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This post was last modified on 11 August 2021

1.Allofthefollowingaretrueaboutvasectomy,EXCEPT:
a)Takeabout3monthsbeforethespermstoresareusedup
b)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocauteryisused
c)Reversalismostsuccessfulwithin10yearsofinitialsurgery
d)Thereisariskofchronictesticularpain

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e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(B)Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifelectrocautery
isused
Spermgranulomasarelesscommonifthermalcauteryisused

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ratherthanelectrocautery.
Somecomplicationsofvasectomy:
1. Hematomaandinfection
2. SpermGranulomas
3. Chronictesticularpain

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4. Spontaneousrecanalisation
5. Antispermantibodyformation
Ref:OxfordHandbookofClinicalSpecialities,8thEdition,Page305;
Shaw'sTextbookofGynaecology,12thEdition,Page182

2.Zoonoticdiseasesare-

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a)Salmonellosis
b)Plague
c)Anthrax
d)All
e)None

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CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.(D)All

3.TrueaboutPasteurizationofmilkisall
except
a)Doesnotkillthermoduricbacteria

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b)Doesnotkillspores
c)Cause>95%decreaseinbacterialcount
d)Killstuberclebacillus
e)None
CorrectAnswer-C

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Ans.is'c'i.e.,"Causes>95%decreaseinbacterialcount
Pasteurization
Pasteurizationisdonetodestroythepathogensthatmaybepresent
inmilk,whilecausingminimalchangeinthecomposition.flovour
andnutritivevalue.

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Pasteurizationkillsnearly90%ofthebacteriainmilk,includingthe
moreheatresistant-Tuberclebacilli-Qfeverorganisms
Itdoesnotkillthethermoduricbacteria.
Itdoesnotkillbacteriaspores.
Thereare3widelvusedmethodsforpasteurization:

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1. Holdermethod:Milkkeptat63-66?Cfur30minutesisrapidly
cooledto5?C.
2. HTSTmethod:'Hightemperatureshorttime'method(Flash
method)
Ileatedto72?Cfor15sec.andthenrapidlycooledto4?C

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Thisisnowthemostwidelyusedmethod.
method:
Ultra-hightempraturemethod.

Rapidlyheatedintwostagesto125?Cforfewseconds.
Thesecondstageisbeingunderpressure.

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It
isthenrapidlycooled.

4.Mean,Medianandmodeallarezero.The
typeofdistributionis?
a)Standardnormal
b)Negativelyskewed

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c)Positivelyskewed
d)Jshaped
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Standardnormal

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5.Trueaboutanophelesmosquito?
a)Larvaehavesiphontube
b)Larvaearesurfacefeeder
c)Larvaearebottomfeeder
d)Larvaetieatanangletowatersurface

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e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Larvaearesurfacefeeder
Tribe
Anophelinianopheles

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Culciniculex,aedes,
genus
Mansonia
1. Laidsingly
1. Laidinclustersor

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Eggs
2. Eggsareboat-shaped
raft,eachraft
containing100-&
containing100-250

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providedwithlateral
eggs(exceptaedes)
float
2. Eggsareoval
shaped&not

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providedwithlateral
floats
1. Restparalleltowater 1. Suspendedwithhead
surface
downwardsatan

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Larvae
2. Nosiphontube
angletowater
3. Palmatehairspresent
surface.

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onabdominalsegments
2. Siphontubepresent
3. Nopalmatehairs
Pupae
Siphontubeisbroad Siphontubeis

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&short

long&narrow
Adult

Adult
1. Whenatrest,inclineda

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1.t Whenatrest,the
anangletosurface
bodyexhibitsa
2. Wingsspotted
hunchback

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3. Palpilonginboth
2. Wingsunspotted
sexes
3. Palpishortin
female

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6.MostcommoncancerinfemalesinIndia?
a)Breast
b)Cervix
c)Ovary
d)Uterus

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e)Oralcavity
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Breast[RefPark24th/ep.401]
Overallcancersinworld:Breast>Prostate>Colorectal>Lung>
Cervix

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Cancersinmalesinworld:Prostate>Colorectum>Lung>
Stomach>Urinarybladder
Cancersinfemalesinworld:Breast>Colorectum>Cervix>Uterus
>Thyroid
OverallcancersinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Lip/oralcavity>

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Colorectum>Prostate
CancersinmalesinIndia:Lip/oralcavity>Prostate>Colorectum
>Pharynx(otherthannasopharynx)>Larynx
CancerinfemalesinIndia:Breast>Cervix>Ovary>Uterus>
Colorectum

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7.Viralhemorrhagicfeverincludes?
a)Yellowfever
b)Westnilefever
c)Lassafever
d)Rossfever

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e)Crimian-Congofever
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Yellowfever,'c'i.e.,Lassafever&`e'i.e.,Crimian
-Congofever[Refhttp://nasi.org.in
i)Febrilegroup(feverandmyalgia)

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Thisisthemostcommongroupwhichcomprisesalargenumberof
undifferentiatedfevers,generallybeginwithorwithoutrashesand
jointpain.
Importantvirusesinthisgroupare:-Dengue,Chikungunya,West
Nile,Coloradotickfever,SandflyfeverandSindbis.

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ii)Encephilitisgroup
ThisgroupaffectsCNSandcausesencephalitisor
meningoencephalitis.
Importantvirusinthisgroupare:-Californiaserogroupviruses
(Californiaencephalitis,Jamestowncanyon,Kesstone,La

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Cross,Trivittatus),StLouis,JE,centralEuropean,Russianspring
summer,WestNile,Powassan,EasternEquine,WesternEquine
andVenezuela.
iii)Hemorrhagicgroup
Hemorrhagicgroupisassociatedwithhemorrhage.

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Importantvirusesinthisgroupare:-Dengue,KFD,Chikungunya,
Yellowfever,Lassa,CrimeanHECongo,Omek,Riftvalley,

Hantavirus,MarbungorEbola.

8.Trueregardingoddsratiois/are?
a)Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposedpopulation

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b)Itiscrossproductivityratio
c)Usedincohortstudy
d)Usedincasecontrolstudy
e)Itissimilartorelativerisk
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E

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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-
disposedpopulation,'b'i.e.,Itiscrossproductivityratio,`d'i.e.,
Usedincasecontrolstudy&'e'i.e.,Itissimilartorelative
risk[RefPark24thlep.78]
Fromacasecontrolstudyoddsratiocanbederivedwhicha

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measureofthestrengthofassociationbetweenriskfactorand
outcome.Indicatorofincreasedriskofdiseaseinpre-disposed
population
Oddsratioisakeyparameterinanalysisofcasecontrol
studies.

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InterpretationofOddsratios(OR):IssimilartoRelativerisk
(RR)incohortstudy(asORisanestimateofRR)


9.MaximumchancesofHIVtransmissionare
associatedwith?
a)Receptiveanalsex

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b)Insertiveanalsex
c)Receptiveoralsex
d)Insertiveoralsex
e)Vaginalsex[femaletomale]
CorrectAnswer-A

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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Receptiveanal
sex[RefHttp://www.aidsmap.com/HIV-risk-levels-for-the-
insertive-and-receptive-partner-in-different-types-of-sexual-
intercourse/page/14434904

HIVrisklevelsfortheinsertiveandreceptivepartnerindifferent

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typesofsexualintercourse
Analintercoursehashighestriskoftransmission(analintercourse>
vaginalintercourse>oralsex).
UnprotectedanalintercoursecarriesahigherriskofsexualHIV
transmissionthanunprotectedvaginalintercourse.Althougheither

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sexualpartnercanacquireHIVfromtheotherduringunprotected
analintercourse,HIVismorelikelytopassfromanHIV-positive
insertivepartnertohisreceptivepartnerthanfromanHIV-positive
receptivepartnertohisorherinsertivepartner.

10.Vectorborndiseasesare?

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a)Dengue
b)KFD
c)Japaneseencephalitis
d)Plague
e)Yellowfever

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CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D:E
Ans.is'All'i.e.,a,b,c,d&e[Ref:Park24`"/ep.194&23rd/ep.
185]


11.Screeningtestsshouldbe?
a)Costly

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b)Easytoperform
c)Difficulttoperform
d)Morespecific
e)Lesssensitive
CorrectAnswer-B:D

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Ans.is'b'i.e.,Easytoperform,'d'i.e.,Morespecific[Ref:Park
24th/ep.149&23'alep.387;Modernepidemiology3ra/ep.204]
Thediseaseshouldbeanimportanthealthproblemwitha
recognizablelatentorasymptomaticstage.
Thereshouldbeatest(screeningtest)whichcandetectthedisease

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priortoclinicalstage,withavailabilityofadiagnostic(confirmatory)
test.
Atestshouldhavehighsensitivityandspecificity.
Accuracy=(Sensitivity)(Prevalence)/(Specificity)(1-Prevalence)
Accuracy=Truepositive+Truenegative/Truepositive+False

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positive+Truenegative+Falsenegative
Otherimportantcriteriaare:Simplicity,rapidity,lowcost(cost
effectiveness),safety,andeaseofadministration

12.CashbenefitsinESIschemeinclude?
a)Sickness

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b)Medical
c)Maternal
d)Liability
e)Funeral
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E

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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sickness,'b'i.e.,Medical,'c'i.e.,Maternal&`e'
i.e.,Funeral[RefPark24th/ep.853&23"1/ep.816]
Medicalbenefit:-905Rspercapita.
Disablementbenefit
Dependentsbenefit

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Funeralexpenses:-Rs.5000isgiven
Maternitybenefit:-Forconfinement,thedurationofbenefitis12
weeks.Formiscarriageitis6weeks.Forsicknessarisingoutof
confinementitis30days.
Sicknessbenefit:Thesicknessbenefitispayableforamaximum

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periodof9ldaysinanycontinuousperiodof365days.
TOTAL34differentdiseasesaregivenimportancesuchas,Mental
diseases(Psychoses),Chroniccongestivecardiacfailure,,Aplastic
anaemia,Monoplegiaetc

13.Trueregardingfrostbiteis/are?

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a)Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint
b)Whenonfoot,knownastrenchfoot
c)Onfaceitissuperficialandseverefromoccuronextrimities
d)Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&swelling
e)3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandbloodfilledblister

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formation
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint,'d'
i.e.,Both1st&2nddegreeshowinflammation,edema&
swelling&'e'i.e.,3rddegreeshowsdamagetoskinandblood

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filledblisterformation[RefPark23rd/ep.748;wiki]
Frostbiteisanintegerthatiscausedbyexposureofourbodyto
belowfreezingpoint.Theunderlyingmechanisminvolvesinjuryfrom
icecrystalsandbloodclotsinsmallbloodvesselsfollowingthawing.
Areasthatareusuallyaffectedincludecheeks,ears,noseand

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fingersandtoes.Thereisnodifferenceintheseverityamongthese
areas.
InfirstdegreeTheskinisnumb,usuallybecomeswhiteandpossibly
swollen,withareddenedborder.Sometimestheskinisred,may
feelhardorstiff.,Ifitistreatedquickly,theskinusuallyrecovers

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fully.
InseconddegreeThereisalsousuallyquitealotofswellingofthe
affectedarea.,Blistersfilledwithaclearormilkyfluidappearonthe
skin.,Atalatestage,lastingcoldsensitivityandnumbnesscan
develop.

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BloodfilledBlistersalsodevelop.Theskinfeelshardandcold.In
theweeksafterinjury,painpersistsandablackenedcrust(eschar)
develops.thecanbelongtermulcerationanddamagetogrowth
plates.

14.Primarypreventionofhypertension

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includes?
a)Weightreduction
b)Dietarysaltreduction
c)Exercisepromotion
d)Earlydiagnosis

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e)Antihypertensivedrugs
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Weightreduction,'b'i.e.,Dietarysaltreduction&
'c'i.e.,Exercisepromotion[RefPark24th/ep.393&23'd/ep.
374]

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Dietarymodification(Nutrition):Reductioninsaltintaketo<5gm/
day,moderatefatintake,avoidanceofalcoholintake,andrestriction
ofenergyintakeappropriatetobodyneeds.
Weightreductionandexercisepromotion.
Behavioralchanges:Reductionofstress,avoidanceofsmoking,

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doingyogaandmeditation.
Healtheducationandselfcare,e.g.measuringownBP.
Secondarypreventionincludesearlycasedetectionbydiagnosis
(i.e.identificationofhypertension)andtreatment.

