplerandom
sampling(E)Stratifiedsampling
[RefMcGraw-HillBasic&ClinicalBiostatistics,4thEdition
BiostatisticsbyKVRao2nd/12-15;Park23rd/850]
Thebestwaytoensurethatthesamplewillleadtoreliableandvalid
inferencesistouseprobabilitysamples,inwhichtheprobabilityof
beingincludedinthesampleisknownforeachsubjectinthe
medicinearesimplerandomsampling,systematicsampling,
stratifiedsampling,andclustersampling,allofwhichuserandom
processes
90.Whichofthefollowingis/aresourceof
a)Sampleregistrationsystem
b)Deathcertificate
c)Centralbirths&deathsregistrationact
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d.Alloftheabove[RefPark23rd/840-41]
TheSRSisadual-recordsystem,consistingofcontinuous
enumerationofbirths&deathsbyanenumerator&anindependent
Sincetheintroductionofthissystem,morereliableinformationon
birth&deathrates,age-specificfertility&mortalityrates,infant,
under-five&adultmortalityetc.havebecomeavailable.
Theactcameintoforceon1april1970,Theactprovidesfor
Thetimelimitforregisteringtheeventofbirths&thatofdeathsis21
daysuniformlyalloverIndia
a)Takeabout3monthsbeforethespermstoresareusedup
b)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocauteryisused
c)Reversalismostsuccessfulwithin10yearsofinitialsurgery
d)Thereisariskofchronictesticularpain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(B)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocautery
isused
Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifthermalcauteryisused
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ratherthanelectrocautery.Somecomplicationsofvasectomy:
1. Hematomaandinfection
2. SpermGranulomas
3. Chronictesticularpain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Spontaneousrecanalisation5. Antispermantibodyformation
Ref:OxfordHandbookofClinicalSpecialities,8thEdition,Page305;
Shaw'sTextbookofGynaecology,12thEdition,Page182
2.Zoonoticdiseasesare-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Salmonellosisb)Plague
c)Anthrax
d)All
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.(D)All
3.TrueaboutPasteurizationofmilkisall
except
a)Doesnotkillthermoduricbacteria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Doesnotkillsporesc)Cause>95%decreaseinbacterialcount
d)Killstuberclebacillus
e)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,"Causes>95%decreaseinbacterialcountPasteurization
Pasteurizationisdonetodestroythepathogensthatmaybepresent
inmilk,whilecausingminimalchangeinthecomposition.flovour
andnutritivevalue.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pasteurizationkillsnearly90%ofthebacteriainmilk,includingthemoreheatresistant-Tuberclebacilli-Qfeverorganisms
Itdoesnotkillthethermoduricbacteria.
Itdoesnotkillbacteriaspores.
Thereare3widelvusedmethodsforpasteurization:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Holdermethod:Milkkeptat63-66?Cfur30minutesisrapidlycooledto5?C.
2. HTSTmethod:'Hightemperatureshorttime'method(Flash
method)
Ileatedto72?Cfor15sec.andthenrapidlycooledto4?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisisnowthemostwidelyusedmethod.method:
Ultra-hightempraturemethod.
Rapidlyheatedintwostagesto125?Cforfewseconds.
Thesecondstageisbeingunderpressure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisthenrapidlycooled.4.Mean,Medianandmodeallarezero.The
typeofdistributionis?
a)Standardnormal
b)Negativelyskewed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Positivelyskewedd)Jshaped
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Standardnormal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5.Trueaboutanophelesmosquito?
a)Larvaehavesiphontube
b)Larvaearesurfacefeeder
c)Larvaearebottomfeeder
d)Larvaetieatanangletowatersurface
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Larvaearesurfacefeeder
Tribe
Anophelinianopheles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culciniculex,aedes,genus
Mansonia
1. Laidsingly
1. Laidinclustersor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eggs2. Eggsareboat-shaped
raft,eachraft
containing100-&
containing100-250
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
providedwithlateraleggs(exceptaedes)
float
2. Eggsareoval
shaped¬
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
providedwithlateralfloats
1. Restparalleltowater 1. Suspendedwithhead
surface
downwardsatan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Larvae2. Nosiphontube
angletowater
3. Palmatehairspresent
surface.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
onabdominalsegments2. Siphontubepresent
3. Nopalmatehairs
Pupae
Siphontubeisbroad Siphontubeis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
&shortlong&narrow
Adult
Adult
1. Whenatrest,inclineda
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.t Whenatrest,theanangletosurface
bodyexhibitsa
2. Wingsspotted
hunchback
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Palpilonginboth2. Wingsunspotted
sexes
3. Palpishortin
female
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6.MostcommoncancerinfemalesinIndia?
a)Breast
b)Cervix
c)Ovary
d)Uterus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)OralcavityCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Breast[RefPark24th/ep.401]
Overallcancersinworld:Breast>Prostate>Colorectal>Lung>
Cervix
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cancersinmalesinworld:Prostate>Colorectum>Lung>Stomach>Urinarybladder
Cancersinfemalesinworld:Breast>Colorectum>Cervix>Uterus
>Thyroid
OverallcancersinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Lip/oralcavity>
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Colorectum>ProstateCancersinmalesinIndia:Lip/oralcavity>Prostate>Colorectum
>Pharynx(otherthannasopharynx)>Larynx
CancerinfemalesinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Ovary>Uterus>
Colorectum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7.Viralhemorrhagicfeverincludes?
a)Yellowfever
b)Westnilefever
c)Lassafever
d)Rossfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Crimian-CongofeverCorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Yellowfever,'c'i.e.,Lassafever&`e'i.e.,Crimian
-Congofever[Refhttp://nasi.org.in
i)Febrilegroup(feverandmyalgia)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisisthemostcommongroupwhichcomprisesalargenumberofundifferentiatedfevers,generallybeginwithorwithoutrashesand
jointpain.
Importantvirusesinthisgroupare:-Dengue,Chikungunya,West
Nile,Coloradotickfever,SandflyfeverandSindbis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)EncephilitisgroupThisgroupaffectsCNSandcausesencephalitisor
meningoencephalitis.
Importantvirusinthisgroupare:-Californiaserogroupviruses
(Californiaencephalitis,Jamestowncanyon,Kesstone,La
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cross,Trivittatus),StLouis,JE,centralEuropean,Russianspringsummer,WestNile,Powassan,EasternEquine,WesternEquine
andVenezuela.
iii)Hemorrhagicgroup
Hemorrhagicgroupisassociatedwithhemorrhage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Importantvirusesinthisgroupare:-Dengue,KFD,Chikungunya,Yellowfever,Lassa,CrimeanHECongo,Omek,Riftvalley,
Hantavirus,MarbungorEbola.
8.Trueregardingoddsratiois/are?
a)Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposedpopulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Itiscrossproductivityratioc)Usedincohortstudy
d)Usedincasecontrolstudy
e)Itissimilartorelativerisk
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposedpopulation,'b'i.e.,Itiscrossproductivityratio,`d'i.e.,
Usedincasecontrolstudy&'e'i.e.,Itissimilartorelative
risk[RefPark24thlep.78]
Fromacasecontrolstudyoddsratiocanbederivedwhicha
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
measureofthestrengthofassociationbetweenriskfactorandoutcome.Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposed
population
Oddsratioisakeyparameterinanalysisofcasecontrol
studies.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InterpretationofOddsratios(OR):IssimilartoRelativerisk(RR)incohortstudy(asORisanestimateofRR)
9.MaximumchancesofHIVtransmissionare
associatedwith?
a)Receptiveanalsex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Insertiveanalsexc)Receptiveoralsex
d)Insertiveoralsex
e)Vaginalsex[femaletomale]
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Receptiveanalsex[RefHttp://www.aidsmap.com/HIV-risk-levels-for-the-
insertive-and-receptive-partner-in-different-types-of-sexual-
intercourse/page/14434904
HIVrisklevelsfortheinsertiveandreceptivepartnerindifferent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
typesofsexualintercourseAnalintercoursehashighestriskoftransmission(analintercourse>
vaginalintercourse>oralsex).
UnprotectedanalintercoursecarriesahigherriskofsexualHIV
transmissionthanunprotectedvaginalintercourse.Althougheither
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sexualpartnercanacquireHIVfromtheotherduringunprotectedanalintercourse,HIVismorelikelytopassfromanHIV-positive
insertivepartnertohisreceptivepartnerthanfromanHIV-positive
receptivepartnertohisorherinsertivepartner.
10.Vectorborndiseasesare?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Dengueb)KFD
c)Japaneseencephalitis
d)Plague
e)Yellowfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:EAns.is'All'i.e.,a,b,c,d&e[Ref:Park24`"/ep.194&23rd/ep.
185]
11.Screeningtestsshouldbe?
a)Costly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Easytoperformc)Difficulttoperform
d)Morespecific
e)Lesssensitive
CorrectAnswer-B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Easytoperform,'d'i.e.,Morespecific[Ref:Park24th/ep.149&23'alep.387;Modernepidemiology3ra/ep.204]
Thediseaseshouldbeanimportanthealthproblemwitha
recognizablelatentorasymptomaticstage.
Thereshouldbeatest(screeningtest)whichcandetectthedisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
priortoclinicalstage,withavailabilityofadiagnostic(confirmatory)test.
Atestshouldhavehighsensitivityandspecificity.
Accuracy=(Sensitivity)(Prevalence)/(Specificity)(1-Prevalence)
Accuracy=Truepositive+Truenegative/Truepositive+False
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
positive+Truenegative+FalsenegativeOtherimportantcriteriaare:Simplicity,rapidity,lowcost(cost
effectiveness),safety,andeaseofadministration
12.CashbenefitsinESIschemeinclude?
a)Sickness
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Medicalc)Maternal
d)Liability
e)Funeral
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sickness,'b'i.e.,Medical,'c'i.e.,Maternal&`e'i.e.,Funeral[RefPark24th/ep.853&23"1/ep.816]
Medicalbenefit:-905Rspercapita.
Disablementbenefit
Dependentsbenefit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Funeralexpenses:-Rs.5000isgivenMaternitybenefit:-Forconfinement,thedurationofbenefitis12
weeks.Formiscarriageitis6weeks.Forsicknessarisingoutof
confinementitis30days.
Sicknessbenefit:Thesicknessbenefitispayableforamaximum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
periodof9ldaysinanycontinuousperiodof365days.TOTAL34differentdiseasesaregivenimportancesuchas,Mental
diseases(Psychoses),Chroniccongestivecardiacfailure,,Aplastic
anaemia,Monoplegiaetc
13.Trueregardingfrostbiteis/are?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpointb)Whenonfoot,knownastrenchfoot
c)Onfaceitissuperficialandseverefromoccuronextrimities
d)Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&swelling
e)3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandbloodfilledblister
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
formationCorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint,'d'
i.e.,Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&
swelling&'e'i.e.,3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandblood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
filledblisterformation[RefPark23rd/ep.748;wiki]Frostbiteisanintegerthatiscausedbyexposureofourbodyto
belowfreezingpoint.Theunderlyingmechanisminvolvesinjuryfrom
icecrystalsandbloodclotsinsmallbloodvesselsfollowingthawing.
Areasthatareusuallyaffectedincludecheeks,ears,noseand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fingersandtoes.Thereisnodifferenceintheseverityamongtheseareas.
