10 YEARS' QUESTION PAPERS FOR 1ST PROF. MBBS EXAM: ANATOMY
SUPERIOR EXTREMITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-A(12 MARKS)1. Describe the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What is total claw hand ? [10+2][2014]
2. Name the nerve involved in the fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus. Describe the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
course and distribution of the nerve beyond the elbow. Mention sensory and motordisabilities following the nerve injury. [1+6+5][2013]
3. Describe the anatomical features of the female breast in the adults. In case of breast
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carcinoma, how can you account for : A) Retraction and punching of skin? B)Peau `dOrange or edema with pitting of the skin over the breast? C) Retraction of nipple?
[6+2+2+2]2007]
4. A case of breast tumor in an aged patient presents enlarged nodular swellings in the axilla.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
How and in what groups are they arranged in the axilla. Name their different efferent and
afferent pathways. Which walls of axilla should one avoid draining the pus and why?
[6+4+2][2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Enumerate the ligaments of shoulder joint. How the stability of the joint is maintained?Mention the nerve supply of the joint. Discuss the mechanism of elevation of arm above the
head. Which type of dislocation is common and why? [2+2+2+4+2][2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Describe the brachial plexus under the following headings : roots, trunks, divisions, andcords. What do you mean by Erb's point? Adda note on Klumpke's paralysis.[6+3+3][2015]
7. What are the palmar spaces? Describe the thenar muscles with their nerve supply and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
actions.[3+9][2017]
GROUP- B (7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. A man presents with neuromuscular disability following the fracture of the surgical neck ofthe humerus. Give a brief account of the nerve affected for its close relation to that part of the
bone. From your anatomical knowledge , mention the motor and sensory defects that may
arise.[5+2][2010][2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. A factory worker presents with acute pain and swelling of the central part of his right hand
following infection of the webbed space b/w middle and ring fingers. Use your anatomical
knowledge to explain this complication. Write a brief note on the palmar space affected.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[2+5][2009]3. Following a street accident a young man develops fracture of the mid shaft of the humerus.
Discuss the distribution of this nerve related to that part of the bone while it passes through
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the arm. Add a note to its lesion as it passes through the spiral groove of the bone.[4+3][2008]4. Describe the shoulder joint. Justify the statement , "Shoulder joint enjoys mobility at the
expense of stability".[7][2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. In which direction head of humerus commonly dislocates & can stretch and injure an
important nerve of upper limb?[4+2+1][2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Injury of anatomical snuff box of wrist may injure the artery which forms the deep palmararch in hand. Describe its course; name its branches.[4+3][2006]
7. Define the long bone. Describe the different parts of young long bone. Describe the blood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
supply of long bone.[1+3+3] [2016]GROUP ?C (3 MARKS)
1. Anatomical snuff box of hand.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Cephalic vein.[2013]3. Quadrangular and triangular space.[2012]
4. Clavipectoral fascia.[2010]
5. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.[2009][2008]
6. Rotator Cuff.[2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Erb-Duchenne paralysis.[2004]8. Laws of ossification.[2015]
GROUP ? D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Painful arch syndrome.[2014]2. Clavicle is a modified long bone.[2013, '09, `06]
3. Injury to the radial nerve in the cubital fossa will not cause wrist drop.[2012]
4. Injury to the long thoracic nerve causes winging of the scapula.[2012]
5. Upper end of the humerus is an example of a compound epiphysis.[2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. A palpable nodule in the axilla of an elderly lady should be properly cared.[2009]7. Metastasis of carcinoma from the inferomedial quadrant of breast may spread to the pelvic
cavity.[2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. In shoulder joint dislocation, the humerus generally dislocates inferiorly.[2005]9. Fracture of the scaphoid of the wrist is often associated with avascular necrosis of the
proximal segment.[2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Fracture of shaft of humerus causes wrist drop.[2017]INFERIOR EXTREMITY
GROUP- A (12 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Name the bones forming the knee joint. Describe the locking and unlocking movements ofknee joint. [2+10][2014]
2. What are the muscles there after cutting the gluteus maximus? Name the nerves supplying
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
these muscles. What are the actions of these muscles on hip joint? [3+4+5][2012]
3. Following an automobile injury a person lost the adductor movement of his leg. Describe the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
injured nerve under following headings: origin, branches and distribution.[3+4+5][2011]GROUP- B(7 MARKS)
1. Describe the factors maintaining the longitudinal arches of the foot. What are the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disadvantages of flat foot ? [5+2][2013]
2. A bus conductor is having prominent veins in the leg during standing position. What are the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
superficial veins present in the leg? What are the origin, termination, tributaries of the shortsaphenous vein? What is varicosity of leg veins? [2+4+1][2011]
3. A factory worker presents with swollen painful inguinal lymph nodes following an uncared
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wound at the medial side of ankle. Explain the complication from your anatomicalknowledge. Write a brief note on inguinal lymph nodes.[2+5][2010]
4. A child suffers from bilateral congenital dislocation of hip joint. Mention the anatomical type
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of dislocation of the hip joint. What are the factors maintaining the stability of hipjoint?[2+5][2009]
5.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An athlete while running experienced severe cramp in the right thigh and was diagnosed asa case of pulled hamstrings. State the characteristics of hamstrings. Mention the origin,
insertion , nerve supply and actions of these group of muscles.[3+4][2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. In case of fracture dislocation around the knee joint, which artery is likely to be avulsed?Name and describe the artery along with the arteries that supply the knee joint.[4+3][2007]
7. Which joints are involved in the movements of inversion and eversion? Name the invertors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and evertors of foot. What is the axis of these movements? Name the nerve supplying these
muscles. Which segment of spinal cord controls the movements of the foot?
[1+2+1+2+1][2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. A mid-aged woman develops varicose leg veins. How superficial veins are connected to deepveins? Briefly describe the anatomical factors preventing the varicosity of leg
veins.[3+4][2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. A footballer sustained sprain followed by difficulty in normal movements of his left kneeafter he attempted to kick the ball through his right foot. He was diagnosed to have injury on
the semilunar cartilages of his left knee. Explain the anatomical basis of his injury. Give a
brief note on the semilunar cartilage of the knee joint. Which semilunar cartilage is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
susceptible to injury and why? [2+3+2][2004]GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. Femoral sheath.[2013]
2. Deltoid ligament.[2011, `08]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Popliteus muscle.[2010, `04]4. Ischial spine.[2009]
5. Acetabular labrum.[2007]
6. Illio-femoral ligament.[2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY1. Foot drop after the fracture of the neck of the fibula.[2011, `06]
2. Peroneus longus muscle has effects on both longitudinal and transverse arches of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
foot.[2010, `08]3. Injury to the superior gluteal nerve shows the positive Trendelenberg's sign.[2009]
4. Medial meniscus is susceptible to injury more frequently than the lateral meniscus.[2005]
5. Femoral hernia is more common in females than in males.[2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
THORAXGROUP- A(12 MARKS)
1. Describe the transverse pericardial sinus with its development. What is its clinical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
importance? [8+2+2][2014]
2. Give an account of pleura. Mention its nerve supply. What is the site of choice for insertion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of needle to drain pleural fluid and why?[6+3+3][2013]3. Name the arteries arising from the ascending aorta. Give the course & branches of the supply
of these arteries.[2+5+5][2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. What are the cardiac anomalies associated with Fallot's Tetralogy? Give a brief account of
the interventricular septum. Name & number the different broncho-pulmonary segments.
