DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
S #
TEACHING FACULTY
01
PROFESSOR AND DEAN : Prof Khalida Naz Memon
PROFESSOR : Prof. Muhammad Najeeb Memon
03
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS AND CHAIRMAN: Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Siddiqui
04
05 Dr. Gulzar Usman
ASSISTANT PROFESSORS
06 Dr. Suhail Ahmed Bajrani
Dr. Ambreen Sahito
08 Dr. Tariq Feroz
LECTURERS
10
Dr. Wali Muhammad Nizamani
11 Dr. Faiza Memon
12
13 Dr. Farah Deeba Shaikh
14
Dr. Sindhia Javed Junejo
15 Dr. Kanwal Naz
Dr. Rafaina Shah
17 Dr. Sindhu Almas
18
HEALTH EDUCATION OFFICER: Ms. QuratulAin
SUBJECT: COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Session - I
(LECTURES)
INTRODUCTION
2. Basic concepts about health. Health Indicators, Health Dimensions/determinants of health.
3. Health Delivery System of Pakistan.
4. Health policies & Health plans.
5. Natural history of diseases & Levels of prevention.
1. Introduction, Aims of Epidemiology, Uses of epidemiology.
2. Descriptive Epidemiology: Time distribution of diseases.
3. Descriptive Epidemiology: Place & Person distribution of diseases.
4. Epidemiological study designs/ Cross sectional studies/ Prevalence rate.
6. Sampling techniques.
7. Medical Ethics: Background, Concept and Components
8. Analytical Epidemiology: Case control study & Odds ratio.
9. Analytical Epidemiology: Cohort study, incidence rate, relative risk & attributable risk.
11. Association & causation.
12. Investigation of an epidemic.
13. Surveillance.
14. Screening: Definition, types & Uses of screening.
BIOSTATISTICS
1. Introduction to biostatistics, Health Management Information System (DHIS).
2. Types of variables/Methods of data presentation.
4. Measures of central tendency.
5. Measures of dispersion.
6. Normal Distribution Curve (NDC).
7. Interpretation of data (t-test and Chi-square test).
MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHY
1. Introduction, Population profile of Pakistan and Census
2. Population dynamics, size, composition, distribution, growth rate and Population doubling
time.
4. Fertility measure & related statistics.
5. Mortality measures & related statistics: Infant mortality & maternal mortality rates.
FOOD & NUTRITION
1. Nutritional problems of public health importance.
3. Nutritional Requirements of children, adults, in pregnancy & lactation.
4. Assessment of Nutritional Status.
DEMONSTRATION CLASSES IN GROUPS
1. Millennium Development Goals & Sustainable Development Goals.
2. Primary Health Care and Human Development Index (HDI).
3. Spectrum of health & Ice-berg phenomenon of diseases.
4. Non-Governmental organizations and International agencies.
1. How to write a research project.
2. How to design questionnaire
3. How to enter data in SPSS
FOOD & NUTRITION
2. Food surveillance: milk borne, meat borne & fish borne diseases.
3. Balanced diet and Dietary fibers & Dietary goals.
4. Food preservation, food fortification & food adulteration.
5. Food poisoning.
1. Safe Motherhood (Domiciliary & institutional care).
2. Family planning, scope and methods of family planning.
3. Maternal & Child Health (MCH), Role of Lady Health Workers (LHWs) & Lady Health
Visitors (LHVs).
5. Neonatal care, growth and development of infant.
6. IMNCI: Overview - Community and Health System Component.
7. Adolescent Health
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
services.
2. Pneumoconiosis & its control measures.
3. Lead poisoning & its control measures.
4. Occupational health hazards for agricultural & industrial workers- Ergonomics.
methods.
6. Disaster classification, preparedness and management.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
The Supervisors for each group will be notified and the students will be required to meet with the
Supervisor for the project. The students will start the project work in Session ? I and submit it by
mid of Session ? II. Each group will present the research work in the form of Oral/Poster
presentation, which will be evaluated and graded. The marks of projects will be included in Annual
introductory classes of Research Methodology. The guidelines will also be displayed on notice
board in the department.