15.Organism(s)includedincategory'A'bio-

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terrorismis/are?
a)Vibriocholera
b)ClostridiumBotulinum
c)Yersiniapestis
d)Bacillusanthracis

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e)Burkholderiamallie
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ClostridiumBotulinum&'c'i.e.,Yersiniapestis&
'd'i.e.,Bacillusanthracis[RefHarrison18thiep.1769]
Bioterrorismagentscanbeseparatedintothreecategories,

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dependingonhoweasilytheycanbespreadandtheseverityof
illnessordeaththeycause.CategoryAagentsareconsideredthe
highestriskandCategoryCagentsarethosethatareconsidered
emergingthreatsfordisease.
Smallpox,Anthrax(B.anthracis),Botulism(Clostridiumbotulinum),

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Plague(Yersiniapestis),tularemia(Francisellatularensis)are
categeroyA
V.cholerae,Q.fever(Coxiellaburnetii),Typhusfever(Rickettsia
prowazekii),psittacosis(Chlamydiapsittaci),glanders(Burkholderia
mallie),Malioidosis(Burkholderiapseudomallie)arecategoryB

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1EmerginginfectionslikeNipah,Hantavirus,SARScoronavirus
categoryC

16.Breastmilkcontains?
a)Fat
b)Protein

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c)VitamineA
d)VitamineC
e)VitamineK
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Fat,'b'i.e.,Protein,'c'i.e.,VitamineA

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&'d'i.e.,VitamineC[RefPark24thiep.574&23"1/ep.630]
Breastmilkisrichinpolyunsaturatedfattyacids,necessaryforthe
myelinationofthenervoussystemandbraingrowth.
Activelipaseinthebreastmilkpromotesdigestionoffatsand
providesFFA.

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Ironofbreastmilkisverywellabsorbed,breastfeedingprevents
againstirondeficiencyanemia.
BreastmilkalsopreventsdeficienciesofvitaminA,C,D,Eandzinc.
Mostoftheproteiniswheyproteins(lactalbuminand
lactoglobulin),
whichcanbedigestedeasily(Incontrastcowmilk

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containsmorecasein).
Breastmilkcontainstheidealratiooftheaminoacidscystine,
taurineandmethionine
tosupportdevelopmentofcentraland
peripheralnervoussystem.
ExclusivebreastfeedingmaycausedeficiencyofvitaminB12

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(ifmotherispurevegetarian),vitaminK,VitaminDandfluoride.
VitaminKdeficiencycancausehemorrhagicdiseaseofnew
born


Theremaybeneonataljaundiceandgoldencolorstool.

17.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue

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abouttuberculosisinindiaexcept?
a)Indiahasapproximately1/41hofGloballoadofTB
b)MDR-TBamongnotifiednewpulmonaryTBpatientsisabout
5%
c)5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive

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d)MDR-TBamongretreatmentcasesisabout15%
e)incidenceisaround2millionnewTBcasesannually
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer:D,MDR-TBamongretreatmentcasesisabout
15%(Ref:Park23rd/176-77;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush

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Gupta1'x/192-97;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvances
bySuryakantha4"/364-70]
IndiaisthehighestTBburdencountryintheworldintermof
absolutenumberofincidentcasesthatoccureachyear.Itaccounts
forone-fourthoftheestimatedglobalincidentTBcasesin2013"

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MDR-TBamongnotifiednewpulmonaryTBpatientswasabout
2.2%andamongretreatmentcaseswasabout15%
Currently,multidrug-resistantTBisaglobalconcernandis
encounteredin3%ofallnewcasesand12%ofretreatmentcases.
Approximately5%ofTBpatientsestimatedtobeHIVpositive-

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PiyushGupta1"/194,Park23rd/177

18.Importanceoflepromintestareallexcept:
a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance
b)Prognosticvalue
c)Tellsaboutimmunitystatusofleprosypatients

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d)Differentiatebetweendifferenttypesofleprosy
e)Predictivevalue
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer:(a)Onlyhasepidemiologicalsignificance(Ref:Park
23rd/320-21;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby

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Suryakantha4th/539-40
Thetesthaspredictivevalueaswell.Itgivesanindicationoftherisk
ofthediseaseamongcontactsofopencases.
Thetesthasanepidemiologicalvalueaswell.Itindicatesthe
incidenceandprevalenceofinfectionamongchildren.Inthefirst6

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monthsoflife,mostchildrenareleprominnegative.Theybecome
positiveprogressivelyastheirageadvances.
Thetwodrawbacksthatstandinthewayofthistestbringusedfor
diagnosisare:(i)positiveresultsinnon-cases,and(ii)negative
resultsinlepromatousandnear-lepromatouscases

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19.Aleprosypersonispresentedwith
involvementsofsuralandradialnerve.
Whichtypeofregimenyouwillgive:

a)MultibacillarytreatmentX9month
b)MultibacillarytreatmentX12month

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c)MultibacillarytreatmentX15month
d)PaucibacillarytreatmentX6month
e)SingledosetreatmentofRifampicin,Ofloxacinand
Minocycline(ROM)
CorrectAnswer-B

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Answer(b)MultibacillarytreatmentX12month[Ref:Park
23rd/323-24;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGuptalst/282-83;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4th/535-45;NeenaKhanna5th/272-84]

Itisapureneuritictypeofleprosy.ItisacaseofMultibacillary

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leprosyfortherapeuticpurpose(accordingtoWHOclassification,
morethanonenervetrunkinvolvementistermedasmultibacillary
fortreatmentpurpose.
manyconsiderthatpureneuriticleprosybelongstothe
paucibacillarygroupsinceallofthemareacid-fastbacillinegativeon

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skinsmearsbydefinitionandaremostlyleprominpositive.
AccordingtopresentNLEPguidelinesinIndia,whenonenerve
trunkisinvolvedinleprosyitisconsideredaspaucibacillary,and
whenmorethanonenervetrunkisinvolved,itisconsideredas
multibacillaryfortherapeuticpurposes.

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20.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdata
representation:
a)Histogramisusedforpresentationofdiscretedata
b)Randomdotsinscatterdiagram--nocorrelation
c)Pictogramisrepresentedbysmallpicturesorsymbols

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d)Piechartisrepresentedbyquadrangularfigures
e)Regressiongraphissaidtobelinearwhentheincreaseor
decreaseinthevariablesremainsproportionalindifferent
subjects
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E

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Answer:4.(b)Randomdotsinscatterdiagram...,(c)Pictogram
isrepresented...,(e)Regressiongraphissaidlinear...
[Ref:Park23rd/845-47;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/652;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/694-99,729-30]

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Therewillbeasmanypointsasthereareindividualsinthe
observation.Whenallthepointareplotted,thediagramgivesthe
pictureofascatter.Hencethename'Scatterdiagram'(Dot
diagram).
Thedirectionofscatterhelpstodeterminethepresenceorabsence

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oftheassociation.Ifthescattertakesthedirectionmidwaybetween
thetwoaxes,itsignifiespositiveassociation(correlation)
Ifittakesadirectionatrightanglestomidwayscatteritindicates
negativeassociation.
Ahaphazardscatterrepresentsneitherpositivenornegative

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association.


21.TrueaboutProgramevaluationandreview
technique(PERT):
a)Betterthancriticalpathmethodforsmallproject
b)RecurrentactivitiesisbettermonitoredthanCPM

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c)Activitiesaredividedintosmallgoals
d)Mainobjectivetomonitorcost
e)Itisamanagementtechniquebetterfornon-researchactivities
thanCPM
CorrectAnswer-C

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Answer:(c)Activitiesaredividedintosmallgoals(Ref:Park
23rd/872;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/783;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
4'h/860]
PERT(ProgrammeEvaluationandReviewTechnique)isa

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managementtechniquewhichmakespossiblemoredetailed
planningandmorecomprehensivesupervision.
Itaidsinplanning,schedulingandmonitoringtheproject;itallows
bettercommunicationb/wthevariouslevelsofmanagement;it
identifiespotentialproblems;itfurnishescontinuous,timelyprogress

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reports;itformsasolidfoundationuponwhichtobuildanevaluation
andcheckingsystem
TheessenceofPERTistoconstructanArrowDiagram.The
diagramrepresentsthelogicalsequenceinwhicheventsmusttake
place

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22.Whichofthefollowingis/aremorein
humanmilkthancowmilk:
a)Protein
b)Iron
c)Carbohydrate

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d)Fat
e)Energy
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Answer:(b)Iron,(c)Carbohydate[Ref:Park23rd/630;
CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesbySuryakantha

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4th/620]


23.WhichofthefollowingIs/aretrue:
a)Serialinterval=gapintimeb/winvasionbyaninfectiousagent
andtheappearanceofclinicalfeature
b)Latentperiod=theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodisease

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detectioninnon-infectiousdisease
c)Incubationperiod=timeb/wtheonsetoftheprimarycaseand
thesecondarycase
d)Generationtime=timeperiodbetweentheonsetoftheinfection
andthemaximuminfectivityofthehost

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e)Communicableperiod=Itisaperiodduringwhichthereservoir
isinfectioustoothers
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.B,Latentperiod=theperiodfromdisease...D,Generation
time=timeperiodbetween...andE,Communicableperiod=It...

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[Ref:Park23rd/99-100;CommunityMedicinewithRecent
AdvancesbySuryakantha4th/281-82]

Thetermlatentperiodisusedinnon-infectiousastheequivalentof
incubationperiodininfectiousdisease.Latentperiodhasbeen
definedas"theperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodiseasedetection.

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Generationtimeisdefinedas"theintervaloftimeb/wreceiptof
infectionbyahostandmaximalinfectivityofthathost"
Ingeneral,generationtimeisroughlyequaltotheincubationperiod.
However,thesetwotermsarenotthesame
CommunicablePeriodisdefinedas"thetimeduringwhichan

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infectiousagentmaybetransferreddirectlyorindirectlyfroman
infectedpersontoanotherperson,fromaninfectedanimaltoman,
orfromaninfectedpersontoananimal,includingarthropods


24.Teststocheckpasteurizationofmilk:
a)Phosphatasetest

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b)Standardplatecount
c)Methylenebluetest
d)Nitricacidtest
e)Coliformcount
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E

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Answer:(a)Phosphatasetest,(b)Standardplatecount,(c)
Methylenebluetest,(e)Coliformcount
(Ref:Park23rd/655;CommunityMedicinewithRecent
AdvancesbySuryakantha4th/186]
Nitricacidtestisdoneepidemicdropsy(argemoneoildetection)"-

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Park23rd/658
Phosphatasetest:Thistestiswidelyusedtochecktheefficiencyof
pasteurization.Thistestisbasedonthefactthatrawmilkcontains
anenzymecalledphosphatasewhichisdestroyedonheatingata
temperaturewhichcorrespondscloselywiththestandardtimeand

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temperaturerequiredforpasteurization
MethylenebluetestPasteurizationofMilkPark23rd/655
Itkillsnearly90%ofthebacteriainmilkincludingthemoreheat-
resistanttuberclebacillusandtheQfeverorganisms.Butitwillnot
killthermoduricbacterianorthebacterialspores

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25.Benefitofverticalhealthprogramme
includes:
a)MorefocusonefficiencY
b)Morerapidresults
c)Dedicatedworkeralwaysavailable

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d)Manyprogramscanrunatonetime
e)Effectivewayofmaximizingtheimpactoftheavailable
resources
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Morefocus...,b.Morerapid...,c.Dedicatedworker...,e.