Mention its applied importance.[2+6+4][2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. An elderly man complains of frequent chest pain on exertion & is advised to have coronary
artery angiography. Give the usual pattern of coronary supply of heart. How interventricular
septum is developed and what are the possible errors there of? [6+4+2][2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Pleura: types, nerve supply, reflections/recesses, applied importance.[2017]
GROUP- B (7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Give the development of atrio-ventricular septum. A pin pricked to the tight sight of theseptum will reach to which pat of the heart? [5+2][2014]
2. Coronary artery supply of heart. What is coronary dominance? [6+1][2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. A young patient with repeated vomiting and reflux on examination was diagnosed withdiaphragmatic hernia. Explain the condition from your anatomical knowledge. Give the
origin, insertion and nerve supply of diaphragm. [2+5][[2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. A child with history of cough, fever & breathlessness and exertion along with cyanosis sincebirth, was diagnosed as a cause of Fallot's Tetralogy. Explain the disorder embryologically.
Write a short note on development and blood supply of IV septum. [4+3][2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. A patient with history of cough, fever and breathlessness was diagnosed to be a case ofpleural effusion. Give a brief account of pleura with its recesses and nerve supply.[2010]
6. A mid-aged lady suffered from dysphagia due to oesophagus following an attempt to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
commit a suicide by consuming corrosive chemicals. Using your knowledge of anatomy for
normal constriction of oesophagus , mention the possible site of stricture. Describe the
important relations and clinical anatomy of oesophagus.[2+5][2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Patient complaining of pain during respiration and breathlessness due to accumulation offluid in the plural sac. Name the different parts of pleura along with its nerve supply.
[4+3][2004]
GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Central tendon of diaphragm.[2015]
2. Bronchopulmonary segments of left lung.[2016][2004]
3. Ligamentum arteriosum.[2014]
4. Nerve supply of apical pleura.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Inlet of thorax.[2013]6. 1st intercostal nerve.[2012]
7. Oblique sinus.[2007]
8. Left coronary artery.[2010]
9. Respiratory epithelium.[2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Constrictions of oesophagus.[2008][2007]11. Costo-diaphragmatic recess of pleura.[2006]
12. Histology of oesophagus.[2006]
13. Fallot's Tetralogy.[2004]
14. Typical intercostal nerves.[2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15. Broncho-pulmonary segments.[2016][2004]GROUP-D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Central tendon of thoraco-abdominal diaphragm is bending with the basal part of fibrous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pericardium.[2014]
2. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula.[2012]
3. Type of respiration in infant is abdominal, where as thoracic in adult females and and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thoraco-abdominal in adult males.[2012, `09]
4. Segment 2 and 6 of lungs are sites of lung abscess.[2011]
5. Entry of foreign body is common to the right bronchus.[2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Transposition of great vessels.[2011]7. Intercostal nerves other than 3rd to 6th are atypical.[2010]
8. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the right subclavian artery where as the left
one rounds the ligamentum arteriosum.[2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. Hyaline cartilage is present in the wall of trachea and bronchus.[2006]
10. Cervical rib.[2005]
GENERAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND GENETICS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-B(7 MARKS)1. Describe the development of placenta in short . What is placenta previa? [2+5][2014]
2. What is metaphysis of a growing bone. Give its importance.[2+5][2014]
3. Mention the main structural characteristics of a synovial joint. Classify synovial joint with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
example of each type. [3+4][2012]
GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Difference b/w transitional and stratified squamous epithelium.[2014]2. Capacitation.[2014]
3. Placental barrier.[2013]
4. Non-disjunction.[2013]
5. Epiphyseal cartilage.[2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Down's syndrome.[2011, `04]7. Klinefelter's syndrome.[2011]
8. Plasma cell.[2010, `05]
9. Light microscope structure of lymph node.[2009]
10. Allelic gene.[2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11. Notochord.[2007][2016]12. Barr body.[2006]
13. Sarcomere.[2016]
14. Karyotyping.[2016]
15. Blastocyst.[2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16. Turner's syndrome.[2015]17. Laws of ossification.[2015]
GROUP-D(3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Osteoclast.[2014]2. Double Barr body in Klinefelter's syndrome.[2012, `11]
3. Monozygotic twins are identical while dizygotic twins are non-identical.[2012]
4. An elderly female(38 yrs) gave birth to a baby who is examined to have a rounded face,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
epicanthic folds and characteristic single palmar crease ( Simian Crease) on the palm.Explain the genetic cause of the event.[2011]
5. Presence of Barr body in buccal smear of male patient.[2005]
6. Annular pancreas.[2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NEURO-ANATOMYGROUP-A(12 MARKS)
1. Give the arterial supply of the superolateral surface of the brain. What is macular sparing?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[10+2][2014]
2. What is Argyll-Robertson's pupil? Mention the sites of lesion for this type of abnormality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
With a suitable diagram, describe the features of the transverse section of the mid brain atthe level of superior colliculus. Describe the pathway for light reflex.[2+1+6+3][2006]
3. What is arterial circle of Willis? Describe the arterial supply of superolateral surface of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cerebral hemisphere.[5+7[2016]]4. Enumerate the white fibres in the brain. Describe the internal capsule under the following
heads: Parts with relations, fibres passing through different parts and blood supply. What
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is stroke?[2+3+4+2+1][2017]GROUP-B (7 MARKS)
1. CT scan of the brain of a patient suffering from cerebro-vascular accident shows a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lesion in the internal capsule of the brain. State why this part is called "Internal
Capsule". Mention the different fibres passing through the internal capsule. Add a
note on its blood supply. [1+3+3][2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. A 60 years old person suffers from cerebellar ataxia following vascular damage.Mention the arterial supply and phylogenetic subdivision of cerebellum. What do you
mean by cerebellar ataxia? [2+3+2][2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. A patient with Argyll-Robertson's Pupil presents with persistence of accommodationreflex but loss of light reflex. Briefly discuss the accommodation reflex pathway.