FIELD VISITS
1. Industry and Social Security Hospital.
3. Primary school to assess the nutritional status of school children.
4. Basic Health Unit (BHU).
5. Rural Health Center (RHC).
SKILL LEARNING
1. To develop a Questionnaire for a Survey.
2. To calculate BMI & to classify obesity.
3. To do interpretation on growth charts.
4. How to make ORS & how to follow various plans of rehydration.
(PROBLEM BASED LEARNING)
1. Role play on counseling the mother for proper weaning of her child.
2. Role play on Plan A & Plan B of rehydration.
3. Role play on counseling for using personal protective measure for prevention of
IMNCI HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ON KEY FAMILY PRACTICES
Two surveys will be conducted by students & facilitated by their group facilitators.
Session - II
(LECTURES)
1. Introduction to Communicable diseases; basic concepts.
2. Chain of transmission & its role in infectious disease control.
3. Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis.
4. Epidemiology & Control measures for Poliomyelitis.
6. Epidemiology & Control measure for Leishmaniasis.
7. Epidemiology & Control measures for Hepatitis and injection safety.
8. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) & HIV/AIDS & their control measures.
9. Epidemiology & Control measures for Dengue fever.
11. Epidemiology & Control measures for Typhoid.
12. Droplet infections: Measles, mumps, rubella.
13. Droplet infections: Influenza.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
diseases & Health Promotion.
2. Epidemiology & Control measures for Hypertension & Coronary Heart Diseases.
3. Epidemiology & Control measures for Diabetes mellitus.
4. Epidemiology & Control measures for Cancers.
6. Epidemiology & Control measures for Mental illnesses.
7. Epidemiology & Control measures for Obesity.
8. Epidemiology & Control measures for Acute Rheumatic fever.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
1. Methods of purification of water.
2. World Health Organization (W.H.O) criteria for purification of water.
B. AIR POLLUTION, GLOBAL WARMING & RADIATION
HAZARDS
2. Global warming- its effects on human health & economy.
3. Radiation Hazards.
C. DISPOSAL OF WASTE
1. Introduction, Public health importance of waste, methods of collection & disposal of
2. Hospital waste management.
D. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
1. Introduction, Winged insects of public health importance.
2. Wingless insects of public health importance.
4. Prevention and Control of Parasitic diseases of Public health importance.
. DEMONSTRATION CLASSES IN GROUPS
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1. An overview of infectious disease control programs in Pakistan.
3. Epidemiology & Control measures for Cholera & other diarrheal diseases.
4. Epidemiology & Control measure for Amebiasis.
5. Epidemiology & Control measure for Hookworm infestation.
6. Epidemiology & Control measure for Tetanus.
8. Droplet infections: diphtheria, whooping cough.
9. Droplet infections: Meningitis.
IMMUNOLOGY & EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION (EPI)
1. Active /passive immunity & Live/ killed vaccines - toxoids.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
A. WATER
1. Hydrological cycle & sources of water pollution.
2. Health hazards arising from consuming polluted water; water borne diseases.
B. AIR & VENTILATION
1. Composition of air, Vitiation of air.
C. DISPOSAL OF WASTE
1. Methods of disposal of human excreta & sewage.
1. Healthful housing
2. Noise pollution.
3. Tobacco & Health.
4. Effects of health and cold extremes.
SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. Introduction, Types of families, social evils including Juvenile delinquency.
INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION (IEC)
1. Health Education: Concepts, Aims and Objectives.
3. Communication methods, barriers & skills including Social Marketing in health
education.
4. Planning, organizing and evaluating a health education program.
1. Snake Bite.
2. Personal hygiene.
3. School Health Services.
4. Health advice to travelers.
Each Student is required to submit the research project report to Group Supervisor.
The students will present research findings in scientific format for Oral/Poster Presentation.