InfirstdegreeTheskinisnumb,usuallybecomeswhiteandpossibly
swollen,withareddenedborder.Sometimestheskinisred,may
feelhardorstiff.,Ifitistreatedquickly,theskinusuallyrecovers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fully.InseconddegreeThereisalsousuallyquitealotofswellingofthe
affectedarea.,Blistersfilledwithaclearormilkyfluidappearonthe
skin.,Atalatestage,lastingcoldsensitivityandnumbnesscan
develop.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BloodfilledBlistersalsodevelop.Theskinfeelshardandcold.In
theweeksafterinjury,painpersistsandablackenedcrust(eschar)
develops.thecanbelongtermulcerationanddamagetogrowth
plates.
14.Primarypreventionofhypertension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
includes?a)Weightreduction
b)Dietarysaltreduction
c)Exercisepromotion
d)Earlydiagnosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)AntihypertensivedrugsCorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Weightreduction,'b'i.e.,Dietarysaltreduction&
'c'i.e.,Exercisepromotion[RefPark24th/ep.393&23'd/ep.
374]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietarymodification(Nutrition):Reductioninsaltintaketo<5gm/day,moderatefatintake,avoidanceofalcoholintake,andrestriction
ofenergyintakeappropriatetobodyneeds.
Weightreductionandexercisepromotion.
Behavioralchanges:Reductionofstress,avoidanceofsmoking,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
doingyogaandmeditation.Healtheducationandselfcare,e.g.measuringownBP.
Secondarypreventionincludesearlycasedetectionbydiagnosis
(i.e.identificationofhypertension)andtreatment.
15.Organism(s)includedincategory'A'bio-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
terrorismis/are?a)Vibriocholera
b)ClostridiumBotulinum
c)Yersiniapestis
d)Bacillusanthracis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)BurkholderiamallieCorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ClostridiumBotulinum&'c'i.e.,Yersiniapestis&
'd'i.e.,Bacillusanthracis[RefHarrison18thiep.1769]
Bioterrorismagentscanbeseparatedintothreecategories,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dependingonhoweasilytheycanbespreadandtheseverityofillnessordeaththeycause.CategoryAagentsareconsideredthe
highestriskandCategoryCagentsarethosethatareconsidered
emergingthreatsfordisease.
Smallpox,Anthrax(B.anthracis),Botulism(Clostridiumbotulinum),
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Plague(Yersiniapestis),tularemia(Francisellatularensis)arecategeroyA
V.cholerae,Q.fever(Coxiellaburnetii),Typhusfever(Rickettsia
prowazekii),psittacosis(Chlamydiapsittaci),glanders(Burkholderia
mallie),Malioidosis(Burkholderiapseudomallie)arecategoryB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1EmerginginfectionslikeNipah,Hantavirus,SARScoronaviruscategoryC
16.Breastmilkcontains?
a)Fat
b)Protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)VitamineAd)VitamineC
e)VitamineK
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Fat,'b'i.e.,Protein,'c'i.e.,VitamineA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
&'d'i.e.,VitamineC[RefPark24thiep.574&23"1/ep.630]Breastmilkisrichinpolyunsaturatedfattyacids,necessaryforthe
myelinationofthenervoussystemandbraingrowth.
Activelipaseinthebreastmilkpromotesdigestionoffatsand
providesFFA.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ironofbreastmilkisverywellabsorbed,breastfeedingpreventsagainstirondeficiencyanemia.
BreastmilkalsopreventsdeficienciesofvitaminA,C,D,Eandzinc.
Mostoftheproteiniswheyproteins(lactalbuminand
lactoglobulin),whichcanbedigestedeasily(Incontrastcowmilk
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
containsmorecasein).Breastmilkcontainstheidealratiooftheaminoacidscystine,
taurineandmethioninetosupportdevelopmentofcentraland
peripheralnervoussystem.
ExclusivebreastfeedingmaycausedeficiencyofvitaminB12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(ifmotherispurevegetarian),vitaminK,VitaminDandfluoride.VitaminKdeficiencycancausehemorrhagicdiseaseofnew
born
Theremaybeneonataljaundiceandgoldencolorstool.
17.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abouttuberculosisinindiaexcept?a)Indiahasapproximately1/41hofGloballoadofTB
b)MDR-TBamongnotifiednewpulmonaryTBpatientsisabout
5%
c)5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MDR-TBamongretreatmentcasesisabout15%e)incidenceisaround2millionnewTBcasesannually
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer:D,MDR-TBamongretreatmentcasesisabout
15%(Ref:Park23rd/176-77;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gupta1'x/192-97;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha4"/364-70]
IndiaisthehighestTBburdencountryintheworldintermof
absolutenumberofincidentcasesthatoccureachyear.Itaccounts
forone-fourthoftheestimatedglobalincidentTBcasesin2013"
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MDR-TBamongnotifiednewpulmonaryTBpatientswasabout2.2%andamongretreatmentcaseswasabout15%
Currently,multidrug-resistantTBisaglobalconcernandis
encounteredin3%ofallnewcasesand12%ofretreatmentcases.
Approximately5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PiyushGupta1"/194,Park23rd/17718.Importanceoflepromintestareallexcept:
a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance
b)Prognosticvalue
c)Tellsaboutimmunitystatusofleprosypatients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Differentiatebetweendifferenttypesofleprosye)Predictivevalue
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer:(a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance(Ref:Park
23rd/320-21;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Suryakantha4th/539-40Thetesthaspredictivevalueaswell.Itgivesanindicationoftherisk
ofthediseaseamongcontactsofopencases.
Thetesthasanepidemiologicalvalueaswell.Itindicatesthe
incidenceandprevalenceofinfectionamongchildren.Inthefirst6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
monthsoflife,mostchildrenareleprominnegative.Theybecomepositiveprogressivelyastheirageadvances.
Thetwodrawbacksthatstandinthewayofthistestbringusedfor
diagnosisare:(i)positiveresultsinnon-cases,and(ii)negative
resultsinlepromatousandnear-lepromatouscases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
19.Aleprosypersonispresentedwith
involvementsofsuralandradialnerve.
Whichtypeofregimenyouwillgive:
a)MultibacillarytreatmentX9month
b)MultibacillarytreatmentX12month
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)MultibacillarytreatmentX15monthd)PaucibacillarytreatmentX6month
e)SingledosetreatmentofRifampicin,Ofloxacinand
Minocycline(ROM)
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer(b)MultibacillarytreatmentX12month[Ref:Park23rd/323-24;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGuptalst/282-83;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4th/535-45;NeenaKhanna5th/272-84]
Itisapureneuritictypeofleprosy.ItisacaseofMultibacillary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
leprosyfortherapeuticpurpose(accordingtoWHOclassification,morethanonenervetrunkinvolvementistermedasmultibacillary
fortreatmentpurpose.
manyconsiderthatpureneuriticleprosybelongstothe
paucibacillarygroupsinceallofthemareacid-fastbacillinegativeon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
skinsmearsbydefinitionandaremostlyleprominpositive.AccordingtopresentNLEPguidelinesinIndia,whenonenerve
trunkisinvolvedinleprosyitisconsideredaspaucibacillary,and
whenmorethanonenervetrunkisinvolved,itisconsideredas
multibacillaryfortherapeuticpurposes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdata
representation:
a)Histogramisusedforpresentationofdiscretedata
b)Randomdotsinscatterdiagram--nocorrelation
c)Pictogramisrepresentedbysmallpicturesorsymbols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Piechartisrepresentedbyquadrangularfigurese)Regressiongraphissaidtobelinearwhentheincreaseor
decreaseinthevariablesremainsproportionalindifferent
subjects
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer:4.(b)Randomdotsinscatterdiagram...,(c)Pictogramisrepresented...,(e)Regressiongraphissaidlinear...
[Ref:Park23rd/845-47;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/652;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/694-99,729-30]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Therewillbeasmanypointsasthereareindividualsintheobservation.Whenallthepointareplotted,thediagramgivesthe
pictureofascatter.Hencethename'Scatterdiagram'(Dot
diagram).
Thedirectionofscatterhelpstodeterminethepresenceorabsence
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oftheassociation.Ifthescattertakesthedirectionmidwaybetweenthetwoaxes,itsignifiespositiveassociation(correlation)
Ifittakesadirectionatrightanglestomidwayscatteritindicates
negativeassociation.
Ahaphazardscatterrepresentsneitherpositivenornegative
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
association.21.TrueaboutProgramevaluationandreview
technique(PERT):
a)Betterthancriticalpathmethodforsmallproject
b)RecurrentactivitiesisbettermonitoredthanCPM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Activitiesaredividedintosmallgoalsd)Mainobjectivetomonitorcost
e)Itisamanagementtechniquebetterfornon-researchactivities
thanCPM
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer:(c)Activitiesaredividedintosmallgoals(Ref:Park23rd/872;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/783;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4'h/860]
PERT(ProgrammeEvaluationandReviewTechnique)isa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
managementtechniquewhichmakespossiblemoredetailedplanningandmorecomprehensivesupervision.
Itaidsinplanning,schedulingandmonitoringtheproject;itallows
bettercommunicationb/wthevariouslevelsofmanagement;it
identifiespotentialproblems;itfurnishescontinuous,timelyprogress
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reports;itformsasolidfoundationuponwhichtobuildanevaluationandcheckingsystem
TheessenceofPERTistoconstructanArrowDiagram.The
diagramrepresentsthelogicalsequenceinwhicheventsmusttake
place
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
22.Whichofthefollowingis/aremorein
humanmilkthancowmilk:
a)Protein
b)Iron
c)Carbohydrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Fate)Energy
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer:(b)Iron,(c)Carbohydate[Ref:Park23rd/630;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4th/620]23.WhichofthefollowingIs/aretrue:
a)Serialinterval=gapintimeb/winvasionbyaninfectiousagent
andtheappearanceofclinicalfeature
b)Latentperiod=theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
detectioninnon-infectiousdiseasec)Incubationperiod=timeb/wtheonsetoftheprimarycaseand
thesecondarycase
d)Generationtime=timeperiodbetweentheonsetoftheinfection
andthemaximuminfectivityofthehost
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)Communicableperiod=Itisaperiodduringwhichthereservoirisinfectioustoothers
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.B,Latentperiod=theperiodfromdisease...D,Generation
time=timeperiodbetween...andE,Communicableperiod=It...
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[Ref:Park23rd/99-100;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha4th/281-82]
Thetermlatentperiodisusedinnon-infectiousastheequivalentof
incubationperiodininfectiousdisease.Latentperiodhasbeen
definedas"theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodiseasedetection.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Generationtimeisdefinedas"theintervaloftimeb/wreceiptofinfectionbyahostandmaximalinfectivityofthathost"
Ingeneral,generationtimeisroughlyequaltotheincubationperiod.