State how can you justify the specific neurological deficit in this case.[5+2][2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Enumerate the ventricles of the brain. Describe the circulation of the CSF. Add a noteon the blood-brain-barrier.[1+4+2][2005]
5. An old man of 65 years gets an attack of UMN paralysis. What is the internal capsule
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of the brain? Mention the composition and blood supply of its parts.[5+2][2005]
6. Describe the walls and communications of 3rd ventricle. What is non-communicating
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
type of hydrocephalous? [4+1+2][2016]7. Describe the floor of the 4th ventricle with proper diagram.[7][2017]
8. What are the different parts of cerebellum? Mention their blood supply. What is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cerebellar ataxia?[4+2+1][2015]GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. Thalamic nuclei.[2011]
2. Boundaries and communications of 3rd ventricle of the brain.[2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Motor neurons of spinal cord.[2009]4. Blood-brain-barrier.[2008]
5. Tectum of midbrain.[2005]
6. Blood supply of spinal cord.[2017]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-D( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY1. Lesion in pretectal nucleus of midbrain causes Argyll-Robertson's pupil.[2009]
2. Visual defect due to occlusion of posterior cerebral artery does not affect macular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vision.[2008]3. Optic nerve is not a peripheral nerve.[2007]
4. Patient with pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia.[2016]
5. Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint.[2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. In anterior spinal artery syndrome there is bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensationbut conscious propioceptive sensations are lost.[2015]
7. Increased pressure of CSF in subarachnoid space is easily diagnosed by opthalmoscopic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
examination of the eyes. [2017]
ABDOMEN
GROUP ?A (12 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Give a brief note on ureter. Mention its microscopic structure & development. In which
clinical condition pain may extend from loin to groin involving ureter? [5+2+2+4][2013]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. A young married lady with the history of missed period, suddenly collapsed with sharplower abdominal pain & was diagnosed ruptured tubal pregnancy. What is the
commonest site of tubal pregnancy and its fate? Mention the parts of this tube, blood
supply, histological structure and development.[2+3+2+3+2][2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. A 50 years old man was brought to OPD with a complaint of swelling at the midline of
anterior abdominal wall over an operative scar. Swelling was diagnosed as incisional
hernia through the rectus sheath. A) Give its formation at different levels. B)What are the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contents of the rectus sheath? C)Define the sheath. D) Why is median incision notpreferred over the anterior abdominal wall?[2+5+3+2][2011]
4. An old man suffering from carcinoma of prostate with metastasis in vertebra. From your
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anatomical knowledge explain this complication. Discuss briefly the capsules, lobes, andrelations of the prostate gland. Add a note on the interior of the organ.[2+6+4][2010]
5. Prevaginal examination of an elderly lady suffering from pelvic inflammatory disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reveals collection of fluid in the pouch of Douglas. Write a note on this pouch andperitoneal as well as visceral relation of the uterus. Give a brief account of the supports to
this organ. [3+4+5][2010]
6. A child presents leakage of urine through umbilicus from urinary bladder. Using your
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anatomical knowledge explain the congenital anomaly with a note on development of
urinary bladder. Give a brief account of the features with relations , ligaments, and nerve
supply of the organ. [3+9][2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. A young lady was brought to the emergency with acute lower abdominal pain & featuresof shock diagnosed as a case of ruptured ectopic gestation. Mention the usual site of
ectopic gestation. Discuss the gross anatomy , development and microscopic anatomy of
the organ involved.[2+10][2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. What are the parts of fallopian tube and where does fertilization usually occur? Give
blood supply, histological structure and development of the same.[2+3+4+3][2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. During routine investigation, USG of whole abdomen of an adult revealed horseshoeshaped kidney. Explain the case with your embryological point of view. Discuss briefly
the development of kidney. Add a note on its clinical anatomy with congenital
anomalies.[2+5+5][2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. An anxious lady complains that the right scrotal sac of her new born male baby is empty.
The case is diagnosed as one of the cases of congenital anomalies of descending testes.
Discuss various anomalies of descent of testes. Explain how female gonad is different
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from male.[5+5+2][2008]11. A hollow muscular pelvic organ when full and distended strip off peritoneum behind the
supra pubic part of the anterior abdominal wall. Give an account of anatomical parts ,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surfaces and ligaments of the organ. Describe the interior features of the base of the organ.How the organ does develop?[6+3+3][2006]
12. A fatty lady of 45 years with prolonged history of hyperacidity and dysphagia was
brought to hospital with acute pain in epigastrium and in right shoulder. She was finally
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diagnosed as a case of Cholelithiasis (gall stone). Using your anatomical knowledge canyou explain the pain in both epigastrium and right shoulder and the peripheral pain
pathway? Give a brief anatomy and clinical importance of gall bladder. [4+4+4][2005]
13. Describe the formation of rectus sheath. Name the contents of the sheath. What is the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
function of tendinous insertions and at which level they are present? [6+3+1+2][2016]
14. Describe the shutter mechanism of inguinal canal and anatomical difference b/w oblique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and direct hernia.[6+6][[2015]15. Describe the internal features of anal canal with epithelial lining of each division. Why
the pectinate line is called watershed line of anal canal? What is the importance of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hilton's line? Mention the development of anal canal. Define internal haemarrhoids andmention their common sites.[4+2+2+2+2][2017]
GROUP-B (7 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Describe the common bile duct in short. What is the importance of Calot'striangle?[5+2][2014][2016]
2. What are the anatomical factors that prevent the gastro-esophageal regurgitation. Give an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
account of histological structures of oesophagous.[4+3][2013]
3. Give an account of uterine cervix. Mention its lymphatic drainage.[4+3][2013]
4. Describe the histology of classical hepatic lobule. What is liver acinus?[5+2][2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Why is ischio-rectal abscess very painful when abscess is superficial. Write boundariesand contents of the fossa.[1+4+2][2012]
6. Name the false ligaments of the liver. State within which mesogastrium development of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
liver takes place and what are the remnants of it. Write from which part of gut, liver bud
develops? [4+1+1+1][2011]
7. Name the parts of the large intestine with their corresponding length in adults. Describe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the structures of large gut with diagrams.[2.5+4.5][2011]
8. A teenaged girl suffering from acute appendicitis got an initial attack of pain around
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
umbilicus, which was finally localized in right iliac fossa. State anatomical reasons ofpain in the both areas. Give an account of positions of vermiform appendix.[3+4][2010]
9.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
After spleenectomy operation following an intra-abdominal injury, a patient developsdiabetes mellitus. Explain the reason from your anatomical knowledge. Discuss briefly
the ligaments of spleen cut during operation.[2+5][2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Bouts of hematemesis following cirrhosis of liver of a patient were diagnosed to be dueto obstruction of portal venous system. Explain it. Give a brief account of portal vein
with a note on porta-caval anastomosis.[2+5][2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11. What is spermatic cord? Name its contents. Describe the duct which conveys male germcells for ejaculation.[1+2+4][2007]
12. In case of intestinal obstruction, caecum is found to be distended. In which part of the gut
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
does the obstruction lie? Give an account of the caecal blood supply. Describe the illio-
ceacal valve.[1+3+3][2006]
13. A middle aged woman complains of frequent heart burn about an hour after meals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Provisional diagnosis was made to be as a case of reflux oesophagitis. What are thefactors that prevents gastro-esophageal regurgitation? Give relations and arterial supply
of abdominal part of esophagus.[3+2+2][2004]
14. A patient was diagnosed to have polycystic kidney. Give the embryological basis of this
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
condition. Illustrate your answer with diagrams.[5+2][2004]
15. Describe the inferior of anal canal along with its histological structure. [4+3][2015]
16. Describe the cervix uteri. What is its clinical importance? [5+2][2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
17. Describe the lymphatic drainage of stomach. Why does Virchow's lymph nodes getenlarged in carcinoma of stomach?[5+2][2017]
GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Ovarian fossa on lateral pelvic wall.[2013, `07]
2. Epiploic foramen.[2012, `11]
3. Umbilical cord.[2012]
4. Left renal vein.[2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Inter-vertebral disc.[2010, `08]6. Physiological umbilical hernia.[2010]
7. Porto caval anastomosis.[2009]
8. Placenta previa.[2008]
9. Relations of head of pancreas.[2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Pelvic mesocolon.[2007]11. Hasselbach's triangle.[2009]
12. The bare area of liver.[2007]
13. Mackenrodt's ligament.[2012]
14. The mesentery.[2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15. Renal fascia.[2006]16. Intervillous space of placenta.[2006]
17. Histology of adrenal cortex.[2006]
18. Neural crest.[2005]
19. Ischio-rectal space.[2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20. Openings of diaphragm.[2005]21. Hepato-renal pouch of Morission.[2004]