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Effectivewayof.
Verticalprogrammesare"socalledbecausetheyaredirected,
supervised,andexecuted,eitherwhollyortoagreatextent,bya
specializedserviceusingdedicatedhealthworkers"
Incontrast,anintegratedprogrammeis"theprocessofbringing

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togethercommonfunctionswithinandbetweenorganizationsto
solvecommonproblems,developingacommitmenttosharedvision
andgoalsandusingcommontechnologiesandresourcestoachieve
thesegoals"
Verticalprogrammes(alsoknownasstand-alone,categoricalor

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free-standingprogrammesortheverticalapproach)referto
instanceswhere"thesolutionofagivenhealthproblem[is
addressed]throughtheapplicationofspecificmeasuresthrough
single-purposemachinery"


26.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue

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aboutuseofBardiagram:
a)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhicharenot-additive
b)Comparisonof2categorialdatawhichareproportional
percentagecontributionofcategories
c)Piechartisusedforcomparisonof2categorialdatawhichare

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proportionalpercentagecontributionofcategories
d)Comparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesindiscrete
data
e)Comparisonofcontinuousdata
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D

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Ans:a.Comparison...,c.Piechartis...,d.Comparisonof
magnitude
BarDiagram
Lengthofbarrepresentsfrequencyofacharacter
Popularereasymethod

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Usedforcomparisonofmagnitudeofdifferentfrequenciesin
discretedata
Spacingb/wanytwobarsshouldbenearlyequaltohalfofthewidth
ofthebar
3Type-simple,proportionate&multiple.

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Categories Quantitytobe
Appropriatediagram
onx-axis representedony-axis*
Continuous Additive
Pieifproportionalcontribution

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(frequencyor
ofthecategoriesistobe
percentage),
represented,otherwise
histogram

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histogram
Linefordepictionoftrend,
otherwisebar
Addictive(frequencyor

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Discreteor
Pieifproportionalpercentage
percentage),
categorical
contributionofthecategories

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istoberepresented,
(number,rateorratio)
otherwisebar
bar

27.Trueaboutsilicosisallexcept:

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a)Causedbyexposureofsilicaoxide
b)Severeexposure-wholelunglavagemayhelpfulin
alleviat_ingsymptoms
c)Fibrosisofupperlung
d)Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstoppingexposure

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e)MoreriskofTB&lungcancer.
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d-Fibroticchangecanbereversedafterstopping
exposure
Silicosisisprogressive&whatismoreimportantisthatsilicoticsare

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pronetotuberculosis
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangesthat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed
Nodularfibrosis,morefrequentinapex&posteriorborder(upper
partoflung)(c.finasbestosisfibrosisinlowerhalfoflung)

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Silicoticsaremorepronetodeveloppulmonarytuberculosis(butin
recentyearthereisdoubtwhethersilicoticsreallydevelopT.B.)
Foracutesilicosis,bronchoalveolarlavagemayalleviatesymptoms,
butdoesnotdecreaseoverallmortality.

28.TrueaboutCivilregistrationsystemin

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India:
a)Dualrecordsystem
b)Deficient
c)Headofinstitutionorofficer-inchargeisresponsiblefor
registration

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d)Birth&Deathbothareregistered
e)Causeofdeathisrecorded
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Deficie...,c.Headofinstitution...,d.Birth&Death
both...,e.Causeofdeath

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TheregistrationsysteminIndiatendedtobeveryunreliable,the
databeinggrosslydeficientinregardstoaccuracy,timeliness,
completeness&coverage.Thisisbecauseofilliteracy,ignorance,
lackofconcern,&motivation
Thecentralbirths&DeathRegistrationAct,1969fixesthe

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responsibilityforreportingbirths&deaths.Whilethepublic(e.g,
parents,relatives)aretoreporteventsoccurringintheirhouseholds,
theheadsofhospital,nursinghomes,hotels,jailsordharmashalas
aretoreporteventsoccurringinsuchinstitutionstobeconcerning
registrar

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Thetimelimitforregisteringtheeventsofbirth&thatofdeathsis21
daysuniformlyalloverIndia.Incaseofdefaultalatefeecanbe
imposed.

29.Specialprotectionincludes:
a)Personalitydevelopment

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b)lmmunizationagainstspecificdisease
c)Specificnutritionaldiet
d)Protectionfromoccupationalhazard
e)Environmentalmodification
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D

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Ans:b.Immunizationagainst...,c.Specificnutritionaldiet...,d.
Protectionfromoccupational
SpecificProtection
Immunization
Useofspecificnutrients

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Chemoprophylaxis
Protectionagainstoccupationalhazards
Protectionagainstaccident
Protectionfromcarcinogens
Avoidanceofallergens

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Thecontrolofspecifichazardsinthegeneralenvironmente.g.,air
pollution,noisecontrol
Controlofconsumerproductquality&safetyoffoods,drugs,
cosmeticsetc

30.Followupisnotrequiredinwhichof

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thefollowingstudy:
a)Prospectivestudy
b)Retrospectivestudy
c)Cross-sectionalstudy
d)Longitudinalstudy

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e)Cohortstudy
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans:b.Retrospectivestudy,c.Cross-sectionalstudy.[RefPark
23rd/62,69;Community
Cohort(Knownbyavarietyofnames-prospectivestudy,

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longitudinalstudy,incidencestudy&forwardlookingstudy)isfollow
upstudywithindividualasunitofstudy(Park23rd/62,75)Case
controlstudies,oftencalledretrospectivestudies:
Noattritionproblems,becausecasecontrolstudiesdonotrequire
follow-upofindividualintothefuture.

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Cross-sectionalstudies(Alsok/aprevalencestudy)issingle
examination(sonofollowup)ofacross-sectionofpopulationatone
pointintime-theresultsofwhichcanbeprojectedonthewhole
population.
Longitudinalstudies:Observationsarerepeatedinthesame

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populationoveraprolongedperiodoftimebymeansoffollow-up
examinations.

31.Trueabouthumandevelopmentindex
(HDI)-
a)Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100

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b)HDIscorerangeis0-10
c)Lifeexpectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years
d)GDPpercapitarangefrom25$to50000$
e)HDIscorerangeis0-l
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E

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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Adultliteracyraterangefrom0to100;'c'ie.,Life
expectancyatbirthrangefrom25yearsto85years&`e'i.e.,
HDIscorerangeis0-1[RefPark's24thlep.17-18;
AccordingtoHDIcountriesaredivided?

1. Developedcountries(HighHDI0.8)-USA,Canada,Norway

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2. Developingcountries(mediumHDI0.5-0.79)-India
3. Underdevelopedcountries(LowHDI0.5)Seiera,Ethopia

32.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpost
exposureprophylaxisinrabies?
a)CategoryI-Bothvaccineandimmunoglobulinaregiven

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b)Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfullvaccinationisreceived
c)Localwoundcleaningisdoneinallcasesofdogwound
d)CategoryI-requiresvaccinationonly
e)Vaccineisstoppedifwithin3daysofbite,dogdies
CorrectAnswer-B:C

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Ans.is'b'i.e.,Immunoglobulinnotrequiredifpriorfull
vaccinationisreceived;&'c'i.e.,Localwoundcleaningisdone
inallcasesofdogwound[RefPark's24'h/ep.296-97;
CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta1"/ep.3231
Cleansing:Withplentyofsoapandwater,preferablyundera

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runningtap.
Suturing:Itshouldnotbedoneimmediately;ifrequiredshouldbe
done24-48hourslater,withminimumpossiblestitches.
CategoryI-touchingorfeedinganimals,licksonintactskinNone
CategoryII-nibblingofuncoveredskin,minorscratchesof

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Immediatevaccinationandlocaltreatmentofthewoundabrasions
withoutbleeding
CategoryIII-singleormultipletransdermalbitesorscratches,licks
onbrokenskin;-->Immediatevaccinationandadministrationof
rabies

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contaminationofmucouscontactswithbatsimmunoglobulin;
localtreatmentofthewoundmembranewithsalivafromlicks,etc.

33.VaccinecontraindicatedinAIDSpatient-
a)MMRvaccine
b)HepatitisAvaccine

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c)Varicellavaccine
d)Hibvaccine
e)DPTvaccine
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,MMRvaccine;'b'i.e.,HepatitisAvaccine;&'c'

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i.e.,Varicellavaccine
[RefPark's24thlep.108;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1"/ep.428;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/ep.287;O.P.Ghai8thle
p.189-90]
Liveattenuatedvaccinesarecontraindicatedinimmunodeficiency

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stateslikeHIV.
ImportantexamplesoflivevaccinesareBCG,OPV(Sabinoralpolio
vaccine),measles,mumps,rubella,yellowfever(17Dvaccine),
typhoidoral(typhoral),chickenpox,influenza,plague,epidemic
typhusandhepatitisA.

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34.Trueaboutpopulationcoverageof
primaryhealthcenter?
a)20000inplainarea
b)30000inplainarea
c)10000intribalarea

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d)20000intribalarea
e)30000intribalarea
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,30000inplainarea;&'d'i.e.,20000tribalarea

35.TruestatementaboutIPVvaccine-

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a)GiventhroughIM/SCroute
b)Giventhroughintradermalroute
c)Doesnotrequirestringentconditions
d)Doseis-0.1ml/dose
e)Doseis-0.5ml/dose

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CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,GiventhroughIM/SCroute;'c'i.e.,Dosenot
requirestringentconditions;&`e'i.e.,Doseis-0.5ml/dose[Ref
Park's24th/ep.221-22;O.P.Ghai8th/ep.192]
IPVisadministeredbyintramuscular(preferred)orsubcutaneous

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routes.
Theprimaryorinitialcourseofimmunizationconsistsof4
inoculation(4doses).Thefirst3dosesaregivenatintervalsof1-2
monthsand4thdose6-12monthsafterthethirddose.Firstdose
usuallygivenwhentheinfantis6weeksold.Additionaldosesare

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recommendedpriortoschoolentryandthenevery5yearsuntilthe
ageof18.
ItcanbecombinedwithDPT,Hepatitis,and/orH.influenzaetypeB
vaccine.Inthecombinationvaccines,thealumorthepertussis
vaccine,orbothhaveanadjuvanteffect.

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ThemajoradvantageofIPVisthatbeinganinactivatedvaccine,it
canbegiveninpregnancyandimmunocompromisedpersons
(personwithlymphoreticularmalignancies,onradiotherapyor
corticosteroid,>50yearsofage).
Theotherimportantadvantageisthatthereisnoriskofvaccine

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associatedparalyticpolio(VAPP)asvirusisinactive.Vaccinedoes
notrequirestringentconditionsduringstorageandtransportation,
thushavinglongshelflife.Oneortwodosesoflivevaccine(OPV)
canbegivensafelyasboosterafteraninitialcourseofimmunization
withIPV.

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36.Trueaboutdemographiccycleoflndia-
a)Enteredintolowstationaryphase
b)Dependencyratio<40Vo
c)YearofBigdivide-l92lA.D
d)Populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop

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e)FirstregularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,YearofBigdivide-1921A.D;'d'i.e.,Population
pyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtop;&`e'i.e.,First
regularcensusinIndiawascarriedin1881

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[RefPark's24th/ep.513-518;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
GuptaPlep.610-12;CommunityMedicinewithRecentAdvance
bySuryakantha4th/ep.651-57]
Theproportionofpersonsabove65yearsofageandchildrenbelow
15yearsofageareconsideredtobedependentontheeconomically

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productiveagegroup(15-64years).Theratioofcombinedage
group0-14yearsplus65yearsandabovetothe15-65yearsage
groupisknownastotaldependencyratio.
Incountrieswithhighbirthrates(e.g.developingcountrieslike
India),populationpyramidhasabroadbaseandataperingtap/apex

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(conicalshape).
Indevelopedcountries,thepyramidgenerallyshowabulgeinthe
middleandnarrowerbase(dumb-bellshaped).CensusinIndia
CensusisveryimportantsourceofhealthinformationinIndia.Itis
carriedatregularintervalof10years.ThefirstcensusinIndiawas

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takenin1881.LastcensuswasheldinMarch2011.

