Download Neet PG Preventive and Soical Medicine MCQs Question Bank
2.TrueaboutASHAareallexcept a)Oneper1000ruralpopulation b)Mobiliserofantenatalcare c)Femalevoluntaryworker d)Skilledbirthattendant CorrectAnswer-Dskilledbirthattendant/Ref:Park20/e,p380-381(19k,p365)1Ref.littp://molifw.nic.in/NRHM/stakeholders.htmASHAisthecentralcomponentoftheNationalRuralHealthMission(NRHM)NationalRuralHealthMission(NRHM)waslaunchedtoaddressthehealthneedsofruralpopulation,especiallythevulnerablesectionsofsocietyOneofthekeycomponentsoftheNationalRuralHealthMissionistoprovideeveryvillageinthecountrywithatrainedfemalecommunityhealthactivist--`ASHA'orAccreditedSocialHealthActivist.Selectedfromthevillaitselfandaccountabletoit,theASHAwillhetrainedtoworkasaninterfacebetweenthecommunityandthepublicehealthsystem.FollowingarethekeycomponentsofASHA:ASHAmustprimarilybeawomanresidentofthevillage--married/widowed/divorced,preferablyintheagegroupof25to45years.Sheshouldbealiteratewomanwithformaleducationuptoclasseight.Thismayberelaxedonlyifnosuitablepersonwiththisqualificationisavailable.ASHAwillbethefirstportofcallforanyhealthrelateddemandsofdeprivedsectionsofthepopulation,especiallywomenandchildren,whofinditdifficulttoaccesshealthservices
ASHAwillbeahealthactivistinthecommunitywhowillcreateawarenessonhealthanditssocialdeterminantsandmobilizethecommunitytowardslocalhealthplanningandincareasedutilizationandaccountabilityoftheexistinghealthservices.Shewouldbeapromoterofgoodhealthpractices.Shewillcounselwomenonbirthpreparedness,importanceofsafedelivery,breastfeedingandcomplementaryfeeding,immunization,contraceptionandpreventionofcommoninfectionsincludingReproductiveTractInfection/SexuallyTransmittedInfection(RT1s/STIs)andcareoftheyoungchildThegynaecomastiacausingdrugscanhecategorizedinto:Thefirsttypearedrugsthatactexactlylikeestrogens,suchasdiethylstilbestrol,birthcontrolpills,digitalis,andestrogencontainingcosmetics.Thesecondtypeisdrugsthatenhanceendogenousestrogenformationsuchasgonadotropinsandclomiphene.Thethirdtypeisdrugsthatinhibittestosteronesynthesisandactionsuchasspironolactone,ketoconazole,metronidazoleandcimetidine.Thefinaltypeisdrugsthatactbyunknownmechanismssuchasisoniazid,methyldopa,captopril,tricyclicantidepressants,diazepamandheroin.Alsoknow,TestosteronealsocausesGynaecomastia
3.Toeradicatemeaslesthepercentageof populationtobevaccinatedisatleast............% a)70 b)80 c)85 d)95 CorrectAnswer-D95
4.Whichofthefollowingtraceelementhas vitaminElikeaction: a)Selenium b)Cheomycin c)Copper d)Zinc CorrectAnswer-ASelenium
5.TrueaboutNPCDCSisall,EXCEPT: a)Separatecentreforstroke,DM b)Implementationinsome5statesover10district c)CHChasfacilitiesfordiagnosisandtreatmentofCVD,Diabetes d)Daycarefacilitiesareavailableatsubcentre CorrectAnswer-CTheNPCDCSprogramhastwocomponentsviz.(i)Cancer&(ii)Diabetes,CVDs&stroke.Thesetwocomponentshavebeenintegratedatdifferentlevelsasfaraspossibleforoptimalutilizationoftheresource.TheactivitiesatState,District,CHCandSubCentrelevelhavebeenplannedundertheprogrammeandwillbecloselymonitoredthroughNCDcellatdifferentlevels.Thestrategiesproposedwillbeimplementedin20,000SubCentresand700CommunityHealthCentrein100Districtsacross21Statesduring2010-12Earlydiagnosisofdiabetes,CVDs,StrokeandCancerisdoneatDistrictHospital,notatCHC.Ref:NPCDCSOperationalGuidelines,DGHS,GOI,Page6;http:/health.bih.nic.in/Docs/Guidelines-NPCDCS.pdf.
6.Clustertestingtechniqueisusefulinwhich ofthefollowingconditions? a)SexuallyTransmittedDiseases b)Poliomyelitis c)Measles d)Smallpox CorrectAnswer-AExplanation:FollowingmethodsareusedforcasedetectionofSTD:?CONTACTTRACING:Contacttracingisthetermusedforthetechniquebywhichthesexualpartnersofdiagnosedpatientsareidentified,located,investigated,andtreated.?CLUSTERTESTING:Herethepatientsareaskednameotherpersonsofeithersexwhomoveinthesamesocio-sexualenvironment.Thesepersonsarethenscreened. Ref:Park'stextbookofPreventiveandSocialMedicine,21stedition,Page313
7.Whichofthefollowingisfalseaboutintra- uterinedevices(IUDs)? a)MultiloadCu-375isathirdgenerationintra-uterinedevice(IUD) b)Copperdevicesareeffectiveaspost-coitalcontraceptives c)LNG-20(Mirena)hasaneffectivelifeof5years d)PregnancyratesofLippesLoopandTCu-200aresimilar CorrectAnswer-AMultioadCu-375isanewercopperintra-uterinedevice(IUD).ThecopperdevicescomprisethesecondgenerationIUDs.Thenon-medicatedorinertdevicesarethefirstgenerationIUDsandthehormone-releasingdevicesarethethirdgenerationIUDsRef:Park'sTextbookOfPreventiveAndSocialMedicine,ByK.Park,19thEdition,Pages393-395.
