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Module 6

Report Writing and Presentation

WHAT IS IT?

• An analysis of the data of the investigation, written in an objective, logical and factual way.
• Any matter on which definite information is required.

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“Research reports are detailed, accurate accounts of the disciplined studies accomplished to solve problems or to reveal new knowledge.” (Busha and 1988).

1. Meaning of Research

• Research report writing is the oral or written evidence and the findings in such detail readily understood and accessed by the reader to enable him to verify the validity of the conclusions.
• According to American Marketing Society: Convey to interested persons the whole story in sufficient detail and to enable each reader to comprehend the data and to determine himself the validity of the conclusions. It covers, Disseminations, Presents the information and knowledge to others, to support the generalizations, to encourage others to carry on the same or allied problem.

Structure of Research Report

• Generally, a research report, whether it is called
• 1) The Preliminary i.e. preface pages

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• 2) The text of the report / Main body of the
• 3) The Reference material.

PRELIMINARY SECTION

• Title page
• Certification
• Candidate Declaration

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• Preface including Acknowledgment
• Table of Content
• List of Tables
• List of figures
• List of Abbreviation

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CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Purpose and objective of the

1.4 Research Questions

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1.5 Definition of Terms

1.6 Significant of the study

1.7 Conclusion

CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Body of the literature

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2.1.1 General area of research

2.1.2 Underlying theory

2.1.3 Variables used from previous

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.3 Hypotheses

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2.4 Conclusion

CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Variable and Measurement

3.3 Questionnaire design

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3.4 Population and Sample

3.5 Scope of the study

3.6 Data analysis method

3.6.1 Goodness of data

3.6.2 Inferential analysis

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3.7 Conclusion

CHAPTER 4- DATA COLLECTION, DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Goodness of Measure

4.2.1 Representativeness of data

4.2.2 Validity test

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4.2.3 Reliability test

4.3 Inferential analysis

4.3.1 Descriptive analysis

4.3.2 Test of difference

4.3.3 Test of relationship

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• Correlation analysis
• Hypothesis testing

4.4 Conclusion

CHAPTER 5-DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Recapitulation of major findings

5.2 Discussion

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5.3 Implication

5.3.1 Theoretical Implication

5.3.2 Practical Implication

5.4 Limitation

5.5 Recommendation for future research

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5.6 Conclusion

REFERENCE MATERIAL

The reference material is generally divided as

• 1. Bibliography (APA Style or ..)
• 2. Appendices (SPSS output & Data Stream)
• 3. Glossary of terms (if any)

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• 4. Index (if any)

Types Of reports

• Technical Report
• Popular Report

Technical Report

In the technical report the main emphasis is on

• the methods employed,

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• assumptions made in the course of the study
• the detailed presentation of the findings including and supporting data.

Popular Report

• The popular report is one which gives emphasis on attractiveness.
• The simplification should be sought through minimization of technical, particularly mathematical detail and liberal use of charts and diagrams.
• Attractive layout along with large print, many sub-headings and occasional cartoon now and then is another characteristic of the popular report.

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• Besides, in such a report emphasis is given on practical aspects and policy implications. We give below a general outline of such a report.

STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS REPORT

1. Title page
2. Letter of Transmittal (covering letter)
3. Table of contents
4. Executive summary

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5. Introduction
6. Main Body
7. Conclusion
8. Appendix
9. References & Bibliography

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Characteristics of good report

1. Attractive
2. Clear Topic
3. Balanced Language
4. No repetition of facts
5. Statement of scientific facts

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6. Practicability
7. Description of the difficulties and the shortcomings

Importance of Research Report

• Communicates the information
• Helps in evaluation
• Facilitates measuring performance

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• Predicts future trends

Presentation - Essential Characteristics

• Objectives :
• Preparation
• First impression
• Facial expression

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• Visual aids
• Audience involvements
• Effective conclusion

