Download VNSGU MBBS 2nd Year Microbiology Syllabus

b. & c.
Sequential organisation of contents and their division
The areas of study in Microbiology will include General Microbiology, Systemic
Microbiology including Bacteriology, Immunology, Mycology, Virology, Rickettsia,
Chlamydia, Parasitology and Applied microbiology in relation to infections and diseases of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

various systems of the body.
A) GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: (n=10)

No Topic
of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Must know (MK)
Desirable to
Hrs
lecture
know (DK)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Introduction Definitions: Medical Microbiology, pathogen,
Micro-organisms
1
and Historical commensal, symbiont etc. To cover Anton van
as models in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

background
Leewenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Flemming etc. In
Molecular Biology
History: Scope to cover the importance of Med.
and Genetic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Microbiology on diagnosis and prevention of infectious
engineering.
diseases.
2. Morphology Bacterial cell and its organelles, morphological
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of bacteria
classification, methods of studying bacteria, staining
and
methods & their principles
Classification Grams & Zeil Nelson staining, their importance in

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

presumptive diagnosis, negative staining, dark ground
illumination, phase contrast and fluorescent microscopy,
briefly about electron microscopy. Principles and
applications of all microscopes.
3. Physiology

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of Nutrition, respiration (anaerobic & aerobic) and growth
Important
1
bacteria
of bacteria, growth curve, physical factors influencing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

constituents of
including
growth. Culture media: Definition, classification and
culture media.
growth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

application.
requirements
& metabolism
4.
Sterilization

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Definition of sterilization, disinfection, asepsis,
Working and
1
antiseptics. Ubiquity of bacteria, modes of killing
efficacy testing of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

microbes and preventing them, factors determining
autoclave,
selection of the mode, factors adversely affecting
inspissator and hot
sterilization. Enumeration of physical methods of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

air oven.
sterilization including principle & their application.
Central Sterile
Supply
Department

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(CSSD) ? concept
only.
5. Disinfectants Asepsis
and antisepsis, modes of
Dyes, soaps and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Action of chemical agents on microbes. Phenols,
detergents.
Halogens, Aldehydes, Acids, Alcohol, heavy metals,
Concentration and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

oxidizing agents etc. Universal biosafety precautions.
contact time.
6. Waste
Definition of waste, classification, segregation, transport 1
disposal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and disposal.

---

7. Bacterial
Introduction ? codon, lac operon, mutation,
1
genetics and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

transformation, transduction & conjugation, R factor,
drug
mode of action of antimicrobials on bacteria, mechanism
resistance to
of drug resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility tests,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

antimicrobial
steps taken to minimize emergence of resistant strains
agents.
(Antibiotic policy, formulation),
8. Host

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

parasite Commensal, pathogenic and opportunistic organisms,
1
relationship
their pathogenic factors and modes of transmission.
and bacterial

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Microbial factors: spores, capsule, toxins, enzymes,
infections
intracellular parasitism, antigenic variation & extrinsic
factors etc. leading to establishment of infection. Types
of infection: primary, secondary, general, local, natural,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

nosocomial, iatrogenic, zoonotic.
9.
Normal flora
Introduction ? various sites, types and role
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10. Methods
of Principles of laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases.
PCR, RIA, DNA
1
identification

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

General procedures for collection transport, processing of probes.
of bacteria.
specimens for microbiological diagnosis.
Diagnosis of
infectious

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

diseases
( direct and
indirect)

B) IMMUNOLOGY: (n=12)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

No.
Topic
Must know
Desirable to know

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hrs
1
Introduction
Definition of immunity, types of immunity,
Herd immunity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
factors responsible, mechanism of innate
immunity, active and passive immunity, local
immunity.
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Antigens, HLA
Definition, types, antigen determinants,
Nature of determinants,
1
properties of antigen.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

e.g. of haptens, e.g. of
MHC- concept, class- I, II & III functions,
cross- reactive antigen.
indication of typing, MHC restriction.
3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Antibodies
Definition, nature, structure of immuno-
Pepsin digestion, amino
1
Globulins, papain digestion, understand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

acid sequence,
isotypic, allotypic and idiotypic markers,
immunoglobin domain,
immunoglobulin classes, physical and
abnormal immunoglobins.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

biological properties of immunoglobins.,
4 Serological
Definition, characteristics, titre, sensitivity &
Techniques of precipitation 2
reactions