8.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabout 'LateExpandingPhaseofDemographicCycle'isTRUE? a)BirthRateislowerthanDeathRate b)HighDeathRateandHighBirthRate c)DeathRatedeclinesmorethanBirthRate d)DeathRatebeginstodeclinewhileBirthRateremains unchanged CorrectAnswer-CInlateexpandingphaseofdemographiccycledeathratesdeclinesfasterthanthebirthrateandthereisasteadydecreaseinthedemographicgap.Inthisstatepopulationgrowatasteadilydecreasingrate.Mostofthedevelopingcountriesarenowatearlyexpandingandlateexpandingstagesofdemographiccycle. Ref:Park'sTextbookofPreventiveandSocialMedicineByK.Park,19thEdition,Page379;FoundationsofCommunityMedicineByDhaar,2ndEdition,Page667
9.ThenumberofAnganwadiworkers supervisedbyaMukhyasevikais: a)10 b)15 c)25 d)30 CorrectAnswer-CMukhyaSevikaisamiddlelevelsupervisor.Shesupervises20to25Anganwadiworkers.Sheisrequiredtobeagraduateinsocialworkorhomescienceorarelatedfield.Sheistrainedforthreemonths.Ref:HealthpoliciesandprogrammesinIndia,D.K.Taneja11theditionpage:312
10.Minamatadiseaseiscausedbytoxicityof: a)Arsenic b)Antimony c)Lead d)Mercury CorrectAnswer-DAsignificantexampleofmercuryexposureaffectingpublichealthoccurredinMinamata,Japan,between1932and1968,whereafactoryproducingaceticaciddischargedwasteliquidintoMinamataBay.Thedischargeincludedhighconcentrationsofmethylmercury.Thebaywasrichinfishandshellfish,providingthemainlivelihoodforlocalresidentsandfishermenfromotherareas.Formanyyears,noonerealisedthatthefishwerecontaminatedwithmercury,andthatitwascausingastrangediseaseinthelocalcommunityandinotherdistricts.Atleast50000peoplewereaffectedtosomeextentandmorethan2000casesofMinamatadiseasewerecertified.Minamatadiseasepeakedinthe1950s,withseverecasessufferingbraindamage,paralysis,incoherentspeechanddelirium.Ref:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/index.html
11.InternationalRedCrosswasfoundedby: a)HenryDunant b)JohnDRockfeller c)MarieCurie d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-ATheRedCrossisanon-politicalinternationalhumanitarianorganisationfoundedbySwissbusinessmanHenryDunant.Ref:Park21steditionpage:858.
12.Accordingtothecongenitalrubellasyndromeeradicationprogram,thefirst priorityforrubellavaccinationisofferedtowhichofthefollowinggroup? a)Allfemalechildrenatoneyear b)Allnonpregnantwomen c)Allnonpregnantwomenofage15to34 d)Alladolescentnonpregnantgirls15to24yearsofage CorrectAnswer-CThefirstandforemostpriorityhasbeengiventothegroupofallnon-pregnantwomenbetweentheages15and34forrubellavaccination.Theotherthreeoptionsaresuitableagegroups.Ref:Park'sTextbookofPreventiveandSocialMedicine19thedition;pages130-131.
13.Swajaldharaprogrammeisassociatedwith: a)Provisionofsafedrinkingwater b)Provisionoffoodsupplementsfordestitutewomen c)Provisionofreliefforvictimofsexualabuse d)Provisionofhealthcareforsicktribals CorrectAnswer-ASwajaldharaisacommunityleadparticipatoryprogramme,whichaimsatprovisionofsafedrinkingwaterinruralareaswiththefullownershipofthecommunity. Swajaldharahas2components: SwajaldharaI?foraGramaPanjayathoragroupofPanjayathSwajaldharaII?foradistrictassuch Ref:Park,Edition21,Page-419
14.WhichofthefollowingscreeningmethodsisusedunderRNTCP? a)Active b)Passive c)Mass d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-BUnderRNTCP,activecasefindingisnotpursued.Casefindingispassive.Patientspresentingthemselveswithsymptomssuggestingtuberculosisarescreenedwithtwosputumsmearexaminations.Ref:Park21stedition,page381.
15.Atemporary,provisionalviewheldbythepeopleonapointofviewis: a)Opinion b)Belief c)Practice d)Attitude CorrectAnswer-AOpinionareviewsheldbypeopleonapointofdispute.Theyarebasedonevidenceavailableatthetime.Opinionsbydefinitionaretemporary,provisional.Theycanbelookedonasbeliefsforthetimebeing.Ref:Park'sTextbookofPreventiveandSocialMedicine,19thedition,Page542.
16.Lowglycemicindexisclassifiedasvaluelessthan: a)25 b)45 c)55 d)65 CorrectAnswer-CConceptofglycemicindexhasutilityinmanagementofdiabetesandobesity. GIrange Classification Example Mostfruitsandvegetablesexceptpotatoesandwatermelon, LowGI 55orless pastabeans,lentils MediumGI 56-69 Sucrose,brownrice,basmatirice 70or HighGI Cornflakes,whitebread,candybar moreRef:Park22ndedition,page568
17.AsperRNTCPguidelines,Multidrugresistance(MDR)TBisdefinedas resistanceto: a)Rifampicin b)Rifampicinandisoniazide c)Rifampicin,isoniazideandethambutol d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BConfirmedMDR-TBcase:MDR-TBsuspectisonewhoissputumculturepositiveandwhoseTBisduetoMycobacteriumtuberculosisthatareresistantin-vitrotoatleastisoniazidandrifampicin(thecultureandDSTresultbeingfromanRNTCPaccreditedlaboratory).Ref:Park21stedition,page178.http://health.bih.nic.in/Docs/Guidelines-DOTS-Plus.pdf.
18.Whatisthecommonestformofplague? a)Bubonicplague b)Pneumonicplague c)Septicaemicplague d)Hemorrhagicplague CorrectAnswer-AThecommonestformofplagueisbubonicplague.Pneumonicplagueoccursinlessthan5%ofpatients. Septicaemicplagueoccursrarelyexceptforaccidentallaboratoryinfections.Ref:Park21stedition,page270.