The Oral/Posters will be evaluated and marks will be awarded which will be incorporated in
FIELD VISITS
1. Physical/mental/social rehabilitation Centre.
2. Visit to hospital to see hospital waste disposal.
3. Visit to an NGO.
(PROBLEM BASED LEARNING)
1. To fil mother's card/Vaccination card.
2. Hand washing.
3. Household methods of purification of water.
(PROBLEM BASED LEARNING)
1. Role play on counseling for immunization.
2. Role play on counseling the mother regarding malaria in her child and using malaria
protection measures.
diseases.
GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH PROJECT WRITING FOR 4TH YEAR MBBS STUDENTS
As per guidelines of PMC the undergraduate students of Medical Universities/Colleges have to
conduct a research/Survey during their 4th year MBBS, this activity should be conducted in a group
Member for their research work and a Short/brief booklet of research work will be submitted to
the department for the evaluation and in the end a POSTER PRESENTATION seminar/activity will
be organize by the department in which all the research projects conducted by students will be
presented by them.
1. Title /Topic page
2. Dedication (optional)
3. Acknowledgements
4. Table of Contents
6. List of Figures
7. Abstract
8. Introduction
9. Rationale
11. Review of Literature
12. Material and methods (methodology)
13. Results
14. Discussion
16. Recommendations
17. Limitations
18. References
19. Appendix
style and font size should be 12 (twelve) and a double space between the lines should be used.
alignment should be centrally justified and be correctly formatted to allow clear understanding of
the report structure, whereas for tables and Graphs/Charts Excel (software) can be used. It should
be free from formatting and typographical mistakes.
The Research report /project should be 1500 to 2000 words in length. This corresponds to 35-40
double spaced size pages. Longer reports/dissertations will not be accepted. Photographs (if any)
should be scanned, oversized (A3 or longer) could be used where absolute necessary but properly
folded. Only computer drawn tables and graphs are allowed. Preliminary pages should be
numbered in lower case Roman numerical- Dedication, certificate, acknowledgment, Abstract.
The Research Report/ project should be neatly bound with cover.
Most important
You have limited time and training for data collection
The problem that you choose should be relevant, feasible, simple and answerable.
It should be researchable within the resources available to the student groups.
1. SELECTION OF RESEARCH TOPIC/TITLE / RESEARCH QUESTION.
The title is meant to convey the research question precisely.
It should not be too lengthy, yet it must convey the subject and arouse curiosity.
this is the population to which the results are applicable the most.
For Example:
To study the risk factors associated with domestic violence among the women attending
the OPD/clinic of a tertiary care hospital of Hyderabad.
For example:
"A case control study to assess the association of consumption of salt with Hypertension
among elderly population of Hyderabad"
2. INTRODUCTION
importance is made.
A brief account is given about the gaps in the existing knowledge. By the end of the
introduction the emphasis should be sharply concentrated on which part of the problem
will be dealt with.
answering the problem, but take care limiting the content to that much only. This piece of
literature also need to be included in the reference section and cited with respective
number at the end of the last sentence.
Introduction should not be too long; it is best presented in one or two pages only.
3. OBJECTIVE
The objectives should be listed and numbered
Each objective must pertain to only one aspect of the study.
Each objective should be clear, specific and measurable.
Each objective should begin with an action word like,
Try to keep the Objectives as few as possible
For example:
Topic: A Study of Socio-Demographic Profile of Run-away Boys of Hyderabad.
1. To study the demographic profile of the run-away boys of Hyderabad.
2. To ascertain the common reasons for running away from home in the study population.
3. To identify the risk factors associated with running away behavior in the study population
4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE (ROL)
more objectives similar to your study are cited.
? Include all the relevant studies. Do not be tempted to include only those studies which
report results similar to your findings. Equally include the literature which is contrary to or
inconsistent with your findings.
? The previous studies done in the same area and population as the present study are the
most relevant.
? All these (studies, books, government releases) are to be cited in the reference section.
? ROL is not simply the list of previous studies listed in chronologically,
"synthesize" the ROL around the research problem and objectives of the present study
/project.
? It summarizes what has been reported on each objectives and what remains to be done.
? How you organize the ROL depends upon the aim and objectives of your study, but the
objectives.
