Sample paper 2
Passage For Question 1 to 9
Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented
opportunities-as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of
the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing
generated by large companies. Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that
businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority
subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government. Indeed, some
federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts
substantial. Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority
business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority
business for the early 1980's is estimated to be over $3 bil ion per year with no letup anticipated in the
next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for
most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial
investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to
them. If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially
crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small
and resources and a smal cmpany's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the
financial health of the business will suffer. A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to
cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned
concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white
enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of
becoming ? and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from
larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer
bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may
Question 1
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
B. describe a situation and its potential drawbacks
D. analyze a frequent source to a problem
E. explore the implications of a findings.
Correct Answer : B
Question 2
A. What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority owned businesses in
public works contracts?
B. To which governments agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their
efforts to find minority subcontractors?
C. How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as "fronts; by White backers seeking
to obtain subcontracts?
D. How many more minority owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972?
E. What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially
overextended?
Question 3
According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which
minority owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have
A. been specially vulnerable to governmental
C. not had sufficient opportunity to secure businesses created by large corporations
D. not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers
E. not had adequate representation in the centers of government power.
Correct Answer : C
The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts
results quickly in order might cause it to
A. experience frustrations but not serious financial harm
B. face potentially crippling fixed expenses
D. increase its spending with minority subcontractors
E. revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
Correct Answer : A
Question 5
with one large corporate customer should
A. avoid competition with the larger, more established concerns by not expanding
B. concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation
C. try to expands its customers base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation
E. use its influence with the other corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority
concerns.
Correct Answer : C
Question 6
percentage goals set by "some federal and local agencies" are
A. more popular with large corporations
B. more specific
C. less controversial
D. less expensive to enforce
E. easier to comply with
Correct Answer : B
Question 7
Which of the fol owing if true, would most weaken the author's assertion that, in 1970's,
1. Corporate contracts with minority owned business totaled about $2 billion in 1979
2. Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority owned businesses declined by 25
percent
3. The figures collected 1977 underrepreented the extent of corporate contracts with minority
4. The estimate of corporate spending with minority owned businesses in 1980 is approximately
$10 million too high
5. The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did
$77 million in 1972.
Question 8
The passage most likely appeared in
1. a business magazine
2. an encyclopedia of black history to 1945
4. a yearbook of business statistics
5. an accounting textbook
Correct Answer : A
Question 9
response to working with minority subcontractors?
1. Annoyed by the proliferations of "front" organizations, corporates are likely to reduce their
efforts to work with minority owned subcontractors in the near future.
2. Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in
government contracts.
3. The significant response of corporation in the 1970's is likely to be sustained and conceivably
be increased throughout the 1980's
4. Although corporations re eager to co-operate with minority owned businesses, a shortage of
5. The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over expansion that
used to plague small minority owned businesses.
Correct Answer : C
Passage For Question 10 to 15
defining, and defending an adequate breeding are. When population density is high, only the
strongest males can retain a suitable area. The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on
poor or marginal territories.During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory;
each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic
periods between sounds. These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of
which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency. Despite the large frequency range
of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very
limited. Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more
studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more
types of figures than they usually do. Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other
buntings they hear signing.Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those
of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a
did not respond; Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.
Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that
a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other
species.The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined. We created
the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features. Since
the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range
of figures shapes can evoke positive responses. It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration
is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular
intervals.There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of
change and selection. This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang
only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing
her mate's song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger. Our
which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Question 10
The primary purpose of passage is to
1. raise new issues
3. refute misconceptions
4. reconcile differing theories
5. analyze a phenomenon
Correct Answer : E
Question 11
of figures sung by the indigo bunting?
1. They are established at birth
2. They evolve slowly as the bird learns
3. They are learned from other indigo buntings.
5. The gradually develop through contact with prospective mates
Correct Answer : C
Question 12
It can be inferred that the investigation that determined the similarly among more than 90
answer which of the following questions?
I.How much variations, if any, is there in the figure types produced by indigo buntings in
different locales?
II.Do local populations of indigo buntings develop their own dialects of figure types?
separation?
1. II only
2. III only
3. I and II only
5. I, II and III
Correct Answer : E
Question 13
It can be inferred from the passage that the existence of only a limited number of indigo
1. ensure species survival by increasing competition among the fittest males for the females
2. increase population density by eliminating ambiguity in the figures to which the females must
respond
3. maintain the integrity of the species by restricting the degree of figure variation and change
must respond
5. avoid confusion between species by clearly demarcating the figure patterns of each specials
Correct Answer : D
Question 14
that played the songs of different species in order to try to
1. simulate the conditions in nature.
2. Rule out visual cues as a factor in species recognition
3. Supply an additional clue to species recognition for the indigo bunting
5. Confound the indigo buntings in the experiment
Correct Answer : B
Question 15
According to the passage, the authors played a normal indigo bunting song backwards in
1. What are the limits of the frequency range that will provide recognition by the indigo bunting.
2. What is the time duration necessary for recognition by the indigo bunting?
3. How specific must a figure shape be for it to be recognized by the indigo bunting?
4. How does variation in the pacing of song figures?
Correct Answer : C
Passage For Question 1 to 9
Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented
opportunities-as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of
the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing
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themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that aregenerated by large companies. Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that
businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority
subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government. Indeed, some
federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of public works contracts to minority enterprises. Corporate response appears to have beensubstantial. Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority
business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority
business for the early 1980's is estimated to be over $3 bil ion per year with no letup anticipated in the
next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, sincemost are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial
investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to
them. If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially
crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
entrepreneur's who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable timeand resources and a smal cmpany's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the
financial health of the business will suffer. A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to
cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned
concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minorityenterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of
becoming ? and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from
larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer
bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.Question 1
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
B. describe a situation and its potential drawbacks
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C. propose a temporary solution to a problemD. analyze a frequent source to a problem
E. explore the implications of a findings.
Correct Answer : B
Question 2
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The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?A. What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority owned businesses in
public works contracts?