19.Doseofoseltamivirinachildaged9monthsis: a)2mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days b)2.5mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days c)3mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days d)3.5mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days CorrectAnswer-C Agegroups Recommendeddoseofoseltamivir 0to1month 2mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days >1monthto3months 2.5mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days >3monthsto12months 3mg/kgtwicedailyfor5daysRef:Park21stedition,page148Chapter:Epidemiologyincommunicablediseases.
20.Rotavirusvaccinedosesshouldnotbeinitiatedbeyondwhichagetoprevent complications: a)6weeks b)10weeks c)12weeks d)32weeks CorrectAnswer-C Twoliveattenuatedoralrotavirusvaccineshavebeenlicensedforuserotateqandrotarix.Thefirstdoseofthesevaccinesshouldbegivennolaterthan12weeks.Incaseofrotarix,vaccinationmustbecompletedby24weeks.Incaseofrotate,lastdoseofvaccineshouldbeadministeredby32weeks.Riskofintussusceptionsincreaseiffirstdoseisadministeredbeyond12weeks.Ref:Park21stedition,page205.
21.Dukoralis: a)Oralcholeravaccine b)Oralrotavirusvaccine c)Oraltyphoidvaccine d)Readytousetherapeuticfood CorrectAnswer-ADukoralisamonovalentcholeravaccinebasedonformalinandheatkilledwholecellsofvibriocholerae01plusrecombinantcholeratoxinBsubunit.Ref:Park21stedition,page211.
22.Skinfoldthicknessismeasuredinallofthefollowingplaces,EXCEPT: a)Midtriceps b)Biceps c)Suprapubic d)Suprailiac CorrectAnswer-CHarpendencallipersareusedtomeasureskinfoldthickness.Skinfoldthicknessismeasuredinmidtriceps,biceps,suprailiacandsubscapularareas.Thesumofthesemeasurementsshouldbelessthan40mminboysand50mmingirls. Ref:Park21stedition,page369.
23.Qualityoflifeisdefinedas? a)Standardofliving b)Levelofliving c)Subjectivefeelingofwellbeing d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,SubjectivefeelingofwellbeingOualityoflife*Theleveloflivingandstandardoflivingareobjectivecriteriaofwellbeing,whilequalityoflifecomprisestheindividual'sownsubjectiveevaluationofthese.*Recentdefinitionofqualityoflifeisasfollows"acompositemeasureofphysicalmentalandsocialwellbeingasperceivedbyeachindividualorgroupofindividuals."*WHOdefinitionisasfollows"theconditionofliferesultingfromthecombinationoftheeffectsofthecompleterangeoffactorssuchasthosedetermininghealth,happiness,education,etc."
24. WebCausationofdiseaseismost appropriate? a)Mostlyapplicableforcommondisease b)Betterforalltherelatedfactorsassociatedwithcausationof disease c)Epidemiologicalratio d)Helpstointerrupttheriskoftransmission CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,BetterforalltherelatedfactorsassociatedwithcausationofdiseaseWebofcausationoThismodelisideallysuitedinthestudyofchronicdisease,wherethediseaseagentisoftennotknownbutistheoutcomeofinteractionofmultiplefactors.oThe"webofcausation"considersallthepredisposingfactorsofanytypeandtheircomplexrelationshipwitheachother.oThecausalwebprovidesamodelwhichshowsavarietyofpossibleinterventionsthatcouldbetakenwhichmightreducetheoccurrenceofdisease(e.g.MI)oThewebofcausationdoesnotimplythatthediseasecannotbecontrolledunlessallthemultiplecausesorchainsofcausationoratleastanumberofthemareappropriatelycontrolled.Thisisnotthecase.Sometimesremovaloreliminationofjustonlyonelinkorchainmaybesufficienttocontroldisease,providedthatlinkissufficientlyimportantinthepathogenicprocess.oTherefore,inamultifactorialevent,individualfactorsarebynomeansalloftheequalweight.
25. BEINGSModelofdiseasecausationdoes notinclude a)Spiritualfactors b)Socialfactors c)Religiousfactors d)Nutritionalfactors CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,ReligiousfactorsOnewayofrememberingthecategoriesofcauseforthediseaseisanacronymusedinthemodel(BEINGSmodel):B:Biologicalfactorsandbehavioralfactors.E:Environmentalfactors.I:Immunologicalfactors.N:Nutritionalfactors.G:Geneticfactors.S:Services,social,spiritualfactors.
26.Definitionofdiseasecontrolis? a)Agentiseliminatedfromcommunity b)Agentpersistsincommunitywithoutcausinghealthproblem c)Agentpersistsincommunityandcausingpulichealthproblems d)Anyoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Agentpersistsincommunitywithoutcausinghealthproblem*Indiseasecontrol,thediseaseagentispermittedtopersistinthecommunityatalevelwhereitceasetobeapublichealthproblemaccordingtothetoleranceoflocalpopulation.*Astateofequilibriumbecomesestablishedbetweenthediseaseagent,hostandenvironmentcomponentsofthediseaseprocess.
27.Iodizedsaltiniodinedeficiencycontrol programmeis? a)Primaryprevention b)Secondaryprevention c)Teriaryprevention d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PrimarypreventionFortificationoffoode.g.iodizedsaltisprimaryprevention.Primarypreventionhastwomaincomponents:-i)Healthpromotionii)SpecificprotectionModeoftheinterventionofPrimarypreventionHealthpromotionSpecificprotection 1. Healtheducation1.Immunization2. Environmentalmodifications2.Useofspecificnutrientsiron andfolicacidtablet 3. Nutritionalintervention3.Chemoprophylaxis4. Lifestyleandbehavioralchanges4.Protectionagainst occupationalHazards 5. Protectionagainstaccident6. Protectionfromcarcinogens7. Avoidanceofallergens8. ControlofspecificHazardsingeneralenvironmente.g.airpollution, noisecontrol 9. Controlofconsumerproductqualityandsafetyoffoodanddrug 10. Usingamosquitonet11. Contraception
28.Apatientprescribedcrutchesforresidual paralysisinpoliomyelitisisatypeof- a)Primaryprevention b)Primordialprevention c)Disabilitylimitation d)Rehabilitation CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,RehabilitationProvisionofaidsforcrippledisrehabilitation,e.g.prescriptionofcrutchesforPRPP.Itisatypeoftertiaryprevention.