However,thesetwotermsarenotthesame
CommunicablePeriodisdefinedas"thetimeduringwhichan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infectiousagentmaybetransferreddirectlyorindirectlyfromaninfectedpersontoanotherperson,fromaninfectedanimaltoman,
orfromaninfectedpersontoananimal,includingarthropods
24.Teststocheckpasteurizationofmilk:
a)Phosphatasetest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Standardplatecountc)Methylenebluetest
d)Nitricacidtest
e)Coliformcount
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer:(a)Phosphatasetest,(b)Standardplatecount,(c)Methylenebluetest,(e)Coliformcount
(Ref:Park23rd/655;CommunityMedicinewithRecent
AdvancesbySuryakantha4th/186]
Nitricacidtestisdoneepidemicdropsy(argemoneoildetection)"-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Park23rd/658Phosphatasetest:Thistestiswidelyusedtochecktheefficiencyof
pasteurization.Thistestisbasedonthefactthatrawmilkcontains
anenzymecalledphosphatasewhichisdestroyedonheatingata
temperaturewhichcorrespondscloselywiththestandardtimeand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
temperaturerequiredforpasteurizationMethylenebluetestPasteurizationofMilkPark23rd/655
Itkillsnearly90%ofthebacteriainmilkincludingthemoreheat-
resistanttuberclebacillusandtheQfeverorganisms.Butitwillnot
killthermoduricbacterianorthebacterialspores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
25.Benefitofverticalhealthprogramme
includes:
a)MorefocusonefficiencY
b)Morerapidresults
c)Dedicatedworkeralwaysavailable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Manyprogramscanrunatonetimee)Effectivewayofmaximizingtheimpactoftheavailable
resources
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Morefocus...,b.Morerapid...,c.Dedicatedworker...,e.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Effectivewayof.Verticalprogrammesare"socalledbecausetheyaredirected,
supervised,andexecuted,eitherwhollyortoagreatextent,bya
specializedserviceusingdedicatedhealthworkers"
Incontrast,anintegratedprogrammeis"theprocessofbringing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
togethercommonfunctionswithinandbetweenorganizationstosolvecommonproblems,developingacommitmenttosharedvision
andgoalsandusingcommontechnologiesandresourcestoachieve
thesegoals"
Verticalprogrammes(alsoknownasstand-alone,categoricalor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
free-standingprogrammesortheverticalapproach)refertoinstanceswhere"thesolutionofagivenhealthproblem[is
addressed]throughtheapplicationofspecificmeasuresthrough
single-purposemachinery"
26.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aboutuseofBardiagram:a)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhicharenot-additive
b)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhichareproportional
percentagecontributionofcategories
c)Piechartisusedforcomparisonof2categorialdatawhichare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proportionalpercentagecontributionofcategoriesd)Comparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesindiscrete
data
e)Comparisonofcontinuousdata
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans:a.Comparison...,c.Piechartis...,d.Comparisonofmagnitude
BarDiagram
Lengthofbarrepresentsfrequencyofacharacter
Popularereasymethod
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Usedforcomparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesindiscretedata
Spacingb/wanytwobarsshouldbenearlyequaltohalfofthewidth
ofthebar
3Type-simple,proportionate&multiple.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Categories QuantitytobeAppropriatediagram
onx-axis representedony-axis*
Continuous Additive
Pieifproportionalcontribution
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(frequencyorofthecategoriesistobe
percentage),
represented,otherwise
histogram
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
histogram
Linefordepictionoftrend,
otherwisebar
Addictive(frequencyor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DiscreteorPieifproportionalpercentage
percentage),
categorical
contributionofthecategories
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
istoberepresented,(number,rateorratio)
otherwisebar
bar
27.Trueaboutsilicosisallexcept:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Causedbyexposureofsilicaoxideb)Severeexposure-wholelunglavagemayhelpfulin
alleviat_ingsymptoms
c)Fibrosisofupperlung
d)Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstoppingexposure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)MoreriskofTB&lungcancer.CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d-Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstopping
exposure
Silicosisisprogressive&whatismoreimportantisthatsilicoticsare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pronetotuberculosisThereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangesthat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed
Nodularfibrosis,morefrequentinapex&posteriorborder(upper
partoflung)(c.finasbestosisfibrosisinlowerhalfoflung)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Silicoticsaremorepronetodeveloppulmonarytuberculosis(butinrecentyearthereisdoubtwhethersilicoticsreallydevelopT.B.)
Foracutesilicosis,bronchoalveolarlavagemayalleviatesymptoms,
butdoesnotdecreaseoverallmortality.
28.TrueaboutCivilregistrationsystemin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
India:a)Dualrecordsystem
b)Deficient
c)Headofinstitutionorofficer-inchargeisresponsiblefor
registration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Birth&Deathbothareregisterede)Causeofdeathisrecorded
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Deficie...,c.Headofinstitution...,d.Birth&Death
both...,e.Causeofdeath
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheregistrationsysteminIndiatendedtobeveryunreliable,thedatabeinggrosslydeficientinregardstoaccuracy,timeliness,
completeness&coverage.Thisisbecauseofilliteracy,ignorance,
lackofconcern,&motivation
Thecentralbirths&DeathRegistrationAct,1969fixesthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
responsibilityforreportingbirths&deaths.Whilethepublic(e.g,parents,relatives)aretoreporteventsoccurringintheirhouseholds,
theheadsofhospital,nursinghomes,hotels,jailsordharmashalas
aretoreporteventsoccurringinsuchinstitutionstobeconcerning
registrar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thetimelimitforregisteringtheeventsofbirth&thatofdeathsis21daysuniformlyalloverIndia.Incaseofdefaultalatefeecanbe
imposed.
29.Specialprotectionincludes:
a)Personalitydevelopment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)lmmunizationagainstspecificdiseasec)Specificnutritionaldiet
d)Protectionfromoccupationalhazard
e)Environmentalmodification
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans:b.Immunizationagainst...,c.Specificnutritionaldiet...,d.Protectionfromoccupational
SpecificProtection
Immunization
Useofspecificnutrients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ChemoprophylaxisProtectionagainstoccupationalhazards
Protectionagainstaccident
Protectionfromcarcinogens
Avoidanceofallergens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecontrolofspecifichazardsinthegeneralenvironmente.g.,airpollution,noisecontrol
Controlofconsumerproductquality&safetyoffoods,drugs,
cosmeticsetc
30.Followupisnotrequiredinwhichof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thefollowingstudy:a)Prospectivestudy
b)Retrospectivestudy
c)Cross-sectionalstudy
d)Longitudinalstudy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)CohortstudyCorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans:b.Retrospectivestudy,c.Cross-sectionalstudy.[RefPark
23rd/62,69;Community
Cohort(Knownbyavarietyofnames-prospectivestudy,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
longitudinalstudy,incidencestudy&forwardlookingstudy)isfollowupstudywithindividualasunitofstudy(Park23rd/62,75)Case
controlstudies,oftencalledretrospectivestudies:
Noattritionproblems,becausecasecontrolstudiesdonotrequire
follow-upofindividualintothefuture.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cross-sectionalstudies(Alsok/aprevalencestudy)issingleexamination(sonofollowup)ofacross-sectionofpopulationatone
pointintime-theresultsofwhichcanbeprojectedonthewhole
population.
Longitudinalstudies:Observationsarerepeatedinthesame
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
populationoveraprolongedperiodoftimebymeansoffollow-upexaminations.
31.Trueabouthumandevelopmentindex
(HDI)-
a)Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)HDIscorerangeis0-10c)Lifeexpectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years
d)GDPpercapitarangefrom25$to50000$
e)HDIscorerangeis0-l
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100;'c'ie.,Lifeexpectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years&`e'i.e.,
HDIscorerangeis0-1[RefPark's24thlep.17-18;
AccordingtoHDIcountriesaredivided?
1. Developedcountries(HighHDI0.8)-USA,Canada,Norway
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2. Developingcountries(mediumHDI0.5-0.79)-India3. Underdevelopedcountries(LowHDI0.5)Seiera,Ethopia
32.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpost
exposureprophylaxisinrabies?
a)CategoryI-Bothvaccineandimmunoglobulinaregiven
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfullvaccinationisreceivedc)Localwoundcleaningisdoneinallcasesofdogwound
d)CategoryI-requiresvaccinationonly
e)Vaccineisstoppedifwithin3daysofbite,dogdies
CorrectAnswer-B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfullvaccinationisreceived;&'c'i.e.,Localwoundcleaningisdone
inallcasesofdogwound[RefPark's24'h/ep.296-97;
CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1"/ep.3231
Cleansing:Withplentyofsoapandwater,preferablyundera
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
runningtap.Suturing:Itshouldnotbedoneimmediately;ifrequiredshouldbe
done24-48hourslater,withminimumpossiblestitches.
CategoryI-touchingorfeedinganimals,licksonintactskinNone
CategoryII-nibblingofuncoveredskin,minorscratchesof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Immediatevaccinationandlocaltreatmentofthewoundabrasionswithoutbleeding
CategoryIII-singleormultipletransdermalbitesorscratches,licks
onbrokenskin;-->Immediatevaccinationandadministrationof
rabies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contaminationofmucouscontactswithbatsimmunoglobulin;localtreatmentofthewoundmembranewithsalivafromlicks,etc.
33.VaccinecontraindicatedinAIDSpatient-
a)MMRvaccine
b)HepatitisAvaccine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Varicellavaccined)Hibvaccine
e)DPTvaccine
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,MMRvaccine;'b'i.e.,HepatitisAvaccine;&'c'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i.e.,Varicellavaccine[RefPark's24thlep.108;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1"/ep.428;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/ep.287;O.P.Ghai8thlep.189-90]
Liveattenuatedvaccinesarecontraindicatedinimmunodeficiency
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stateslikeHIV.ImportantexamplesoflivevaccinesareBCG,OPV(Sabinoralpolio
vaccine),measles,mumps,rubella,yellowfever(17Dvaccine),
typhoidoral(typhoral),chickenpox,influenza,plague,epidemic
typhusandhepatitisA.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
34.Trueaboutpopulationcoverageof
primaryhealthcenter?
a)20000inplainarea
b)30000inplainarea
c)10000intribalarea
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d)20000intribalareae)30000intribalarea
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,30000inplainarea;&'d'i.e.,20000tribalarea
35.TruestatementaboutIPVvaccine-
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a)GiventhroughIM/SCrouteb)Giventhroughintradermalroute
c)Doesnotrequirestringentconditions
d)Doseis-0.1ml/dose
e)Doseis-0.5ml/dose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:EAns.is'a'i.e.,GiventhroughIM/SCroute;'c'i.e.,Dosenot
requirestringentconditions;&`e'i.e.,Doseis-0.5ml/dose[Ref
Park's24th/ep.221-22;O.P.Ghai8th/ep.192]
IPVisadministeredbyintramuscular(preferred)orsubcutaneous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
routes.Theprimaryorinitialcourseofimmunizationconsistsof4
inoculation(4doses).Thefirst3dosesaregivenatintervalsof1-2
monthsand4thdose6-12monthsafterthethirddose.Firstdose
usuallygivenwhentheinfantis6weeksold.Additionaldosesare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
recommendedpriortoschoolentryandthenevery5yearsuntiltheageof18.
ItcanbecombinedwithDPT,Hepatitis,and/orH.influenzaetypeB
vaccine.Inthecombinationvaccines,thealumorthepertussis
vaccine,orbothhaveanadjuvanteffect.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThemajoradvantageofIPVisthatbeinganinactivatedvaccine,itcanbegiveninpregnancyandimmunocompromisedpersons
(personwithlymphoreticularmalignancies,onradiotherapyor
corticosteroid,>50yearsofage).
Theotherimportantadvantageisthatthereisnoriskofvaccine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
associatedparalyticpolio(VAPP)asvirusisinactive.Vaccinedoes
notrequirestringentconditionsduringstorageandtransportation,
thushavinglongshelflife.Oneortwodosesoflivevaccine(OPV)
canbegivensafelyasboosterafteraninitialcourseofimmunization
withIPV.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
36.Trueaboutdemographiccycleoflndia-
a)Enteredintolowstationaryphase
b)Dependencyratio<40Vo
c)YearofBigdivide-l92lA.D
d)Populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)FirstregularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,YearofBigdivide-1921A.D;'d'i.e.,Population
pyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop;&`e'i.e.,First
regularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[RefPark's24th/ep.513-518;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGuptaPlep.610-12;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvance
bySuryakantha4th/ep.651-57]
Theproportionofpersonsabove65yearsofageandchildrenbelow
15yearsofageareconsideredtobedependentontheeconomically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
productiveagegroup(15-64years).Theratioofcombinedagegroup0-14yearsplus65yearsandabovetothe15-65yearsage
groupisknownastotaldependencyratio.