B. To which governments agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their
efforts to find minority subcontractors?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C. How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as "fronts; by White backers seeking
to obtain subcontracts?
D. How many more minority owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972?
E. What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially
overextended?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Correct Answer : EQuestion 3
According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which
minority owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have
A. been specially vulnerable to governmental
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B. been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitorsC. not had sufficient opportunity to secure businesses created by large corporations
D. not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers
E. not had adequate representation in the centers of government power.
Correct Answer : C
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Question 4The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts
results quickly in order might cause it to
A. experience frustrations but not serious financial harm
B. face potentially crippling fixed expenses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C. have to record its efforts on forms filed with the governmentD. increase its spending with minority subcontractors
E. revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
Correct Answer : A
Question 5
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The authors implied that the minority owned concern that does the greater part of its businesswith one large corporate customer should
A. avoid competition with the larger, more established concerns by not expanding
B. concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation
C. try to expands its customers base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation
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D. pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority owned concerns.E. use its influence with the other corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority
concerns.
Correct Answer : C
Question 6
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It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, thepercentage goals set by "some federal and local agencies" are
A. more popular with large corporations
B. more specific
C. less controversial
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D. less expensive to enforce
E. easier to comply with
Correct Answer : B
Question 7
Which of the fol owing if true, would most weaken the author's assertion that, in 1970's,
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corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial?1. Corporate contracts with minority owned business totaled about $2 billion in 1979
2. Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority owned businesses declined by 25
percent
3. The figures collected 1977 underrepreented the extent of corporate contracts with minority
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owned businesses.4. The estimate of corporate spending with minority owned businesses in 1980 is approximately
$10 million too high
5. The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did
$77 million in 1972.
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Correct Answer : EQuestion 8
The passage most likely appeared in
1. a business magazine
2. an encyclopedia of black history to 1945
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3. a dictionary of financial terms4. a yearbook of business statistics
5. an accounting textbook
Correct Answer : A
Question 9
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The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporateresponse to working with minority subcontractors?
1. Annoyed by the proliferations of "front" organizations, corporates are likely to reduce their
efforts to work with minority owned subcontractors in the near future.
2. Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the 1970's their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue manygovernment contracts.
3. The significant response of corporation in the 1970's is likely to be sustained and conceivably
be increased throughout the 1980's
4. Although corporations re eager to co-operate with minority owned businesses, a shortage of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
capital in the 1970's made substantial response impossible.5. The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over expansion that
used to plague small minority owned businesses.
Correct Answer : C
Passage For Question 10 to 15
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In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g,defining, and defending an adequate breeding are. When population density is high, only the
strongest males can retain a suitable area. The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on
poor or marginal territories.During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory;
each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silentperiods between sounds. These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of
which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency. Despite the large frequency range
of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very
limited. Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis . In ourstudies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more
types of figures than they usually do. Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other
buntings they hear signing.Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those
of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
song. When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo buntingdid not respond; Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.
Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that
a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other
species.The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined. We created
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changedthe detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features. Since
the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range
of figures shapes can evoke positive responses. It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration
is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particularintervals.There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of
change and selection. This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang
only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing
her mate's song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger. Our
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism,which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Question 10
The primary purpose of passage is to
1. raise new issues
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2. explain an enigma3. refute misconceptions
4. reconcile differing theories
5. analyze a phenomenon
Correct Answer : E
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Question 11
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According to the passage, which of the following is true about the number and general natureof figures sung by the indigo bunting?
1. They are established at birth
2. They evolve slowly as the bird learns
3. They are learned from other indigo buntings.
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4. They develop after the bird has been forced onto marginal breeding areas.5. The gradually develop through contact with prospective mates
Correct Answer : C
Question 12
It can be inferred that the investigation that determined the similarly among more than 90
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percent of all the figures produced by birds living in different regions was undertaken toanswer which of the following questions?
I.How much variations, if any, is there in the figure types produced by indigo buntings in
different locales?
II.Do local populations of indigo buntings develop their own dialects of figure types?
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III.Do figure similarities among indigo buntings decline with increasing geographicseparation?
1. II only
2. III only
3. I and II only
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4. II and III only5. I, II and III
Correct Answer : E
Question 13
It can be inferred from the passage that the existence of only a limited number of indigo
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bunting figures servers primarily to1. ensure species survival by increasing competition among the fittest males for the females
2. increase population density by eliminating ambiguity in the figures to which the females must
respond
3. maintain the integrity of the species by restricting the degree of figure variation and change
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. enhance species recognition by decreasing the number of figure patterns to which the birdmust respond
5. avoid confusion between species by clearly demarcating the figure patterns of each specials
Correct Answer : D
Question 14
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It can be inferred that a dummy of a male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorderthat played the songs of different species in order to try to
1. simulate the conditions in nature.
2. Rule out visual cues as a factor in species recognition
3. Supply an additional clue to species recognition for the indigo bunting
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4. Provide data on the habits of bunting species other than then indigo bunting5. Confound the indigo buntings in the experiment
Correct Answer : B
Question 15
According to the passage, the authors played a normal indigo bunting song backwards in
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order to determine which of the following?1. What are the limits of the frequency range that will provide recognition by the indigo bunting.
2. What is the time duration necessary for recognition by the indigo bunting?
3. How specific must a figure shape be for it to be recognized by the indigo bunting?
4. How does variation in the pacing of song figures?
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5. Is the indigo bunting responding to cues other than those in the song figures?Correct Answer : C