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

specificity, antigen- antibody interaction-
and their uses, blocking
primary, secondary & tertiary, prozone
antibodies, antiglobulin
phenomenon, principle, types and application reactions, co-agglutination,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of precipitation, agglutination, complement
in vitro test, techniques of
fixation, enzyme immunoassay,
EIA, IF & electron
radioimmunoassay, immunofluoroscence test, microscopy.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

neutralization and opsonisation.
5 Immune
Types, development, role of --thymus, bone
Lymphokines and their
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

response
marrow, lymph nodes & spleen, cells of
role, clonal selection,
lymphoreticular system, morphology and role mechanism of

---

of T subsets, NK cells, B cells , plasma cells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

immunoregulation, theories
and macrophages, B & T cell activation,
of antibodies formation,
antigen processing and presentation, primary
techniques of monoclonal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and secondary immune response, principle
antibody formation,
and uses of monoclonal antibodies, factors
detection of CMI, types of
affecting antibody production, CMI-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

immunotolerance.
definition, types, role of T cell and
macrophages, definition of immune tolerance
and mechanism of tolerance.
6 Complement Definition,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

synthesis, pathways, activation,
Regulation of complement 1
role & biological functions, components,
activation, complement
measurement.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

deficiency
7 Hypersensitivity
Definition,
classification, , difference between Desensitization in
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

immediate and delayed reaction, mechanism
anaphylaxis, type V
of anaphylaxis, manifestations of anaphylaxis, reaction, ADCC,
types of anaphylaxis, atopy, e.g. of
Shwartzman phenomenon.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

anaphylactic reaction, tests for anaphylaxis,
mechanism and e.g. of type-II & type-III
reactions, mechanism & types of delayed
hypersensitivity.
8 Autoimmunity Definition,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mechanism,
classification,
1
pathogenesis.
9 Transplantation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Types of transplants, mechanism of transplant Type of tumour antigens,
1
& tumour
rejection, prevention of graft rejection, GVH
immune surveillance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

immunology
reaction, IR to tumours, tumour antigens,
mechanism of IR to tumours.
10. Immuno-
Classification, examples, laboratory tests for

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Deficiency
detection, manifestations.

---

C) SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY: (n=21)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pathogenesis includes:
Infectious agent
- MK *MK- Must know
Habitat
- MK *DK- Desirable to know

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Source / reservoir
- MK
Mode
- MK
Infective dose

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

- MK
Multiplication, spread
- MK
Clinical features, pathology
- MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Complications
- MK
Virulence factors
- MK
Immunological response

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

- DK

Laboratory diagnosis:
-MK
Specimen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

selection -MK
Collection
-MK
Transport
-MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Primary smear, hanging drop
-MK
Selection
of
media -MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pathogenicity
testing
-MK
Anti microbial drug susceptibility testing-MK
Serological

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

interpretation
-MK
Key to the abbreviations used in the table below:
A- Classification, B- Morphology, C- Culture and isolation, D- Biochemical reactions,
E- Viability, F -Virulence, G- Diseases, H- Antigens, I- Pathogenesis, J- Laboratory

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

diagnosis, K- Prevention and control, L- Immune response
No
Topic/
hours A B
C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

D E F G H I J K L
1 Staphylococci
MK MK
DK
DK MK MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK DK MK MK MK
-
(1 hour)
2 Streptococci
MK MK BA-MK, DK MK MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK MK MK MK MK DK
Pneumococci
DK
(1 hour)
3 Neisseria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DK MK
DK
DK MK MK
MK DK MK MK MK
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(1 hour)
4 C.diptheriae
DK MK DK
- MK MK
MK - MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK MK DK
(1 hour)
5 M.Tuberculosis
MK MK LJ,Growth DK MK MK
MK MK MK MK MK DK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(1 hour)
Time MK
6 Atypical
MK MK
DK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DK MK MK
MK - MK MK MK
-
mycobacteria
(1hour)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7 M.leprae
MK MK Isolation- - MK MK
MK MK MK MK MK MK
(1 hour)
MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

8 Bacillus
MK MK
MK
DK MK MK
MK - MK MK MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
Methods of
anaerobiosis &
classification.
Non sporing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

anaerobes
(1 hour)
9 Clostridium
MK
DK MK - - - MK - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK
- -
welchii, tetani,
botulinum
(1 hour)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Enterobacteriacea
MK MK
DK
DK MK MK
MK DK - MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
-
e
( 1 hour)
11 Salmonella

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

typhi MK
MK DK DK MK MK
MK DK - MK
- MK
(1 hour)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Shigella (1 hour)
MK MK
DK
DK MK MK
MK DK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
MK
-
-
13 Vibrio