5. Material & Methods (METHODOLOGY)
This section gives a precise description of what was the study design and how were the
participants enrolled. It also tells the equipment and the techniques used for data
Study Design
Study Setting
Study Duration
Study Population
Sample Technique(chosen) (simple random)
Inclusion criteria, means the group of characteristics that make a
participant/subject eligible for the study.
Exclusion criteria, means the group of characteristics that make a
If participants were categorized like, heavy, moderate, mild etc. then clearly define the
criteria for this.
If needed, you can add the justification of why the participants were chosen as being
representative of the target population in the section.
? This section explain which were the variables assessed.
? What is the operational definition of the assessed variable?
? What was the instrument used to measure the outcome variable?
For example; Questionnaire and Scales applied for the measurement should be explained.
? How were the data tabulated and which summary values were calculated?
? Which test of significance have been used
? Mention the software used / or manually analyze the data
6. RESULTS
? The data is presented in form of Table, Graphs and text.
? The results should proceed in a logical sequence.
? First the basic tables and statements describing the study population are presented e.g.
the mean age, age composition of the study population
? The title of the table and figure should be self-explanatory
? The title of a table mention on top of the table and beneath in the case of figure.
? The figure should be accompanied by a key that explain the figure.
7. DISCUSSION
Main findings are summarized.
The findings of the study are compared with those of other similar studies. The similarities
are pointed out. Also the difference in the results are highlighted and efforts are made to
explain these.
The conclusion drawn is based on the findings of your study and in the light of other studies
included in the "discussion"
For example: In this study among the school students of some government run primary
schools in Hyderabad, the prevalence of positive (for round worm eggs) stool samples was
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
These are based on the findings of your study after comparison with similar studies. That
means the recommendations are based on the discussion of your study.
? The recommendations for the hand washing can be as.
?run primary schools of Hyderabad.
10. LIMITATIONS
For example:
Due to limitation of time, only four schools in the vicinity of our institution were included.
Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas
that we have used in our project/assignments which allows the sources to be identified.
Types of References are, Vancouver system, Harvard system, APA (American Psychological
Association) style.
"Introduction", "Review of Literature" and "discussion" sections, there are numbers of
styles for enlisting the references,
References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first
mentioned in the text.
12. APPENDIX
Details of scales used and questionnaire.
Online Search Engines
PubMed
Medline
WebMD
embase
Unicef.org
Books Journals
Offline Sources
News report
Government releases
S #
TEACHING FACULTY
01
PROFESSOR AND DEAN : Prof Khalida Naz Memon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
02PROFESSOR : Prof. Muhammad Najeeb Memon
03
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS AND CHAIRMAN: Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Siddiqui
04
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dr. Shazia Rahman Shaikh05 Dr. Gulzar Usman
ASSISTANT PROFESSORS
06 Dr. Suhail Ahmed Bajrani
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
07Dr. Ambreen Sahito
08 Dr. Tariq Feroz
LECTURERS
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09 Dr. Jawad Ahmad Qadri10
Dr. Wali Muhammad Nizamani
11 Dr. Faiza Memon
12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dr. Zoheb Rafique Memon13 Dr. Farah Deeba Shaikh
14
Dr. Sindhia Javed Junejo
15 Dr. Kanwal Naz
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16Dr. Rafaina Shah
17 Dr. Sindhu Almas
18
HEALTH EDUCATION OFFICER: Ms. QuratulAin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SUBJECT: COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Session - I
(LECTURES)
INTRODUCTION
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1. Introduction to Community Medicine & Public Health.2. Basic concepts about health. Health Indicators, Health Dimensions/determinants of health.
3. Health Delivery System of Pakistan.
4. Health policies & Health plans.
5. Natural history of diseases & Levels of prevention.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EPIDEMIOLOGY & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. Introduction, Aims of Epidemiology, Uses of epidemiology.
2. Descriptive Epidemiology: Time distribution of diseases.
3. Descriptive Epidemiology: Place & Person distribution of diseases.
4. Epidemiological study designs/ Cross sectional studies/ Prevalence rate.
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5. Introduction to Research Methodology.6. Sampling techniques.