Incountrieswithhighbirthrates(e.g.developingcountrieslike
India),populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtap/apex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(conicalshape).Indevelopedcountries,thepyramidgenerallyshowabulgeinthe
middleandnarrowerbase(dumb-bellshaped).CensusinIndia
CensusisveryimportantsourceofhealthinformationinIndia.Itis
carriedatregularintervalof10years.ThefirstcensusinIndiawas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takenin1881.LastcensuswasheldinMarch2011.CensusisunderMinistryofHomeAffairsandheadofcensus
organizationis'RegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner'.
Inrecentcensus(2011)Biometrywasincludedfirsttimeever:
Fingerprints,Irisscan,UID(uniqueidentificationnumber)and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
photograph.Thereferraltimeanddateatwhichsnapshotofpopulationistaken
iscalledcensusstop(censusmovement),whichis00.0hrs01
March,i.e.Censusstops.
37.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
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RevisedNationalTuberculosisControlProgramme(RNTCP)-
a)T.B.ismandatorytonotify
b)SuspiciousTBpatientsarescreenedthrough2sputum
smearexaminations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)MDR-TBisnotincludedinRNTCPd)Casefindingisactive
e)CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,T.B.ismandatorytonotify;`b'i.e.,SuspiciousTB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patientsarescreenedthrough2sputumsmearexaminations&'e'i.e.,CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
[RefPark's24th/ep.427-30;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
Gupta1"/ep.826-30;Suryakantha4'1*p.921-23;National
HealthProgramsofIndiabyfungalKishore7th/ep.91]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GovernmentofIndiadeclareTBanotifiablediseaseon7thMay2012withfollowingobjectives:-
TohaveestablishedTBsurveillancesysteminthecountry.
ToextentmechanismofTBtreatmentadherenceandcontact
tracingofpatientstreatedintheprivatesector.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ToensureproperTBdiagnosisandcasemanagementandfurtheracceleratereductionofTBtransmission.
TomitigatetheimpendingdrugresistantTBepidemicinthecountry.
38.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutnationalironplusinitiotive-
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a)Onlyschoolgoingadolescentsarecoveredb)Adolescentsofagegroupl0-19yrarecovered
c)Preschoolchildrenarecoveredthroughaganwadicenter
d)Biannuldewormingthroughalbendazoletablet
e)Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanaemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacilityCorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Adolescentsofagegroup10-19yearare
covered;'d'i.e.,Biannuldewormingthroughalbendaz,ole
tablet;&'e'i.e.,Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anaemiaandreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility[RefPark's24`5/ep.471;
http://nhm.gov.in/nrhmcomponnets;CommunityMedicineby
PiyushGupta1"/ep.814-15;Suryakantha4thlep.196-97]
Bi-weekly20mgelementalironand100microgram(mcg)folicacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
permlofliquidformulationandageappropriatede-wormingforpreschoolchildrenof6-59months.
Weeklysupplementationof45mgelementalironand400mcgfolic
acidperchildperdayforchildrenfrom1stto5thgradeingovt.&
Govt.Aidedschools,andatAWCforoutofschoolchildren(6to10
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
years).Weeklydoseof100mgelementalironand500mcgfolicacidwith
biannualde-worminginadolescents(10-19years)underWIFS.
Weeklysupplementationforwomaninreproductiveage,Pregnant
andlactatingwomen.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanemiaandreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility.
39.Periodofcornmunicabilityofmeasles
is-
a)3daysbeforeand10daysafterappearanceofrashes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)3weeksafterappearanceofrashesc)Iweekbeforeappearanceofrashes
d)4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceofrashes
e)Upto3monthsafterappearanceofrashes
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceofrashestRef:Park24th/ep.157;CommunityMedicinewith
RecentbySuryakantha4th/ep.328]
Chickenpox:1-2daysbeforeto4-5daysafterappearanceof
rash.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Measles:4daysbeforeto5daysafterappearanceofrash.Rubella:7daysbeforesymptomsto7daysafterappearanceof
rash.
Mumps:4-6daysbeforesymptomsto7daysthereafter.
Influenza:1-2daysbeforeto1-2daysafteronsetofsymptoms.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diphtheria:14-28daysfromdiseaseonset.Pertussis:7daysafterexposureto3weeksafterparoxysmalstage.
40.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutsandfly-
a)Breedonoverheadtanks
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b)Smallerthanmosquitoc)Femaleflydoesnotbites
d)Don'tflybychoice
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Smallerthanmosquito;&'d'i.e.,Don'tflybychoice[RefPark24th/ep.812-13]
Size:Sandfliesaresmallerthanmosquitoes.
Wings:Thewingsofthesandflyareup-rightandlanceolatein
shape;thesecondlongitudinalveinbranchestwice,thefirst
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
branchingtakingplaceinthemiddleofthewing.Legs:Thelegsofthesandflyarelongercomparedwiththesizeof
thebody.
Hairs:Sandflyisahairyinsect
Hopping:Sandflieshopaboutanddonotflybychoice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Onlyfemalesandfliesbite.Theyrequireabloodmealevery3-4daysforoviposition.Theyinhabitatholesandcrevicesinwalls,
holesintrees,darkrooms,stablesandstorerooms.
Sandflyconnotfly,itonlyhops.
TheinsecticideofchoiceisDDTassandflieshavenotdeveloped
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
resistance.DDTissprayeduptoaheightof4-6feetofwalls.41.9-valentHPVvaccinecoverswhichtype(s)
HPVstrain-
a)6,11
b)16,18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)31,33d)41,35
e)42,58
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)6,11(B)16,18(C)31,33
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The9-valentHPVvaccine,whichprotectsagainstHPVtypes6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52and58,issafeandeffectiveandwillfurther
reducetheincidenceofHPVinfection,aswellasHPV-related
cancers.
TherearetwotypesofHPVvaccines:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Quadrivalent:-containingHPVtypes6,11,16,18Bivalent:-containingHPVtypes16,18
42.Trueaboutsix-sigmamethodinhealth
care?
a)UsedtoImprovepatientcare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Requiresfourstepsc)Itreducespatientdissatisfaction
d)Collectandanalyzethedata
e)Canbeusedforadministrationaswell
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,UsedtoImprovepatientcare;'c'i.e.,Itreducespatientdissatisfaction;'d'i.e.,Collectandanalyzethedata;&
`e'i.e.,Canbeusedforadministrationas
well[Refwww.villanovau.com]
Tohelpreducewasteandimprovequalitycare,manyhopitalsand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
healthcarepracticeshaveadoptedSixsigmamanagementtoolstohelpachievegoals.EmployingSixSigmaprinciplesinhealthcare
settingscanhelpeliminatedefectsandvariationinprocesses,andit
canhelpmakeproceduresmorestreamlined,lesscostlyandhelp
improvepatientcare.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inhealthcareenvironmentsadefectisdefinedasafactorthatleadstopatientdissatisfaction.Examplesofdefectsrangefrom
thefrustratingkind,suchasalongwaittoseeadoctor,tothe
seriouskind,suchasanincorrectdiagnosisortreatment.
Becausepatientcareishands-on,thepossibilityforvarianceis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
largerthaninotherprocess-drivenindustries.Variablesmaybesmallanddifficulttoquantify,butSixSigma'sdata-drivenapproach
canresultinmeasurableimprovement.
Six-Sigmaisaqualityimprovementmethodologythatapplies
statisticstomeasureandreducevariationinprocesses.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisanorganizationalphilosophyinestablishingthebeliefof'doingthingsrightfirsttimeandeverytime'.Itis'ameasureofqualitythat
strivesforperfection'.ThetermSixSigmameans'standard
deviation'.
InHealthcaresectoritisusedforimprovingqualityofhealthcare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
servicesandreducingpatient'sdissatisfaction.Itisusedtoreducetheerrorsandtomovetowards
43.TrueaboutIntrauterinecontraception
deviceis?
a)Causesinhibitionofovulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Copper-TissecondgenerationIUDc)BesttimeofinsertionisImmediatelyaftermenstruation
d)Bleedingiscommon
e)Expulsionismorecommonwithmultiload-375
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Copper-TissecondgenerationIUD;'c'i.e.,BesttimeofinsertionisImmdiatelyaftermensturation;&'d'i.e.,Bleedingiscommon.
Firstgeneration
Thesearenon-medicatedandinertIUDs.ExamplesareLippesloopandGrafenberg'sring.
Secondgeneration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thesearemedicatedandbio-activeIUDs.Metallicions(Copper)areaddedtothedevice.ExamplesareCuT,CuT200,CuT-200B,CuT-200C,Nova-T,Multiload375,Multiload250,
Cut-380A.
Thirdgeneration
ThesearealsomedicatedandbioactiveIUDs.ThesearehormonereleasingIUDs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e.g.progestasertandLNG-20(Mirena).LifespanofdifferentIUDsisdifferent.CuT-380Ahaslongestlifespanof10years.
LifespanofdifferentIUDsindescendingorder:CuT-380A(10years)>Nova-T,Multiload-
375(5years)andLNG-20/Mirena(5years)>CuT-200B(4yars)>CuT-200(3years)>
progestasert(1years).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
44.COMBINEDvaccinesareavailablefor
a)HepatitisB
b)TAB
c)Pneumococcalvaccine
d)Typhoid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)HPVCorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,HepatitisB;'b'i.e.,TAB;&'d'i.e.,Typhoid[Ref
Park's23'/ep.110;www.omicsonline.org]
Ifmorethanonekindofimmunizingagentisincludedinthevaccine,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
itiscalledamixedorcombinedvaccine.Theaimofcombinedvaccinesistosimplifyadministration,reduce
costs,minimizethenumberofcontactsofthepatientwiththehealth
system,reducingthestoragecost,improvingtimelinesof
vaccination,andfacilitatingtheadditionofnewvaccineinto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
immunizationprogramme.Thefollowingaresomeofthewell-knowncombination:
DPT(Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)
DT(Diphtheria-tetanus)
DP(Diphtheria-pertussis)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DPTandtyphoidvaccineMMR(Measles,mumpsandrubella)
DPTP(DPTplusinactivatedpolio)
HepatitisA,andB
HepatitisA,andtyphoid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DTwP(Diphtheria,tetanus,whole-cellpertussis)45.TrueaboutBCGvaccination?
a)Usuallygivenatbirth
b)Canbegiveninpregnancy
c)Usesliveattenuatedvaccine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Immunodeficiencyisacontraindicatione)CausestuberculintesttobecomeNEGATIVE
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.is'a'i.e,Usuallygivenatbirth;&'c'i.e.,Useslive
attenuatedvaccine[RefPark24thiep.194-195].
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thevaccineisgivenbyintradermalroute,justabovetheinsertionofdeltoid(usuallyleftside).Doseofvaccineis0.1mlforallage,witha
strengthof0.1mgin0.1m1.Vaccineisusuallygivenatbirthorat6
weeksofagesimultaneouswithDPTandPolio.