29.Apersonhaslosthisleginanaccident becauseofwhichheisnotabletowalk.Thisis- a)Disease b)Disability c)Impairment d)Handicap CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Disability*Thisquestionisslightlydifferentfrompreviousone.*Patientinthisquestionisnotabletowalk(duetolostleg).Thisiscalleddisability.*Rememberthatthepatientinthisquestionalsohasimpairment,i.e.lossofleg.(Buttheexaminerisaskingaboutinabilitytowalk,inthisquestion).
30.Internationaldiseasesurveillanceisfor? a)Hepatitis b)Polio c)TB d)Leprosy CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Polio
31.HIVprevalencecanbeassessedby- a)Sentinelsurveillance b)Active c)Passive d)Register CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,SentinelsurveillanceoSentinelsurveillanceinIndiaisdoneinnationalAIDScontrolprogramme.
32.Principleforchinesemedicine- a)Yang b)Vin c)Both d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Both*Chinesemedicineisbasedontwoprinciples:-i)Yang:Activemasculineprincipleii)Vin:Negativefeminineprinciple*Thebalanceofthesetwoopposingforcesmeantgoodhealth.*TheChinesewereearlypioneersofimmunization.Theypractisedvariolationtopreventsmallpox.*TheChinesesystemof'bare-footdoctors'andaccupuncturehaveattractedworldwideattentioninrecentyears.
33.Fatherofpublichealth- a)Cholera b)Plague c)Leptospirosis d)Anthrox CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CholeraHistoryofcholeraoFatherofpublichealthisadisease,notaperson.oFatherofpublichealthischolera.oJohnSnow(1813-1858)foundthelinkbetweencholeraandcontaminateddrinkingwaterin1854,usingspotmap.oRobertKochindifiedV.cholerae(1885).Choleramorbus-Usedin19th&early20thcenturiesforbothnon-epidemiccholeraandothergastrointestinaldiseasesthatresembledcholera.
34. ThelawyerwhodesignedthePublic HealthAct1848was? a)Johnsnow b)EdwinChadwick c)JosephLister d)WilliamFan CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,EdwinChadwick*Thegreatcholeraepidemicof1832ledEdwinChadwick(1800-1890),alawyerinEngland,toinvestigatethehealthoftheinhabitantsoflargetownswithaviewtoimprovetheconditionsunderwhichtheylive.*Chadwick'sreporton"TheSanitaryConditionsoftheLabouringPopulationinGreatBritain",alandmarkinthehistoryofpublichealth,setLondonandothercitiesonthewaytoimprovehousingandworkingconditions.*Filthwasrecognizedasman'sgreatestenemyandwiththisbeganananti-filthcrusade,the"greatsanitaryawakening",whichledtotheenactmentof'PublicHealthAct1948'inEngland.
35.Oneofthefollowingisnottrueof InternationalClassificationofDisease- a)Itisrevisedoncein10years b)ItwasdevisedbyUNICEF c)The10threvisionconsistsof21majorchapters d)ItisacceptedforNationalandInternationaluse CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ItwasdevisedbyUNICEFICDwasdevisedbyWHO.
36.Mostimportantcomponentoflevelof livingis a)Health b)Education c)Occupation d)Housing CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,HealthHealthisthemostimportantcomponentbecauseitsimpairmentalwaysmeansimpairmentoflevelofliving.
37.Simplestmeasureofmortality? a)Crudedeathrate b)Casefatalityrate c)Proportionalmortalityrate d)Specificdeathrate CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CrudedeathrateoThesimplestmeasureofmortalityisthecrudedeathrate.
38.Limitationofcasefatalityrate- a)Notusefulinacuteinfectiousdisease b)Notrelatedtovirulence c)Timeperiodnotspecified d)Itisnotrelatedtosurvivalrate CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,TimeperiodnotspecifiedoLimitationsofcasefatalityrateisthattimeperiodisnotspecified.oCFRistypicallyusedinacuteinfectiousdiseaseandisrelatedtovirulenceoforganism.oCasefatalityrateisthecomplementofsurvivalrate.
39.Allaretrueaboutincidence,except- a)Numeratorincludesnewcases b)Denominatorincludespopulationatrisk c)Doesnotincludeunitoftime d)Itisarate CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DoesnotincludeunitoftimeoIncidenceratemustincludetheunitoftimeusedinthefinalexpression.Ifyouwrite16.7per1000,thiswouldbeinadequate.Thecorrectexpressionis16.7per100peryear.oAllotheroptionsarecorrect.
40.Whichoneofthefollowingisnotaspecial incidencerate- a)Attackrate b)Secondaryattackrate c)Hospitaladmissionrate d)Standardizedmortalityrate CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,StandardizedmortalityrateSpecialincidenceratesi)Attackrate(caserate)ii)Secondaryattackrateiii)Hospitaladmissionrate
41.Forcalculationofincidencedenominator istakenas? a)Midyearpopulation b)Populationatrisk c)Totalnumberofcases d)Totalnumberofdeaths CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PopulationatriskDenominatorforcalculatingincidenceispopulationatrisk
42.Allofthefollowingarecharacteristicsof casecontrolstudyexcept- a)Quickresultsareobtained b)Measuresincidencerate c)Proceedsfromeffecttocause d)Inexpensivestudy CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,MeasuresincidencerateoIncidenceratecannotbemeasuredbycase-controlstudyasdenominator(populationatriskisnotavailable).