7. Medical Ethics: Background, Concept and Components
8. Analytical Epidemiology: Case control study & Odds ratio.
9. Analytical Epidemiology: Cohort study, incidence rate, relative risk & attributable risk.
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10. Analytical Epidemiology: Experimental study.11. Association & causation.
12. Investigation of an epidemic.
13. Surveillance.
14. Screening: Definition, types & Uses of screening.
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15. Screening: Sensitivity, Specificity & Predictivity.BIOSTATISTICS
1. Introduction to biostatistics, Health Management Information System (DHIS).
2. Types of variables/Methods of data presentation.
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3. Rates, ratios & proportions.4. Measures of central tendency.
5. Measures of dispersion.
6. Normal Distribution Curve (NDC).
7. Interpretation of data (t-test and Chi-square test).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHY
1. Introduction, Population profile of Pakistan and Census
2. Population dynamics, size, composition, distribution, growth rate and Population doubling
time.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Momentum of population, Population transition, Demographic trap & population pyramid.4. Fertility measure & related statistics.
5. Mortality measures & related statistics: Infant mortality & maternal mortality rates.
FOOD & NUTRITION
1. Nutritional problems of public health importance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Malnutrition in less than 5 years age; in over 5 years.3. Nutritional Requirements of children, adults, in pregnancy & lactation.
4. Assessment of Nutritional Status.
DEMONSTRATION CLASSES IN GROUPS
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INTRODUCTION1. Millennium Development Goals & Sustainable Development Goals.
2. Primary Health Care and Human Development Index (HDI).
3. Spectrum of health & Ice-berg phenomenon of diseases.
4. Non-Governmental organizations and International agencies.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. How to write a research project.
2. How to design questionnaire
3. How to enter data in SPSS
FOOD & NUTRITION
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1. Macronutrient & micronutrient deficiencies.2. Food surveillance: milk borne, meat borne & fish borne diseases.
3. Balanced diet and Dietary fibers & Dietary goals.
4. Food preservation, food fortification & food adulteration.
5. Food poisoning.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH & CHILD HEALTH PROBLEMS1. Safe Motherhood (Domiciliary & institutional care).
2. Family planning, scope and methods of family planning.
3. Maternal & Child Health (MCH), Role of Lady Health Workers (LHWs) & Lady Health
Visitors (LHVs).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care.5. Neonatal care, growth and development of infant.
6. IMNCI: Overview - Community and Health System Component.
7. Adolescent Health
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
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1. Introduction to Occupational health hazards and organization of occupational healthservices.
2. Pneumoconiosis & its control measures.
3. Lead poisoning & its control measures.
4. Occupational health hazards for agricultural & industrial workers- Ergonomics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Measures for prevention of occupational health hazards. Medical & Engineeringmethods.
6. Disaster classification, preparedness and management.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
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The students in groups will be assigned research projects under supervision of a faculty member.The Supervisors for each group will be notified and the students will be required to meet with the
Supervisor for the project. The students will start the project work in Session ? I and submit it by
mid of Session ? II. Each group will present the research work in the form of Oral/Poster
presentation, which will be evaluated and graded. The marks of projects will be included in Annual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
examination. The guidelines for the project work and oral/poster presentations will be taught inintroductory classes of Research Methodology. The guidelines will also be displayed on notice
board in the department.
FIELD VISITS
1. Industry and Social Security Hospital.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Regional training Center for family planning.3. Primary school to assess the nutritional status of school children.
4. Basic Health Unit (BHU).
5. Rural Health Center (RHC).
SKILL LEARNING
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(PROBLEM BASED LEARNING)1. To develop a Questionnaire for a Survey.
2. To calculate BMI & to classify obesity.
3. To do interpretation on growth charts.
4. How to make ORS & how to follow various plans of rehydration.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ROLE PLAYS ON HEALTH EDUCATION / COMMUNICATION(PROBLEM BASED LEARNING)
1. Role play on counseling the mother for proper weaning of her child.
2. Role play on Plan A & Plan B of rehydration.
3. Role play on counseling for using personal protective measure for prevention of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
occupational health hazards.IMNCI HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ON KEY FAMILY PRACTICES
Two surveys will be conducted by students & facilitated by their group facilitators.
