Manimangalam, ..
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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CE 6511- SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY
V SEMESTER - R 2013
LABORATORY MANUAL
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VISION
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.
MISSION
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- To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
- To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
- To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart and soul
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
VISION
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To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to shape them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the challenges in deploying technology for the service of humanity
MISSION
- To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the civil industry
- To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in structural systems
- To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and ethical practice
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2 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
- FUNDAMENTALS To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering, enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher education
- CORE COMPETENCE To train the students in Civil Engineering technologies so that they apply their knowledge and training to compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
- BREADTH To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theories and practice this enables them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
- PROFESSIONALISM To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to broader social context
- LIFELONG LEARNING/ETHICS To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the large, through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career
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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POS)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Civil Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for analysis and design of structures
d) To identify, constructional errors and solve Civil Engineering problems
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e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Civil Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of contemporary issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
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j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams
4 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
CE6511-SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY
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SYLLABUS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
- Learn index properties of soils and laboratory methods of soil classification
- Learn Compaction and hydraulic conductivity tests
- Learn principles of Consolidation and shear strength and
- Learn to design and analyze a custom experiment
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
- Specific gravity of soil solids
- Specific gravity of soil solids
- Grain size distribution Hydrometer analysis
- Liquid limit and Plastic limit tests
- Shrinkage limit and Differential free swell tests
- Field density Test (Sand replacement method)
- Determination of moisture – density relationship using standard Proctor compaction test.
- Permeability determination (constant head and falling head methods)
- One dimensional consolidation test (Determination of co-efficient of consolidation only)
- Direct shear test in cohesion-less soil
- Unconfined compression test in cohesive soil
- Laboratory vane Shear test in cohesive soil
- Tri-axial compression test in cohesion-less soil (Demonstration only)
- California Bearing Ratio Test
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COURSE OUTCOMES
- An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
- Gain the ability to use modern soil testing equipment to find out properties of soil.
- Understood the basic principle and techniques about soil mechanics.
- Gain knowledge related to various properties of soil
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CONTENTS
| SI. NO. | LIST OF EXPERIMENTS | Page No. |
|---|---|---|
| CYCLE 1-EXPERIMENTS | ||
| 1 | Specific gravity of soil solids | |
| 2 | Grain size distribution – Sieve analysis | |
| 3 | Grain size distribution Hydrometer analysis | |
| 4 | Liquid limit and Plastic limit tests | |
| 5 | Shrinkage limit and Differential free swell tests | |
| 6 | Field density Test (Sand replacement method) | |
| 7 | Determination of moisture – density relationship using standard Proctor compaction test. | |
| CYCLE 2 - EXPERIMENTS | ||
| 8 | Permeability determination (constant head and falling head methods) | |
| 9 | One dimensional consolidation test (Determination of co-efficient of consolidation only) | |
| 10 | Direct shear test in cohesion-less soil | |
| 11 | Unconfined compression test in cohesive soil | |
| 12 | Laboratory vane Shear test in cohesive soil | |
| 13 | Tri-axial compression test in cohesion-less soil (Demonstration only) | |
| 14 | California Bearing Ratio Test | |
6 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
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Expt.No.01 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL SOLIDS
Aim:
To determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm I.S sieve by density bottle
Apparatus Required:
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- Pycnometer (either a Pycnometer jar with conical top or a stoppered bottle having a capacity of at least 50ml)
- 4.75mm sieve
- Weighing balance
- Oven
- Glass rod
- Distilled water
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Theory:
Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of soil solids at a given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature, both weights being taken in air. The Indian Standard specifies 27oC as the standard temperature for reporting the specific gravity.
Procedure:
- Clean and dry the Pycnometer
- Weigh the empty Pycnometer with its cap (W1)
- Take about 200gmof oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve into the Pycnometer and weigh again (W2)
- Add sufficient de-aired water to cover the soil and screw on the cap
- Shake the Pycnometer well and remove entrapped air if any
- Fill the Pycnometer with water completely
- Dry the Pycnometer from outside and weigh it (W3)
- Clean the Pycnometer by washing thoroughly
- Fill the cleaned Pycnometer completely with water up to its top with cap screw on
- Weigh the Pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4)
- Repeat the procedure for three samples and obtain the average value of specific gravity.
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Calculations:
Calculate the specific gravity of the soil, as follows,
Specific gravity = Gs = (W2-W1) / (W4-W1) (W3-W2)
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Where,
Weight of empty Pyconometer, W1 =
Weight of Pyconometer + soil sample, W2 =
Weight of Pyconometer + soil sample + water, W3 =
Weight of Pyconometer + water, W4 =
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Result:
The specific gravity of the test sample =
Outcome:
Gained knowledge related to various properties of soil (Specific gravity).
8 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
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Viva - voce
- What is meant by Soil?
- What is soil mechanics?
- What are main types of soils?
- What is empirical correlation between PSD and permeability?
- What is meant by degree of saturation?
- What are the principles of direct shear test?
- What is the effect of pore pressure on shear strength of soil?
- How will you find the shear strength of cohesion less soil?
