Download VNSGU MBBS 2nd Year Microbiology Syllabus

b. & c.
Sequential organisation of contents and their division
The areas of study in Microbiology will include General Microbiology, Systemic
Microbiology including Bacteriology, Immunology, Mycology, Virology, Rickettsia,
Chlamydia, Parasitology and Applied microbiology in relation to infections and diseases of

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various systems of the body.
A) GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: (n=10)

No Topic
of

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Must know (MK)
Desirable to
Hrs
lecture
know (DK)

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1. Introduction Definitions: Medical Microbiology, pathogen,
Micro-organisms
1
and Historical commensal, symbiont etc. To cover Anton van
as models in

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background
Leewenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Flemming etc. In
Molecular Biology
History: Scope to cover the importance of Med.
and Genetic

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Microbiology on diagnosis and prevention of infectious
engineering.
diseases.
2. Morphology Bacterial cell and its organelles, morphological
1

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of bacteria
classification, methods of studying bacteria, staining
and
methods & their principles
Classification Grams & Zeil Nelson staining, their importance in

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presumptive diagnosis, negative staining, dark ground
illumination, phase contrast and fluorescent microscopy,
briefly about electron microscopy. Principles and
applications of all microscopes.
3. Physiology

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of Nutrition, respiration (anaerobic & aerobic) and growth
Important
1
bacteria
of bacteria, growth curve, physical factors influencing

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constituents of
including
growth. Culture media: Definition, classification and
culture media.
growth

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application.
requirements
& metabolism
4.
Sterilization

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Definition of sterilization, disinfection, asepsis,
Working and
1
antiseptics. Ubiquity of bacteria, modes of killing
efficacy testing of

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microbes and preventing them, factors determining
autoclave,
selection of the mode, factors adversely affecting
inspissator and hot
sterilization. Enumeration of physical methods of

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air oven.
sterilization including principle & their application.
Central Sterile
Supply
Department

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(CSSD) ? concept
only.
5. Disinfectants Asepsis
and antisepsis, modes of
Dyes, soaps and

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1
Action of chemical agents on microbes. Phenols,
detergents.
Halogens, Aldehydes, Acids, Alcohol, heavy metals,
Concentration and

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oxidizing agents etc. Universal biosafety precautions.
contact time.
6. Waste
Definition of waste, classification, segregation, transport 1
disposal

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and disposal.

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7. Bacterial
Introduction ? codon, lac operon, mutation,
1
genetics and

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transformation, transduction & conjugation, R factor,
drug
mode of action of antimicrobials on bacteria, mechanism
resistance to
of drug resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility tests,

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antimicrobial
steps taken to minimize emergence of resistant strains
agents.
(Antibiotic policy, formulation),
8. Host

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parasite Commensal, pathogenic and opportunistic organisms,
1
relationship
their pathogenic factors and modes of transmission.
and bacterial

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Microbial factors: spores, capsule, toxins, enzymes,
infections
intracellular parasitism, antigenic variation & extrinsic
factors etc. leading to establishment of infection. Types
of infection: primary, secondary, general, local, natural,

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nosocomial, iatrogenic, zoonotic.
9.
Normal flora
Introduction ? various sites, types and role
1

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10. Methods
of Principles of laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases.
PCR, RIA, DNA
1
identification

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General procedures for collection transport, processing of probes.
of bacteria.
specimens for microbiological diagnosis.
Diagnosis of
infectious

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diseases
( direct and
indirect)

B) IMMUNOLOGY: (n=12)

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No.
Topic
Must know
Desirable to know

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Hrs
1
Introduction
Definition of immunity, types of immunity,
Herd immunity

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1
factors responsible, mechanism of innate
immunity, active and passive immunity, local
immunity.
2

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Antigens, HLA
Definition, types, antigen determinants,
Nature of determinants,
1
properties of antigen.

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e.g. of haptens, e.g. of
MHC- concept, class- I, II & III functions,
cross- reactive antigen.
indication of typing, MHC restriction.
3

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Antibodies
Definition, nature, structure of immuno-
Pepsin digestion, amino
1
Globulins, papain digestion, understand

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acid sequence,
isotypic, allotypic and idiotypic markers,
immunoglobin domain,
immunoglobulin classes, physical and
abnormal immunoglobins.

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biological properties of immunoglobins.,
4 Serological
Definition, characteristics, titre, sensitivity &
Techniques of precipitation 2
reactions

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specificity, antigen- antibody interaction-
and their uses, blocking
primary, secondary & tertiary, prozone
antibodies, antiglobulin
phenomenon, principle, types and application reactions, co-agglutination,

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of precipitation, agglutination, complement
in vitro test, techniques of
fixation, enzyme immunoassay,
EIA, IF & electron
radioimmunoassay, immunofluoroscence test, microscopy.