Durationofprotectionisaround15-20years.Efficacyofprotection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
variesfordifferentdiseases:forpulmonarytuberculosisitiszero,forsevereformsofTBitis0-80%(average50%)andforleprosyitis
20-40%(note:BCGvaccinationalsogivessomeprotectionagainst
leprosy).
Storage-BCGvaccinesarestableforseveralweeksatambient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tempratureintropicalclimate,andforupto1year.Ifkeptawayfromdirectlightandstoredinacoolenvironment.Thevaccinemustbe
protectedfromexposuretolightduringstorage(wrappedupin
doublelayerofredorblackcloth.
46.allareStepsusedinSix-sigmaexcept-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Defineb)Analyze
c)Improve
d)Feedback
e)Control
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns-"D"Feedback
SixSigmarequiresfivestepsforqualityimprovement?
1. Define-+Definetheproblem,clarifyandrelateittothecustmer.
Whoarethepatient's,andwhattheywant?Whataretheobjectives?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. MeasureMeasureyourtargetmetricandknowyourmeasureisgood.Whatwillimprovementlookline?Onwhatdatawilloureffect
measured.
3. Analyze-+Lookforrootcauseandgenerateaprioritizedlistingof
themcollectdataandanalyzeusingproventools.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. ImproveDetermineandconfirmtheoptimalsolutionImplementmodificationtoimprovetheprocess.
5. ControlBesuretheproblemdoesnotcomebackandsustainit
Monitorperformancetomaintainimprovement.
PopularoutcomesfromSix-Sigma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increasedpatientsatisfactionandcare,Fewercomplaints,Increasedprescription,accuracy,Reducedwaitingtimeand
variation,Saferandmoreefficientemergencyservices,Fewer
medicalerrorsdefects,Increasedphysiciansatisfaction.
47.Fortreatmentofextendeddrugresistance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
whichofthefollowingdrugsareusedEXCEPT?
a)Rifampicin
b)INH
c)Moxifloxacin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Capreomycine)Clofazimine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'A'Rifampicin[RefPark24th/ep.199]
MDR-TBisdefinedasresistancetoatleastbothINHandrifampicin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PreviouslyitwasclassifiedasCategoryIVunderDOTS(DOTS-PLUS).
Thetreatmentisgivenintwophases,theintestivephase(IP)and
thecontinuationphase(CP).Thetotaldurationoftreatmentfor
regimenforMDR-TBis24-27months,dependingontheIPduration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Regimenis:-1. Intensivephase(6-12months):Sevendrugs:Capreomycin,PAS,
moxifloxacin,highdoseINH,clofazimine,Linezolid,amoxyclay.
2. Continuationphase(18months):Sixdrugs:PAS,moxifloxacin,
highdoseINH,clofazimine,linezolid,amoxyclay.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
48.Screeningisatypeof?
a)Primordialprevention
b)Secondaryprevention
c)Primaryprevention
d)Tertiaryprevention
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.isbi.e.,Secondaryprevention
49.Causalassociationcanbebest
establishedin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)RCTb)Cohortstudy
c)Casecontrolstudy
d)Ecologicalstudy
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.'a'i.e.,RTC(Refhttp://wilderdom.com/research/meta-
analysis.html;http://edres.org/metal.]
Asasinglestudyunit,doubleblindRCTisthebest.
However,overallmeta-analysisisabetterstudysinceitcombines
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thedatafrommultipleRCTandalsofromothertypesofstudy."Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCT)providethestongest,most
relevantevidencetoinformpractice.Someevidencehierarchies
placesystematicreviewandmeta-analysisaboveRCTssincethese
oftencombinedatafrommultipleRCTs,andpossiblyfromother
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
studytypeaswell"--EpitemiologyatglanceSo,systematicreviewandmeta-analysisofRCTsarebest
epidemiologicalstudies
50.Trueaboutdistributionofprevalenceof
goitreinschoolagechildren?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)>5%definedareaasendemicb)5%-19.9%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
c)20%isdefinedassevereiodinedeficiency
d)20-30%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:DAns.is'a'i.e.,>5%definedareaasendemic;&'d'i.e.,20-30%is
definedasmoderateiodinedeficinecy[RefPark22"/ep.
578;OPGhaip.484]
Totalgoitrerate:Percentageofchildrenaged6-11withpalpableor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
visiblegoitre.Thisisanindicatorofiodinedeficiency,whichcausesbraindamageandmentalretardation.
GoitreareclassifiedasNotvisible,palpableandvisibleasshown
below.
Theterm'endemicgoitre'referstoatotalgoitrerateofgreaterthan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5percentinagivencommunity.51.Whichofthefollowingis/arecorrect
regardingCohortstudyVsCase-control
study?
a)Case-controlstudyiseasy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Incidenceiswellcalculatedbycase-controlstudyc)Cohortstudycanestimatebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk
d)Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy
e)Cohortstudyischeaper
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Case-controlstudyiseasy;'c'i.e.,Cohortstudycanestimadebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk&'d'i.e.,
Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy.
Casecontrolstudy
Cohortstudy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Proceedsfrom"effecttocause"2. Startswiththedisease
1. Proceedsfrom"causetoeffect"
3. Testswhetherthesuspected 2. Startswithpeopleexposedto,risk
causeoccursmorefrequentlyin factororsuspectedcause
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thosewiththediseasethan 3. Testswhetherdiseaseoccursmoreamongthosewithoutthe
frequentlyinthoseexposed,thanin
disease
thosenotsimilarexposed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Usuallythefirstapproachtoth4e
. Reservedfortestingofprecisely
testingofahypothesis,butalso formulatedhypothesis.
usefulforexploratorystudies 5. Involveslargernumberofsubjects.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Involvesfewernumberof6. Longfollow-upperiodoften
subjects
needed,involvingdelayedresults
6. Yieldsrelativelyquickresults 7. Inappropriatewhenthediseaseor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Suitableforthestudyofrare
exposureunderinvestigationis
diseases.
rare.
8. Generallyyieldsonlyestimate8. Yieldsincidencerates,RRaswell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofRRasAR(oddsratio)
9. Cannotyieldinformationabout
9. Canyieldinformationaboutmore
diseasesotherthanthat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thanonediseaseoutcome.selectedforstudy
10. Expensive
10. Relativelyinexpensive
11. lessbias
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11. Chancesofbiasaremore52.Trueaboutinfluenzaepidemiology-
a)Itshowscyclictrend
b)Pandemiciscausedbyinfluenza-Bvirus
c)Majorreservoirishuman
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Epidemicsoccurevery2-3yearse)Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25suspectcasesofH1N1
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Itshowscyclictrend;'d'i.e.,Epidemicsoccur
every2-3years;&'e'i.e.,Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SuspectcasesofHiN,[Ref:Park's24th/ep.163-164]InfluenzavirusaRNAvirus,belongstoorthomyxovirus.
Therearethreeviralsubtypes:TypeA(causesallpandemicsand
mostepidemics);typeB;andtypeC(notcirculatingcurrently).
Currentlytheinfluenzavirusescirculatingintheworldare:H,N,of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
typeA(causesswineflu);H,N,oftypeA;H3N,oftypeA;1-1,NioftypeA(causesbirdfluoravianinfluenza);H7N,oftypeA(caused
epidemicofavianinfluenzainChinain2013);andtypeB.
Influenzashowscyclictrendwithepidemicoccurringevery2-3years
incaseofinfluenza-Aandevery4-7yearsincaseofinfluenza-B.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pandemicsarecausedbyonlyinfluenza-Aevery10-15years.Influenzaaffectsallagesandbothsexes.
Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.
Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalsandbirds.
Incubationperiodis18-72hours.Mostoftheinfectionsare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
subclinical.Clinicalcasespresentwithcough,fever,myalgiaandheadache.
53.TrueaboutWHOclassificationofDengue
fever?
a)DenguehemorrhagicfeverIand2areDengueshocksyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Denguehemorrhagicfever-1ischaracterizedbyplateletcount<150000cells/Cumm
c)Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedbyHematocrit
increase>20%
d)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyHematocrit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
increase>20%e)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount
<100000/Cumm
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hematocriteincrease>20%;'d'i.e.,Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyHematocriteincrease>20%;&'e'i.e.,
Denguehemorrhagefever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount...
DHFIIAbovesignsandsymptomsplussomeevidenceof
spontaneousbleedinginskinorotherorgans(blacktarrystools,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
epistaxis,bleedingfromgums,etc)andabdominalpain,Thrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<100,000/cu.mm.Haematorcit
rise20%ormore
DHFIVSignsasgradeIIIplusprofoundshockwithundetectable
bloodpressureorpulsThrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100,000/cu.Mm.Haemotocritrisemorethan20%.DHFIIIandIVareDengueShockSyndrome
54.Correctregardingmanagementofsewage
-
a)Activesludgeprocessingisnolongerrecommended
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Sludgedegradationinvolvesbothaerobicandanaerobicdecomposition
c)Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater
d)Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygendemand
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-C:DAns.is'c'i.e.,Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater;&'d'
i.e.,Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygen
demand[Ref:Park's2e*p.799-802]
Sewageiswastewaterfromcommunity,containingsolidandliquid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excreta.Itcontains99.9%waterand0.1%solids(organicandinorganic).
'Dryweatherflow'istheaverageamountofsewagethatflowsin
sewagesystemin24hours.
Thesegregationofexcretabyimposingabarrieriscalled
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Sanitationbarrier".BODvaluerangesfromabout1mgperlitrefornaturalwatersto
about300mgperlitreforuntreateddomesticsewage.
IftheBODis300mg/Iandabove,sewageissaidtobestrong;ifitis
100mg/I,itissaidtobeweak."
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Therearefollowingmethodsofdisposalofeffluent?1. Disposalbydilution:Disposalintowatercoursessuchasriversand
streamsiscalleddisposalbydilution.
2. Disposalonland:Ifsuitablelandisavailabletheeffluentcanbe
usedforirrigationpurposes(e.g.Okhlasewagetreatmentplanin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Delhi).55.Post-exposureprophylaxisisgivenin-
a)Rabies
b)HBV
c)Influenza
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Rubellae)Measles
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rabies;'b'i.e.,HBV;&`e'i.e.,Measles[RefPark's
22"diep.149,278]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Post-exposureprophylaxisreferstoprophylacticmeasuretakenafterexposuretoapathogen,inordertopreventinfectionbythe
pathogenanddevelopmentofdisease.
Post-exposureimmunization
Hereprophylacticvaccinationisgivenafterexposure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Post-exposureimmunizationisgivenforvaricella(chickenpox),rabies,hepatitis-B,measles,tetanus,andmeningococcalmeningitis.
Post-exposurechemoprophylaxis
Heredrugsareusedforpost-exposurechemoprophylaxis.
ItisusedinHIV,Herpes,diphtheria,andmeningococcalmeningitis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
56.TrueaboutNationalProgrammeFor
ControlofBlindnessis?
a)Startedin1962
b)ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi
c)NottoinvolveNGOSintheprogramme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Emphasistowardseyecampapproache)MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi;
&'e'i.e.,MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters[RefiPark's24th/e
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
p.458,459]NPCBwaslaunchedin1976.Indiawasthefirstcountrytolauncha
nationallevelprogrammeforblindness.
Itsobjectivewastoreducetheprevalenceofeyediseasesin
generalandtheprevalenceofblindnessfrom1.40%to0.3%by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2000AD.Itisa'100%centrallysponsoredProgramme'.TheApexcentre
(NationalEyeInstitute)isDr.RajendraPrasadCentrefor
OphthalmicSciences,NewDelhi,AIIMS.