43.Attributableriskmeans a)Fatalityofadisease b)Diseaseriskratiobetweenexposedandnon-exposed c)Riskdifferencebetweenexposedandnon-exposed d)Communicabilityofadisease CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Riskdifferencebetweenexposedandnon-exposed-Attributablerisk(AR)isthedifferenceinincidenceratesofdiseaseordeathbetweenanexposedandnon-exposedgroup.-Itisexpressedinpercentageandgivestheextenttowhichthediseasecanbeattributedtotheexposureinacohortstudy.
44.Advantageofcase-controloveracohort study? a)Attributableriskcanbecalculated b)Odd'sratiocanbecalculated c)Forraredisease d)bandc CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'b'i.e.,Odd'sratiocanbecalculated&ci.e.,ForrarediseaseoAcohortstudyismorereliablethanacase-controlstudyforanassociationbetweenasuspectedriskfactorandsubsequentdiseasebecauserelativeriskcanbeestimatedbycohortstudy,whilecase-controlstudymeasuresonlyanestimateofrelativerisk(oddsratio).WhytheCase-ControlStudyissuitableforararediseasebutnotCohortStudy?oInthecohortstudy,weproceedfromeffecttocauseandifthestudyisfortherarediseasewemaygetveryfewcasesornocaseattheendofthestudy.Forexample,ifararediseasehasanincidencerate.01per1000(1per100000)populationandwetakeasampleof100peopletoexposetheriskfactor,therewillbeveryfewcasesattheendofthestudyasthediseaseisveryrareandhasalowincidenceof1per100000population.(youcanexpect,Howlowwillbetheincidenceinasampleof100people).oOntheotherhand,inthecase-controlstudy,wecanchoosecontrolsforthefewavailablecasesandthehistoryofpossible/suspectedexposure(s)canbeexplored.
45.Berkesonianbiasisatypeof? a)Selectionbias b)Intervieverbias c)Informationbias d)Recellbias CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,SelectionbiasBerksonianbiasisatypeofselectionbias.BiasoItisanysystemicerrorintheanalysisofstudythatresultsinamistakenestimateofanexposure'seffectontheriskofdisease.oMainlybiasesareoffollowingtypes.1.SelectionbiasSurveillance/detectionbiasReferrelbiasorvolunteerbiasBerksonianbiasNeymansurvivalbiasResponsebias2.Information(Misclassification)biasReportingbiasInterviewerbiasRecallbiasHawthornebias(attentionbias)3.ConfoundingbiasConfoundingissometimesisreferredtoasathirdmajorclassofbias.
46.Problemofbiasismaximumwith- a)Cohortstudy b)Casestudy c)Casecontrolstudy d)Experimentalstudy CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Casecontrolstudy
47.Randomizationisdonetoreduce? a)Recallbias b)Selectionbias c)Berksonianbias d)Reportingbias CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Selectionbias
48.Suspectedcauseprecedingtheobserved effectisanexamplefor- a)Temporalassociation b)Consistencyofassociation c)Strengthofassociation d)Coherenceofassociation CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,TemporalassociationTemporalassociationoItimpliescauseprecedseffectoreffectfollowscause,i.e.,suspectedcauseprecedingtheobservedeffect.oItisthemostimportantcriteriaforcausalassociationoItisbestestablishedbyconcurrentcohortstudy.StrengthofassociationoItimplieshowstronglyexposureisassociatedwithdisease.oItisdeterminedbyi)Relativerisk(InCohortstudy)IHavebeenexplainedii)Oddsratio(Incase-controlstudy)iii)Dose-responserelationshipWithincreasinglevelofexposuretotheriskfactor,onincreasingrisinincidenceisfound.iv)Cessationofexposure(Reversibility)-->Removalofpossiblecausereducesriskofdisease.ConsistencyofassociationoTheassociationisconsistentiftheresultsarereplicatedwhenstudiesindifferentsettingsandbydifferentmethods.oForexample,differentstudiesindifferentsettingshaveprovedsmokingasoneofthecauseforlungcancer-->Smokinghasconsistentassociationwithlungcancer.
CoherenceofassociationoThecausalassociationmustbecoherent(supportedby)withrelevantfacts.oForexample:-Thedeathratesduetolungcancerincreasingmorerapidlyinfemalescomparisontomales.Therelevantfact--->Thisincreasingrateisduetomorerecentadoptionofcigarretesmokingbywomen.
49. Thedifferencebetweencontamination andinfectionisthatininfection- a)Infectiousagentisonbodysurfaceoronnonhumanobjects b)Infectiousagentisinthebodyofhuman c)Arthropodsonthebodysurface d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,InfectiousagentisinthebodyofhumanoInfection-->Infectiousagentinthebody.oContamination--->Infectiousagentonbodysurfaceoronobjects.oInfestation-->Arthropodsonbodysurface.
50.Followingareexamplesofhuman"dead end"diseaseexcept- a)Bubonicplague b)Japaniesecephalitis c)Hydatiddisease d)Leishmaniasis CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,LeishmaniasisDeadandhostoAdeadendhostisaninfectedpersonfromwhichinfectiousagentsarenottransmittedtoothersusceptiblehostorfromwhichaparasitecannotescapetocontinueitslifecycle.oThediseasesinwhichhumanactsasdeadendhost,i.e.,deadanddisease:? 1. Japaniesencephalitis3. Trichinosis5.Bubonicplaque 2. Echynococcosis(hydatiddisease)4.Tetanus
51.Secondaryattackrateisameasureof- a)Communicability b)Lethality c)Strengthofassociation d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CommunicabilitySARisanimportantmeasureofcommunicability.Highersecondaryattackratemeans,morenumbersofsusceptiblecontactsaredevelopingthediseaseafterexposuretoprimarycase.So,highertheSARhigheristhecommunicability(infectiousness)ofdisease.Onetermrelatedtosecondaryattackrateisattackrateandrequiresspecificmentionhere(Hasbeenexplainedinbriefpreviously)AttackRate:Whennewcasesoccurrapidlyoverashortperiodoftimeinawelldefinedpopulationtheattackrateisused.oItisusuallyexpressedasapercentage.newcasesoccuringduringashortperiodoftimeAttackRate=________________________________________________________________x100populationatriskatthebeginningofthetimeperionTheattackrateisalsocalledcumulativeincidencerate.Itdiffersfromtheconventionalincidencerateinthatittendstodescribediseaseoreventsthataffectalargerproportionofthepopulationofinterest.