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neutralization and opsonisation.
5 Immune
Types, development, role of --thymus, bone
Lymphokines and their
2

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response
marrow, lymph nodes & spleen, cells of
role, clonal selection,
lymphoreticular system, morphology and role mechanism of

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of T subsets, NK cells, B cells , plasma cells

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immunoregulation, theories
and macrophages, B & T cell activation,
of antibodies formation,
antigen processing and presentation, primary
techniques of monoclonal

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and secondary immune response, principle
antibody formation,
and uses of monoclonal antibodies, factors
detection of CMI, types of
affecting antibody production, CMI-

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immunotolerance.
definition, types, role of T cell and
macrophages, definition of immune tolerance
and mechanism of tolerance.
6 Complement Definition,

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synthesis, pathways, activation,
Regulation of complement 1
role & biological functions, components,
activation, complement
measurement.

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deficiency
7 Hypersensitivity
Definition,
classification, , difference between Desensitization in
1

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immediate and delayed reaction, mechanism
anaphylaxis, type V
of anaphylaxis, manifestations of anaphylaxis, reaction, ADCC,
types of anaphylaxis, atopy, e.g. of
Shwartzman phenomenon.

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anaphylactic reaction, tests for anaphylaxis,
mechanism and e.g. of type-II & type-III
reactions, mechanism & types of delayed
hypersensitivity.
8 Autoimmunity Definition,

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mechanism,
classification,
1
pathogenesis.
9 Transplantation

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Types of transplants, mechanism of transplant Type of tumour antigens,
1
& tumour
rejection, prevention of graft rejection, GVH
immune surveillance.

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immunology
reaction, IR to tumours, tumour antigens,
mechanism of IR to tumours.
10. Immuno-
Classification, examples, laboratory tests for

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1
Deficiency
detection, manifestations.

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C) SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY: (n=21)

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Pathogenesis includes:
Infectious agent
- MK *MK- Must know
Habitat
- MK *DK- Desirable to know

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Source / reservoir
- MK
Mode
- MK
Infective dose

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- MK
Multiplication, spread
- MK
Clinical features, pathology
- MK

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Complications
- MK
Virulence factors
- MK
Immunological response

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- DK

Laboratory diagnosis:
-MK
Specimen

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selection -MK
Collection
-MK
Transport
-MK

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Primary smear, hanging drop
-MK
Selection
of
media -MK

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Pathogenicity
testing
-MK
Anti microbial drug susceptibility testing-MK
Serological

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interpretation
-MK
Key to the abbreviations used in the table below:
A- Classification, B- Morphology, C- Culture and isolation, D- Biochemical reactions,
E- Viability, F -Virulence, G- Diseases, H- Antigens, I- Pathogenesis, J- Laboratory

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diagnosis, K- Prevention and control, L- Immune response
No
Topic/
hours A B
C

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D E F G H I J K L
1 Staphylococci
MK MK
DK
DK MK MK

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MK DK MK MK MK
-
(1 hour)
2 Streptococci
MK MK BA-MK, DK MK MK

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MK MK MK MK MK DK
Pneumococci
DK
(1 hour)
3 Neisseria

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DK MK
DK
DK MK MK
MK DK MK MK MK
-

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(1 hour)
4 C.diptheriae
DK MK DK
- MK MK
MK - MK

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MK MK DK
(1 hour)
5 M.Tuberculosis
MK MK LJ,Growth DK MK MK
MK MK MK MK MK DK

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(1 hour)
Time MK
6 Atypical
MK MK
DK

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DK MK MK
MK - MK MK MK
-
mycobacteria
(1hour)

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7 M.leprae
MK MK Isolation- - MK MK
MK MK MK MK MK MK
(1 hour)
MK

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8 Bacillus
MK MK
MK
DK MK MK
MK - MK MK MK

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-
Methods of
anaerobiosis &
classification.
Non sporing

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anaerobes
(1 hour)
9 Clostridium
MK
DK MK - - - MK - -

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MK
- -
welchii, tetani,
botulinum
(1 hour)

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10 Enterobacteriacea
MK MK
DK
DK MK MK
MK DK - MK

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-
-
e
( 1 hour)
11 Salmonella

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typhi MK
MK DK DK MK MK
MK DK - MK
- MK
(1 hour)

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12 Shigella (1 hour)
MK MK
DK
DK MK MK
MK DK

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-
MK
-
-
13 Vibrio

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&
MK
MK DK DK
MK MK
MK - -

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MK
- -
Campylobacter
(1 hour)
14 Pseudomonas