CensusisunderMinistryofHomeAffairsandheadofcensus
organizationis'RegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner'.
Inrecentcensus(2011)Biometrywasincludedfirsttimeever:
Fingerprints,Irisscan,UID(uniqueidentificationnumber)and

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photograph.
Thereferraltimeanddateatwhichsnapshotofpopulationistaken
iscalledcensusstop(censusmovement),whichis00.0hrs01
March,i.e.Censusstops.

37.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout

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RevisedNationalTuberculosisControl
Programme(RNTCP)-

a)T.B.ismandatorytonotify
b)SuspiciousTBpatientsarescreenedthrough2sputum
smearexaminations

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c)MDR-TBisnotincludedinRNTCP
d)Casefindingisactive
e)CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,T.B.ismandatorytonotify;`b'i.e.,SuspiciousTB

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patientsarescreenedthrough2sputumsmearexaminations&
'e'i.e.,CoveredthewholecountrysinceMarch2006
[RefPark's24th/ep.427-30;CommunityMedicinebyPiyush
Gupta1"/ep.826-30;Suryakantha4'1*p.921-23;National
HealthProgramsofIndiabyfungalKishore7th/ep.91]

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GovernmentofIndiadeclareTBanotifiablediseaseon7thMay
2012withfollowingobjectives:-
TohaveestablishedTBsurveillancesysteminthecountry.
ToextentmechanismofTBtreatmentadherenceandcontact
tracingofpatientstreatedintheprivatesector.

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ToensureproperTBdiagnosisandcasemanagementandfurther
acceleratereductionofTBtransmission.
TomitigatetheimpendingdrugresistantTBepidemicinthecountry.

38.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutnationalironplusinitiotive-

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a)Onlyschoolgoingadolescentsarecovered
b)Adolescentsofagegroupl0-19yrarecovered
c)Preschoolchildrenarecoveredthroughaganwadicenter
d)Biannuldewormingthroughalbendazoletablet
e)Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanaemia

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andreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Adolescentsofagegroup10-19yearare
covered;'d'i.e.,Biannuldewormingthroughalbendaz,ole
tablet;&'e'i.e.,Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severe

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anaemiaandreferringthesecasestoanappropriatehealth
facility[RefPark's24`5/ep.471;
http://nhm.gov.in/nrhmcomponnets;CommunityMedicineby
PiyushGupta1"/ep.814-15;Suryakantha4thlep.196-97]
Bi-weekly20mgelementalironand100microgram(mcg)folicacid

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permlofliquidformulationandageappropriatede-wormingfor
preschoolchildrenof6-59months.
Weeklysupplementationof45mgelementalironand400mcgfolic
acidperchildperdayforchildrenfrom1stto5thgradeingovt.&
Govt.Aidedschools,andatAWCforoutofschoolchildren(6to10

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years).
Weeklydoseof100mgelementalironand500mcgfolicacidwith
biannualde-worminginadolescents(10-19years)underWIFS.
Weeklysupplementationforwomaninreproductiveage,Pregnant

andlactatingwomen.

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Screeningoftargetgroupsformoderate/severeanemiaand
referringthesecasestoanappropriatehealthfacility.

39.Periodofcornmunicabilityofmeasles
is-
a)3daysbeforeand10daysafterappearanceofrashes

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b)3weeksafterappearanceofrashes
c)Iweekbeforeappearanceofrashes
d)4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceofrashes
e)Upto3monthsafterappearanceofrashes
CorrectAnswer-D

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Ans.is'd'i.e.,4daysbeforeand5daysafterappearanceof
rashestRef:Park24th/ep.157;CommunityMedicinewith
RecentbySuryakantha4th/ep.328]
Chickenpox:1-2daysbeforeto4-5daysafterappearanceof
rash.

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Measles:4daysbeforeto5daysafterappearanceofrash.
Rubella:7daysbeforesymptomsto7daysafterappearanceof
rash.
Mumps:4-6daysbeforesymptomsto7daysthereafter.
Influenza:1-2daysbeforeto1-2daysafteronsetofsymptoms.

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Diphtheria:14-28daysfromdiseaseonset.
Pertussis:7daysafterexposureto3weeksafterparoxysmalstage.

40.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
aboutsandfly-
a)Breedonoverheadtanks

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b)Smallerthanmosquito
c)Femaleflydoesnotbites
d)Don'tflybychoice
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:D

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Ans.is'b'i.e.,Smallerthanmosquito;&'d'i.e.,Don'tflyby
choice[RefPark24th/ep.812-13]
Size:Sandfliesaresmallerthanmosquitoes.
Wings:Thewingsofthesandflyareup-rightandlanceolatein
shape;thesecondlongitudinalveinbranchestwice,thefirst

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branchingtakingplaceinthemiddleofthewing.
Legs:Thelegsofthesandflyarelongercomparedwiththesizeof
thebody.
Hairs:Sandflyisahairyinsect
Hopping:Sandflieshopaboutanddonotflybychoice

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Onlyfemalesandfliesbite.Theyrequireabloodmealevery3-4
daysforoviposition.Theyinhabitatholesandcrevicesinwalls,
holesintrees,darkrooms,stablesandstorerooms.
Sandflyconnotfly,itonlyhops.
TheinsecticideofchoiceisDDTassandflieshavenotdeveloped

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resistance.DDTissprayeduptoaheightof4-6feetofwalls.

41.9-valentHPVvaccinecoverswhichtype(s)
HPVstrain-
a)6,11
b)16,18

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c)31,33
d)41,35
e)42,58
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)6,11(B)16,18(C)31,33

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The9-valentHPVvaccine,whichprotectsagainstHPVtypes6,11,
16,18,31,33,45,52and58,issafeandeffectiveandwillfurther
reducetheincidenceofHPVinfection,aswellasHPV-related
cancers.
TherearetwotypesofHPVvaccines:-

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Quadrivalent:-containingHPVtypes6,11,16,18
Bivalent:-containingHPVtypes16,18

42.Trueaboutsix-sigmamethodinhealth
care?
a)UsedtoImprovepatientcare

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b)Requiresfoursteps
c)Itreducespatientdissatisfaction
d)Collectandanalyzethedata
e)Canbeusedforadministrationaswell
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E

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Ans.is'a'i.e.,UsedtoImprovepatientcare;'c'i.e.,Itreduces
patientdissatisfaction;'d'i.e.,Collectandanalyzethedata;&
`e'i.e.,Canbeusedforadministrationas
well[Refwww.villanovau.com]
Tohelpreducewasteandimprovequalitycare,manyhopitalsand

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healthcarepracticeshaveadoptedSixsigmamanagementtoolsto
helpachievegoals.EmployingSixSigmaprinciplesinhealthcare
settingscanhelpeliminatedefectsandvariationinprocesses,andit
canhelpmakeproceduresmorestreamlined,lesscostlyandhelp
improvepatientcare.

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Inhealthcareenvironmentsadefectisdefinedasafactorthatleads
topatientdissatisfaction.Examplesofdefectsrangefrom
thefrustratingkind,suchasalongwaittoseeadoctor,tothe
seriouskind,suchasanincorrectdiagnosisortreatment.
Becausepatientcareishands-on,thepossibilityforvarianceis

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largerthaninotherprocess-drivenindustries.Variablesmaybe
smallanddifficulttoquantify,butSixSigma'sdata-drivenapproach
canresultinmeasurableimprovement.

Six-Sigmaisaqualityimprovementmethodologythatapplies
statisticstomeasureandreducevariationinprocesses.

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Itisanorganizationalphilosophyinestablishingthebeliefof'doing
thingsrightfirsttimeandeverytime'.Itis'ameasureofqualitythat
strivesforperfection'.ThetermSixSigmameans'standard
deviation'.
InHealthcaresectoritisusedforimprovingqualityofhealthcare

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servicesandreducingpatient'sdissatisfaction.Itisusedtoreduce
theerrorsandtomovetowards

43.TrueaboutIntrauterinecontraception
deviceis?
a)Causesinhibitionofovulation

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b)Copper-TissecondgenerationIUD
c)BesttimeofinsertionisImmediatelyaftermenstruation
d)Bleedingiscommon
e)Expulsionismorecommonwithmultiload-375
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D

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Ans.is'b'i.e.,Copper-TissecondgenerationIUD;'c'i.e.,Besttimeofinsertionis
Immdiatelyaftermensturation;&'d'i.e.,Bleedingiscommon.
Firstgeneration

Thesearenon-medicatedandinertIUDs.ExamplesareLippesloopandGrafenberg'sring.
Secondgeneration

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Thesearemedicatedandbio-activeIUDs.Metallicions(Copper)areaddedtothedevice.
ExamplesareCuT,CuT200,CuT-200B,CuT-200C,Nova-T,Multiload375,Multiload250,
Cut-380A.
Thirdgeneration
ThesearealsomedicatedandbioactiveIUDs.ThesearehormonereleasingIUDs

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e.g.progestasertandLNG-20(Mirena).
LifespanofdifferentIUDsisdifferent.CuT-380Ahaslongestlifespanof10years.
LifespanofdifferentIUDsindescendingorder:CuT-380A(10years)>Nova-T,Multiload-
375(5years)andLNG-20/Mirena(5years)>CuT-200B(4yars)>CuT-200(3years)>
progestasert(1years).

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44.COMBINEDvaccinesareavailablefor
a)HepatitisB
b)TAB
c)Pneumococcalvaccine
d)Typhoid

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e)HPV
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,HepatitisB;'b'i.e.,TAB;&'d'i.e.,Typhoid[Ref
Park's23'/e
p.110;www.omicsonline.org]
Ifmorethanonekindofimmunizingagentisincludedinthevaccine,

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itiscalledamixedorcombinedvaccine.
Theaimofcombinedvaccinesistosimplifyadministration,reduce
costs,minimizethenumberofcontactsofthepatientwiththehealth
system,reducingthestoragecost,improvingtimelinesof
vaccination,andfacilitatingtheadditionofnewvaccineinto

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immunizationprogramme.
Thefollowingaresomeofthewell-knowncombination:
DPT(Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)
DT(Diphtheria-tetanus)
DP(Diphtheria-pertussis)

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DPTandtyphoidvaccine
MMR(Measles,mumpsandrubella)
DPTP(DPTplusinactivatedpolio)
HepatitisA,andB
HepatitisA,andtyphoid.

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DTwP(Diphtheria,tetanus,whole-cellpertussis)

45.TrueaboutBCGvaccination?
a)Usuallygivenatbirth
b)Canbegiveninpregnancy
c)Usesliveattenuatedvaccine

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d)Immunodeficiencyisacontraindication
e)CausestuberculintesttobecomeNEGATIVE
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.is'a'i.e,Usuallygivenatbirth;&'c'i.e.,Useslive
attenuatedvaccine[RefPark24thiep.194-195].

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Thevaccineisgivenbyintradermalroute,justabovetheinsertionof
deltoid(usuallyleftside).Doseofvaccineis0.1mlforallage,witha
strengthof0.1mgin0.1m1.Vaccineisusuallygivenatbirthorat6
weeksofagesimultaneouswithDPTandPolio.
Durationofprotectionisaround15-20years.Efficacyofprotection

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variesfordifferentdiseases:forpulmonarytuberculosisitiszero,
forsevereformsofTBitis0-80%(average50%)andforleprosyitis
20-40%(note:BCGvaccinationalsogivessomeprotectionagainst
leprosy).
Storage-BCGvaccinesarestableforseveralweeksatambient

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tempratureintropicalclimate,andforupto1year.Ifkeptawayfrom
directlightandstoredinacoolenvironment.Thevaccinemustbe
protectedfromexposuretolightduringstorage(wrappedupin
doublelayerofredorblackcloth.

46.allareStepsusedinSix-sigmaexcept-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Define
b)Analyze
c)Improve
d)Feedback
e)Control

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CorrectAnswer-D
Ans-"D"Feedback
SixSigmarequiresfivestepsforqualityimprovement?