interest.Attackrateisusedwhen"populationisexposedtoriskforalimitedperiodoftime,Suchasepidemic."Attackrateeffectstheextentofepidemic.AttackratevssecondaryattackrateAttackrateincludesnewcasesduringaspecificperiodoftime(whichisusuallyshort)anditincludesallthecasesduringthatperiod,i.e.primaryaswellassecondarycases.Ontheotherhandsecondaryattackrateincludesnewcaseswhichdevelopwithintherangeofincubationperiodafterexposuretoprimarycase,i.e.itincludesonlysecondarycase(notprimarycases).
52.Transovariantransmissionisseenin- a)Rickettesialdiseases b)Malaria c)Filaria d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,RickettesialdiseasesoTransovarialtransmissionisseeninRickettesialdisease(scrubtyphus,Rickettsialpox,RMSF,ITT,Qfever).
53. Activeandpassiveimmunityshouldbe giventogetherinallexcept- a)Tetanus b)Rabies c)Measles d)HepatitisB CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c'i.e.,MeaslesFirstseethedifferencebetweenactiveandpassiveimmunity.ActiveimmunityoActiveimmunitydevelopsbecauseofactiveparticipationofimmuniologicalsystemofthehost.oThatmeans,afterantigenicstimulation,thehostdevelopsantibodiesorcellularimmuneresponseagainstthatantigenduetoactivationofselfBand/orcells.oAntigenicstimulationmaybe:?i)Clinicalinfectionii)Subclinicalinfectioniii)Vaccination(liveattenuatedvaccineorkilledvaccineortoxoid).PassiveimmunityoThehost'simmunesystemdoesnottakeactiveparticipationbutdependsonready-madeantibodiesorTcellstobetransferredtoit.oExamples:i)Administerationofimmunoglobulinorantiserumii)Transplancentaltransferofantibodiesfrommothertofetus.iii)Administrationoflymphocytes.ComingbacktoquestionoInsomediseasespassiveimmunizationisoftenundertakeninconjunctionwithinactivatedvaccineproducts,toprovideboth:?
conjunctionwithinactivatedvaccineproducts,toprovideboth:?i)Immediate(buttemporary)passiveimmunity.ii)Slowlydevelopinglonglastingactiveimmunity.oThediseaseinwhichsimultaneousactiveandpassiveimmunizationareused:?i)Tetanusiii)Diphtheriaii)Rabiesiv)HepatitisBoInmeaslesalso,bothactiveandpassiveimmunizationareused,butnotsimultaneously.Becausetheantibodyresponsetoliveattenuatedmeaslesvaccineisdiminishedinpersonswhoreceiveimmunoglobulincancurrently.oSo,thepersonpassivelyimmunizedshouldbegivenlivemeaslesvaccine8-12weekslater.So,bothactiveandpassiveimmunityareused:?i)Simultaneously-->Tetanus,rabies,Diphtheria,HepatitisB.Atdifferenttime-->Measles.
54.Post-exposureprophylaxisisindicatedin ? a)HBV b)Rabies c)Diphtheria d)All CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'a'i.e.,HBV;'b'i.e.,Rabies;'c'i.e.,DiphtheriaReadthequestioncarefully,examinarisaskingaboutpostexposureprophylaxis(notpost-exposureimmunization).oInpreviousexplanation,Ihaveexplainedthediseasesforwhichpost-exposureprophylaxisisdonebyimmunization(vaccineorimmunoglobulinorboth).Insomediseasespost-exposureprophylaxisisdonebydrugs,i.e.,post-exposurechemoprophylaxis:-HIVAntiretroviraltherapyHerpesFamciclovirDiphtheriaMiningococcalmeningitis
55.CongenitalacquiredimmunityisNOT foundin- a)Pertussis b)Mumps c)Rubella d)Measles CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PertussisCongenitalpassiveimmunity(maternalpassiveimmunity)oMaternalpassiveimmunityisatypeofnaturallyacquiredpassiveimmunity.oItreferstoantibody-mediatedimmunityconveyedtoafetusbyitsmotherduringpregnancy.oImportantinfection,againstwhichimmunityistransferredfrommothertochild?1)Chickenpox3)Rubella5)Diphtheria2)Measles4)Mumps6)PoliooImportantdiseasesforwhichthereisnomaternalpassiveimmunity?1)Pertussis(whoopingcough)3)HepatitisB2)TB
56.Nameofmumpsvaccineis- a)JerylLynn b)Edmonshonzagreb c)Schwatz d)Moraten CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,JeryllynnoMumpsvaccinestrainisJeryllLynnstrain.oOtherthreestrainsareofmeaslesvaccine.
57.Allvaccinesaregivenindisaster,except? a)Cholera b)Influenza c)Measles d)Tetanus CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CholeraVaccinesrecommendedindisastersoFollowingvaccinesarerecommended1)Children<10years:-DPT,inactivatedpolio(IPV),H.influenzaetypeb(Hib),hepatitisB,pneumococcalconjugatevaccine(PCV),measles-mumps-rubella(MMR),varicellavaccine,influenza,hepatitisAandrotavirus.2)Childrenandadolescents(11-18years):-Tetanus,diphtheria,pertussis,meningococcalconjugatevaccine(MCV),Influenza.3)Adults(>18years):-Tetanus,diphtheria,pertussis,pneumococcalpolysaccharidevaccine(PPSV23),andinfluenza.oVaccinationagainsttyphoidandcholeraisnotrecommended.
58.6thmonthimmunizationgivenis- a)Measles b)DPT c)BCG d)All CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,MeaslesoMeaslesvaccineisgivenat6month.