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

&
MK
MK DK DK
MK MK
MK - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK
- -
Campylobacter
(1 hour)
14 Pseudomonas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

- MK DK DK MK MK
MK - - MK
- -
(1 hour)
15 Other

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

GNB
(1
List MK DK - -
MK
- - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK
- -
hour)
onl
y

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

16 Newer
bacteria
List MK DK - - - - - -
MK
- -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(1 hour)
onl
y
17 Spirochete
(1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK
MK DK
- MK
- MK - - MK
- DK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hour)
18 Actinomycosis
& DK
MK DK - - - - - -
MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

- -
Nocardia (1 hour)
19 Rickettsia
(1
MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK -
- - - - - -
MK
- -
hour)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20 Chlamydia
&
MK
MK -
- - - - - -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK
- -
Mycoplasma
(1 hour)
21 Bacteriology

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of
- - MK DK
MK MK
MK -
MK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MK MK
-
air, water, milk
and food (1 hour)

---

D) MYCOLOGY: (n=4)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

No
Topic
Must know
Desirable to know

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hrs
1 Introduction
to Nature of fungus (definition, differences
Growth requirements,
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mycology
with bacteria), characteristics of fungi,
ecological, medical and
common terminologies, brief account of
industrial importance of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

types of sporulation and morphological
fungi ( brief account).
classification of fungi. Methods of
identification , Infections produced,
Lab Diagnosis, processing of skin, hair

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and nail,
2 Agents
of
Enumerate, predisposing factors,
Colony characteristics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Superficial mycosis morphological features, Lab. Diagnosis
of dermatophytes
3 Subcutaneous
Enumerate, predisposing factors,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

- 1
mycosis
Mycetoma, Rhinosporidiosis,
Pathogenesis, Lab. Diagnosis
4 Systemic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mycosis Classification, predisposing factors,
Cultural characteristics
1
Opportunistic fungal Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma
infections

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

morphology, pathogenesis, lab.
Diagnosis
Classification, predisposing factors,
Mucor, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis carinii

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

E) VIROLOGY: (n=12)
Morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control for all viruses (Must
know).
No
Topic of lecture

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Must know
Desirable to
Hrs
know
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

General Virology
Size, shape, symmetry, structure, resistance,
- 1
multiplication, properties and classification of
viruses, pathogenesis, bacteriophages, concept of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

virons
2 Laboratory
diagnosis Collection of samples, transport, cultivation and
- 1
of viral infections

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

methods of diagnosis
3
Viral immunity
Viral immunity, interferon, viral vaccines
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
4
Pox viruses
Small pox and Molluscum
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
5
DNA viruses
Papova, Adeno, Herpes viruses ( Herpes simplex,
- 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Varicella zoster, CMV, EBV)
6 Respiratory
viruses Orthomyxo
and
Paramyxoviruses, Ag shift and drift

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Rhinoviruses
1
7 Picornaviruses
Polio,
Coxsackie, Enteroviruses, Viruses causing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

- 1
diarrhoea ? Rota viruses, Immunity (polio)
8
Hepatitis viruses
Hepatitis viruses , immunity and laboratory diagnosis -

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
9
Arboviruses
Dengue, KFD, Japanese encephalitis ? definition,
- 1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

classification, enumeration in India, Pathogenesis,
laboratory diagnosis and control
10 Rhabdoviruses
Rabies
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1

---

11 Slow and Oncogenic Characteristics of slow virus infections, pathogenesis - 1
viruses
and laboratory diagnosis and viruses associated with
it

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

12 Retroviruses
HIV/AIDS,
Immunity,
USP
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1

F)
PARASITOLOGY: (n=11)
Must know ?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Geographical distribution
? Habitat
? Morphology ( different stages ) found in human beings
? Life cycle
? Pathogenesis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Laboratory diagnosis
? Treatment
? Control
? Immunoprophylaxis
No Topic of lecture

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Must know
Desirable to
Hrs
know
1 Introduction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

to Parasites: their nature, classification, and explanation
1
medical
of terminologies, epidemiology, emerging parasitic
Parasitology

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

infections, (pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis)
2
E. histolytica
Amoebic infections
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3 Free
living
Free living amoebae, PAME, Giardia & Trichomonas
1
amoebae and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

flagellates
4
Hemoflagellates
L. donovani: life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity,
Brief account of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
and lab. Diagnosis etc.
Trypanosomes
5 Malaria
Malarial

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

parasites: life cycle, morphology,
1
pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis etc.
6 Misc.
Pathogenic Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
protozoa
Isospora, B.coli
7
Cestodes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Taenia saginata & solium, Echinococcus granulosus,
Brief mention of
1
life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity and laboratory
other cestodes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

diagnosis.
8 Trematodes
Schistosomiasis:
life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity Brief account of
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