1. Define-+Definetheproblem,clarifyandrelateittothecustmer.
Whoarethepatient's,andwhattheywant?Whataretheobjectives?

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2. MeasureMeasureyourtargetmetricandknowyourmeasureis
good.Whatwillimprovementlookline?Onwhatdatawilloureffect
measured.
3. Analyze-+Lookforrootcauseandgenerateaprioritizedlistingof
themcollectdataandanalyzeusingproventools.

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4. ImproveDetermineandconfirmtheoptimal
solutionImplementmodificationtoimprovetheprocess.
5. ControlBesuretheproblemdoesnotcomebackandsustainit
Monitorperformancetomaintainimprovement.
PopularoutcomesfromSix-Sigma

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Increasedpatientsatisfactionandcare,Fewercomplaints,
Increasedprescription,accuracy,Reducedwaitingtimeand
variation,Saferandmoreefficientemergencyservices,Fewer
medicalerrorsdefects,Increasedphysiciansatisfaction.

47.Fortreatmentofextendeddrugresistance

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whichofthefollowingdrugsareused
EXCEPT?

a)Rifampicin
b)INH
c)Moxifloxacin

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d)Capreomycin
e)Clofazimine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'A'Rifampicin[RefPark24th/ep.199]
MDR-TBisdefinedasresistancetoatleastbothINHandrifampicin.

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PreviouslyitwasclassifiedasCategoryIVunderDOTS(DOTS-
PLUS).
Thetreatmentisgivenintwophases,theintestivephase(IP)and
thecontinuationphase(CP).Thetotaldurationoftreatmentfor
regimenforMDR-TBis24-27months,
dependingontheIPduration

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Regimenis:-
1. Intensivephase(6-12months):Sevendrugs:Capreomycin,PAS,
moxifloxacin,highdoseINH,clofazimine,Linezolid,amoxyclay.
2. Continuationphase(18months):Sixdrugs:PAS,moxifloxacin,
highdoseINH,clofazimine,linezolid,amoxyclay.

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48.Screeningisatypeof?
a)Primordialprevention
b)Secondaryprevention
c)Primaryprevention
d)Tertiaryprevention

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e)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.isbi.e.,Secondaryprevention

49.Causalassociationcanbebest
establishedin-

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a)RCT
b)Cohortstudy
c)Casecontrolstudy
d)Ecologicalstudy
e)None

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CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.'a'i.e.,RTC(Refhttp://wilderdom.com/research/meta-
analysis.html;http://edres.org/metal.]
Asasinglestudyunit,doubleblindRCTisthebest.
However,overallmeta-analysisisabetterstudysinceitcombines

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thedatafrommultipleRCTandalsofromothertypesofstudy.
"Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCT)providethestongest,most
relevantevidencetoinformpractice.Someevidencehierarchies
placesystematicreviewandmeta-analysisaboveRCTssincethese
oftencombinedatafrommultipleRCTs,andpossiblyfromother

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studytypeaswell"--Epitemiologyatglance
So,systematicreviewandmeta-analysisofRCTsarebest
epidemiologicalstudies

50.Trueaboutdistributionofprevalenceof
goitreinschoolagechildren?

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a)>5%definedareaasendemic
b)5%-19.9%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
c)20%isdefinedassevereiodinedeficiency
d)20-30%isdefinedasmoderateiodinedeficiency
e)None

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CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,>5%definedareaasendemic;&'d'i.e.,20-30%is
definedasmoderateiodinedeficinecy[RefPark22"/ep.
578;
OPGhaip.484]
Totalgoitrerate:Percentageofchildrenaged6-11withpalpableor

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visiblegoitre.Thisisanindicatorofiodinedeficiency,whichcauses
braindamageandmentalretardation.
GoitreareclassifiedasNotvisible,palpableandvisibleasshown
below.
Theterm'endemicgoitre'referstoatotalgoitrerateofgreaterthan

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5percentinagivencommunity.

51.Whichofthefollowingis/arecorrect
regardingCohortstudyVsCase-control
study?

a)Case-controlstudyiseasy

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b)Incidenceiswellcalculatedbycase-controlstudy
c)Cohortstudycanestimatebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk
d)Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy
e)Cohortstudyischeaper
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D

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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Case-controlstudyiseasy;'c'i.e.,Cohortstudy
canestimadebothrelativeriskandattributablerisk&'d'i.e.,
Diseasehasnotoccuredatstartofcohortstudy.

Casecontrolstudy
Cohortstudy

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1. Proceedsfrom"effecttocause"
2. Startswiththedisease
1. Proceedsfrom"causetoeffect"
3. Testswhetherthesuspected 2. Startswithpeopleexposedto,risk
causeoccursmorefrequentlyin factororsuspectedcause

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thosewiththediseasethan 3. Testswhetherdiseaseoccursmore
amongthosewithoutthe
frequentlyinthoseexposed,thanin
disease
thosenotsimilarexposed.

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4. Usuallythefirstapproachtoth
4e
. Reservedfortestingofprecisely
testingofahypothesis,butalso formulatedhypothesis.
usefulforexploratorystudies 5. Involveslargernumberofsubjects.

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5. Involvesfewernumberof
6. Longfollow-upperiodoften
subjects
needed,involvingdelayedresults
6. Yieldsrelativelyquickresults 7. Inappropriatewhenthediseaseor

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7. Suitableforthestudyofrare
exposureunderinvestigationis
diseases.
rare.
8. Generallyyieldsonlyestimate8. Yieldsincidencerates,RRaswell

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ofRR
asAR(oddsratio)
9. Cannotyieldinformationabout
9. Canyieldinformationaboutmore
diseasesotherthanthat

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thanonediseaseoutcome.
selectedforstudy
10. Expensive
10. Relativelyinexpensive
11. lessbias

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11. Chancesofbiasaremore

52.Trueaboutinfluenzaepidemiology-
a)Itshowscyclictrend
b)Pandemiciscausedbyinfluenza-Bvirus
c)Majorreservoirishuman

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d)Epidemicsoccurevery2-3years
e)Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25suspectcasesofH1N1
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Itshowscyclictrend;'d'i.e.,Epidemicsoccur
every2-3years;&'e'i.e.,Pandemicinfluenzaisdefinedas25

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SuspectcasesofHiN,[Ref:Park's24th/ep.163-164]
InfluenzavirusaRNAvirus,belongstoorthomyxovirus.
Therearethreeviralsubtypes:TypeA(causesallpandemicsand
mostepidemics);typeB;andtypeC(notcirculatingcurrently).
Currentlytheinfluenzavirusescirculatingintheworldare:H,N,of

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typeA(causesswineflu);H,N,oftypeA;H3N,oftypeA;1-1,Niof
typeA(causesbirdfluoravianinfluenza);H7N,oftypeA(caused
epidemicofavianinfluenzainChinain2013);andtypeB.
Influenzashowscyclictrendwithepidemicoccurringevery2-3years
incaseofinfluenza-Aandevery4-7yearsincaseofinfluenza-B.

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Pandemicsarecausedbyonlyinfluenza-Aevery10-15years.
Influenzaaffectsallagesandbothsexes.
Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.
Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalsandbirds.
Incubationperiodis18-72hours.Mostoftheinfectionsare

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subclinical.Clinicalcasespresentwithcough,fever,myalgiaand
headache.

53.TrueaboutWHOclassificationofDengue
fever?
a)DenguehemorrhagicfeverIand2areDengueshocksyndrome

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b)Denguehemorrhagicfever-1ischaracterizedbyplateletcount
<150000cells/Cumm
c)Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedbyHematocrit
increase>20%
d)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyHematocrit

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increase>20%
e)Denguehemorrhagicfever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount
<100000/Cumm
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Denguehemorrhagicfever-2ischaracterizedby

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Hematocriteincrease>20%;'d'i.e.,Denguehemorrhagicfever-
4ischaracterizedbyHematocriteincrease>20%;&'e'i.e.,
Denguehemorrhagefever-4ischaracterizedbyplateletcount...
DHFII
Abovesignsandsymptomsplussomeevidenceof
spontaneousbleedinginskinorotherorgans(blacktarrystools,

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epistaxis,bleedingfromgums,etc)andabdominalpain,
Thrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<100,000/cu.mm.Haematorcit
rise20%ormore
DHFIVSignsasgradeIIIplusprofoundshockwithundetectable
bloodpressureorpulsThrombocytopenia:Plateletcount<

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100,000/cu.Mm.Haemotocritrisemorethan20%.
DHFIIIandIVareDengueShockSyndrome

54.Correctregardingmanagementofsewage
-
a)Activesludgeprocessingisnolongerrecommended

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b)Sludgedegradationinvolvesbothaerobicandanaerobic
decomposition
c)Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater
d)Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygendemand
e)None

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CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Treatedsludgeisreleasedintoriverwater;&'d'
i.e.,Thestrengthofsewagedependsonbiologicaloxygen
demand[Ref:Park's2e*p.799-802]
Sewageiswastewaterfromcommunity,containingsolidandliquid

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excreta.Itcontains99.9%waterand0.1%solids(organicand
inorganic).
'Dryweatherflow'istheaverageamountofsewagethatflowsin
sewagesystemin24hours.
Thesegregationofexcretabyimposingabarrieriscalled

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"Sanitationbarrier".
BODvaluerangesfromabout1mgperlitrefornaturalwatersto
about300mgperlitreforuntreateddomesticsewage.
IftheBODis300mg/Iandabove,sewageissaidtobestrong;ifitis
100mg/I,itissaidtobeweak."

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Therearefollowingmethodsofdisposalofeffluent?
1. Disposalbydilution:Disposalintowatercoursessuchasriversand
streamsiscalleddisposalbydilution.

2. Disposalonland:Ifsuitablelandisavailabletheeffluentcanbe
usedforirrigationpurposes(e.g.Okhlasewagetreatmentplanin

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Delhi).

55.Post-exposureprophylaxisisgivenin-
a)Rabies
b)HBV
c)Influenza

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d)Rubella
e)Measles
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rabies;'b'i.e.,HBV;&`e'i.e.,Measles[RefPark's
22"diep.149,278]

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Post-exposureprophylaxisreferstoprophylacticmeasuretaken
afterexposuretoapathogen,inordertopreventinfectionbythe
pathogenanddevelopmentofdisease.
Post-exposureimmunization
Hereprophylacticvaccinationisgivenafterexposure.

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Post-exposureimmunizationisgivenforvaricella(chickenpox),
rabies,hepatitis-B,measles,tetanus,andmeningococcalmeningitis.
Post-exposurechemoprophylaxis
Heredrugsareusedforpost-exposurechemoprophylaxis.
ItisusedinHIV,Herpes,diphtheria,andmeningococcalmeningitis.

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56.TrueaboutNationalProgrammeFor
ControlofBlindnessis?
a)Startedin1962
b)ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi
c)NottoinvolveNGOSintheprogramme

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d)Emphasistowardseyecampapproach
e)MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ApexNationalinstituteislocatedinAIIMSDelhi;
&'e'i.e.,MedicalcollegesasTertiarycenters[RefiPark's24th/e

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p.458,459]
NPCBwaslaunchedin1976.Indiawasthefirstcountrytolauncha
nationallevelprogrammeforblindness.
Itsobjectivewastoreducetheprevalenceofeyediseasesin
generalandtheprevalenceofblindnessfrom1.40%to0.3%by

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2000AD.
Itisa'100%centrallysponsoredProgramme'.TheApexcentre
(NationalEyeInstitute)isDr.RajendraPrasadCentrefor
OphthalmicSciences,NewDelhi,AIIMS.
'WorldBank'providesassistancetoNPCBforcontrolofcataract,

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andalsoforassessmentandaidingfordevelopmentoffunds.
TostrengthenparticipationofVoluntaryOrganizationsinthe
programmeandtoearmarkgeographicareastoNGOsand
GovernmentHospitalstoavoidduplicationofeffortandimprovethe
performanceofGovernmentUnitslikeMedicalColleges,District

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Hospitals,SubDivisionalHospitals,communityHealthCentres,

PrimaryHealthCentresetc.