59.Massvaccinationisineffectivein- a)Measles b)Polio c)Tetanus d)None CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'None'oMassvaccinationisusedinallthethreegivenoptions.
60.Theamountofbleachingpowder necessarytodisinfectcholericstools,is- a)50gm/lit b)75gm/lit c)90gm/lit d)100gm/lit CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,50gm/lit
61.Timebetweeninfectionandmaximum infectivityisknownas? a)Incubationperiod b)Serialinterval c)Generationtime d)Communicableperiod CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,GenerationtimeGenerationtimeoIntervalbetweenreceiptofinfectionbyhostandmaximalinfectivityofthehost.oGenerationtimeisroughlyequaltotheincubationperiod.Ref:PARK22ndeditionpg96
62. Recallbiasismostcommonlyassociated withwhichstudydesign- a)Casecontrolstudy b)Cohortstudy c)Cohortcasecontrolstudy d)Cross-sectionalstudy CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CasecontrolStudyRecallbias(Memorybias):Thistypeofbiasmayoccurwhencasesandcontrolsareaskedtorecallcertainevents,andsubjectsinonegrouparemorelikelytoremembertheeventthanthoseintheothergroup.Forexamplepeopletakeaspirincommonlyandformanyreasons,butpatientsdiagnosedashavingpepticulcerdiseasemayrecalltheingestionofaspiriningreateraccuracythanthosewithoutG1problems.AlsopatientswhohavehadanMIaremorelikelytorecallandremembercertainhabits(likeeatinghabit)withgreateraccuracythanthosewhohavenothadanMI.
63.Chroniccarrierstateisnotseeninall except? a)Poliomyelitis b)Measles c)Malaria d)Tetanus CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Malaria
64.Screeningforconditionrecommended when? a)Lowcasefatalityrate b)Diagnostictoolsnotavailable c)Noeffectivetreatmentavailable d)Earlydiagnosiscanchangediseasecoursebecauseof effectivetreatment CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,EarlydiagnosiscanchangediseasecoursebecauseofeffectivetreatmentCriteriaforscreeningoThecriteriaforscreeningarebasedontwoconsideration.i)Diseasetobescreenedii)ScreeningtesttobeappliedoDiseasetobescreenedThediseasetobescreenedshouldfulfilthefollowingcriteriabeforeitisconsideredsuitableforscreening. 1. Theconditionsougthshouldbeanimportanthealthproblem(in general,prevalenceshouldbehigh). 2. Thereshouldbearecognizablelatentorearlyasymptomaticstage.3. Thenaturalhistoryofthecontition,includingdevelopmentfrom latenttodeclareddisease,shouldbeadequatelyunderstood(sothatwecanknowatwhatstagetheprocessceasestobereversible). 4. Thereisatestthatcandetectthediseasepriortotheonsetofsigns andsymptoms. 5. facilitiesshouldbeavailableforconfirmationofthediagnosis.6. Thereisaneffectivetreatment.7. Thereshouldbeanagreed-onpolicyconcerningwhomtotreatas
patients(e.g.,lowerrangesofbloodpressure;border-linediabetes). 8. Thereisgoodevidencethatearlydetectionandtreatmentreduces morbidityandmortality. 9. Theexpectedbenefits(e.g.,thenumberoflivessaved)ofearly detectionexceedtherisksandcosts.
65.Ifprevalenceofadiseaseincreases,what istrue? a)PPVincreases b)PPVdecreases c)NoeffectonPPV d)PPVmayincreaseordecrease CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PPVincrease
66.Highsensitive- a)Lowfalsepositive b)Lowfalsenegative c)Lowtruenegative d)Lowtruepositive CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,LowFalsenegativeTruepositiveisdirectlyrelatedtosensitivityoFalsenegativeisinverselyrelatedtosensitivityTruenegativeisdirectlyrelatedtospecificityoFalsepositiveisinverselyrelatedtospecificityoIfatesthashighsensitivity-->moretruepositive,lessfalsenegative,andalsomorefalsepositive.oIfatesthashighspecificity-->moretruenegative,lessfalsepositiveandalsomorefalsenegative.
67.ScreeningprocedureisbestforCaof- a)Prostate b)Colon c)Gastric d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ColonoTwomostimportantcancers,whichcanbepreventedbyscreeningarecarcinomaofcolonandcervix.
68.Mostreliabletestforscreeningof diabetesmellitus? a)Randomsugar b)Fastingsugar c)Glucosetolerancetest d)Urinesugar CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Fastingsugar "Thebestscreeningtestfordiabetes,thefastingplasmaglucose (FPG),isalsoacomponentofgnostictesting"diabetesjournals.orgoThefastingplasmaglucosetestandthe75goralglucosetolerancetest(GTT)arebothsuitabletestsforscreeningofdiabetes.oHowever,theFPGtestispreferredinclinicalsettingsbecauseitiseasierandfastertoperform,moreconvenientandacceptabletopatients,andlessexpensive."Fastingplasmaglucoselevelisthemostreliableandconvenienttest"Problemorientedpatientmanagement
69.Multiphasicscreeningmeans- a)Applicationofthetwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationat onetime b)Applicationoftwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationat differenttime c)Applicationoftwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationat differentgeographicalareas d)Applicationofseparatescreeningtestsfordifferentdiseases CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'A'i.e.,ApplicationofthetwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationatonetimeMultiphasicscreeningIthasdefinedtheapplicationoftwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationwithalargenumberofpeopleatonetimethantocarryoutseparatescreeningtestsforasingledisease.Itincreasesthecostofhealthserviceswithoutanyobservablebenefit.Example-AnnualHealthCheckupsHigh-riskorselectivescreeningisdoneonhigh-riskgroupsexample-MRIscreeningofbreastdoneannuallyin25-yearoldwomenwithBRCA1,BRCA2mutationsinfirst-degreerelative
70. Thefrequentlyoccurringvalueinadatais - a)Median b)Mode c)Standarddeviation d)Mean CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Mode
71. Mostcommondeviationusedinsocial medicineis- a)Mean b)Range c)Variance d)Standarddeviation CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Standarddeviation"Standarddeviationismostcommonandgenerallymostappropriatemeasureofdispersion(variation)".