'WorldBank'providesassistancetoNPCBforcontrolofcataract,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andalsoforassessmentandaidingfordevelopmentoffunds.TostrengthenparticipationofVoluntaryOrganizationsinthe
programmeandtoearmarkgeographicareastoNGOsand
GovernmentHospitalstoavoidduplicationofeffortandimprovethe
performanceofGovernmentUnitslikeMedicalColleges,District
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hospitals,SubDivisionalHospitals,communityHealthCentres,PrimaryHealthCentresetc.
57.Trueabout90:90:90strategy-
a)ForHIVtreatment
b)Targetsfor2025
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillreceivetreatmentd)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillknowHIVstatus
e)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillbepreventedfromTB
infection
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ForHIVtreatment;'c'i.e.,90%peoplewithHIVinfectionwillreceivetreatment;&'d'i.e.,90%peoplewithHIV
infectionwillknowHIVstatus[Ref:www.unaids.org]
InDec.2013,theUNAIDSprogrammeCoordinatingBoardcalledon
UNAIDStosupportcountry-andregion-ledeffortstoestablishnew
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
targetsforHIVtreatmentscale-upbeyond2015.Inresponse,stakeholderconsultationsonnewtargetshavebeenheldinall
regionsoftheworld.Atthegloballevel,stakeholdersassembledina
varietyofthematicconsultationsfocusedoncivilsociety,laboratory
medicine,paediatricHIVtreatment,adolescentsandotherkey
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
issues.PowerfulmomentumisnowbuildingtowardsanewnarrativeonHIV
treatmentandanew,final,ambitious,butachievabletarget:
By2020,90%ofallpeoplelivingwithHIVwillknowtheirHIVstatus.
By2020,90%ofallpeoplewithdiagnosedHIVinfectionwillreceive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sustainedantiretroviraltherapy.By2020,90%ofallpeoplereceivingantiretroviraltherapywillhave
viralsuppression.
58.Biodegradablewasteproducts,disposing
inwhichofthecolourcodeofthebags-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Blueb)Black
c)Green
d)Yellow
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Yellow
59.ObjectivesofNationalHealthPolicy-2017-
a)ReduceIMRto28by2019
b)ReduceMMRto100by2020
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)ReduceUnderfivemortalityto20by2020d)ReduceNeonatalmertalityto15by2020
e)ReduceTFRto2.1by2025
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ReduceIMRto28by2019;'b'i.e.,ReduceMMRto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100by2020;&'e'i.e.,ReduceTFRto2.1by2025[RefNationalHealthPolicy2017Document-MinistryofHealth&Fantily
Welfare]NationalHealthPolicy2017
60.AladyoncombinedOCPforgottotake3
consecutivepillsinthefirstweakofpill
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cycle.Whatshouldbedone?a)Hastotake3pillsimmediately
b)Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule
c)HastoshifttoIUCD
d)Hastousebarriermethodfor7days
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)UseemergencycontraceptivesCorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule;'d'i.e.,Has
tousebarriermethodfor7days;&'e'i.e.,Useemergency
contraceptives[Ref:www.enpowerhealth.com]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
61.
Whichofthefollowingispartofnational
healthpolicy2015draftexcept:
a)IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%
b)Assureuniversalavailabilityoffree,comprehensiveprimary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
healthcareservices,asanentitlement,forallaspectsofreproductive,maternal,childandadolescenthealth
c)Provisionofrighttohealth
d)Engageprivatedoctors
e)Enableuniversalaccesstofreeessentialdrugs&diagnosticsin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
publichealthfacilitiesCorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%[Ref
http://www.mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=3014;www.mohfw.
nic.in/showfile.php?lid=30141]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheNationalHealthPolicyacceptsandendorsestheunderstandingthatafullachievementofthegoalsandprinciplesasdefinedwould
requireanincreasedpublichealthexpenditureto4to5%ofthe
GDP
However,giventhattheNHP,2002targetof2%wasnotmet,and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takingintoaccountthefinancialcapacityofthecountrytoprovidethisamountandtheinstitutionalcapacitytoutilizetheincreased
fundinginaneffectivemanner,thispolicyproposesapotentially
achievabletargetofraisingpublichealthexpenditureto2.5%ofthe
GDP.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
62.Allaretrueaboutlepromatousleprosy(LL)
except:
a)Multibacillary(MB)-Multidrugtherapy(MDT)isgivenfor
treatment
b)Onsplitstain-multiplebacilli
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Sensationpresentinlesionsd)Multiplesymmetricalskinlesionpresent
e)Lepromintestpositive
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans:e.Lepromintest....[RefNeenaKhanna5th/272-83;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Roxburg17th/;Park23rd/314-29]Slitsmear:AllpatientswhoareAFBpositiveshouldbegiven
multibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation-
NeenaKhanna5th/281,283
SkinlesioninLepromatousleprosy(LL):NormalAesthetic/minimally
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hyperaesthetic"-NeenaKhanna5th/276.MultiDrugTherapy(MDT)BlisterPacksareAvailablein4
ColoursNeenaKhanna5th/284
1. Adultmultibacillary(MB)pack:Pink-redcolour
2. Childmultibacillary(MB)pack:Yellowcolour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Adultpaucibacillary(PB)pack:Greencolour4. Childpaucibacillary(PB)pack:Bluecolour
63.Whichofthefollowingis/aremethodof
healthcommunication:
a)Lecture
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Imitationc)Groupdiscussion
d)Paneldiscussion
e)Roleplay
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans:a.Lectu...c.Group...,d.Panel...,e.Roleplay[RefPark23rd/863-65;CummunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/763;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/75665]
GROUPdISCCUSION-1.Lectures,2.Demonstration,3.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Discussionmethods,4-Groupdiscussion,5-Paneldiscussion,6--Symposium-Workshop,7--Conferences,8--Seminars-Roleplay
MASSAPPROACH-1.Television,2.Radio,3.Newspaper,4.
Printedmaterial,5.Directmailing,6.Posters,7.Healthmuseums
andexhibitions,8.Folkmethods,9-Internet.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individualapproach,1.Personalcontact,2.Homevisits,3-Personalletter
64.Allarestepsofinvestigationofan
epidemicexcept:
a)Verifythediagnosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Beforestartinginvestigation,informthemediac)Formulationofhypotheses
d)Confirmationoftheexistenceofanepidemic
e)Plan&implementcontrolmeasures
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans:b.Beforestarting....[RefPark23rd/131-33;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/598603]
InvestigationofanEpidemicalnStepsPark23rd/131-33
Verificationofdiagnosis
Confirmationofexistenceofanepidemic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Definingthepopulationat-riskRapidsearchforallcases&theircharacteristic
Dataanalysis
Formulationofhypotheses
Testingofhypotheses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EvaluationofecologicalfactorsFurtherinvestigationofpopulationatrisk
Writingthereport
65.MMR(Measles,mumps,rubella)vaccineis
anexampleof:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Liveattenuatedvaccineb)Conjugatedvaccine
c)Polysaccharidevaccine
d)Killedvaccine
e)Toxiod
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns:a.Liveattenuated..[RefPark23rd/103;0.P.Ghai8th/195-
96;CommunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
3rd/320]
KILLED
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LIVETOXOID
WHOLE
POLYSACCHARIDE GLYCOCONJUGATE
ATTENUATED
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PROTEINSORGANISM
BCG,Yellow
fever,OPV,
Typhoid,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Measles,Cholera,
Mumps,
Plague,
Diphtheria,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rubella,Pertussis,
Tetanus,
Typhoid,
Influenza,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AcellularPneumococcus,
Hib,Pneumococ-
Varicella,
Typhus,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pertussis, Meningococcus,cus,MenACWY
Rotavirus,
lPV,
Anthrax,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hib,Typhoid(Vi)(Meningococcus)
Cholera,
Rabies,
Influenza
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cold-adapted JE,Ticksubunit
influenza,
borne
Rotavirus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
encephalitis,reassortants.
reassortants.
HAV
Zost
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
66.Allareelementsofprimaryhealthcare
except:
a)Adequatesupplyofsafewater
b)Provisionoffreeessentialdrugsonlytopoor
c)Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Prevention&controloflocallyendemicdiseasee)Educationconcerninghealthproblems
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:b.Provisionoffree....
Elementsofprimaryhealthcare:8Essentialcomponent:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Educationconcerningprevailinghealthproblems&themethodsofpreventing&controllingthem
2. Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition,
3. Anadequatesupplyofsafewater&basicsanitation.
4. Maternal&childhealthcareincludingfamilyplanning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Immunizationagainstmajorinfectiousdiseases6. Prevention&controloflocallyendemicdisease
7. Appropriatetreatmentofcommondiseases&injuries
8. Provisionofessentialdrug
67.WhichofthefollowingvaccineisC/Iin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pregnancy:a)BCG
b)Oralpoliovaccine
c)Measles
d)Tetanus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)HepatitisBCorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)BCG(B)Oralpoliovaccine(C)Measles
[RefPark23rd/103,216;Ananthanarayan9th/83;Park19th/97-
98,162,170,179;Harrison17th/779;AsmaRahimcommunity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
medicinelst/141]Pregnancy?isanotherC/I,forlivevaccinesunlesstheriskof
infectionexceedstheriskofharmtothefoetusofsomelive
vaccinesTheonlyabsoluteC/Iforkilledvaccineisseverelocalor
generalreactiontoapreviousdose.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Unlessspecificallyindicated,BCGshouldnotbegiventopatientssufferingfromgeneralizedeczema?,infectivedermatitis?,
hypogammaglobulinemia,tothosewithahistoryofdeficient
immunity?(symptomaticHIVinfection,knownorsuspected
congenitalimmunodeficiency,leukemia,lymphomaorgeneralized
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
malignantdisease),patientunderimmunosuppressivetreatment(corticosteroids,alkylatingagents,antimetabolites,radiation)&
pregnancy?
HepatitisBC/I:Individualswithahistoryofallergicreactionstoany
ofthevaccinescomponents;NeitherpregnancyorlactationisaC/I
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
foruseofthisvaccine.
OPVC/I;Immunocompromised,immunedeficiencyQ,HIVdiseaseQ
&activeviralinfection;Acuteinfectiousdiseases,fever,diarrhoea&
dysentery
68.Whichofthefollowingisnotzoonosis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Gonorrhoeab)Pertussis
c)Anthrax
d)Brucella
e)SalmonellaparatyphiB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:BAns:a.Gonorrhoea.&b.Pertussis[RefAnanthanarayan
9th/684;Ananthanarayan8th/381,322;MedicalParasitologyby
Paniker6th/214;Park23th/93,276,788
ThetermentericfeverincludestyphoidfevercausedbyS.typhi&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
paratyphoidfevercausedbyS.paratyphiA,B&C.WhileSalmonellaparatyphiAoccuronlyinhumanbeings,S.paratyphiB
caninfectanimalssuchasdogsorcows,whichmayactsassource
ofhumandisease"
Zoonosis:(Infectionofanimalscommunicabletoman)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Zoonosisisdefinedasaninfectionorinfectiousdiseasethatistransmissibleundernaturalconditionsfromvertebrateanimalsto
manZoonoticdiseasemaybeduetoinfectionswithviruses,
bacteria,protozoa,helminths,fungiorarthropods.