57.Trueabout90:90:90strategy-
a)ForHIVtreatment
b)Targetsfor2025

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c)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillreceivetreatment
d)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillknowHIVstatus
e)90%ofpeoplewithHIVinfectionwillbepreventedfromTB
infection
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D

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Ans.is'a'i.e.,ForHIVtreatment;'c'i.e.,90%peoplewithHIV
infectionwillreceivetreatment;&'d'i.e.,90%peoplewithHIV
infectionwillknowHIVstatus[Ref:www.unaids.org]
InDec.2013,theUNAIDSprogrammeCoordinatingBoardcalledon
UNAIDStosupportcountry-andregion-ledeffortstoestablishnew

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targetsforHIVtreatmentscale-upbeyond2015.Inresponse,
stakeholderconsultationsonnewtargetshavebeenheldinall
regionsoftheworld.Atthegloballevel,stakeholdersassembledina
varietyofthematicconsultationsfocusedoncivilsociety,laboratory
medicine,paediatricHIVtreatment,adolescentsandotherkey

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issues.
PowerfulmomentumisnowbuildingtowardsanewnarrativeonHIV
treatmentandanew,final,ambitious,butachievabletarget:
By2020,90%ofallpeoplelivingwithHIVwillknowtheirHIVstatus.
By2020,90%ofallpeoplewithdiagnosedHIVinfectionwillreceive

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sustainedantiretroviraltherapy.
By2020,90%ofallpeoplereceivingantiretroviraltherapywillhave
viralsuppression.

58.Biodegradablewasteproducts,disposing
inwhichofthecolourcodeofthebags-

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a)Blue
b)Black
c)Green
d)Yellow
e)None

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CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Yellow

59.ObjectivesofNationalHealthPolicy-2017-
a)ReduceIMRto28by2019
b)ReduceMMRto100by2020

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c)ReduceUnderfivemortalityto20by2020
d)ReduceNeonatalmertalityto15by2020
e)ReduceTFRto2.1by2025
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ReduceIMRto28by2019;'b'i.e.,ReduceMMRto

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100by2020;&'e'i.e.,ReduceTFRto2.1by2025[RefNational
HealthPolicy2017Document-MinistryofHealth&Fantily
Welfare]
NationalHealthPolicy2017


60.AladyoncombinedOCPforgottotake3
consecutivepillsinthefirstweakofpill

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cycle.Whatshouldbedone?

a)Hastotake3pillsimmediately
b)Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule
c)HastoshifttoIUCD
d)Hastousebarriermethodfor7days

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e)Useemergencycontraceptives
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Shouldtakenextpillasperschedule;'d'i.e.,Has
tousebarriermethodfor7days;&'e'i.e.,Useemergency
contraceptives[Ref:www.enpowerhealth.com]

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61.

Whichofthefollowingispartofnational
healthpolicy2015draftexcept:

a)IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%
b)Assureuniversalavailabilityoffree,comprehensiveprimary

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healthcareservices,asanentitlement,forallaspectsof
reproductive,maternal,childandadolescenthealth
c)Provisionofrighttohealth
d)Engageprivatedoctors
e)Enableuniversalaccesstofreeessentialdrugs&diagnosticsin

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publichealthfacilities
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.IncreaseGDPsharetohealthto5%[Ref
http://www.mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=3014;
www.mohfw.
nic.in/showfile.php?lid=30141]

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TheNationalHealthPolicyacceptsandendorsestheunderstanding
thatafullachievementofthegoalsandprinciplesasdefinedwould
requireanincreasedpublichealthexpenditureto4to5%ofthe
GDP
However,giventhattheNHP,2002targetof2%wasnotmet,and

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takingintoaccountthefinancialcapacityofthecountrytoprovide
thisamountandtheinstitutionalcapacitytoutilizetheincreased
fundinginaneffectivemanner,thispolicyproposesapotentially
achievabletargetofraisingpublichealthexpenditureto2.5%ofthe
GDP.

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62.Allaretrueaboutlepromatousleprosy(LL)
except:
a)Multibacillary(MB)-Multidrugtherapy(MDT)isgivenfor
treatment
b)Onsplitstain-multiplebacilli

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c)Sensationpresentinlesions
d)Multiplesymmetricalskinlesionpresent
e)Lepromintestpositive
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans:e.Lepromintest....[RefNeenaKhanna5th/272-83;

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Roxburg17th/;Park23rd/314-29]
Slitsmear:AllpatientswhoareAFBpositiveshouldbegiven
multibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation-
NeenaKhanna5th/281,283
SkinlesioninLepromatousleprosy(LL):NormalAesthetic/minimally

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hyperaesthetic"-NeenaKhanna5th/276.
MultiDrugTherapy(MDT)BlisterPacksareAvailablein4
ColoursNeenaKhanna5th/284

1. Adultmultibacillary(MB)pack:Pink-redcolour
2. Childmultibacillary(MB)pack:Yellowcolour

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3. Adultpaucibacillary(PB)pack:Greencolour
4. Childpaucibacillary(PB)pack:Bluecolour

63.Whichofthefollowingis/aremethodof
healthcommunication:
a)Lecture

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b)Imitation
c)Groupdiscussion
d)Paneldiscussion
e)Roleplay
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E

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Ans:a.Lectu...c.Group...,d.Panel...,e.Roleplay[RefPark
23rd/863-65;CummunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesby
Suryakantha4th/763;CommunityMedicinebyPiyushGupta
1st/75665]
GROUPdISCCUSION-1.Lectures,2.Demonstration,3.

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Discussionmethods,4-Groupdiscussion,5-Paneldiscussion,6--
Symposium-Workshop,7--Conferences,8--Seminars-Roleplay
MASSAPPROACH-1.Television,2.Radio,3.Newspaper,4.
Printedmaterial,5.Directmailing,6.Posters,7.Healthmuseums
andexhibitions,8.Folkmethods,9-Internet.

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Individualapproach,1.Personalcontact,2.Homevisits,3-
Personalletter

64.Allarestepsofinvestigationofan
epidemicexcept:
a)Verifythediagnosis

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b)Beforestartinginvestigation,informthemedia
c)Formulationofhypotheses
d)Confirmationoftheexistenceofanepidemic
e)Plan&implementcontrolmeasures
CorrectAnswer-B

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Ans:b.Beforestarting....[RefPark23rd/131-33;Community
MedicinebyPiyushGupta1st/598603]
InvestigationofanEpidemicalnStepsPark23rd/131-33
Verificationofdiagnosis
Confirmationofexistenceofanepidemic

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Definingthepopulationat-risk
Rapidsearchforallcases&theircharacteristic
Dataanalysis
Formulationofhypotheses
Testingofhypotheses

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Evaluationofecologicalfactors
Furtherinvestigationofpopulationatrisk
Writingthereport

65.MMR(Measles,mumps,rubella)vaccineis
anexampleof:

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a)Liveattenuatedvaccine
b)Conjugatedvaccine
c)Polysaccharidevaccine
d)Killedvaccine
e)Toxiod

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CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Liveattenuated..[RefPark23rd/103;0.P.Ghai8th/195-
96;CommunityMedicinewithrecentAdvancesbySuryakantha
3rd/320]

KILLED

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LIVE
TOXOID
WHOLE
POLYSACCHARIDE GLYCOCONJUGATE
ATTENUATED

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PROTEINS
ORGANISM
BCG,Yellow
fever,OPV,
Typhoid,

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Measles,
Cholera,
Mumps,
Plague,
Diphtheria,

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Rubella,
Pertussis,
Tetanus,
Typhoid,
Influenza,

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Acellular
Pneumococcus,
Hib,Pneumococ-
Varicella,
Typhus,

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pertussis, Meningococcus,
cus,MenACWY
Rotavirus,
lPV,
Anthrax,

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Hib,Typhoid(Vi)
(Meningococcus)
Cholera,
Rabies,
Influenza

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Cold-adapted JE,Tick
subunit
influenza,
borne
Rotavirus

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encephalitis,
reassortants.

reassortants.
HAV
Zost

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66.Allareelementsofprimaryhealthcare
except:
a)Adequatesupplyofsafewater
b)Provisionoffreeessentialdrugsonlytopoor
c)Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition

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d)Prevention&controloflocallyendemicdisease
e)Educationconcerninghealthproblems
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:b.Provisionoffree....
Elementsofprimaryhealthcare:8Essentialcomponent:

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1. Educationconcerningprevailinghealthproblems&themethodsof
preventing&controllingthem
2. Promotionoffoodsupply&propernutrition,
3. Anadequatesupplyofsafewater&basicsanitation.
4. Maternal&childhealthcareincludingfamilyplanning

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5. Immunizationagainstmajorinfectiousdiseases
6. Prevention&controloflocallyendemicdisease
7. Appropriatetreatmentofcommondiseases&injuries
8. Provisionofessentialdrug

67.WhichofthefollowingvaccineisC/Iin

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pregnancy:
a)BCG
b)Oralpoliovaccine
c)Measles
d)Tetanus

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e)HepatitisB
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(A)BCG(B)Oralpoliovaccine(C)Measles
[RefPark23rd/103,216;Ananthanarayan9th/83;Park19th/97-
98,162,170,179;Harrison17th/779;AsmaRahimcommunity

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medicinelst/141]
Pregnancy?isanotherC/I,forlivevaccinesunlesstheriskof
infectionexceedstheriskofharmtothefoetusofsomelive
vaccinesTheonlyabsoluteC/Iforkilledvaccineisseverelocalor
generalreactiontoapreviousdose.

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Unlessspecificallyindicated,BCGshouldnotbegiventopatients
sufferingfromgeneralizedeczema?,infectivedermatitis?,
hypogammaglobulinemia,tothosewithahistoryofdeficient
immunity?(symptomaticHIVinfection,knownorsuspected
congenitalimmunodeficiency,leukemia,lymphomaorgeneralized

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malignantdisease),patientunderimmunosuppressivetreatment
(corticosteroids,alkylatingagents,antimetabolites,radiation)&
pregnancy?
HepatitisBC/I:Individualswithahistoryofallergicreactionstoany
ofthevaccinescomponents;NeitherpregnancyorlactationisaC/I

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foruseofthisvaccine.
OPVC/I;Immunocompromised,immunedeficiencyQ,HIVdiseaseQ
&activeviralinfection;Acuteinfectiousdiseases,fever,diarrhoea&
dysentery

68.Whichofthefollowingisnotzoonosis:

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a)Gonorrhoea
b)Pertussis
c)Anthrax
d)Brucella
e)SalmonellaparatyphiB

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CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans:a.Gonorrhoea.&b.Pertussis[RefAnanthanarayan
9th/684;Ananthanarayan8th/381,322;MedicalParasitologyby
Paniker6th/214;Park23th/93,276,788
ThetermentericfeverincludestyphoidfevercausedbyS.typhi&

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paratyphoidfevercausedbyS.paratyphiA,B&C.While
SalmonellaparatyphiAoccuronlyinhumanbeings,S.paratyphiB
caninfectanimalssuchasdogsorcows,whichmayactsassource
ofhumandisease"
Zoonosis:(Infectionofanimalscommunicabletoman)

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Zoonosisisdefinedasaninfectionorinfectiousdiseasethatis
transmissibleundernaturalconditionsfromvertebrateanimalsto
manZoonoticdiseasemaybeduetoinfectionswithviruses,
bacteria,protozoa,helminths,fungiorarthropods.
Zoonosis:4Categories:1.Directzoonosis,2.CycloZoonosis,

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3.Metazoonosise.g.,arbovirusinfection,4.`Saprozoonosis.

69.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingreferenceman&womanexcept:
a)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kg
b)Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs55kg

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c)Referenceman:heisengagedin8hoursofoccupationwhich
usuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity
d)Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50kg
e)Referencewoman:heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2
CorrectAnswer-B:D

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Ans:b.Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs55
kg,&d.Referencewomanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs50
kg,[RefPark23rd/632]
ReferenceIndianAdultMan:
Referencemanisagedb/w18-29years&weighs60kgwithaheight

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of1.73meter&aBMIof20.3;isfreefromdisease&physicallyfit
foractivework,Oneachworkingday,heisengagedin8hoursof
occupationwhichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity;whilewhennot
atworkhespends8hoursinbed,4-6hoursinsitting&moving
about,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationorhouseholdduties.