22. Coeliac trunk.[2004]
23. Lesser sac.
24. Broad ligament.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
25. Ligaments of uterus.26. Interior of caecum.
27. Space of Retzius.
28. Interior of 2nd part of duodenum.
29. Supports of uterus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30. Ligaments of urinary bladder.31. Meckel's diverticulum.
32. Perineal body.
33. Duodenal cap.
34. Ligaments of Treitz.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
35. Inguinal canal.36. Internal trigone of urinary bladder.[2014]
37. Broad ligament of uterus.[2014]
38. Prostatic part of male urethra.[2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN ANATOMICALLY1. Varicocele of testis is common.[2014]
2. Carcinoma of head of pancreas may produce jaundice.[2014]
3. A new born baby presenting with imperforate anus.[2013, `05]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Pain of appendicitis is referred to umbilicus.[2013, `04]5. Cholecystitis causes pain in right shoulder.[2011]
6. Urinary fistula at the level of umbilicus in a new born baby.[2011]
7. A patient is detected to have horse-shoe shaped kidney.[2010]
8. A patient of cirrhosis of liver presents with "Caput Medusa".[2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. Pectinate line is an important landmark of anal canal.[2009]10. Rupture of membranous part of urethra may cause extravasation of urine in anterior
abdominal wall.[2008, `05]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11. Incidence of inguinal hernia in normally healthy individual is prevented by shuttermechanism.[2008]
12. Peritoneal infection from exterior is common in females.[2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
13. Varicosity of pampiniform plexus of vein is more common in left side.[2007]14. Non-appearance of ureteric bud on one side leads to agenesis of kidney on the same
side.[2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15. The vermiform appendix can be regarded as tonsil of abdomen.[2007]16. During the resction of diseasd caecum, the ascending colon, the surgeon usually removes
the terminal 8-10 cm of ileum also.[2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
17. Pain of ureteric colic radiating in the medial side of the thigh.[2005]18. An old man suffering from carcinoma of prostate develops vertebral metastasis.[2004]
19. Appendix of testes is embryologically different from appendix of epididymis.[2017]
20. Pleural sac may be accidentally opened during exposure of kidney from back.[2017]
21. New born baby passes urine through umbilicus.[2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
22. Pubic tubercle is important landmark for femoral and inguinal hernia.[2016]23. In prostatic carcinoma, X-ray of lumbosacral vertebrae to be advised.[2016]
24. Dropping of the kidney is not followed by suprarenal gland.[2016]
25. Caput medusa. [2015]
26. Inner layer of myometrium acts as a living ligature of uterus during menstruation &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
parturition.[2015]
HEAD AND NECK
GROUP-A(12 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. A man suffering from hypertension, bleed from Little's area of nose. Give an account on
the formation, arterial supply, nerve supply, and lining epithelium of the nasal septum
with a note on Little's area.[4+2+2+2+2][2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Following throidectomy, a patient may develop hoarsness of voice. Explain the statement.
Give a brief account of intrinsic muscles of larynx and their action on Rima
glottides.[2+10][2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. A child came to the OPD with a complaint of injury to the external ear. On examination,
a perforation was found in the tympanic membrane. Discuss the gross anatomy, arterial
supply, and nerve supply of tympanic membrane & external auditory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
canal.[3+1+2+3+1+2][2011]4. A person with history of inability to close his mouth immediately after yawning. What is
the anatomical basis of it? Describe the muscles and ligaments related to the anatomical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
site affected.[2+5+5][2011]5. Following an operation of right parotid gland, a patient develops weakness of facial
muscles of that side. State the relations of the affected cranial nerve with respect to the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
parotid gland. Give a brief account of the functional components, intra cranial course anddistributions of the nerve. [2+10][2010]
6. A patient is brought to the physician presenting right sided ocular signs of ptosis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
strabismus, diplopia and a loss of accommodations as well as the light reflex with thecontralateral hemiplagia. From your anatomical knowledge, explain the lesion. Give a
brief account of the cranial nerve affected.[2+10][2010]
7. A new born baby was found to have cleft palate with nasal regurgitation of milk during
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
breast feeding. Explain the congenital defect from your anatomical knowledge with a
brief note on development of soft palate. Give a brief account on muscles of soft palate
with its movements during deglutition. [4+8][2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. Following stroke, a man suffers from Weber's Syndrome, with left sided hemiplagia andptosis along with lateral strabismus and dilation of pupil of right eye. Using your
anatomical knowledge explain Weber's Syndrome & involvement of ocular muscles.
Discuss briefly the extrinsic muscles of the eyeball.[4+8][2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. Following operation of thyroid gland, a patient develops hoarseness of voice. Give a brief
note on muscles acting on vocal cord and state from your anatomical knowledge what
happened wrong with the patient. Discuss the important relations and arterial supply &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
venous drainage of thyroid gland. Mention what precautions are to be taken by surgeonduring operation of thyroid gland based on your anatomical knowledge. [4+6+2][2008,
`05]
10. A patient suffering from parotid tumor , with malignant change gets complications of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bell's paralysis.Mention the anatomical changes that occurred in Bell's paralysis in this
case. Discuss briefly the important relations, structures passing through the inferior part
and the nerve supply of the parotid gland. [4+8][2008]
11. Give a brief account of vertebral artery. What contributions it makes to complete the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
circle of Willis?[12][2007]
12. A child aged about 10 yrs suffers from mid-ear infection following recurrent attacks of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cough & common cold. From your anatomical knowledge answer its reasons and theroute of its further infection. Mention the position of the nuclei with the functional
components of the cranial nerves related to the walls of middle ear. Discuss briefly the
intra petrous part of the nerve. [ 4+4+4][2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
13. Describe cavernous sinus under the following headings:A)General informations; B) Structures passing through the sinus; C)
Tributaries; D) Communications.[2017][3+3+3+3]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-B ( 7 MARKS)1. Name the paranasal air sinuses. Mention the factors which help to drain out the content of
the maxillary air sinus. Why theses sinuses are developed around the nose.[2+3+2][2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Mention the muscles of pharynx. Give their nerve supply. What is Killian's dehiscence?