- What are the types of shear tests based on drainage?
- What is meant by shear strength and failure envelope?
- What are the shear strength parameters?
- What is cohesion and stress path?
- What is angle of internal friction?
- What are the various methods of determination of shear strength in the laboratory?
- What is the differential equation of deflection of a bent beam?
- What are the disadvantages of direct shear test?
- What are the types of tri-axial test based on drainage conditions?
- What is meant by plastic index, saturated mass density?
- Distinguish between relative density, relative compaction.
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Applications
- To calculate the weight properties of soil like void ratio, degree of saturation and density properties.
- Used for calculation of Mix design of concrete for construction.
9 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
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Expt.No.02 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION – SIEVE ANALYSIS
Aim:
To determine the grain size distribution of the given soil sample using I.S sieves
Apparatus Required:
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- Balance (Sensitivity – 0.1%)
- I.S sieves (I.S 460 – 1962) (4.75mm to 75 microns)
- Mechanical seive shaker
Theory:
The grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soils. The data obtained from grain size distribution curves is used in the design of filters for earth dams and to determine suitability of soil for road construction, air field etc. Information obtained from grain size analysis can be used to predict soil water movement although permeability tests are more generally used. The grain size analysis is an attempt to determine the relative proportions of different grain sizes which make up a given soil mass
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Procedure:
- Take about 500g of soil sample.
- Check all the sieves and remove any particles sticking to the sieve mesh.
- Arrange sieves are in the descending order of their sizes with a pan at bottom.
- To keep the sample moving continuously over the sieve surface
- The soil particles shall not be turned or manipulated through the sieves by hand.
- Sieving shall be continued until not more than 1 percent by mass of the residue passes any sieve during 60 seconds.
- Remove the sieves from the sieve shaker and carefully weigh the soil retained an each sieve.
- Remove the particles sticking to the sieve mesh and should be included to the weight retained.
- Tabulate the data and calculate the percentage passing as shown in the following mass of the sample:
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Observation:
| I.S sieve size or number (mm) | Mass retained in sieve (gm) | % retained = (mass retained / total mass)*100 | Cumulative % retained | Cumulative % finer (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.75 | ||||
| 4.00 | ||||
| 3.36 | ||||
| 2.40 | ||||
| 1.46 | ||||
| 1.20 | ||||
| 0.60 | ||||
| 0.30 | ||||
| 0.15 | ||||
| 0.075 | ||||
| Pan |
Graph:
Gradation curve is obtained by plotting percentage passing on y-axis and log of sieve size on x-axis using a semi-log paper. Gradation curves are the best representation of soil nature i.e. it is well graded uniformly graded or poorly graded soil. Uniformity coefficient (CU) and Coefficient of gradation (Cg) can also give us an idea of soil nature.
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Cu= D60 / D10
Cg = (D30) 2 / (D10) (D60)
Where, D10, D30 and D60 are diameters for 10%, 30% and 60% passing respectively.
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Result:
The gradation curve for the given soil sample is obtained.
Outcome:
Understood the grain size distribution of the given soil sample using I.S sieves.
12 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
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Viva - voce
- What is meant by void ratio
- What is meant by specific gravity?
- What is meant by water content?
- What is meant by density?
- What are the factors that affect hydraulic conductivity?
- What are the classification systems of soil?
- How to find dry density of soils?
- What is meant by Soil mechanics?
- What is meant by plastic index, saturated mass density?
- Distinguish between relative density, relative compaction.
- Distinguish between discharge velocity seepage velocities
- Can liquid limit of any soil be more than 100% substance?
- Differentiate b/w density and unit weight of soil.
- What is meant by liquidity index of the soil?
- What is meant by consistency index?
- What do you understand by consistency test on soil?
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Applications
- It is used to classifying the soil into various categories to understand its practical uses in the field.
- It gives the sizes of soil particles in the field which will be used for foundation design.
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13 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
Expt.No.03 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION – HYDROMETER ANALYSIS
Aim:
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To determine the grain size distribution of the given soil sample by hydrometer test
Apparatus Required:
- Density Hydrometer (Conforming to I.S 3104 – 1965)
- Glass measuring cylinder (Two of 1000 ml capacity with ground glass or rubber stoppers about 7 cm diameter and 33 cm high marked at 1000 ml volume
- Thermometer (To cover the range 0 to 50°C with an accuracy of 0.5°C)
- Water bath
- Stirring apparatus
- I.S sieves apparatus
- Balance (accurate to 0.01 gm)
- Oven (105 to 110)
- Stop watch
- Desiccators
- Centimeter scale
- Porcelain evaporating dish
- Wide mouth conical flask or conical beaker of 1000 ml capacity
- Thick funnel (about 10 cm in diameter)
- Filter flask (to take the funnel)
- Measuring cylinder100 ml capacity
- Wash bottle (containing distilled water)
- Filter papers
- Glass rod (about 15 to 20 cm long and 4 to 5 mm in diameter)
- Hydrogen peroxide (20 volume solution)
- Hydrochloric acid N solution 89ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.18) diluted with distilled water one litre of solution
- Sodium hexametaphosphate solution dissolve 33 g of sodium hexametaphosphate and 7 gm of sodium carbonate in distilled water to make one litre of solution.