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ReferenceIndianAdultWoman:Referencewomanisagedb/w18-
29years,nonpregnantnon-lactating(NPNL)&weighs55kgwitha
heightof1.61meter&aBMIof21.2,isfreefromdisease&
physicallyfitforactivework.?Oneachworkingdaysheisengaged
in8hourofoccupation,whichusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity,

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whilewhennotatworkshespends8hoursinbed,4-6hoursin
sitting&movingabout,2hoursinwalking&inactiverecreationor

householdduties.

70.TrueaboutSilicosis:
a)Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightinlung

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nodule
b)Fibrosisoflung
c)Stoppingtheexposurereversetheprogression
d)Impairmentoftotallungcapacity
e)Notifiabledisease

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CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:a.Birefringentparticlesareseenunderpolarizedlightin
lungnoduleb.Fibrosisoflungd.Impairmentoftotallung
capacity&e.Notifiabledisease[RefPark23rd/806;Harrison
19th/1688]

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Thelongerthedurationofexposure,thegreatertheriskof
developingsilicosisItisfoundthattheincubationperiodmayvary
fromafewmonthsupto6yearsofexposure,dependinguponthe
abovefactors
Pathologically,silicosisischaracterizedbyadensenodularfibrosis,

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thenodulerangingfrom3to4mmindiameter,Someoftheearly
manifestationsareirritantcough,dyspneaonexertion&painin
chest
Withmoreadvanceddisease,impairmentoftotallungcapacity
(TLC)iscommonlypresent,AX-rayofchestshows"snowstorm"

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appearanceinthelungfields,Silicosisisprogressive&whatismore
importantisthatsilicoticsarepronetopulmonarytuberculosis,a
conditionalcalled"silico-tuberculosis"
Thereisnoeffectivetreatmentforsilicosis.Fibroticchangethat
havealreadytakenplacecannotbereversed,Itwasmade

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notifiablediseaseundertheFactoriesAct1948&Minesact1952
"Characteristicslungtissuepathologyinnodularsilicosisconsistsof
fibroticnoduleswithconcentric`onion-skinned"arrangementof
collagenfibers,centralhyalinization,andacellularperipheralzone,
withlightlybirefringentparticlesseenunderpolarizedlight.

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71.Allofthefollowingaretrueregarding
watersupplyexcept:
a)Earlierrecommendedtargetofsupplynormforruralareawas
401pcd
b)150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequatesupply

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tomeettheneedsforallurbandomesticpurpose
c)In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibilityof
sourceofwater<200meterforruralareas
d)Formetrocitieswithpopulation>10lakh,targetis1501pcd
e)Formunicipalitywithpopulationb/w1-10lakh,targetis100-135

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1pcd
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:c.In8th5-yrplantargetsetwas2001pcd&accessibility
ofsourceofwater<200meterforruralareas,
[RefPark23rd/706;NationalHealthProgrammesofIndiaby

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JugalKishore7th/457-63;http://www.nih.ernet.
in/rbis/india_information/drinking.Htm]
WaterRequirement:Theconsumptionofwaterdependsupon
climateconditions,standardofliving&habitsofpeople;Adaily
supplyof150-200literspercapitaisconsideredasanadequate

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supplytomeettheneedsforallurbandomesticpurpose.
Recommendedwater
PopulationLessthan20,000 supplynorm(Ipcd)
a.Populationservedbystand
40

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posts
b.Populationprovidedwithpipe 70
connections

connections
20,000tolessthan100,000

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100
100(withnosewerage
system)
100,000tolessthan1,000,00 135(withsewerage
system)

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1,000,000andabove
150
40oronehand-pumpfor
Ruralandhills(perelevation
250personswithina

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differenceof100m)
Walkingdistanceof1.6
km
Rural?additionalwaterfor
cattleinDesertevelopment

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30
Programme(DDP)areas.

72.Deprivationindexincludes:
a)Education
b)Income

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c)Workingchild
d)Dropoutofchildfromschool
e)Physicaldisability
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans:a.Education&BIncome&E,Physicaldisability

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DeprivationIndex:TheNationalKnowledgeCommission(NKC)has
proposedaDeprivationIndexformulatoassessthebackwardness
ofstudents.
TheDeprivationIndexproposestolookatthe"socialbackground,
caste,religionandgender,familyeducationhistory,familyincome,

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typeofschool,placeofresidence(distinguishingbetweenurbanand
ruralareas,andaccountingforregionaldeprivation)andphysical
disability.

73.Whichofthefollowingdiseasehave
carrierstage:

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a)Staph.aureus
b)GroupBStreptococcus
c)HepatitisB
d)Typhoid
e)Haemophilusinfluenzae

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CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans:a.Staph.aureusc.HepatitisBd.Typhoid.&
EHaemophilusinfluenzae[Ref,Park23ril/95-96;
Ananthanarayan9th/72,203-05,3i0,216,296]
Staphylococcuscarriagestartsearlyinlife,colonizationofumbilical

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stumpbeingverycommoninbabiesborninhospitals.Some
carriers,called'shedders'disseminateverylargenumberofcoccifor
prolongedperiods"(Ananthanarayan9th/203-04)
Haemophilusinfluenzae:Carriageinupperrespiratorytractis
common,particularlyinyoungchildren,butsuchstrainsareusually

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non-capsulated&notresponsibleforacuteinvasiveinfection.
Rifampicinisgiventoeradicatethecarrierstate.

74.Incubatorycarriersare:
a)Polio
b)Diphtheria

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c)Anthrax
d)Pertussis
e)HepatitisB
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans:a.Polio,b.Diphtheria.,c.Anthrax&e.HepatitisB[Ref

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Park23rd/95-96;Ananthanarayan9th/72]
Incubatorycarriers:Measles,mumps,polio,pertussis,influenza,
diphtheriaandhepatitisB,Convalescentcarriers:Typhoidfever,
dysentery(bacillaryandamoebic),cholera,diphtheriaandwhooping
cough.

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Healthycatiers:Poliomyelitis,cholera,meningococcal,meningitis,
salmonellosis,anddiphtheria
Temporarycarriers:Maybeincludedtheincubatory
convalescentandhealthycarries.
Chroniccarriers:Typhoidfever,hepatitisB,dysentery,cerebro-

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spinalmeningitis,malaria&gonorrhoea

75.Whichofthefollowingdyadsarecorrects:
a)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census
b)CBR-21.3in2012
c)Generalfertilityrate-88.6in2012

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d)CDR-7in2012
e)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans:(A)Childsexratiois914accordingto2011census,
(D)CDR-7in2012,&(E)18yr-Legalageofmarriageforfemale,

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[RefPark23rd/490;Ananthanarayan9th/;IndianYearBook
2015/9;IndianEconomybyRameshSingh6th/Census2011;
Reddy27th/73;Parikh6th/2.131]
Generalfertilityrate-80.3(2012)(Park23rd/490),Totalfertilityrate-
2.4(2012)(Park23rd/490),Generalmaritalfertilityrate-114.9

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(2012)(Park23rd/490)Totalmaritalfertilityrate-4.4(2012)(Park
23rd/490),Crudebirthrate-22.1per1000(2010);21.6per1000
(2012)(Park23rd/490),Crudedeathrate-7.2per1000(2010);7.0
per1000(2012)(Park23rd/490)
Grossreproductiverate-1.1(2012)(Park23rd/490,"TheCrude

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BirthRate(CBR)atthenationallevelduring2013standsat21.4,a
declineof0.2pointsover2012.ThemaximumCBRhasbeen
reportedinBihar(27.6)andtheminimuminKerala(14.7):'(Sample
RegistrationSystem(SRS)survey)

76.Positivepredictivevalue:

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a)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
b)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
c)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
d)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbydiagnostictest
e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest&

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diagnostictestboth
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans:(b)Denominatorcontainspositiveresultbyscreening
test&(e)Numeratorcontainspositiveresultbyscreeningtest
&diagnostictestboth[RefPark23rd/139;BiostatisticsbyRao

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2nd/70-71,418;https://onlinecourses.science.psu.
edu/stat507/node/71;http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive]
Thepositiveandnegativepredictivevalues(PPVandNPV
respectively)aretheproportionsofpositiveandnegativeresultsin

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statisticsanddiagnosticteststhataretruepositiveandtruenegative
results.ThePPVandNPVdescribetheperformanceofadiagnostic
testorotherstatisticalmeasure.Ahighresultcanbeinterpretedas
indicatingtheaccuracyofsuchastatistic.ThePPVandNPVarenot
intrinsictothetest;theydependalsoontheprevalence.ThePPV

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canbederivedusingBayes'theorem.
Note:InPPV,numeratorcontainsonlytruepositive(notallpositive)
&denominatorcontainsallpositive.
positiveandnegativepredictivevaluesareinfluencedbythe
prevalenceofdiseaseinthepopulationthatisbeingtested.Ifwe

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testinahighprevalencesetting,itismorelikelythatpersonswho

testpositivetrulyhavediseasethanifthetestisperformedina
populationwithlowprevalence...
Usingthesametestinapopulationwithhigherprevalence
increasespositivepredictivevalue.Conversely,increased

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prevalenceresultsindecreasednegativepredictivevalue

77.Whichofthefollowingcarcinomais
causedbyasbestos:
a)Mesothelioma
b)Bronchialcarcinoma

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c)Laryngealcarcinoma
d)Breastcancer
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans:a.Mesotheliomab.Bronchialcarcinomac.Laryngeal

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carcinoma[RefPark23rd/807,2Ist/748;Robbins9th/690-91;
Harrison19th/168889;Chapman4th/536]
"Mesotheliomahaveastrongassociationwithcrocidolitevarietyof
asbestos"
Carcinomabronchus&Lung(squamouscelloradenocarcinoma)Q

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Pleuralandperitonealmesotheliomae
Gastrointestinalcarcinoma(coloncancer)
Laryngealcarcinoma
LungcancerQisthemostfrequentcancerassociatedwithasbestos
exposure.

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Theexcessfrequencyoflungcancer(allhistologictypes)in
asbestosworkersisassociatedwithaminimumlatencyof15-19
yearsbetweenfirstexposureanddevelopmentofthedisease.

78.TrueaboutcensusinIndia:
a)Firstcensusconductedin1851

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b)DirectorGeneralofHealthServicesofIndia(DGHS)issupreme
officerforconductingcensus
c)Literacyrateisalsoincludedincensus
d)ConductedinaccordancetoCensusact,1948
e)ConductedinMidyear

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CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans:c.Literacy...,d.Conducted...(Ref:Park23rd/840]
ThefirstregularcensusinIndiawastakenin1881&conductedat
regularintervalof10year.
Thecensusisusuallyconductedattheendofthefirstquarterofthe

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firstyearineachdecade,thereasonbeing,mostpeopleareusually
residentintheirownhomesduringthatperiod
Thelegalbasisofthecensusisprovidedbythecensusactof1948
Thesupremeofficerwhodirects,guides&operatesthecensusis
theCensusCommissionerforIndia

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Apartfromdemographicinformation,economic&social
characteristicofpopulationarealsoincludedincensus(including
literacyrate)

79.Wildpolioisstillendemicin:
a)India

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b)Pakistaan
c)Afganistan
d)Bangladesh
e)Nigeria
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E

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Ans:b.Pakistaan,c.Afganistan,e.Nigeria[RefPark23rd/203,
21st/182I
Till2011,poliowasendemicin4countries-Pakistan,Afghanistan,
India&Nigeria(Mnemonic-PAIN).Butin2014,only3countries
(Afghanistan,NigeriaandPakistan;Mnemonic-PAN)remainpolio-

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endemic,downfrommorethan125countriesin1988.
Completingthreefullyearswithoutreportinganycaseofpolio,India
celebratedalandmarkachievementinpublichealthon11February
2014?thevictoryoverpolio.Indiahasnotreportedanycaseof
poliosinceatwo-yearoldgirlgotpolioparalysison13January2011

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inHowrahdistrictofWestBengal.