Zoonosis:4Categories:1.Directzoonosis,2.CycloZoonosis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.Metazoonosise.g.,arbovirusinfection,4.`Saprozoonosis.69.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingreferenceman&womanexcept:
a)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kg
b)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs55kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Referenceman:heisengagedin8hoursofoccupationwhichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity
d)Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50kg
e)Referencewoman:heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2
CorrectAnswer-B:D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans:b.Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs55kg,&d.Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50
kg,[RefPark23rd/632]
ReferenceIndianAdultMan:
Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kgwithaheight
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of1.73meter&aBMIof20.3;isfreefromdisease&physicallyfitforactivework,Oneachworkingday,heisengagedin8hoursof
occupationwhichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity;whilewhennot
atworkhespends8hoursinbed,4-6hoursinsitting&moving
about,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationorhouseholdduties.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ReferenceIndianAdultWoman:Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years,nonpregnantnon-lactating(NPNL)&weighs55kgwitha
heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2,isfreefromdisease&
physicallyfitforactivework.?Oneachworkingdaysheisengaged
in8hourofoccupation,whichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
whilewhennotatworkshespends8hoursinbed,4-6hoursinsitting&movingabout,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationor
householdduties.
70.TrueaboutSilicosis:
a)Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightinlung
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
noduleb)Fibrosisoflung
c)Stoppingtheexposurereversetheprogression
d)Impairmentoftotallungcapacity
e)Notifiabledisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:EAns:a.Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightin
lungnoduleb.Fibrosisoflungd.Impairmentoftotallung
capacity&e.Notifiabledisease[RefPark23rd/806;Harrison
19th/1688]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thelongerthedurationofexposure,thegreatertheriskofdevelopingsilicosisItisfoundthattheincubationperiodmayvary
fromafewmonthsupto6yearsofexposure,dependinguponthe
abovefactors
Pathologically,silicosisischaracterizedbyadensenodularfibrosis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thenodulerangingfrom3to4mmindiameter,Someoftheearlymanifestationsareirritantcough,dyspneaonexertion&painin
chest
Withmoreadvanceddisease,impairmentoftotallungcapacity
(TLC)iscommonlypresent,AX-rayofchestshows"snowstorm"
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
appearanceinthelungfields,Silicosisisprogressive&whatismoreimportantisthatsilicoticsarepronetopulmonarytuberculosis,a
conditionalcalled"silico-tuberculosis"
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangethat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed,Itwasmade
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
notifiablediseaseundertheFactoriesAct1948&Minesact1952
"Characteristicslungtissuepathologyinnodularsilicosisconsistsof
fibroticnoduleswithconcentric`onion-skinned"arrangementof
collagenfibers,centralhyalinization,andacellularperipheralzone,
withlightlybirefringentparticlesseenunderpolarizedlight.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
71.Allofthefollowingaretrueregarding
watersupplyexcept:
a)Earlierrecommendedtargetofsupplynormforruralareawas
401pcd
b)150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequatesupply
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tomeettheneedsforallurbandomesticpurposec)In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibilityof
sourceofwater<200meterforruralareas
d)Formetrocitieswithpopulation>10lakh,targetis1501pcd
e)Formunicipalitywithpopulationb/w1-10lakh,targetis100-135
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1pcdCorrectAnswer-C
Ans:c.In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibility
ofsourceofwater<200meterforruralareas,
[RefPark23rd/706;NationalHealthProgrammesofIndiaby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
JugalKishore7th/457-63;http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/drinking.Htm]
WaterRequirement:Theconsumptionofwaterdependsupon
climateconditions,standardofliving&habitsofpeople;Adaily
supplyof150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
supplytomeettheneedsforallurbandomesticpurpose.Recommendedwater
PopulationLessthan20,000 supplynorm(Ipcd)
a.Populationservedbystand
40
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
postsb.Populationprovidedwithpipe 70
connections
connections
20,000tolessthan100,000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100100(withnosewerage
system)
100,000tolessthan1,000,00 135(withsewerage
system)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1,000,000andabove150
40oronehand-pumpfor
Ruralandhills(perelevation
250personswithina
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
differenceof100m)Walkingdistanceof1.6
km
Rural?additionalwaterfor
cattleinDesertevelopment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30Programme(DDP)areas.
72.Deprivationindexincludes:
a)Education
b)Income
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c)Workingchildd)Dropoutofchildfromschool
e)Physicaldisability
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans:a.Education&BIncome&E,Physicaldisability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DeprivationIndex:TheNationalKnowledgeCommission(NKC)hasproposedaDeprivationIndexformulatoassessthebackwardness
ofstudents.
TheDeprivationIndexproposestolookatthe"socialbackground,
caste,religionandgender,familyeducationhistory,familyincome,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
typeofschool,placeofresidence(distinguishingbetweenurbanandruralareas,andaccountingforregionaldeprivation)andphysical
disability.
73.Whichofthefollowingdiseasehave
carrierstage:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Staph.aureusb)GroupBStreptococcus
c)HepatitisB
d)Typhoid
e)Haemophilusinfluenzae
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:EAns:a.Staph.aureusc.HepatitisBd.Typhoid.&
EHaemophilusinfluenzae[Ref,Park23ril/95-96;
Ananthanarayan9th/72,203-05,3i0,216,296]
Staphylococcuscarriagestartsearlyinlife,colonizationofumbilical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stumpbeingverycommoninbabiesborninhospitals.Somecarriers,called'shedders'disseminateverylargenumberofcoccifor
prolongedperiods"(Ananthanarayan9th/203-04)
Haemophilusinfluenzae:Carriageinupperrespiratorytractis
common,particularlyinyoungchildren,butsuchstrainsareusually
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
non-capsulated¬responsibleforacuteinvasiveinfection.Rifampicinisgiventoeradicatethecarrierstate.
74.Incubatorycarriersare:
a)Polio
b)Diphtheria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Anthraxd)Pertussis
e)HepatitisB
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Polio,b.Diphtheria.,c.Anthrax&e.HepatitisB[Ref
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Park23rd/95-96;Ananthanarayan9th/72]Incubatorycarriers:Measles,mumps,polio,pertussis,influenza,
diphtheriaandhepatitisB,Convalescentcarriers:Typhoidfever,
dysentery(bacillaryandamoebic),cholera,diphtheriaandwhooping
cough.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Healthycatiers:Poliomyelitis,cholera,meningococcal,meningitis,salmonellosis,anddiphtheria
Temporarycarriers:Maybeincludedtheincubatory
convalescentandhealthycarries.
Chroniccarriers:Typhoidfever,hepatitisB,dysentery,cerebro-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
spinalmeningitis,malaria&gonorrhoea75.Whichofthefollowingdyadsarecorrects:
a)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census
b)CBR-21.3in2012
c)Generalfertilityrate-88.6in2012
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CDR-7in2012e)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans:(A)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census,
(D)CDR-7in2012,&(E)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[RefPark23rd/490;Ananthanarayan9th/;IndianYearBook2015/9;IndianEconomybyRameshSingh6th/Census2011;
Reddy27th/73;Parikh6th/2.131]
Generalfertilityrate-80.3(2012)(Park23rd/490),Totalfertilityrate-
2.4(2012)(Park23rd/490),Generalmaritalfertilityrate-114.9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(2012)(Park23rd/490)Totalmaritalfertilityrate-4.4(2012)(Park23rd/490),Crudebirthrate-22.1per1000(2010);21.6per1000
(2012)(Park23rd/490),Crudedeathrate-7.2per1000(2010);7.0
per1000(2012)(Park23rd/490)
Grossreproductiverate-1.1(2012)(Park23rd/490,"TheCrude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BirthRate(CBR)atthenationallevelduring2013standsat21.4,adeclineof0.2pointsover2012.ThemaximumCBRhasbeen
reportedinBihar(27.6)andtheminimuminKerala(14.7):'(Sample
RegistrationSystem(SRS)survey)
76.Positivepredictivevalue:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtestb)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
c)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
d)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diagnostictestbothCorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans:(b)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreening
test&(e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
&diagnostictestboth[RefPark23rd/139;BiostatisticsbyRao
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2nd/70-71,418;https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat507/node/71;http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive]
Thepositiveandnegativepredictivevalues(PPVandNPV
respectively)aretheproportionsofpositiveandnegativeresultsin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
statisticsanddiagnosticteststhataretruepositiveandtruenegativeresults.ThePPVandNPVdescribetheperformanceofadiagnostic
testorotherstatisticalmeasure.Ahighresultcanbeinterpretedas
indicatingtheaccuracyofsuchastatistic.ThePPVandNPVarenot
intrinsictothetest;theydependalsoontheprevalence.ThePPV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
canbederivedusingBayes'theorem.Note:InPPV,numeratorcontainsonlytruepositive(notallpositive)
&denominatorcontainsallpositive.
positiveandnegativepredictivevaluesareinfluencedbythe
prevalenceofdiseaseinthepopulationthatisbeingtested.Ifwe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
testinahighprevalencesetting,itismorelikelythatpersonswhotestpositivetrulyhavediseasethanifthetestisperformedina
populationwithlowprevalence...
Usingthesametestinapopulationwithhigherprevalence
increasespositivepredictivevalue.Conversely,increased
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prevalenceresultsindecreasednegativepredictivevalue77.Whichofthefollowingcarcinomais
causedbyasbestos:
a)Mesothelioma
b)Bronchialcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Laryngealcarcinomad)Breastcancer
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans:a.Mesotheliomab.Bronchialcarcinomac.Laryngeal
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carcinoma[RefPark23rd/807,2Ist/748;Robbins9th/690-91;Harrison19th/168889;Chapman4th/536]
"Mesotheliomahaveastrongassociationwithcrocidolitevarietyof
asbestos"
Carcinomabronchus&Lung(squamouscelloradenocarcinoma)Q
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PleuralandperitonealmesotheliomaeGastrointestinalcarcinoma(coloncancer)
Laryngealcarcinoma
LungcancerQisthemostfrequentcancerassociatedwithasbestos
exposure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theexcessfrequencyoflungcancer(allhistologictypes)inasbestosworkersisassociatedwithaminimumlatencyof15-19
yearsbetweenfirstexposureanddevelopmentofthedisease.
78.TrueaboutcensusinIndia:
a)Firstcensusconductedin1851
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b)DirectorGeneralofHealthServicesofIndia(DGHS)issupremeofficerforconductingcensus
c)Literacyrateisalsoincludedincensus
d)ConductedinaccordancetoCensusact,1948
e)ConductedinMidyear
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-C:DAns:c.Literacy...,d.Conducted...(Ref:Park23rd/840]
ThefirstregularcensusinIndiawastakenin1881&conductedat
regularintervalof10year.