Session - II
(LECTURES)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES1. Introduction to Communicable diseases; basic concepts.
2. Chain of transmission & its role in infectious disease control.
3. Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis.
4. Epidemiology & Control measures for Poliomyelitis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Epidemiology & Control measures for Malaria.6. Epidemiology & Control measure for Leishmaniasis.
7. Epidemiology & Control measures for Hepatitis and injection safety.
8. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) & HIV/AIDS & their control measures.
9. Epidemiology & Control measures for Dengue fever.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Epidemiology & Control measure for Rabies.11. Epidemiology & Control measures for Typhoid.
12. Droplet infections: Measles, mumps, rubella.
13. Droplet infections: Influenza.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
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1. Introduction & National Action Program for Prevention & Control of Non-Communicablediseases & Health Promotion.
2. Epidemiology & Control measures for Hypertension & Coronary Heart Diseases.
3. Epidemiology & Control measures for Diabetes mellitus.
4. Epidemiology & Control measures for Cancers.
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5. Epidemiology & Control measures for Accidents and Injuries.6. Epidemiology & Control measures for Mental illnesses.
7. Epidemiology & Control measures for Obesity.
8. Epidemiology & Control measures for Acute Rheumatic fever.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
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A. WATER1. Methods of purification of water.
2. World Health Organization (W.H.O) criteria for purification of water.
B. AIR POLLUTION, GLOBAL WARMING & RADIATION
HAZARDS
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1. Sources & hazards of air pollution.2. Global warming- its effects on human health & economy.
3. Radiation Hazards.
C. DISPOSAL OF WASTE
1. Introduction, Public health importance of waste, methods of collection & disposal of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
refuse.2. Hospital waste management.
D. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
1. Introduction, Winged insects of public health importance.
2. Wingless insects of public health importance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Methods of control of Arthropods.4. Prevention and Control of Parasitic diseases of Public health importance.
. DEMONSTRATION CLASSES IN GROUPS
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1. An overview of infectious disease control programs in Pakistan.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Epidemiology & Control measure for Yellow fever.3. Epidemiology & Control measures for Cholera & other diarrheal diseases.
4. Epidemiology & Control measure for Amebiasis.
5. Epidemiology & Control measure for Hookworm infestation.
6. Epidemiology & Control measure for Tetanus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Droplet infections: Chicken pox.8. Droplet infections: diphtheria, whooping cough.
9. Droplet infections: Meningitis.
IMMUNOLOGY & EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION (EPI)
1. Active /passive immunity & Live/ killed vaccines - toxoids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. EPI- History, Cold chain, its role in preventing deaths in children.ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
A. WATER
1. Hydrological cycle & sources of water pollution.
2. Health hazards arising from consuming polluted water; water borne diseases.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Slow sand & Rapid sand filters.B. AIR & VENTILATION
1. Composition of air, Vitiation of air.
C. DISPOSAL OF WASTE
1. Methods of disposal of human excreta & sewage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D. OTHER TOPICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH1. Healthful housing
2. Noise pollution.
3. Tobacco & Health.
4. Effects of health and cold extremes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. Introduction, Types of families, social evils including Juvenile delinquency.
INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION (IEC)
1. Health Education: Concepts, Aims and Objectives.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Contents, principles and stages of health education.3. Communication methods, barriers & skills including Social Marketing in health
education.
4. Planning, organizing and evaluating a health education program.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OTHER TOPICS FOR DEMONSTRATION CLASSES1. Snake Bite.
2. Personal hygiene.
3. School Health Services.
4. Health advice to travelers.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RESEARCH PROJECTSEach Student is required to submit the research project report to Group Supervisor.
The students will present research findings in scientific format for Oral/Poster Presentation.