80.TrueaboutStandarddeviation:
a)1SDcovers95%population
b)Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeaninanormal
distribution

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c)Representmeasurementofdispersions
d)Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange
e)None
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans:b.Normalstandarddeviatedeviationfromthemeanina

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normaldistributionc.Representmeasurementof
dispersionsd.Itisbetterindicatorofvariabilitythanrange[Ref
Park23rd/847-49,21st/786;BiostatisticsbyBKRao2nd/54;
MethodsinBiostatisticsbyBKMahajan7th/57,60-68;
Basic
eb,clinicalBiostatisties4th/30]

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Deviationfromthemeaninanormaldistributionorcurveiscalled
relativeorstandardnormaldeviateorvariate&isgiventhesymbol
Z.ItismeasuredintermofSDs&indicateshowmuchan
observationisbiggerorsmallerthanmeaninunitofSD.SoZwillbe
aratio.

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Thestandarddistributioncurve(Normaldistribution)isaperfectly
symmetrical,bellshapedcurvesuchthatthemean,medianand
mode,allhavethesamevalueandcoincideatthecentre,Standard
DistributionCurve(Normal)Q:Mean=Median=Mode

81.Whichofthefollowingis/arefeaturesof

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septictank:
a)Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallons
b)Watertightseal
c)Recommendedforlargecommunities
d)Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptictank

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e)Anaerobicprocesstakesplace
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:a.Minimumcapacityshouldbe500gallonsb.Watertight
seald.Seededwithripesludgedrawnfromanotherseptic
tanke.Anaerobicprocesstakesplace[RefPark23rd/760,

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21st/701]
Theseptictankiswater-tightmasonrytankintowhichhousehold
sewageisadmittedfortreatment.
Capacity:Thecapacityofaseptictankwilldependuponthenumber
ofusers.Acapacityof20-30gallonsor2.5-5c.ft.perpersonis

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recommendedforhouseholdseptictanks.Theminimumcapacityof
aseptictankshouldbeatleast500gallons
Septictanksarenotrecommendedforlargecommunities
Airspace:Thereshouldbeaminimumairspaceof30cmb/wthe
levelofliquidinthetank&theundersurfaceofthecover

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Retentionperiod:Septictanksaredesignedinthiscountrytoallowa
retentionperiodof24hours

82.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueabout
leprosy:
a)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsideredmultibacillary

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leprosy
b)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatousspectrum
c)ItiseradicatedfromIndiain2000
d)12monthofMDTisrecommendedformultibacillaryleprosy
e)Multidrugtherapyisgiven

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CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans:(A)Positiveskinsmearatanysiteisconsidered
multibacillaryleprosy(B)Grenzzoneisseeninlepromatous
spectrum(D)12monthofMDTisrecommendedfor
multibacillaryleprosy(E)Multidrugtherapyisgiven

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"Grenzzoneoccurinlepromatousleprosy"(NeenaKhanna3rd/227)
"Multibacillaryleprosy:with6skinlesions,aswellasallsmear
positivecases"(KDT7th/783)
"Thereisnoplaceformonotherapyintreatmentofleprosy"-(Neena
Khanna3rd/229)

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"Slitskinsmear:AllpatientswhoareAFBpositiveshouldbegiven
multibacillarytreatment,irrespectiveoftheclinicalpresentation"
(NeenaKhanna3rd/227)
33state/UTwehaveachievedeliminationlevel(prevalencerate<1
per10,000population).Only3states/UTviz.Bihar,Chattisgarher

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DerNHavelihasPRof2-4per10,000population"(Park23rd/316)
"Paucibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving1-5skinlesionseWoronly
onenerveinvolvement"(Park2Ist/292)

"Multibacillaryleprosy:Apersonhaving6ormoreskinlesionsd-/or
morethanonenerveinvolvement"

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83.Whichofthefollowingviralexanthema
combinationis/arecorrectexcept:
a)Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever
b)Rubella-palatalpetechiaemayoccur
c)Roseola-rashappearafterfeversubsides

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d)Measles-rashoccursbehindtheearsalonghairline
e)Chickenpox-pleomorphicrashesoccur
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:a.Varicella-norelationofrashwithfever.[RefPark
23rd/144-145,148:
0.Ghai7th/185;Harrison19th/1194,18th/149,

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153]
Varicella(Chickenpox):Acharacteristicfeatureofrashisits
peomorphismi.e,allstageofrash(papules,vesicles&crusts)may
beseensimultaneouslyatonetime,inthesamearea.Temperature
risewitheachfreshcropofrash"(Park23rd/144-45)"Exanthem

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subitum(roseola)iscausedbyhumanherpesvirus6andismost
commonamongchildren

84.Whichofthefollowingactis/arepassed
afterindependence:
a)ESIact

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b)Factoryact
c)MTPact
d)Epidemicdiseaseact
e)SARDAact
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C

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Ans:(A)ESIact(B)Factoryact(C)MTPact
Theprohibitionofchildmarriageact,2006(PCMA)wasenacted
repealingthechildmarriagerestraintactof1929inordertoprohibit
childmarriageratherthanonlyrestrainingthem"(Park23rd/589,
21st/542)

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"ESIactpassedin1948(amended1975,1984&1989"(Park
23rd/815,21st/756)
"Indianfactoriesactpassedin1948"(Park23rd/815,21st/542)
"Medicalterminationofpregnancyactwaspassedin1971"(Park
23rd/506,21st/468)

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85.AccordingtoWHO,recommended
treatmentforuncomplicatedplasmodium
falciparumis/are:

a)Mefloquine
b)Chloroquine

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c)Artemether+lumefantrine
d)Artemesinonly
e)Lumefantrineonly
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:(C)Artemether+lumefantrine[RefPark23rd/263-65;KDT

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7th/820;http://whglibdoc.who.int/
publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf]
Recommendationsunchangedfromthefirsteditionofthe
Guidelines(2006);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum
malaria

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Artemisinin-basedcombinationtherapies(ACTs)arethe
recommendedtreatmentsforuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
ThefollowingACTsarerecommended:
Artemetherpluslumefantrine,artesunateplusamodiaquine,
artesunateplusmefloquine,andartesunateplussulfadoxine-

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pyrimethamine.
ThechoiceofACTinacountryorregionwillbebasedonthelevel
ofresistanceofthepartnermedicineinthecombination.
Additionalrecommendationsinthesecondeditionofthe
Guidelines(2010);TreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparum

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malaria


Artemisinin-basedcombinationtherapiesshouldbeusedin
preferencetosulfadoxinepyrimethamine(SP)plusamodiaquine
(AQ)forthetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria.
Strongrecommendation,moderatequalityevidence.

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ACTsshouldincludeatleast3daysoftreatmentwithanartemisinin
derivative.
Strongrecommendation,highqualityevidence.
Dihydroartemisininpluspiperaquine(DHA+PPQ)isanoptionforthe
first-linetreatmentofuncomplicatedP.falciparummalaria

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worldwide.

86.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
frostbite:
a)Occursattemperatureabovefreezingpoint
b)Reperfusioninjuryismoredangerousthanfrostbite

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c)Rewarmingshouldbegradual&spontaneous
d)Occursattemperaturebelowfreezingpoint
e)Intakeofhotfluidspromotesgeneralrewarming
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans:b.Reperfusion...,c.Rewarming...,d.Occurs...&e.

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Intake...[RefPark23rd/748:Manipalsurgery4th/941
ReperfusioninjuryManipalsurgery4th/94
Thisdangerouseventfollowsrevascularizationoflimbs,resultingin
acutecompartmentsyndromewithcompartmentalpressure
exceedingcapillarypressure(30mmHg)

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Mostofinjuryisbelievedtobedueto02derivedfreeradicals
Diagnosisisclinicalassuggestedbyseverepaininthelimb,
oedemaofleg&muscletenderness
Treatedbyurgentmultiplefasciotomy,decompressionfollowedby
debridementofdeadtissue.

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Attemperaturebelowfreezing(dry-coldcondition)frostbiteoccurs;
thetissuefreeze&icecrystalsforminbetweenthecells
Affectedpartshouldbewarmedusingwaterat44?Criticism,
Warmingshouldlastabout20minutesatatime,Intakeofhotfluids
promotesgeneralrewarming

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87.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrue
regardingpopulationgrowthinIndia:
a)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble
b)In1971,populationwasmorethan500million
c)In1991,populationwasaround1billion

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d)Between1971-2011,thedecadalgrowthratewas>20%
e)1921-2011,thedecadalgrowthratewasindoubledigit
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans:(A)During1921-1971:Itbecomemorethandouble,(B)In
1971,populationwasmorethan500million(E)1921-2011,the

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decadalgrowthratewasindoubledigit
[Ref:Park23rd/afl]

Totalpopulation
Decadal
Year

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(Million)
growthrate
1901
238.4
?

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1911
252.1
0.75
1921
251.3

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(-)0.31
1931
279
11
1941

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318.7
14.22
1951
361.1
13.31

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1961
439.2
21.64
1971
548.2

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24.80
1981
683.3
24.66
1991

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846.3
23.87
2001
1028.6
21.52

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2011
1210.1

2011
1210.1
17.64

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88.Catheterplacedinwhichtypeofcolour
codedbag:
a)Black
b)Blue
c)Yellow

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d)Red
e)Transprentwhite
CorrectAnswer-C:E
Ans:(C)Yellow,(E)Transprent:"CategoryNo.7:Solidwaste-
wastesgeneratedfromdisposableitemsotherthanthewaste

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sharpssuchastubings,catheters,intravenoussetsetc)

Colour
Typeof
Waste
Treatmentoptionsasper

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coding
container
category Schedule1
Cat.1,2,
Yellow

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Plasticbag
Incineration/deepburial
3,&6
Disinfected
Cat.

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Autoclaving/microwaving/
Red
container/plastic 3,6,&7 Chemicaltreatment
bag
Plasticbag/

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Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical
Blue/White
Cat.4,
punctureProof
Treatmentand

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translucent
Cat.7.
container
Destruction/Shredding
Cat.5,9

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Black
Plasticbag
Disposalinsecuredlandfill?
&10

89.Whichofthefollowingis/areprobability

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sampling:
a)Judgesampling
b)Clustersampling
c)Simplerandomsampling
d)Snowballsampling

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e)Stratifiedsampling
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans:(B)Clustersampling(C)Simplerandom
sampling(E)Stratifiedsampling
[RefMcGraw-HillBasic&ClinicalBiostatistics,4thEdition

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Chap4;Park23rd/850;BiostatisticsbyB.K.Mahajan7th/83-91;
BiostatisticsbyKVRao2nd/12-15;Park23rd/850]
Thebestwaytoensurethatthesamplewillleadtoreliableandvalid
inferencesistouseprobabilitysamples,inwhichtheprobabilityof
beingincludedinthesampleisknownforeachsubjectinthe

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population.Fourcommonlyusedprobabilitysamplingmethodsin
medicinearesimplerandomsampling,systematicsampling,
stratifiedsampling,andclustersampling,allofwhichuserandom
processes

90.Whichofthefollowingis/aresourceof

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mortalityrelateddata:
a)Sampleregistrationsystem
b)Deathcertificate
c)Centralbirths&deathsregistrationact
d)Alloftheabove

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e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d.Alloftheabove[RefPark23rd/840-41]
TheSRSisadual-recordsystem,consistingofcontinuous
enumerationofbirths&deathsbyanenumerator&anindependent

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surveyevery6monthsbyaninvestigator-supervisor
Sincetheintroductionofthissystem,morereliableinformationon
birth&deathrates,age-specificfertility&mortalityrates,infant,
under-five&adultmortalityetc.havebecomeavailable.
Theactcameintoforceon1april1970,Theactprovidesfor

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compulsoryregistrationofbirths&deathsthroughoutthecountry
Thetimelimitforregisteringtheeventofbirths&thatofdeathsis21
daysuniformlyalloverIndia