Thecensusisusuallyconductedattheendofthefirstquarterofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
firstyearineachdecade,thereasonbeing,mostpeopleareusuallyresidentintheirownhomesduringthatperiod
Thelegalbasisofthecensusisprovidedbythecensusactof1948
Thesupremeofficerwhodirects,guides&operatesthecensusis
theCensusCommissionerforIndia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apartfromdemographicinformation,economic&socialcharacteristicofpopulationarealsoincludedincensus(including
literacyrate)
79.Wildpolioisstillendemicin:
a)India
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Pakistaanc)Afganistan
d)Bangladesh
e)Nigeria
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans:b.Pakistaan,c.Afganistan,e.Nigeria[RefPark23rd/203,21st/182I
Till2011,poliowasendemicin4countries-Pakistan,Afghanistan,
India&Nigeria(Mnemonic-PAIN).Butin2014,only3countries
(Afghanistan,NigeriaandPakistan;Mnemonic-PAN)remainpolio-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
endemic,downfrommorethan125countriesin1988.Completingthreefullyearswithoutreportinganycaseofpolio,India
celebratedalandmarkachievementinpublichealthon11February
2014?thevictoryoverpolio.Indiahasnotreportedanycaseof
poliosinceatwo-yearoldgirlgotpolioparalysison13January2011
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inHowrahdistrictofWestBengal.80.TrueaboutStandarddeviation:
a)1SDcovers95%population
b)Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeaninanormal
distribution
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Representmeasurementofdispersionsd)Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans:b.Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeanina
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normaldistributionc.Representmeasurementofdispersionsd.Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange[Ref
Park23rd/847-49,21st/786;BiostatisticsbyBKRao2nd/54;
MethodsinBiostatisticsbyBKMahajan7th/57,60-68;
Basiceb,clinicalBiostatisties4th/30]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deviationfromthemeaninanormaldistributionorcurveiscalledrelativeorstandardnormaldeviateorvariate&isgiventhesymbol
Z.ItismeasuredintermofSDs&indicateshowmuchan
observationisbiggerorsmallerthanmeaninunitofSD.SoZwillbe
aratio.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thestandarddistributioncurve(Normaldistribution)isaperfectlysymmetrical,bellshapedcurvesuchthatthemean,medianand
mode,allhavethesamevalueandcoincideatthecentre,Standard
DistributionCurve(Normal)Q:Mean=Median=Mode
81.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeaturesof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
septictank:a)Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallons
b)Watertightseal
c)Recommendedforlargecommunities
d)Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptictank
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)AnaerobicprocesstakesplaceCorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:a.Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallonsb.Watertight
seald.Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptic
tanke.Anaerobicprocesstakesplace[RefPark23rd/760,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
21st/701]Theseptictankiswater-tightmasonrytankintowhichhousehold
sewageisadmittedfortreatment.
Capacity:Thecapacityofaseptictankwilldependuponthenumber
ofusers.Acapacityof20-30gallonsor2.5-5c.ft.perpersonis
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recommendedforhouseholdseptictanks.Theminimumcapacityofaseptictankshouldbeatleast500gallons
Septictanksarenotrecommendedforlargecommunities
Airspace:Thereshouldbeaminimumairspaceof30cmb/wthe
levelofliquidinthetank&theundersurfaceofthecover
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Retentionperiod:Septictanksaredesignedinthiscountrytoallowaretentionperiodof24hours
82.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
leprosy:
a)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsideredmultibacillary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
leprosyb)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatousspectrum
c)ItiseradicatedfromIndiain2000
d)12monthofMDTisrecommendedformultibacillaryleprosy
e)Multidrugtherapyisgiven
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:EAns:(A)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsidered
multibacillaryleprosy(B)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatous
spectrum(D)12monthofMDTisrecommendedfor
multibacillaryleprosy(E)Multidrugtherapyisgiven
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Grenzzoneoccurinlepromatousleprosy"(NeenaKhanna3rd/227)"Multibacillaryleprosy:with6skinlesions,aswellasallsmear
positivecases"(KDT7th/783)
"Thereisnoplaceformonotherapyintreatmentofleprosy"-(Neena
Khanna3rd/229)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Slitskinsmear:AllpatientswhoareAFBpositiveshouldbegivenmultibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation"
(NeenaKhanna3rd/227)
33state/UTwehaveachievedeliminationlevel(prevalencerate<1
per10,000population).Only3states/UTviz.Bihar,Chattisgarher
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DerNHavelihasPRof2-4per10,000population"(Park23rd/316)"Paucibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving1-5skinlesionseWoronly
onenerveinvolvement"(Park2Ist/292)
"Multibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving6ormoreskinlesionsd-/or
morethanonenerveinvolvement"
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
83.Whichofthefollowingviralexanthema
combinationis/arecorrectexcept:
a)Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever
b)Rubella-palatalpetechiaemayoccur
c)Roseola-rashappearafterfeversubsides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Measles-rashoccursbehindtheearsalonghairlinee)Chickenpox-pleomorphicrashesoccur
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever.[RefPark
23rd/144-145,148:0.Ghai7th/185;Harrison19th/1194,18th/149,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
153]Varicella(Chickenpox):Acharacteristicfeatureofrashisits
peomorphismi.e,allstageofrash(papules,vesicles&crusts)may
beseensimultaneouslyatonetime,inthesamearea.Temperature
risewitheachfreshcropofrash"(Park23rd/144-45)"Exanthem
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
subitum(roseola)iscausedbyhumanherpesvirus6andismostcommonamongchildren
84.Whichofthefollowingactis/arepassed
afterindependence:
a)ESIact
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Factoryactc)MTPact
d)Epidemicdiseaseact
e)SARDAact
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans:(A)ESIact(B)Factoryact(C)MTPactTheprohibitionofchildmarriageact,2006(PCMA)wasenacted
repealingthechildmarriagerestraintactof1929inordertoprohibit
childmarriageratherthanonlyrestrainingthem"(Park23rd/589,
21st/542)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"ESIactpassedin1948(amended1975,1984&1989"(Park23rd/815,21st/756)
"Indianfactoriesactpassedin1948"(Park23rd/815,21st/542)
"Medicalterminationofpregnancyactwaspassedin1971"(Park
23rd/506,21st/468)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
85.AccordingtoWHO,recommended
treatmentforuncomplicatedplasmodium
falciparumis/are:
a)Mefloquine
b)Chloroquine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Artemether+lumefantrined)Artemesinonly
e)Lumefantrineonly
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:(C)Artemether+lumefantrine[RefPark23rd/263-65;KDT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7th/820;http://whglibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf]
Recommendationsunchangedfromthefirsteditionofthe
Guidelines(2006);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum
malaria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Artemisinin-basedcombinationtherapies(ACTs)aretherecommendedtreatmentsforuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
ThefollowingACTsarerecommended:
Artemetherpluslumefantrine,artesunateplusamodiaquine,
artesunateplusmefloquine,andartesunateplussulfadoxine-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pyrimethamine.ThechoiceofACTinacountryorregionwillbebasedonthelevel
ofresistanceofthepartnermedicineinthecombination.
Additionalrecommendationsinthesecondeditionofthe
Guidelines(2010);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
malariaArtemisinin-basedcombinationtherapiesshouldbeusedin
preferencetosulfadoxinepyrimethamine(SP)plusamodiaquine
(AQ)forthetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
Strongrecommendation,moderatequalityevidence.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ACTsshouldincludeatleast3daysoftreatmentwithanartemisininderivative.
Strongrecommendation,highqualityevidence.
Dihydroartemisininpluspiperaquine(DHA+PPQ)isanoptionforthe
first-linetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
worldwide.86.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
frostbite:
a)Occursattemperatureabovefreezingpoint
b)Reperfusioninjuryismoredangerousthanfrostbite
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Rewarmingshouldbegradual&spontaneousd)Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint
e)Intakeofhotfluidspromotesgeneralrewarming
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Reperfusion...,c.Rewarming...,d.Occurs...&e.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intake...[RefPark23rd/748:Manipalsurgery4th/941ReperfusioninjuryManipalsurgery4th/94
Thisdangerouseventfollowsrevascularizationoflimbs,resultingin
acutecompartmentsyndromewithcompartmentalpressure
exceedingcapillarypressure(30mmHg)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostofinjuryisbelievedtobedueto02derivedfreeradicalsDiagnosisisclinicalassuggestedbyseverepaininthelimb,
oedemaofleg&muscletenderness
Treatedbyurgentmultiplefasciotomy,decompressionfollowedby
debridementofdeadtissue.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attemperaturebelowfreezing(dry-coldcondition)frostbiteoccurs;thetissuefreeze&icecrystalsforminbetweenthecells
Affectedpartshouldbewarmedusingwaterat44?Criticism,
Warmingshouldlastabout20minutesatatime,Intakeofhotfluids
promotesgeneralrewarming
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
87.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingpopulationgrowthinIndia:
a)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble
b)In1971,populationwasmorethan500million
c)In1991,populationwasaround1billion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Between1971-2011,thedecadalgrowthratewas>20%e)1921-2011,thedecadalgrowthratewasindoubledigit
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans:(A)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble,(B)In
1971,populationwasmorethan500million(E)1921-2011,the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decadalgrowthratewasindoubledigit[Ref:Park23rd/afl]
Totalpopulation
Decadal
Year
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Million)growthrate
1901
238.4
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1911252.1
0.75
1921
251.3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(-)0.311931
279
11
1941
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
318.714.22
1951
361.1
13.31
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1961439.2
21.64
1971
548.2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
24.801981
683.3
24.66
1991
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
846.323.87
2001
1028.6
21.52
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20111210.1
2011
1210.1
17.64
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
88.Catheterplacedinwhichtypeofcolour
codedbag:
a)Black
b)Blue
c)Yellow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Rede)Transprentwhite
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Ans:(C)Yellow,(E)Transprent:"CategoryNo.7:Solidwaste-
wastesgeneratedfromdisposableitemsotherthanthewaste
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sharpssuchastubings,catheters,intravenoussetsetc)Colour
Typeof
Waste
Treatmentoptionsasper
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
codingcontainer
category Schedule1
Cat.1,2,
Yellow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PlasticbagIncineration/deepburial
3,&6
Disinfected
Cat.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Autoclaving/microwaving/Red
container/plastic 3,6,&7 Chemicaltreatment
bag
Plasticbag/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Autoclaving/Microwaving/ChemicalBlue/White
Cat.4,
punctureProof
Treatmentand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
translucentCat.7.
container
Destruction/Shredding
Cat.5,9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BlackPlasticbag
Disposalinsecuredlandfill?
&10
89.Whichofthefollowingis/areprobability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sampling:a)Judgesampling
b)Clustersampling
c)Simplerandomsampling
d)Snowballsampling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e)StratifiedsamplingCorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans:(B)Clustersampling(C)Simplerandom
sampling(E)Stratifiedsampling
[RefMcGraw-HillBasic&ClinicalBiostatistics,4thEdition
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Chap4;Park23rd/850;BiostatisticsbyB.K.Mahajan7th/83-91;BiostatisticsbyKVRao2nd/12-15;Park23rd/850]
Thebestwaytoensurethatthesamplewillleadtoreliableandvalid
inferencesistouseprobabilitysamples,inwhichtheprobabilityof
beingincludedinthesampleisknownforeachsubjectinthe
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population.Fourcommonlyusedprobabilitysamplingmethodsinmedicinearesimplerandomsampling,systematicsampling,
stratifiedsampling,andclustersampling,allofwhichuserandom
processes
90.Whichofthefollowingis/aresourceof
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mortalityrelateddata:a)Sampleregistrationsystem
b)Deathcertificate
c)Centralbirths&deathsregistrationact
d)Alloftheabove
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e)NoneCorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d.Alloftheabove[RefPark23rd/840-41]
TheSRSisadual-recordsystem,consistingofcontinuous
enumerationofbirths&deathsbyanenumerator&anindependent
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surveyevery6monthsbyaninvestigator-supervisorSincetheintroductionofthissystem,morereliableinformationon
birth&deathrates,age-specificfertility&mortalityrates,infant,
under-five&adultmortalityetc.havebecomeavailable.
Theactcameintoforceon1april1970,Theactprovidesfor
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compulsoryregistrationofbirths&deathsthroughoutthecountryThetimelimitforregisteringtheeventofbirths&thatofdeathsis21
daysuniformlyalloverIndia