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14 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision: 00
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Theory:
For determining the grain size distribution of soil sample, usually mechanical analysis (sieve analysis) is carried out in which the finer sieve used is 63 micron or the nearer opening. If a soil contains appreciable quantities of fine fractions in (less than 63 micron) wet analysis is done. One form of the analysis is hydrometer analysis. It is very much helpful to classify the soil as per ISI classification. The properties of the soil are very much influenced by the amount of clay and other fractions.
Procedure:
Calibration of hydrometer
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Volume
- Volume of water displaced: Approximately 800 ml of water shall be poured in the 1000 ml measuring cylinder. The reading of the water level shall be observed and recorded.
- The hydrometer shall be immersed in the water and the level shall again be observed and recorded as the volume of the hydrometer bulb in ml plus volume of that part of the stem that is submerged. For practical purposes the error to the inclusion of this stem volume may be neglected.
- From the weight of the hydrometer: The hydrometer shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 gm. The weight in gm shall be recorded as the volume of the bulb plus the volume of the stem below the 1000 ml graduation mark. For practical purposes the error due to the inclusion of this stem may be neglected.
Calibration
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- The sectional area of the 1000 ml measuring cylinder in which the hydrometer is to used shall be determined by measuring the distance between the graduations. The sectional area is equal to the volume include between the two graduations divided by the measured distance between them.
- Place the hydrometer on the paper and sketch it. On the sketch note the lowest and highest readings which are on the hydrometer and also mark the neck of the bulb. Mark the center of the bulb which is half of the distance between neck of the bulb and tip of the bulb.
- The distance from the lowest reading to the center of the bulb is (Rh) shall be recorded (Rh = HL + L/2).
- The distance from the highest hydrometer reading to the center of the bulb shall be measured and recorded.
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- Draw graph, hydrometer readings vs Hh and Rh. A straight line is obtained. This calibration curve is used to calibrate the hydrometer readings which are taken within 2 minutes.
- From 4 minutes onwards the readings are to be taken by immersing the hydrometer each time. This makes the soil solution to rise, there by rising distance of free fall of the particle. So correction is applied to the hydrometer readings.
- Correction applied to the Rh and Hh
- From these two corrected readings draw graph (straight line)
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Test Procedure
- Take 50 g of dry soil in an evaporating dish, add 100 ml of dispersing agent, and prepare a suspension.
- Transfer the suspension into the cup of a mechanical stirrer, add more distilled water, and operate the stirrer for three minutes.
- Wash the soil slurry into a cylinder, and add distilled water to bring up the level to the 1000 ml mark.
- Cover the open end of the cylinder with a stopper and hold it securely with the palm of the hand. Then turn the cylinder upside down and back upright repeatedly for one minute.
- Place the cylinder down and remove the stopper. Insert a hydrometer and start a stop-watch simultaneously. To minimize bobbing of the hydrometer, it should be released close to the reading depth. This requires some amount of rehearsal and practice.
- Take hydrometer readings on the upper rim of the meniscus formed by the suspension and the hydrometer stem after time intervals of periods of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 minutes,
- After the 4 minutes reading, remove the hydrometer slowly, and float it in a second cylinder containing 100 ml dispersing agent and distilled water up to 1000 ml mark.
- Take further readings after elapsed time periods of 8, 15 and 30 minutes and also after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Insert the hydrometer only just before the reading and withdraw immediately after the reading.
- Observe and keep recording the temperature of the soil suspension.
- Shake the solution in the second cylinder thoroughly. Insert the hydrometer and note the meniscus correction, which is the reading difference between the top of the meniscus and the level of the solution in the cylinder when observed along the hydrometer stem.
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- The composite correction is the difference between the top meniscus reading and value of 1.000 corresponding to the usual hydrometer calibration temperature of 27°C. This may be positive or negative.
- Calibrate the hydrometer to establish a relation between any reading and its corresponding effective depth, and obtain a calibration plot. The effective depth is the distance from the surface of the soil suspension to the level at which the density of the suspension is being measured.
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Observation:
Mass of dry soil taken (passing 75micron) W (g) :
Specific gravity of soil grains, Gs :
Meniscus correction, Cm :
| Elapsed time, t (min) | Actual hydrometer reading, Rh | Temp T (C) | Corrected hydrometer reading RC1 = Rh+ Cm | Effective depth, h (cm) | Viscosity, Wh//t (gsec/cm² M) | H Factor, | Particle size, D (mm) | Rc2= Rh + C | Factor, N | % Finer v.r.t. mass taken, F | % Finer w.r.t. total mass |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calculations
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For Liquid Limit:
Calculation of Particle Size:
- Enter hydrometer readings. Add meniscus correction and obtain corrected hydrometer readings Rc1.
- From calibration plot, obtain effective depth h corresponding to Rc1.
- Calculate value of
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- Obtain viscosity value h corresponding to temperature T. Calculate factor
- Calculate particle size D by
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