[3+2+2][2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Enumerate the paired venous sinuses in skull. Right brief note on cavernous sinus.[3+4][2013]
4. Fish bone badly stuck in pyriform fossa of pharynx was removed with prolonged effort
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
causing laceration of tissue. Give boundaries of pyriform fossa, its sensory nerve supply
and possible deleterious effects of tissue damage.[2+2+2][2013][2004]
5. Write a note on internal capsule of brain with its blood supply. What is hemiplagia?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[5+2][2012]
6. Describe the development of tongue. Correlate the nerve supply of tongue with its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
development.[4+3] [2012]7. An old man presents an ulcer along the margin of tongue which was diagnosed as
carcinoma of the tongue. Which groups of lymph nodes are likely to be enlarged?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Discuss briefly the lymphatic drainage of tongue.[2+5][2011]8. A patient with increased intracranial tension presents with medial squint/ strabismus.
Explain the reason for medial squint. Give a brief account of the anatomy of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures involved.[2+5][2011]9. During surgical operation of thyroid gland, a surgeon must be careful to avoid injury to
some nerves. Mention the components, distribution and effect of lesions of these
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nerves.[2+3+2][2010]10. A boy presents discharge of pus through ear following recurrent infection of throat.
Explain the clinical complications. Write a brief note on the structures connecting ear
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with throat.[2+5][2009]11. Neglected infection in dangerous area of face of a patient led to cavernous sinus
thrombosis . State the reason. Mention the communications and anatomical basic of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
complications arising fro+m the structures related to the thrombosed sinus. [2+5][2008]12. Mention the coats of eyeball . How the aquous humor is formed, circulated and drained?
Name the refractive meium in the eye.[3+2+2][2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
13. What is Rima Glottidis? Name the boundaries and muscles controlling the shape of Rima
Glottidis under different physiological & functional conditions.[2+3+3][2007]
14. Name the different layers of deep cervical fascia. Trace any two layers vertically upwards
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and downwards. Which layer encloses the thyroid gland and explain why thyroid moves
with deglutition?[2+3+3][2007]
15. Explain the presence of thyroid glandular follicles in tongue. Describe the dorsum of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tongue. Give its sensory nerve supply. [2+3+2][2006]
16. What are the manifestations of occulomotor nerve lesion. Describe the course of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nerve in the middle cranial fossa & orbit. Explain the cause of lateral squint and dilatedpupil in occulomotor nerve palsy. [2+3+2][2006]
17. Acute maxillary sinusitis can cause toothache . Enumerate the paranasal air sinuses with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their respective sensory innervations. Explain the cause of toothache. [5+2][2006]18. An one month old baby was brought to OPD for constant watering of one eye. Explain
the anatomical cause and enumerate the structures forming the lacrimal apperatus. Trace
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the secretomotor pathway to lacrimal gland.[1+3+3][2005]19. Enumerate the extra-occular musces with their nerve supply and functions.[4+3][2017]
GROUP-C(3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Branchial cyst. [2013]
2. Otic ganglion.[2013]
3. Temporo-mandibular joint.[2013]
4. Danger area of face.[2013][2015-Explain Why]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Ciliary ganglion.[2012]6. Lacrimal aperatus.[2012]
7. Tymanic membrane.[2012]
8. Ansa cervicalis.[2012]
9. Inlet of larynx.[2011,'06,'05]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Development of soft palate[2011]11. Spine of sphenoid.[2011]
12. Thyroglossal duct.[2010]
13. Middle meatus of nose.[2010,'08]
14. Circulation of aquous humor.[2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15. Cricoid cartilage[2009]16. Superior cervical ganglion.[2009]
17. Iris.[2008]
18. Inferior Constrictor muscle.[2008]
19. Histology of palatine tonsil.[2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20. Temporalis muscle.[2007]21. Movement of temporo-mandibular joint.[2004]
22. Sternocleidomastoid muscle.[2005]
23. Lacrimal gland[2005]
24. Ciliary body.[2004][2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
25. Pyriform fossa with clinical importance.[2014]26. Muscles of the first branchial arch with their nerve supply.[2014][2017]
27. Dangerous area of scalp.[2014][2016]
28. Styloid aperatus. [2014]
29. Spinal accessory nerve.[2017]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30. Blood supply of spinal cord.[2017]31. Transposition of great vessels.[2015]
32. Speech area of brain.[2015]
33. Structure and nerve supply of tympanic membrane.[2015]
34. Rima Glottidis.[2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
35. Nasolacrimal duct.[2016]GROUP-D(3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Pain is referred to the middle ear in ulcer of posterior part of the tongue.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. A patient having fracture of sphenoidal spine complains of loss of taste sensationat a later date.[2014]
3. Inflammation of parotid gland is very painful.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. In tonsillitis, pain is referred to the middle ear.[2013][2007][2015]5. Superior parathyroids are inferior in position[2013,'11]
6. Optic disc in eye-ball is known as blind spot.[2013, `06]
7. Postero-inferior part of tympanic membrane is chosen for myringotomy.[2013]
8. Macular vision is generally spared in lesion of posterior cerebral artery.[2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. Optic nerve can not regenerate after injury.[2012]10. A patient of pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia.[2014,'10][2016]
11. Layer of loose connective tissue of skull is known area of scalp.[2010,'08]
12. Repeated throat infection , if neglected, may cause mastoitidis.[2010,'08]
13. Supranuclear type of facial nerve lesion leads to motor loss of lower part of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
face.[2009]
14. Vocal cord is considered as water shed line of larynx.[2009]
15. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around right subclavian artey while the left
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
one rounds the ligamentum arteiosum.[2008][2016]
16. Thyroglossal duct when present, extends above upto foramen caecum of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tongue.[2007]17. Types of articulation found with occipital bone.[2007]
18. Horner's Syndrome.[2006]
19. Branchial Cyst.[2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20. Corneal reflex.[2005]21. Cavernous sinus thrombosis following infection of face.[2004]
22. Following operation of thyroid gland, patient develops hoarseness of voice.[2004]
23. Surgeon thoroughly clear the blood clots from the tonsillar fossa after
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tonsillectomy operation.[2004]24. Parotiditis is very painful.[2017]
25. Syringing of external ear may sometime cause vaso-vagal attack of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patient.[2016]26. Obliquity and length of the spinal nerve roots increase progressively from above
downwards.[2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
27. Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint.[2015]
28. In anterior spinal artery syndrome there is bilateral loss of pain and temperature
sensation but conscious propioceptive sensations are preserved.[2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
29. Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle acts as safety muscle of larynx.[2015]
10 YEAR'S QUESTION PAPER FOR 1ST PROF MBBS EXAMINATION-
BIOCHEMISTRY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY- DIGESTION & ABSORPTIONGROUP-B (7 MARKS)
1. Indicate in details the chemical composition of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Name the carbohydrates present in glycoproteins and glycolipids.[5+2][2013][2015]
2. Describe the bonds present in glycosaminoglycans. Indicate the chemical difference b/w
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the proteoglycans & glycoproteins. [3+4][2006]3. Define stereoisomerism. Describe different types of stereoisomerism of
glucose.[1+6][2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Describe the various forms of isomerism exhibited by carbohydrates. Name the
carbohydrates present in glycoproteins. [5+2][2017]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES1. Blood group antigens. [2010][2016]
2. Proteoglycans. [2009]
3. Glycosaminoglycans. [2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Glycemic index of carbohydrates.[2017]5. Invert sugar.[2017]
6. Glucose transporters.[2017]
GROUP-D( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Glucose and fructose form similar osazone crystals. [2011]
2. Sucrose has no anomers.[2006]
3. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.[2005]
