UNIVERSITY OF JAFFNA, SRI LANKA
SECOND EXAMINATION FOR MEDICAL DEGREES—PARTII (2nd)-
NOVEMBER 2014-
PATHOLOGY-Paper II
Date: 05.11.2014.
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Time: 03 hours
ANSWER ALL 10 QUESTIONS
Answer each question in separate answer book
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1.1 A 50 year old female presented with excessive weight gain in spite of decreased appetite. Clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism was made.
- 1.1.1 List two investigations that would confirm the diagnosis and mention the changes that you would expect in the investigations in primary and secondary hypothyroidism. (20Marks)
- 1.1.2 List three causes of hypothyroidism. (10Marks)
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1.1.3 List the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism in relation to
- 1.1.3.1. Cardiovascular system. (10Marks)
- 1.1.3.2_Central nervous system (10 Marks)
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1.2 1.2.1 List two causes for each of the following conditions.
- 1.2.1.1.Hypocortisolism (10Marks)
- 1.2.1.2.Hypercortisolism (10Marks)
1.2,2. Describe the biochemical investigations you would carryout to confirm the diagnosis mentioned in 1.2.1.1, 1.2.1.2 (30Marks)
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A 55 year old presented with tiredness and was found to have a Hb of 8 01. A haemolytic anaemia was suspected.
- 2.1. Briefly describe the classification of haemolytic anaemia. (25 Marks)
- 2,2. List 2 clinical findings that you would expect to see in a patient with haemolytic anaemia. (10Marks)
- 2.3. List 3 investigations that you expect to be abnormal in a patient with a haemolytic anaemia. List the expected abnormality for each investigation that you mention. (15 Marks)
- 2.4. Describe the pathogenesis of 2 of the laboratory abnormalities that you mention in (2,3) (20Marks)
- 2,5. List 2 complications that a patient with haemolytic anaemia may have. (20Marks)
- 2.6. State one medication that is usually prescribed for patients with haemolytic anaemia. (10 Marks)
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3. 3.1 A 60 year old man presented with progressive dyspnea and cough for 1 year duration. The chest Xray showed hyperinflated lungs with reduced vascular markings.
- 3.1.1, What is the most probable diagnosis? (5marks)
- 3.1.2. Discuss the pathogenesis of the above process. (25Marks)
- 3.1.3. Describe the pathological feature of the above condition. (20 Marks)
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3.2 A 35 year old male patient presented with sever persistent cough with expectoration of mucopurulent sputum. Chest x-ray revealed a cavitating lesion of the lungs with surrounding consolidation. He is diagnosed as having bronchiectasis.
- 3.2.1, List two other differential diagnoses for the above mentioned radiographic appearance. (10Marks)
- 3.2.2. Describe the microscopic appearance of one of the conditioned mentioned above (20Marks)
- 3.2.3. List 3 predisposing factors for bronchiectasis and explain the pathological mechanism for each. (20Marks)
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Mention two etiologies / risk factors and pathological changes (rnacroscopy and microscopy) that may occur in the following conditions.
- 4.1 A 60 year old female presented with lump in the left breast and crusting exudate over the nipple and areolar skin. (35Marks)
- 4.2 A 58 year old male presented with ulcer in glans penis. (30 Marks)
- 4.3 A 75 year old male presented with urinary out flow obstruction, haematuria and back pain .Digital rectal examination revealed irregular palpable nodules (35 Marks)
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- 5.1 Define a polyp. (10 Marks)
- 5.2 List 4 types of polyps that occur in the colon. (40Marks)
- 5.3 Describe the microscopy of one of the polyps mentioned in (5.2). (30 Marks)
- 5.4 List 2 features that determine the malignant potential of a polyp in the colon. (20Marks)
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- 6.1 Define an infarct. (10 Marks)
- 6.2 List four (4) causes for vascular occlusion (20Marks)
- 6.3 Describe one of the causes mentioned in 6.2. (30 Marks)
- 6.4 Briefly describe four factors that determine effects of arterial obstruction. (40 Marks)
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A 60 year lady presented with symptoms of gradually progressive anaemia. Based on the clinical findings and baseline investigations a provisional diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia was made.
- 7.1. Briefly describe the biochemical basis for megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B 12 and folate deficiency (30Marks)
- 7.2 List the abnormalityies you can observe in the blood film of a patient with megaloblastic anaemia (15Marks)
- 7.3 Briefly describe the abnormalities you can observe in the bone marrow aspirate film of a patient with megaloblastic anaemia (15Marks)
- 7.4 Mention the neurological manifestations of vitamin B 12 and folate deficiency (20 Marks)
- 7.5 List the causes of vitamin B12 deficiency (20Marks)
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A 60 year old previously hypertensive man died of intracranial haemorrhage. An autopsy was performed.
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- 8.1 Briefly describe the expected autopsy (macroscopic) findings of the ( 75Marks) brain of this patient.
- 8.2 Briefly describe the aetiopathogenesis and pathological features of (25 Marks) cerebral abscess
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- 9.1 Briefly describe the pathogenesis of glomerular injury in glomerulonephritis. (50 Marks)
- 9.2 Describe the pathological (macroscopic and microscopic) findings of the kidneys in malignant hypertension. (25 Marks)
- 9.3 Briefly describe the pathological features of diabetic nephropathy. (25Marks)
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10
10.1 A 30 year old male patient admitted to surgical causality ward with right leg cellulitis for last two days.
- 10.1.1. What are the cardinal signs he to confirm the diagnosis? (10Marks)
- 10.1.2. Explain the pathological basis of these cardinal signs. (50Marks)
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10.2 The above patient developed abscess in the right leg on the fourth day after admission
- 10.2.1. What is an abscess? (15Marks)
- 10.2.2. Explain the pathological basis of the treatment of abscess. (25Marks)
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