F.Y. M.B.B.S.
B) Regional Anatomy
I) UPPER LIMB
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REGIONS : Mammary gland, Axilla, Cubital fossa, Fascial spaces of thehand Relations and functional importance of individual structures,
Dupuytren's contracture, Hand as a functional unit ? grips, Nerve injury,
carpal tunnel syndrome, Clavipectoral fascia; Salient features about
carpals;
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ARTHROLOGY
Shoulder girdle;
Shoulder joint ;
Elbow ;
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Radioulnarjoints; Wrist; Carpometacarpal joint of thumb; Bones taking part
Classification of joints, Movement with muscles causing movements,
midcarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints, interphalangeal joints Fall
on the outstretched hand
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Level 2Axilla: Collaterals Lymph nodes (breast) Axillary sheath cervico-
axillary canal, Abscess drainage, Palm: comparative anatomy (thumb,
palmaris brevis), position of rest and of function, collaterals, Fascial
spaces: Surgical significance
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OSTEOLOGY
Identification; Anatomical position; Parts; Joints formed; Development;
identification of individual carpals in and articulated hand)
Clavicle: Line of force transmission, commonest site of fracture
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Humerus: fractures - Colles' fracture, Smith's fractureCarpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges: Carpal tunnel syndrome,
fracture scaphoid Surgical approaches, Subluxation of head of radius,
carrying angle
MYOLOGY:
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Muscles of upper limb, attachment, Nerve supply, Actions Appliedaspects: Volkmann's ischaemic contracture Quadrangular and triangular
spaces, Triangle of auscultation
ANGIOLOGY: Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar Arteries, veins,
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lymphatics Commencement, Termination, Main area of distribution anddrainage, Anastomosis ? Applied aspects, Artery : Damage to vessels,
Raynaud's disease, Veins: Thrombosis, Lymphatics: Lymphangitis (red
streaks), lymphadenitis,
NEUROLOGY:
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A. NervesAxillary, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, radial, Origin, course,
distribution, Root value
B. Plexus: Brachial
Applied aspects: Nerve injury at various sites - Tendon reflex - Winging
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of scapula, Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy, Crutch palsy, ulnar paradoxII) LOWER LIMB
REGION:
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boundaries, major contents; Gluteal, femoraltriangle;
Adductor canal, compartments of thigh, leg; Popliteal
fossa, Adductor canal , Sole, Arches of foot,; Gluteal IM injections
Femoral hernia blood supply to head of femur; Fracture neck of femur,
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mechanics movement of joints; hip and knee, Trendelenburg test; Kneejoint : derangement, injuries to cruciate ligaments, menisci; (tear - bucket
handle type); Ankle : Sprain mechanism of venous return, varicose veins
Applied aspects of Adductor canal, popliteal aneurysms
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OSTEOLOGY: Identification, region, anatomical position; parts, jointsformed, For tarsals - identification of individual tarsals in an articulated
foot.
Level 2
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Applied aspects: Bony specialization for bipeds, walking andtransmission of weight, Fracture, femoral torsion, neck shaft angle, bone
grafts
ARTHROLOGY
Hip, knee, ankle, subtalar, Tibiofibular Hip joint : dislocation, congenital,
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traumatic, surgical approaches to joints (anatomical basis), traumaticeffusion, bursitis
MYOLOGY
Attachments, nerve supply, actions of: Muscles of lower limb calf pump,
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antigravity musclesANGIOLOGY
Artery: Femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, dorsalis pedis,
Commencement, termination, main area of supply, course, relations &
applied
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Vein: Venous drainage of lower limb, long and short saphenous veins,Communication and valves. Varicose Lymphatics: Inguinal group of
lymph nodes
Lever 2 :intermittent claudication, clinical significance of anastomosis:
around knee, venous thrombosis
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NEUROLOGYa. Plexus: Lumbar and sacral, Location, Formation, Distribution
b. Nerves: Root value of sciatic, femoral, obturator, tibial, common
peroneal nerves; Origin, course, distribution; sciatica, foot drop
Level 2 :Pes cavus, equinovarus, clawing of toes
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III) ABDOMEN
i) ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Rectus sheath, quadrants and regions, Testes, epididymis, spermatic cord,
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scrotumLevel 2: Surgical incisions of abdomen types of inguinal herniae
Peritoneum, Lesser Omentum, Omental Bursa, Epiploic Foramen, Testes
Morphology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage
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25. SPERMATIC CORDDefinition, beginning, end, course and contents, coverings, vasectomy
ii)
Abdominal organs :
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Morphology relations blood supply, lymphatics nerve supply & appliedAnatomy of following organs
STOMACH, SPLEEN, LIVER:,BILIARY APPARATUS,
PANCREAS, SMALL INTESTINE,LARGE INTESTINE AND
VERMIFORM APPENDIX,KIDNEYS, URETERS,SUPRARENAL
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GLANDSLevel 2: peptic ulcer ,Splenic circulation, splenic vascular segments,liver,
biopsy, Support of liver,Gall stones ,Duct system of pancreas ,Surgical
approach to kidney , stones (Renal), Ureter,Sites of constrictions,
Hydronephrosis, pheochromocytoma
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Level 3: Gastroscopy, Achlorhydria, Splenectomy, Liver transplant,Pancreatitis, diabetes, Renal transplant, Stones in ureter, Cushing's
disease
iii)
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Pelvic Viscera :-Morphology, relations, blood supply nerve supply & applied anatomy
URINARY BLADDER & URETHRA, UTERUS, OVARIES AND
UTERINE TUBES, PROSTATE, RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL,
UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM (UGD)
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Level 2: Supports and micturition, stones in bladder ,Ovarian cyst,
enlargement complications, Fistula, Fissure, piles
Level 3: cystoscopy, Hysterectomy,cancer, Supports of rectum
iv) Perineum ? Ischiorectal fossa, pudendal canal, perianal spaces
Urogenital diaphragm, male urethra, penis ? perineal pouches
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Level 2: Ischiorectal herniav) MYOLOGY
Anterior abdominal wall, Rectus sheath, Psoas major, Quadratus
lumborum, Thoracoabdominal diaphragm, pelvic diaphragm,
Thoracolumbar fascia, perineal spaces & muscles
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Level 3: Psoas abscessvi) OSTEOLOGY
Level 2: Pelvis - types
(various diameters), lumbar vertebrae, anatomical basis of disc prolapse,
nerve compression
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Level 3: Sacralization, LumbarizationARTHROLOGY
Movements of lumbar vertebrae, lumbosacral, sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal
joints
vii) ANGIOLOGY :-
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Origin, course, termination, relations, branches & applied anatomyof
PORTAL VEIN
Level 2: portasystemic communications
Level 3: Portasystemic communications in detail; Development
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INFERIOR VENA CAVA,ABDOMINAL AORTA,INTERNAL ILIACARTERY
viii) NEUROLOGY, LUMBAR PLEXUS, SACRAL PLEXUS
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IV) THORAXi) THORACIC WALL,THORACIC INLET
Boundaries and contents
THORACIC OUTLET, Boundaries and contents, major openings and levels,
Typical intercostal space, Boundaries and contents, muscles Atypical
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intercostal space, Movements of respirationLevel 2: importance and minor openings in outlet, Accessory muscles of
respiration
Level 3: Applied aspects: Barrel chest, pectus excavatum, rickety rosary
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ii) MEDIASTINUMDivisions and major contents
Level 2: Mediastinitis, mediastinoscopy
SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR MEDIASTINA, LIST OF STRUCTURES
Boundaries and contents:
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Level 2 : Superior mediastinal Syndrome, Course, relation and branches /area of drainage
Level 3: Coarctation of aorta, aneurysm, developmental anomalies
iii)PLEURA
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Pleural reflections, recesses, innervationLevel 2: importance of recesses
Level 3: pleural effusion
LUNGS
Gross description including lobes, fissures and bronchopulmonary segments
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Level 2: relations, blood supply, nerve supplyLevel 3: Postural drainage, surgical importance, of bronchopulmonary
segments, foreign body inhalation
iv)PERICARDIUM & HEART
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Divisions of pericardium and sinusesLevel 2: referred pain
Level 3: Pericardial effusion
HEART
Anatomical position, location, surfaces and borders, interior of all chambers,
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conducting system of heart; vessels of heartLevel 2: Relations, nerve supply - foramen ovale, patent IV septum, over-
riding aorta, referred pain, functional end arteries - coronaries
Level 3: PDA, Fallot's tetralogy, etc.