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- MK DK DK MK MK
MK - - MK
- -
(1 hour)
15 Other

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GNB
(1
List MK DK - -
MK
- - -

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MK
- -
hour)
onl
y

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16 Newer
bacteria
List MK DK - - - - - -
MK
- -

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(1 hour)
onl
y
17 Spirochete
(1

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MK
MK DK
- MK
- MK - - MK
- DK

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hour)
18 Actinomycosis
& DK
MK DK - - - - - -
MK

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- -
Nocardia (1 hour)
19 Rickettsia
(1
MK

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MK -
- - - - - -
MK
- -
hour)

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20 Chlamydia
&
MK
MK -
- - - - - -

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MK
- -
Mycoplasma
(1 hour)
21 Bacteriology

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of
- - MK DK
MK MK
MK -
MK

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MK MK
-
air, water, milk
and food (1 hour)

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D) MYCOLOGY: (n=4)

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No
Topic
Must know
Desirable to know

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Hrs
1 Introduction
to Nature of fungus (definition, differences
Growth requirements,
1

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Mycology
with bacteria), characteristics of fungi,
ecological, medical and
common terminologies, brief account of
industrial importance of

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types of sporulation and morphological
fungi ( brief account).
classification of fungi. Methods of
identification , Infections produced,
Lab Diagnosis, processing of skin, hair

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and nail,
2 Agents
of
Enumerate, predisposing factors,
Colony characteristics

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1
Superficial mycosis morphological features, Lab. Diagnosis
of dermatophytes
3 Subcutaneous
Enumerate, predisposing factors,

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- 1
mycosis
Mycetoma, Rhinosporidiosis,
Pathogenesis, Lab. Diagnosis
4 Systemic

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mycosis Classification, predisposing factors,
Cultural characteristics
1
Opportunistic fungal Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma
infections

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morphology, pathogenesis, lab.
Diagnosis
Classification, predisposing factors,
Mucor, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis carinii

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E) VIROLOGY: (n=12)
Morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control for all viruses (Must
know).
No
Topic of lecture

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Must know
Desirable to
Hrs
know
1

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General Virology
Size, shape, symmetry, structure, resistance,
- 1
multiplication, properties and classification of
viruses, pathogenesis, bacteriophages, concept of

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virons
2 Laboratory
diagnosis Collection of samples, transport, cultivation and
- 1
of viral infections

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methods of diagnosis
3
Viral immunity
Viral immunity, interferon, viral vaccines
-

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1
4
Pox viruses
Small pox and Molluscum
-

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1
5
DNA viruses
Papova, Adeno, Herpes viruses ( Herpes simplex,
- 1

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Varicella zoster, CMV, EBV)
6 Respiratory
viruses Orthomyxo
and
Paramyxoviruses, Ag shift and drift

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Rhinoviruses
1
7 Picornaviruses
Polio,
Coxsackie, Enteroviruses, Viruses causing

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- 1
diarrhoea ? Rota viruses, Immunity (polio)
8
Hepatitis viruses
Hepatitis viruses , immunity and laboratory diagnosis -

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1
9
Arboviruses
Dengue, KFD, Japanese encephalitis ? definition,
- 1

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classification, enumeration in India, Pathogenesis,
laboratory diagnosis and control
10 Rhabdoviruses
Rabies
-

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1

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11 Slow and Oncogenic Characteristics of slow virus infections, pathogenesis - 1
viruses
and laboratory diagnosis and viruses associated with
it

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12 Retroviruses
HIV/AIDS,
Immunity,
USP
-

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1

F)
PARASITOLOGY: (n=11)
Must know ?

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? Geographical distribution
? Habitat
? Morphology ( different stages ) found in human beings
? Life cycle
? Pathogenesis

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? Laboratory diagnosis
? Treatment
? Control
? Immunoprophylaxis
No Topic of lecture

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Must know
Desirable to
Hrs
know
1 Introduction

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to Parasites: their nature, classification, and explanation
1
medical
of terminologies, epidemiology, emerging parasitic
Parasitology

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infections, (pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis)
2
E. histolytica
Amoebic infections
1

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3 Free
living
Free living amoebae, PAME, Giardia & Trichomonas
1
amoebae and

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flagellates
4
Hemoflagellates
L. donovani: life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity,
Brief account of

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1
and lab. Diagnosis etc.
Trypanosomes
5 Malaria
Malarial

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parasites: life cycle, morphology,
1
pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis etc.
6 Misc.
Pathogenic Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium,

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1
protozoa
Isospora, B.coli
7
Cestodes