& lab diagnosis.
Fasciola hepatica
9 Intestinal
A.duodenale, A. lumbricoides, E. vermicularis, T.
brief mention of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
Nematodes
tritura
S. stercoralis, life
cycle,morphology

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

laboratory
diagnosis
10 Tissue
W. bancrofti, D. medinensis, in brief T. spiralis
1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Nematodes

---

TUTORIALS (APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) : (n=26)

Regular tutorials, student seminars & symposia shall be conducted in addition to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lectures.
Students must know:
? Micro-organisms causing diseases & pathological lesions
? Methods of collection & transportation of specimens
? Methods of laboratory diagnosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

? Serological response produced by organisms
? Interpretation of laboratory report
No
Topic of Tutorial
Hrs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1
Gastrointestinal infections ( diarrhoea and dysentery) and their laboratory diagnosis
2
2 Upper
respiratory

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tract infection ( patch and sore throat) and their laboratory diagnosis
2
3
Lower respiratory tract infection ( pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis etc.) and their
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

laboratory diagnosis
4
Urinary tract infection and their laboratory diagnosis
2
5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Infections of the central nervous system ( meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess) and their
2
laboratory diagnosis
6
Wound infections and pyogenic infections

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2
7
Septicemia and laboratory diagnosis and PUO
2
8

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Eye infections and their laboratory diagnosis
2
9
Sexually transmitted disease (STD) and their laboratory diagnosis ( genital ulcerative disease)
2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10 Role of laboratory in cross infection, Nosocomial infections / outbreak / epidemic
2
11 Vehicles and vectors of communicable disease & zoonosis
2
12 Preventive

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inoculations,
immunomodulation and immunotherapy
2

Suggested topics for integrated teaching:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tuberculosis and Leprosy
Note: Each topic may be allotted 3 hours.
These topics may
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin ( PUO )

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

be covered in 2nd and 3rd term of 2nd MBBS.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Hepatitis
HIV / AIDS
Malaria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Diarrhoea and Dysentery
d.
Term-wise distribution
First
term

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(4
months)
Theory- 32 hours
Practical- 32 hours
Second term (5 ? months)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theory- 66 hours
Practical- 44 hours
Third term (4 months)
Theory- 48 hours
Practical- 32 hours

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Total teaching hours
254 hours

---

System-wise distribution

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

NO. OF CLASSES

TERM
BROAD TOPICS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lectures
Practicals
TUTORIALS
(1 hour)
(2 hours)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(2 hours)
First term
General Microbiology
10
28

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
Systemic Bacteriology
18
24
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Second term
Systemic bacteriology
3
19
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Immunology 12
4
-
Virology 12
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
Mycology 5
4
-
Parasitology 11

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24
-
Third term
Applied microbiology
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
26

e.
Practicals : Total hours, number & contents : (n=100)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

No Topic Hrs
1. Introduction to Microbiology, Microscopy and Micrometry.
4
2. Morphology and physiology of bacteria and methods staining.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
3. Growth requirements of bacteria (media) and identification of bacteria (biochemical reactions).
4
4. Scheme for laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases and collection, storage and transport of
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

microbiological specimens and laboratory animals.
5. Sterilization- the physical agents.
4
Sterilization- the chemical agents and method of waste disposal.
6. Serological tests for diagnosis of microbial infections.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
7. Staphylococci and other gram-positive cocci.
4
8. Streptococci and Pneumococci.
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

9. Gram negative cocci
4
10. C. diphtheriae and other gram positive non sporing bacilli
4
11. Mycobacteria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
12. Spore bearing aerobic and anaerobic bacilli.
4
13. Enteric gram-negative bacilli ? lactose fermenters - E.coli etc
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

14. Non lactose fermenters ? Salmonella and Shigella
4
15. V. cholerae and other Vibrio like organisms
4
16. Other gram-negative bacilli including Pseudomonas, Proteus and hospital acquired infection.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
17. Spirochetes
4
18. Actinomycetes, Nocardia and Fungi.
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

19. Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Viruses
4
20. Introduction to Parasitology and Protozoal infections (including Isospora & Cryptosporidium)
4
21. Haemoflagellates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
22. Plasmodia and toxoplasma.
4
23. Cystodes and trematodes
4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

24. Intestinal
nematodes
4
25. Extra-intestinal
nematodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4
The number of practicals and lectures can be changed as per the needs.

---