4. Defective lactose digestion may lead to a clinical condition.[2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISMGROUP-A(12 MARKS)
1. Describe in a flow diagram the metabolic pathways of glycogen formation and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
degradation in the body. Describe in separate charts how cyclic AMP regulates this
process by enzyme modification.[4+8][2013]
2. In a flow diagram , describe the metabolic steps of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
muscle and show how cAMP integrates their regulation.[6+6][2010]
3. Describe the metabolic steps of citric acid cycle in a flow diagram indicating the enzymes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and co-enzymes involved and highlighting the steps where the energy is produced.Mention the steps in the cycle which are irreversible in nature. Indicate how propionate is
converted to one of the intermediates of this cycle.[8+2+2][2013]
4. With a suitable flow chart , describe the TCA cycle. Justify TCA cycle as the final
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
common metabolic pathway.[7+5][2005]
5. In a flow diagram , indicate the metabolic steps by which propionate can be converted to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glucose and show how key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are controlled.[6+6][2010]6. How fructose and galactose are metabolized in the body? Mention the inherited disorders
related with their metabolism.[8+4][2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. On complete oxidation, glucose leads to production of carbon dioxide and water. Mention
those metabolic steps where carbon dioxides are evolved. Give a detailed account of
enzymes, co-enzymes and control mechanisms involved in these steps. Mention three
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
examples of metabolic reactions where carbon dioxide is utilized in thisprocess.[6+3+3][2016]
GROUP-B ( 7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Give a brief account of glycogen storage disease.[7][2014]2. Describe in details how pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA in the body.[7][2013]
3. Describe multi-enzyme complex and various reactions involved in the oxidation of
pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA. [7][2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Describe the HMP shunt pathway in a flow diagram.[7][2007]
5. Explain with a flow diagram how glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver are
controlled by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate & the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kinase.[7][2017]GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. Rapoport Leubering cycle. [2011][2017]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Essential pentosuria.[2010][2016]3. Glycogen Storage disease. [2009]
4. Role of vitamins in TCA cycle[2009]
5. Metabolic role of Glucuronic acid.[2008]
6. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. [2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Key glycolytic enzymes. [2006]GROUP-D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Phosphofructokinase I is known as pacemaker of glycolysis.[2012]
2. Von-Gierke's disease is associated with hyperuricemia.[2012][2017]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Impairment of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) leads to erythrocytic hemolysis.[2011]4. G6PD deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia.[2009,'07]
5. Sodium fluoride is added to blood samples drawn for blood sugar estimation.[2008]
6. Long chain fatty acids can not be converted to glucose in human body though the reverse
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is possible.[2010]7. Fat can be synthesized from glucose but glucose can't be synthesized from
fat.[2005][2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. Fructose leads to formation of more VLDL.[2008]
9. Galactosemic patients are often associated with congenital cataract.[2016]
LIPID CHEMISTRY- DIGESTION & ABSORPTION
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP ? A (12 MARKS)
1. Classify phospholipids with examples. Mention their specific role in maintaining the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fluidity of plasma membrane.[10+2][2013]2. Classify different phospholipids of physiological importance with their
functions.[8+4][2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-B (7 MARKS)
1. Tabulate a detailed account of chemical composition of plasma lipoproteins. [7][2010]
2. Describe amphiphatic lipids with examples. Describe their behavior in aquous medium.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
State the importance of liposomes in clinical practice.[2+3+2][2009]
3. Classify phospholipids. Indicate their specific role in maintaining plasma membrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fluidity.[3+4][2007]4. Classify the fatty acids in details & indicate their physical properties.[5+2][2017]
GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Separation and identification of lipids by thin layer chromatography. [2013]
2. Eicosanoids.[2008]
3. Sphingolipids.[2008]
4. Gangliosides.[2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Omega-3 fatty acids.[2015]6. Glycosphingolipids[2017]
GROUP- D ( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Lecithin is amphipathic as well as amphoteric in nature.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Arachidonic acid may not be considered as an essential fatty acid.[2010]3. Intake of fish oils are beneficial for cardiac patients in contrast to animal fat.[2009]
4. Acid number helps in the identification of rancidity in fats and oils.[2016]
LIPID METABOLISM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-A (12 MARKS)
1. Give an account of fatty acid synthase complex. Describe the metabolic pathway
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
for de-novo synthesis of palmitate in the body.[3+9][2014]2. Describe the metabolic steps of biosynthesis of cholesterol. Discuss the control
metabolism associated with HMG CoA reductase. Explain reverse cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transport.[8+2+2][2017]GROUP-B(7 MARKS)
1. Give the exact chemical composition of very low density lipoprotein. Explain their
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
formation and fate inside the body.[2+5][2013]
2. Describe how ketone bodies are formed & subsequently degraded in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body.[3+4][2015]GROUP-C ( 3 MARK) SHORT NOTES
1. Control of HMG-CoA reductase.[2013]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism.[2015]3. Fatty acid synthase complex. [2017]
GROUP-D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Both uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and prolonged fasting produce ketosis but itsmagnitude is less in the case of prolonged fasting.[2014]
2. Citric acid cycle operating in the mitochondria can take part in the extra mitochondrial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fatty acid synthesis.[2004]
3. Ketone bodies are degraded in the extrahepatic tissues only.[2013]
4. HDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport.[2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency may lead to hyperglyceridemia.[2015]6. Citrate plays an important role in fatty acid synthesis.[2017]
AMINO ACID , PROTIEN CHEMISTRY, DIGESTION AND
ABSORPTION & TISSUE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PROTEINS AND PROTEINPURIFICATION
GROUP-A (12 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Describe the salient features of alpha helix and beta pleated sheet structure of proteins.
Mention the non-covalent interactions which stabilize protein confirmation. Briefly
discuss the role of peripheral & integral proteins in the network of plasma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proteins.[4+3+5][2014]2. Compare and explain the oxygen binding curves of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Indicate
the conformational changes that occur in hemoglobin on oxygenation. Mention the basic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
variations in the chemical structures of HbS and HbM as compared to the adulthemoglobin.[6+3+3][2014][2016]
3. Describe how the amino acid composition, N-terminal & C-terminal residues of a protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are determined & identified. Describe the bonds responsible for the four structures ofproteins . Briefly indicate how a molecular weight of a protein is
determined.[7+3+2][2013]
4. Describe the peptide bond. What are the different forces that stabilize the protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure at the different levels of organization ? Give an example to explain the primary
structure that determines the functional state of proteins.[4+5+3][2011]
5. Discuss the four orders of protein structures. Describe the alpha helical form of a globular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
protein. State briefly how the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain can be
determined.[6+2+4][2010]
6. Discuss briefly how the chemical structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin influence their
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biological activities. Describe the changes that take place in hemoglobin on oxygenation.