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Taenia saginata & solium, Echinococcus granulosus,
Brief mention of
1
life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity and laboratory
other cestodes

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diagnosis.
8 Trematodes
Schistosomiasis:
life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity Brief account of
1

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& lab diagnosis.
Fasciola hepatica
9 Intestinal
A.duodenale, A. lumbricoides, E. vermicularis, T.
brief mention of

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2
Nematodes
tritura
S. stercoralis, life
cycle,morphology

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laboratory
diagnosis
10 Tissue
W. bancrofti, D. medinensis, in brief T. spiralis
1

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Nematodes

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TUTORIALS (APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) : (n=26)

Regular tutorials, student seminars & symposia shall be conducted in addition to

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lectures.
Students must know:
? Micro-organisms causing diseases & pathological lesions
? Methods of collection & transportation of specimens
? Methods of laboratory diagnosis

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? Serological response produced by organisms
? Interpretation of laboratory report
No
Topic of Tutorial
Hrs

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1
Gastrointestinal infections ( diarrhoea and dysentery) and their laboratory diagnosis
2
2 Upper
respiratory

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tract infection ( patch and sore throat) and their laboratory diagnosis
2
3
Lower respiratory tract infection ( pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis etc.) and their
2

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laboratory diagnosis
4
Urinary tract infection and their laboratory diagnosis
2
5

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Infections of the central nervous system ( meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess) and their
2
laboratory diagnosis
6
Wound infections and pyogenic infections

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2
7
Septicemia and laboratory diagnosis and PUO
2
8

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Eye infections and their laboratory diagnosis
2
9
Sexually transmitted disease (STD) and their laboratory diagnosis ( genital ulcerative disease)
2

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10 Role of laboratory in cross infection, Nosocomial infections / outbreak / epidemic
2
11 Vehicles and vectors of communicable disease & zoonosis
2
12 Preventive

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inoculations,
immunomodulation and immunotherapy
2

Suggested topics for integrated teaching:

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Tuberculosis and Leprosy
Note: Each topic may be allotted 3 hours.
These topics may
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin ( PUO )

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be covered in 2nd and 3rd term of 2nd MBBS.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Hepatitis
HIV / AIDS
Malaria

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Diarrhoea and Dysentery
d.
Term-wise distribution
First
term

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(4
months)
Theory- 32 hours
Practical- 32 hours
Second term (5 ? months)

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Theory- 66 hours
Practical- 44 hours
Third term (4 months)
Theory- 48 hours
Practical- 32 hours

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Total teaching hours
254 hours

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System-wise distribution

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NO. OF CLASSES

TERM
BROAD TOPICS

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Lectures
Practicals
TUTORIALS
(1 hour)
(2 hours)

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(2 hours)
First term
General Microbiology
10
28

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-
Systemic Bacteriology
18
24
-

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Second term
Systemic bacteriology
3
19
-

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Immunology 12
4
-
Virology 12
4

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-
Mycology 5
4
-
Parasitology 11

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24
-
Third term
Applied microbiology
-

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-
26

e.
Practicals : Total hours, number & contents : (n=100)

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No Topic Hrs
1. Introduction to Microbiology, Microscopy and Micrometry.
4
2. Morphology and physiology of bacteria and methods staining.

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4
3. Growth requirements of bacteria (media) and identification of bacteria (biochemical reactions).
4
4. Scheme for laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases and collection, storage and transport of
4

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microbiological specimens and laboratory animals.
5. Sterilization- the physical agents.
4
Sterilization- the chemical agents and method of waste disposal.
6. Serological tests for diagnosis of microbial infections.

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4
7. Staphylococci and other gram-positive cocci.
4
8. Streptococci and Pneumococci.
4

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9. Gram negative cocci
4
10. C. diphtheriae and other gram positive non sporing bacilli
4
11. Mycobacteria

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4
12. Spore bearing aerobic and anaerobic bacilli.
4
13. Enteric gram-negative bacilli ? lactose fermenters - E.coli etc
4

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14. Non lactose fermenters ? Salmonella and Shigella
4
15. V. cholerae and other Vibrio like organisms
4
16. Other gram-negative bacilli including Pseudomonas, Proteus and hospital acquired infection.

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4
17. Spirochetes
4
18. Actinomycetes, Nocardia and Fungi.
4

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19. Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Viruses
4
20. Introduction to Parasitology and Protozoal infections (including Isospora & Cryptosporidium)
4
21. Haemoflagellates

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4
22. Plasmodia and toxoplasma.
4
23. Cystodes and trematodes
4

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24. Intestinal
nematodes
4
25. Extra-intestinal
nematodes.

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4
The number of practicals and lectures can be changed as per the needs.

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