Elements of Presentation

• Presenter
• Specific content with a definite objective
  • Why who where when what and how

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• Audience
  • Who
  • Why
  • Their background
  • How many

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Factors affecting Presentation

• Audience analysis
• Personal appearance
• Opening and closing of presentation
• Language

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• Body language
• Use of visuals
• Organization of presentation
• Voice
• Answering the questions

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Processing of data--Editing, Coding and tabulation

• After collecting data, the method of converting data into meaningful statement; includes
• Data processing, Data analysis, and Data interpretation and presentation.
• Data reduction or processing mainly involves those processes that are necessary for preparing the data for analysis. The data manipulation) could be manual or electronic
• It involves editing, categorizing the open-ended questions, computerization and preparation of tables and diagrams.

Editing data:

• Information gathered during data collection

  Example: Data collected through questionnaires may have answers which may not be ticked at all or some questions may be left unanswered.

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  Sometimes information may be given in a form requiring reconstruction in a category designed for annual income or daily/monthly income in annual income and so on.

  The researcher has to take a decision as to how to deal with it.

• Editing also needs that data are relevant and consistent before they are modified.
• Occasionally, the investigator makes a mistake and records an impossible answer. “How much red chilies do you use in a month?” The answer is written as “4 kilos”. Can a family consume four kilo chilies in a month? The correct answer may be 400 grams.

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Coding of data:

• Coding is translating answers into numerical codes. Assigning numbers to the various categories of a variable is called coding for analysis.
• Coding is done by using a code book, code sheet and a punch card.
• Coding is done on the basis of the instructions given in the code book. The code book gives a numerical code for each answer.

Data classification/distribution

• Sarantakos (1998: 343) defines distribution of data as the classification of scores obtained for the various categories of a particular variable.

There are four types of distributions:

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1. Frequency distribution
2. Percentage distribution
3. Cumulative distribution
4. Statistical distributions

Frequency distribution:

• In social science research, frequency distribution presents the frequency of occurrences of certain data. Frequency distribution appears in two forms:

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• Ungrouped: Here, the scores are not collapsed into categories. The distribution of ages of the students of a BJ (MC) program (e.g., 18, 19, 20, and so on) will be presented in an ungrouped distribution.
• Grouped: Here, the scores are collapsed into categories. The scores are presented together as a group. For example, in the age distribution groups like 18-20, 21-22 etc.

Percentage distribution:

It is also possible to give frequencies not in absolute numbers but in percentages.

For instance instead of saying 200 respondents have a monthly income of less than Rs. 500, we can say that 40 percent of respondents have a monthly income of less than Rs. 500.

Cumulative distribution:

• It tells how often the value of the random variable falls less than or equal to a particular reference value.

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Statistical data distribution:

• In this type of data distribution, some measure of average is worked out of a sample of respondents.
• Several kind of averages are available (mean, median, mode) and the researcher must decide which is most suitable.
• Once the average has been calculated, the question arises as to how representative a figure it is, i.e., how closely the other figures cluster around it.
• Are most of them very close to it or is there a great deal of variation?

Tabulation of data:

After editing, which ensures that the information is reasonably accurate and categorized in a suitable form, the data are put together in some kinds of tables and may also undergo some kind of statistical analysis.

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• Table can be prepared manually and/or by computer.
• For a small study of 100 to 200 persons, there is no point in tabulating by computer since this necessitates the use of punched cards.
• But for a survey analysis involving a large number of respondents requiring cross tabulation involving more than two variables, manual tabulation will be inappropriate and time consuming.

Data Validation

• Data validation is a process that ensures the programs, applications and clear data to the programs, applications and
• It checks for the integrity and validity of data in different software and its components.

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• Data validation ensures that the data complies with the rules, standards and quality benchmarks.
• Data validation is also known as input validation.

Some of the types of data validation

1. Code validation
2. Data type validation
3. Data range validation

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4. Constraint validation
5. Structured validation