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v)OSTEOLOGYIDENTIFICATION and parts of VERTEBRAE , RIBS - and STERNUM
Level 2: Identification of T1, T9, T10, T11, T12, vertebrae and atypical ribs
- 1, 2, 11, 12. relations, attachments, ossification
Level 3: Fracture ribs, flail chest, compression fracture of vertebra
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V) HEAD-FACE NECK
i) REGIONS AND ORGANS, FASCIAE OF THE NECK
TRIANGLES OF NECK
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Level 2 Spaces and spread of infections, axillary sheath , Relations ofcontents, Damage to accessory nerve, sialogram, approach to gland,
bidigital palpation of submandibular gland,Dangerous area of face, squint
Level 3: surgical neck incisions, external jugular vein - air embolism, LN
biopsy, JVP, pulse, Frey's syndrome
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GLANDSThyroid, Parathyroid, Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual, Pituitary
Morphology, capsule, relations, nerve supply, blood supply
FACE
Muscles, nerve supply - blood supply
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SCALP,PALATE,TONGUE,LARYNX, PHARYNX, ORBIT,EYEBALL,STYLOID APPARATUS,NASAL CAVITY,
EAR,INTERNAL EAR,MIDDLE EAR,EXTERNAL EAR,MENINGES
ii) OSTEOLOGY
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Identification, anatomical position, parts, foramina in the skull, structurespassing through them, norma basalis, verticalis, frontalis, lateralis,
occipitalis and interior of cranial cavity
Foetal skull; Mandible: Age changes
Level 2: Fontanelles, Dental formula
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Level 3: Fractures of the skull, Age of dentition, cervical rib, discherniation
iii) ARTHROLOGY
TM JOINT
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Level 2: Dislocationiv) MYOLOGY
Sternomastoid, Digastric, Mylohyoid, Hyoglossus, Muscles of facial
expression, mastication, larynx, pharynx, tongue, palate and, Extra-ocular
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musclesLevel 2 Relations, development
Level 3 facial nerve palsy
v) ANGIOLOGY
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ARTERIESOrigin, parts, course, relations, branches of:
Subclavian, Internal carotid, External carotid, Vertebral, Lingual, Facial,
Maxillary
Level 2: Sub-branches, distributions
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Level 3: Subclavian steal syndrome, Subclavian-axillary anastomosisVEINS
External and internal Jugular veins, venous drainage of face
VENOUS SINUSES
Names, locations, drainage, classification
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EMISSARY VEINS, CAVERNOUS SINUS, LYMPHATICDRAINAGE OF HEAD FACE NECK
vi) NEUROLOGY
Cranial nerves,Nucleus, course, relations, branches, distribution, reflex
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pathways & applied anatomy, PLEXUS:Cervical, Brachial,
PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA, CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC CHAIN
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VI) NEUROANATOMYi) SPINAL CORD
Gross features: Extent (child / adult), enlargements, conus medullaris,
filum terminale, spinal meninges Tracts Ascending and Descending
Level 2: Spinal segments, vertebral correlation, significance of
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enlargements nuclei of grey matter at upper & lower cervical, mid-thoracic, Lumbar & sacral levels Clinical correlation of lesions
Level 3: anomalies,lamination, syringomyelia, PID, tumours, TB, trauma,
dislocation, myelography
ii) MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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Gross features: Motor decussation: Sensory decussation: Inferiorolivary nucleus Cranial nerve nuclei
Level 2: Tuber cinereum, pontobulbar body, Order of neurons, Details of
nuclei and organisation of white matter
Level 3: medullary syndromes-Bulbar palsy, increased ICT, Arnold-
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Chiari malformation,iii) PONS
Cross sections at the level of:
Facial colliculus, Trigeminal nucleus
General features: Peduncles, Floor of the fourth ventricle
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Level 2: RelationsLevel 3: Tumours, pontine haemorrhage
iv) CEREBELLUM
Gross features: Division, Lobes, relations, internal structure -
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Level 2: connections of,cerebellar cortex and intracerebellar nuclei,white matter classification, Purkinje neuron,
Level 3: dysfunction,-dysequilibrium, ataxia, hypotonia
Nuclei: Names of nuclei and important connections
Peduncles : Important tracts in the peduncles
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Functions : Of archicerebellum, paleocerebellum & neocerebellumv) MIDBRAIN
General features :
relations, contents of interpeduncular cistern, connections of red nucleus
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Level 2: Weber's syndrome, Benedikt's syndromeLevel 1 :T.S. at inferior colliculus, TS at superior colliculus
vi) CEREBRUM
CORTEX, WHITE MATTER, BASAL NUCLEI, LIMBIC LOBE
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Surfaces, borders, major sulci, gyri, poles, lobes, major functional areas,interior - gray and white matter
Gray - cortex - granular / agranular, striate, Basal nuclei - names, White
matter - classification with examples; Components of limbic lobe
Level 2: handedness, Connections of limbic lobe
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vii) DIENCEPHALON
Dorsal thalamus Epithalamus Metathalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus
Boundaries, parts, relations (gross), cavity, major nuclei, gross
connections
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viii) VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
Parts, boundaries, foramina, correlation with parts of brain
Level 2: Choroid fissure, recesses, Queckenstedt's test
Level 3: Hydrocephalus, VA shunt
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ix) BLOOD SUPPLY OF BRAIN
Circle of Willis, subarachnoid space, arteries, veins
Level 2: blood brain barrier, Hemiplegia
Level3: End arteries, CSF formation
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x) MENINGES
Cerebral and spinal meninges, folds of dura, contents of subarachnoid
spaces, arachnoid villi and granulations, direction of flow of CSF, lumbar
puncture Cisterns, Definition, terminology, cisterna magna
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Level 2: cisternal puncture, Queckensted's test, vertebral venous plexus,choroid plexus
Extracerebral and intracerebral communication, CSF block,
Level 3: Epidural space
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