The Oral/Posters will be evaluated and marks will be awarded which will be incorporated in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Annual Examination.FIELD VISITS
1. Physical/mental/social rehabilitation Centre.
2. Visit to hospital to see hospital waste disposal.
3. Visit to an NGO.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SKILL LEARNING.(PROBLEM BASED LEARNING)
1. To fil mother's card/Vaccination card.
2. Hand washing.
3. Household methods of purification of water.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ROLE PLAYS ON HEALTH EDUCATION/COMMUNICATION(PROBLEM BASED LEARNING)
1. Role play on counseling for immunization.
2. Role play on counseling the mother regarding malaria in her child and using malaria
protection measures.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Role play on counseling the family head on prevention of a chronic non-communicablediseases.
GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH PROJECT WRITING FOR 4TH YEAR MBBS STUDENTS
As per guidelines of PMC the undergraduate students of Medical Universities/Colleges have to
conduct a research/Survey during their 4th year MBBS, this activity should be conducted in a group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of 15 to 20 students. Each group of the students will be facilitated and supervised a by a FacultyMember for their research work and a Short/brief booklet of research work will be submitted to
the department for the evaluation and in the end a POSTER PRESENTATION seminar/activity will
be organize by the department in which all the research projects conducted by students will be
presented by them.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Research Project will have the following format.1. Title /Topic page
2. Dedication (optional)
3. Acknowledgements
4. Table of Contents
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. List of tables6. List of Figures
7. Abstract
8. Introduction
9. Rationale
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10. Aims & Objectives11. Review of Literature
12. Material and methods (methodology)
13. Results
14. Discussion
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15. Conclusion16. Recommendations
17. Limitations
18. References
19. Appendix
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The Research Project should be written in MS word format (any version) and preferably in Verdanastyle and font size should be 12 (twelve) and a double space between the lines should be used.
alignment should be centrally justified and be correctly formatted to allow clear understanding of
the report structure, whereas for tables and Graphs/Charts Excel (software) can be used. It should
be free from formatting and typographical mistakes.
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The Research report /project should be 1500 to 2000 words in length. This corresponds to 35-40
double spaced size pages. Longer reports/dissertations will not be accepted. Photographs (if any)
should be scanned, oversized (A3 or longer) could be used where absolute necessary but properly
folded. Only computer drawn tables and graphs are allowed. Preliminary pages should be
numbered in lower case Roman numerical- Dedication, certificate, acknowledgment, Abstract.
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Pages should be numbered, at center bottom of the page.The Research Report/ project should be neatly bound with cover.
Most important
You have limited time and training for data collection
The problem that you choose should be relevant, feasible, simple and answerable.
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The outcome should be measureable using a valid instrument.It should be researchable within the resources available to the student groups.
1. SELECTION OF RESEARCH TOPIC/TITLE / RESEARCH QUESTION.
The title is meant to convey the research question precisely.
It should not be too lengthy, yet it must convey the subject and arouse curiosity.
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The population in which the study would be conducted should find a mention in the title asthis is the population to which the results are applicable the most.
For Example:
To study the risk factors associated with domestic violence among the women attending
the OPD/clinic of a tertiary care hospital of Hyderabad.
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If required, the study design can also be included in the title.For example:
"A case control study to assess the association of consumption of salt with Hypertension
among elderly population of Hyderabad"
2. INTRODUCTION
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In this section a brief explanation of why was the topic chosen, its relevance andimportance is made.
A brief account is given about the gaps in the existing knowledge. By the end of the
introduction the emphasis should be sharply concentrated on which part of the problem
will be dealt with.
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Small portion of the literature review may need to be cited to highlight the importance ofanswering the problem, but take care limiting the content to that much only. This piece of
literature also need to be included in the reference section and cited with respective
number at the end of the last sentence.
Introduction should not be too long; it is best presented in one or two pages only.
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3. OBJECTIVE
The objectives should be listed and numbered
Each objective must pertain to only one aspect of the study.
Each objective should be clear, specific and measurable.
Each objective should begin with an action word like,
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"to determine....; to measure....; to assess....; etc.Try to keep the Objectives as few as possible
For example:
Topic: A Study of Socio-Demographic Profile of Run-away Boys of Hyderabad.