[6+6][2010]
7. Describe in detail how the number, kind and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chain are determined. [4+4+4]
8. Using hemoglobin and myoglobin as models , justify the statement, "Chemical structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of a protein decides its biochemical functions". [12][2007]GROUP-B( 7 MARKS)
1. Describe the principles of electrophoresis. Illustrate with diagram the electrophoretic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
separation of the serum proteins indicating the significance of each separated band.
Explain the importance of acute phase reactants. [3+2+2][2014]
2. Describe the mechanism of absorption of amino acids from the gut. What is Hartnup's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disease?[5+2][2009]
3. Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins mentioning the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
forces that stabilize them.[7][2008]4. Describe the chemical structure of collagen and the chemical reason for its toughness.
[5+2][2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Describe briefly the chemical structures of hemoglobin. Compare the chemical structuresof hemoglobin and myoglobin. Explain how oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin act as
buffers in the maintenance of acid base balance in our body.[2+1+4][2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Give an outline of procedure for determination of primary structure of a protein havingsingle polypeptide chain. [7] [2005]
7. Name the different immunoglobulins. Give the structure and functions of IgG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[2+5][2004]
8. Classify L-amino acids present in the proteins. Explain how amino acids are separated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and identified from a mixture of amino acids . [2+5][2015]GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. Glycosylated Hemoglobin.[2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Prions.[2011]3. Protein folding.[2007][2015]
4. Bonds maintaining the tertiary structure of protein. [2006]
5. 2,3 BPG on Hb-Oxygen interaction.[2004]
6. Selenocystine. [2015]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Electrophoresis. [2016]8. Beta pleated sheet. [2017]
GROUP ?D ( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Patient with Hb-S often suffers from anemia.[2013][2017]2. Collagen has quarter staggered triple helical structure.[2012]
3. Glycine solution can not rotate the plane of plain polarized light.[2012]
4. 2,3 BPG helps in delivery of Oxygen to the tissues.[2011]
5. 2,3 BPG helps in decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin towards oxygen. [2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Both protein and urea give positive biuret test. [2005]7. Chaperons play a very significant role in protein folding.[2016]
8. Hb-A1c provides valuable information for management of diabetes mellitus.[2016]
9. Myoglobin does not exhibit Bohr effect.[2015]
AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-A (12 MARKS)
1.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Describe how catabolism of haem produces bilirubin. Indicate in details the process ofuptake, conjugation and secretion involved in transfer of bilirubin from blood to
bile.[6+6][2014]
2.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Describe the formation and degradation of epinephrine in the body. [7+5][2007]
GROUP-B (7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Describe the process of transamination and oxidative deamination in thebody.[4+3][2014]
2. Write the synthesis, transport and degradation of catecholamines.[7][2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Describe how catecholamines are synthesized and degraded inside the humanbody.[3+4][2010]
4. What are the metabolic products of tyrosine? Describe with suitable flow chart the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesis of catecholamines.[2+5][2008]
5. Describe the formation and fate of ammonia inside the body.[2+5][2009]/[3+4][2006]
6. Give the reaction intermediates and bioenergetics of urea cycle .[3+3+1][2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Write down with flow chart the steps of catabolism of carbon skeleton phenylalanine &mention the steps which are blocked in phenylketonuria and alkaptonuria.[5+2][2005]
GROUP- C ( 3 MARKS ) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Acute intermittent porphyria.[2014]
2. S-Adenosyl Methionine.[2013]
3. Maple Syrup Urine Disease. [2010]
4. Polyamines. [2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Phenylketonuria.[2004]GROUP- D( 3MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Patient with carcinoid syndrome may exhibit pellagra.[2013]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Alkaptonuria is often associated with generalized pigmentation of connective tissue(Ochronosis). [2013]
3. Ammonia is toxic to Central Nervous System. [2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Phototherapy ( exposure to blue light) helps in treatment of neonatal physiologicaljaundice.[2011]
5. Urine turns black on standing in Alkaptonuria.[2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Urinary urobilinogen is increased in hemolytic jaundice . [2009]7. Proteinuria. [2004]
CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
GROUP- B ( 7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. With the help of a diagram describe the chemical structure of a tRNA and mention the
function of its different arms.[3+4][2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Give the structure of a deoxyribonucleotide. Write down with the help of a diagram andmention its different functions. [2+5][2005]
GROUP- C (3 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. t-RNA.[2011]
2. Synthetic nucleotide analogues. [2009]
3. Pseudo nucleotides. [2007]
4. Structural features of A, B and Z-DNA.[2007]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Bonds in polynucleotides.[2017]GROUP-D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. DNA with higher GC content have relatively higher Tm.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. RNA is alkali labile while DNA is alkali resistant.[2012]3. DNA can occur in different 3D models.[2004]
4. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]
5. DNA is more stable than RNA.[2016]
6. Adenine nucleotides have various functions beside making nucleic acids. [2017]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
GROUP-B (7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Name the endpoint of purine catabolism and process of breakdown of purine. [2+5][2008]2. Indicate the source of nitrogen and carbon atoms of the purine ring in a diagram.
Describe how purines are catabolised.[7][2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-C ( 3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES1. Gout.[2013]
2. Source of nitrogen and carbon atoms of the purine ring.[2013]
3. Purine salvage pathway. [2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-D ( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Dietary purines are not essential.[2008]
2. Intake of alcohol may aggravate the symptoms of gout.[2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
GROUP ? A (12 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Explain oxidative level & substrate level phosphorylation. Give two examples ofsubstrate level phosphorylation. Explain the mitochondrial electron transport
chain.[2+2+8][2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Describe with diagram the respiratory chain complexes that span the inner mitochondrialmembrane indicating the specific sites of energy production. What are its mobile
components? Mention the role of inhibitors of respiratory chain. What purpose is served
by their use in vitro. What happens when complex I is deficient? [5+2+5+1][2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-B (7 MARKS)
1. Describe the operation and significance of glycerophosphate shuttle and malate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
shuttle.[3+4][2014]2. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Differentiate it from substrate level phosphorylation.
Illustrate with a diagram how ATP is synthesized in mitochondria?[2+2+3][2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Describe the mitochondrial electron transport chain. How the inhibitors of ETC differ
from uncouplers of oxidative phosphrylation?[5+2][2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Describe the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation. [7][2010]GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. Uncouplers.[2004]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Malate shuttle.[2005]GROUP-D(3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. G6PD is responsible for erythrocyte membrane rigidity. [2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Brown adipose tissue promotes thermogenesis. [2011, `10]CLINICAL FUNCTION TEST, MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
AND ENZYMES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-A (12 MARKS)
1. Explain the Michaelis Menten equation and explain the role of substrate concentration on the rate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of enzyme catalyzed reaction with the help of graphs. Illustrate how Vmax and Km are affectedby competitive and non competitive inhibition of enzymes. " The Km value for glucokinase is
much higher than that for hexokinase though both act on glucose"- explain the
statement.[6+4+2][2017][2013]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Name 5 enzymes whose catalytic activities are altered by covalent phosphorylation-dephosphorylation and indicate their functions. According to International Union of
Biochemists, enzymes are classified into six major groups. Indicate in which groups the
following enzymes belong:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A) Adenylate cyclase,B) DNA dependant RNA polymerase.
C) Aldolase,
D) Chymotrypsin,
E) Reverse Transcriptase,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
F) EnolaseG) Acetyl CoA carboxylase. [5+7][2017][2015]
GROUP-B(7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Describe the renal mechanism for regulation of acid base balance. What is thebiomedical importance of anion gap?[4+3][2014]
2. Define jaundice. With the help of liver function test and urine test, show it can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
differentiated b/w hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice. [2+5][2008]
3. Explain the mechanism of allosteric regulation of enzyme activity using PFK as an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
example. Mention the other mechanisms by which the enzyme action isregulated.[4+3][2016]
4. Describe the methods of determining the chemical structure of any unknown
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biomolecule.[7][2017]GROUP- C ( 3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. Receptor mediated endocytosis.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Ionophores.[2014]3. Respiratory acidosis. [2013]
4. Non functional plasma enzymes.[2016]
GROUP-D( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Renal clearance study is an early predictor of impending renal failure.[2014]
2. Isoenzymes of Alkaline Phosphatase are of diagnostic significance.[2014]
3. Non function plasma enzymes are important only for clinical purposes.[2014]
4. Levels of hepatic enzymes can differentiate b/w hemolytic, hepatocellular and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
obstructive jaundice.[2013]
5. Colloids are biologically important having clinical significance.[2013]
6. The mode of action of metallo-enzymes and metal activated enzymes are different.[2013]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. The concentration of creatinine in blood predicts renal function of an individual.[2008]8. Isoenzyme assay is helpful in the diagnosis of MI.[2015]
FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS
GROUP-B(7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. What are free radicals? How do they damage the biological systems? Name the various
antioxidants protecting the organisms. [1+3+3][2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Describe the reactions catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide-dismutase. Describe the Cyt-P450 dependant microsomal hydroxylation reaction. Mention two examples of
hydroxylation reactions where ascorbic acid is involved.[1+5+1][2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP- C ( 3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES1. Biochemical functions of peroxisomes.[2014]
2. Antioxidant enzymes. [2014]
3. Role of Cyt-P450 in hydroxylation reaction.[2013]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Super-oxide dismutase.[2013]5. Glutathion.[2008]
GROUP-D( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Superoxide dismutase protects aerobic organisms against oxygen toxicity.[2008]2. Lipid peroxidation is a source of free radicals.[2007]
3. Defence mechanisms of the body to fight the toxicity of free oxygen species.[2004]
4. ROS damages cellular architecture.[2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CELL CYCLE AND CANCER, VITAMINS AND MINERALSGROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. Tumor markers.[2014]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Ceruloplasmin. [2014]3. Cell cycle regulators.[2010]
4. Proto-oncogenes. [2009]
5. Activation of Proto-oncogenes.[2006]
6. Marker Enzymes.[2006]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP ? D ( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Radio Immuno Assay techniques has got demerits also.[2013]
2. Methotrexate is used for anti-cancer therapy.[2012, `11]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MOLECULAR ENDROCRINOLOGY ANDSIGNALTRANSDUCTION
GROUP-A( 12 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Explain how normal blood sugar is maintained by various mechanisms.[12][2008, `04]
GROUP-B (7 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Explain the mechanisms of signal transductions by cAMP, calcium and phosphatidylinositol system with the help of diagrams.[7][2013]
2. In a flow diagram describe how insulin and glucagon regulate the process of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue. [7][2010]
3. Discuss the different types of G-protein coupled signal transduction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
processes.[7][2010]GROUP-C (3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
1. G-protein[2011]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. 3`-5` cAMP. [2004]3. Receptors in signal transductions.[ 2007]
4. Insulin receptors. [2006]
5. Receptor enzymes. [2005]
6. Calcium as 2nd messenger. [2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-D (3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
1. Calcium as 2nd messenger.[2004]
2. Lipids can act as intracellular signals.[2012]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Receptor enzymes show intrinsic catalytic activity.[2009]MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS
GROUP-A ( 12 MARKS)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Describe the stage of initiation of translation process with the help of a diagram. State
the mechanism of action of the following antibiotics in the inhibition of translation:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A) Streptomycin,B) Erythromycin,
C) Chloramphenicol. [6+6][2011]
2. Write down the different types of DNA damage. Explain the mechanisms of : Mismatch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DNA repair, Base excision repair, Nucleotide excision repair. [6+6][2011]
3. Describe the process of synthesis of proteins in prokaryotes. What are the roles of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
different antibiotics to inhibit the process of translation in prokaryotes. [8+4][2009]4. Describe the process of replication in E.Coli with suitable diagram. Mention the
differences among different E.Coli polymerases.[8+4][2008,'05]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GROUP-B(7 MARKS)1. Describe the initiation, elongation and termination phase of transcription in
eukaryotes. Name the antibiotics which specifically inhibit the microbial protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
synthesis.[5+2][2015-12 marks] [2013]2. Describe how ribonucleic acid is synthesized . Indicate the difference b/w DNA
Polymerase III and RNA polymerase.[5+2][2010]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Indicate the different mechanisms of DNA repair.[7][2007]
4. Define mutation. Describe different types of mutations with examples.[1+6][2005]
5. Describe the operon model. Explain how it functions.[4+3][2004]
6. Give an account of negative and positive regulation of lac operon in E.Coli. [2015][7]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Enumerate the DNA damaging agents and indicate the types of damages made bythem.[7][2017]
GROUP-C ( 3 MARKS) SHORT NOTES
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Eukaryotic topoisomerase. [2014]
2. Polyclonal antibodies. [2014]
3. Radioisotopes. [2014]
4. Base excision repair of DNA.[2013]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Frame shift mutation. [2013]6. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). [2011]
7. Monoclonal antibodies. [2011]
8. Gene therapy. [2009]
9. RNA processing. [2009]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Ribozyme.[2008, `07]11. Restriction Endonuclease enzyme.[2008, `06]
12. Genome of Retrovirus. [2007]
13. PCR( Polymerase Chain Reaction). [2005]
14. Mismatch DNA repair. [2005]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15. Point mutation. [2016]16. DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.[2015]
17. RNA editing.[2015]
GROUP-D ( 3 MARKS) EXPLAIN WHY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. RNA can act as enzyme.[2011]
2. DNA denaturation is essential for hybridization. [2007]
3. Genetic code is degenerative and unambiguous. [2005]
4. DNA is much more stable than RNA. [2016]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Ribosome is the ultimate ribozyme.[2017]