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OBJECTIVES1. To study the demographic profile of the run-away boys of Hyderabad.
2. To ascertain the common reasons for running away from home in the study population.
3. To identify the risk factors associated with running away behavior in the study population
4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE (ROL)
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? Under this section, the finding of previous studies which have been conducted with one ormore objectives similar to your study are cited.
? Include all the relevant studies. Do not be tempted to include only those studies which
report results similar to your findings. Equally include the literature which is contrary to or
inconsistent with your findings.
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? If required, text from books, news releases and government releases may be included.? The previous studies done in the same area and population as the present study are the
most relevant.
? All these (studies, books, government releases) are to be cited in the reference section.
? ROL is not simply the list of previous studies listed in chronologically,
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? The student is supposed to read thoroughly, understand and analyze each article and"synthesize" the ROL around the research problem and objectives of the present study
/project.
? It summarizes what has been reported on each objectives and what remains to be done.
? How you organize the ROL depends upon the aim and objectives of your study, but the
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central point is that you have to organize it and make it coherent related to your researchobjectives.
5. Material & Methods (METHODOLOGY)
This section gives a precise description of what was the study design and how were the
participants enrolled. It also tells the equipment and the techniques used for data
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collection and analysis.Study Design
Study Setting
Study Duration
Study Population
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Sample size (calculation/formula) (min-100)Sample Technique(chosen) (simple random)
Inclusion criteria, means the group of characteristics that make a
participant/subject eligible for the study.
Exclusion criteria, means the group of characteristics that make a
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participant/subject NOT eligible for the study.If participants were categorized like, heavy, moderate, mild etc. then clearly define the
criteria for this.
If needed, you can add the justification of why the participants were chosen as being
representative of the target population in the section.
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Materials? This section explain which were the variables assessed.
? What is the operational definition of the assessed variable?
? What was the instrument used to measure the outcome variable?
For example; Questionnaire and Scales applied for the measurement should be explained.
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Statistics? How were the data tabulated and which summary values were calculated?
? Which test of significance have been used
? Mention the software used / or manually analyze the data
6. RESULTS
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? The data collected during the study are presented in this section.? The data is presented in form of Table, Graphs and text.
? The results should proceed in a logical sequence.
? First the basic tables and statements describing the study population are presented e.g.
the mean age, age composition of the study population
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? Tables and graphs /figure should be numbered.? The title of the table and figure should be self-explanatory
? The title of a table mention on top of the table and beneath in the case of figure.
? The figure should be accompanied by a key that explain the figure.
7. DISCUSSION
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New and important facts emerging from the study are emphasized.Main findings are summarized.
The findings of the study are compared with those of other similar studies. The similarities
are pointed out. Also the difference in the results are highlighted and efforts are made to
explain these.
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8. CONCLUSIONThe conclusion drawn is based on the findings of your study and in the light of other studies
included in the "discussion"
For example: In this study among the school students of some government run primary
schools in Hyderabad, the prevalence of positive (for round worm eggs) stool samples was
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significantly lesser in the schools with hand washing health education.9. RECOMMENDATIONS
These are based on the findings of your study after comparison with similar studies. That
means the recommendations are based on the discussion of your study.
? The recommendations for the hand washing can be as.
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? Health education regarding hand washing should be introduced in the government?run primary schools of Hyderabad.
10. LIMITATIONS
For example:
Due to limitation of time, only four schools in the vicinity of our institution were included.
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11. REFERENCESReferencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas
that we have used in our project/assignments which allows the sources to be identified.
Types of References are, Vancouver system, Harvard system, APA (American Psychological
Association) style.
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Enlist the studies, books and web sites, etc., which have been cited in the sections of"Introduction", "Review of Literature" and "discussion" sections, there are numbers of
styles for enlisting the references,
References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first
mentioned in the text.
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Vancouver Reference style is recommended12. APPENDIX
Details of scales used and questionnaire.
Online Search Engines
PubMed
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e-journalsMedline
WebMD
embase
Unicef.org
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WHO.intBooks Journals
Offline Sources
News report
Government releases
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