72.Shapeofnormaldistributioncurve? a)Jshape b)Ushape c)Bellshape d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,BellshapeoStandardnormalcurve(Gaussiandistribution)isbellshapecurve.
73.Onestandarddeviationinnormal standardcurveincludesvalue- a)50% b)68% c)95% d)100% CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,68%o1SDincludes---->68%ofvalueso2SDincludes---->95%ofvalueso3SDincludes---->99.7%ofvalues
74.Heighttoweightisa/an- a)Association b)Correlation c)Proportion d)Index CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,AssociationFirstreadaboutthesetworelatedterms:?oAssociation--->Associationmaybedefinedastheconcurrenceoftwovariablesmoreoftenthanwouldbeexpectedbychance.Thatmean2variablesexistsimultaneously.oCorrelation-->Correlationindicatesthedegree(strength)ofassociationbetweentwovariables,i.e.relationshipbetweentwoquantitativevariables.oHeighttoweightisanassociationandthestrengthofthisassociationisindicatedbycorrelation.
75.Ifcorrelationbetweenweightandheights areverystrongwhatwillbethecorrelationcoefficient? a)+1 b)>1 c)0 d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,+1oAcorrelationsimplyexpressesthestrengthanddirectionoftherelationshipbetweentwovariablesintermsofacorrelationcoefficient,signifiedby`r'.oValuesofrvariesfrom-1to+1.;oThestrengthoftherelationshipisindicatedbythesizeofthecoefficient,whereasitsdirectionisindicatedbythesign(+or-)oAplussign(+)means:Thatthereisapositivecorrelationbetweenthetwovariables-highvaluesofonevariable(suchassaltintake)areassociatedwithhighvalueoftheothervariable(suchasbloodpressure)i.esaltintakeisdirectlyproportionaltobloodpressure.oAnegativesign(-)means:Thatthereisanegativecorrelationbetweenthetwovariables-highvaluesofonevariables(suchascigaretteconsumption)areassociatedwithlowvaluesoftheother(suchaslifeexpectancy).CigaretteconsumptionisinverselyproportionaltolifeexpectancyoIfthereisaperfectlinearrelationshipbetweenthetwovariablessothatitispossibletoknowtheexactvalueofonevariablefromtheknowledgeofothervariable,thecorrelationcoefficient(r)willbeexactly+or-1.00(+1or-1).
exactly+or-1.00(+1or-1). oIfthereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthetwovariablesso thatitisimpossibletoknowanythingaboutone variableonthebasisofknowledgeoftheothervariable.Thenthecoefficientwillbe0.StrengthofcorrelationoThestrengthoflinearrelationshipbetweentworandomvariablesXandYisbasedonthevalueofcorrelationcoefficientandisoftensummarizedaccordingtothefollowingguidelines:-ForPositiveCorrelationFornegativecorrelationInterpretationr<0.30-0.30rveryweaklinearrelationship0.305r<0.50-0.50<r5-0.30weaklinearrelationship0.50_.r<or0.80-0.80<r-0.50moderatelinearrelationship0.805..r<0.90-0.90<r-0.80stronglinearrelationshipr0.901.5.-0.90verystronglinearrelationshipoIfyouhavedifficultyininterpretingabovetable,Iamgivinginverysimplelanguage:?A.PositiveCorrelationi)Correlationcoefficientlessthan0.30Veryweakpositivecorrelation.ii)Correlationcoefficient0.30to0.49--)WeakPositivecorrelationiii)Correlationcoefficient0.50to0.79ModeratePositivecorrelationiv)Correlationcoefficient0.80to0.89--)StrongPositivecorrelationv)CorrelationCoefficientequaltoorgreaterthan0.90-->verystrongpositivecorrelation.B.NegativeCorrelationi)Correlationcoefficientmorethan-0.30Veryweaknegativecorrelationii)Correlationcoefficient-0.30to-0.497->Weaknegative
correlationiii)Correlationcoefficient-0.50to-0.79-->Moderatenegativecorrelationiv)Correlationcoefficient-0.80to-0.89Strongnegativecorrelation.v)Correlationcoefficientequalorlessthen-0.90-->verystrongnegativecorrelationNote:youshouldkeepinmindthatfornegativevalues,moremeanstowardsmorepositivesideandlessmeanstowardsmorenegativeside.Forexample;ifwearesaying,morethan-0.30,thatmean-0.29,-0.28,-0.27....soon;andifwearesayinglessthan-0.90thatmeans-0.91,-0.92....soon.
76.Correlationinheight&weightare measuredby? a)Coefficientofvariation b)Rangeofvariation c)Correlationcoefficient d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,CorrelationCoefficient
77.Trendscanberepresentedby- a)Linediagram b)Bardiagram c)Scatterdiagram d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LinediagramLinediagram(Linechart/Linegraph)oItisusedtoshowthetrendofeventswithpassageoftimeandshowshowthefrequencyofaparticulareventorvariablevaryovertime.
78.Peopleareseparatedintogroups,from eachgrouppeopleareselectedrandomly.Whattypeofsamplingisthis- a)Simplerandom b)Stratifiedrandom c)Systemicrandom d)Cluster CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,StratifiedrandomoSeparationofpeopleingroupsfollowedbyrandomsamplingfromthosegroupsisstratifiedrandomsampling.
79.Analysisdoneforexpenditureoflarge proportionforsmallnumberandviceversa? a)ABCanalysis b)SUSanalysis c)HMLanalysis d)VEDanalysis CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,ABCanalysis
80.Sampleregistrationsystemisdoneonce in? a)6months b)1year c)2years d)5years CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,6Months
81.InaLeftskewedcurve,truestatementis? a)Mean=Median b)Mean<Mode c)Mean>Mode d)Mean=Mode CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Mean<Mode
82.Chi-squaretestisfor? a)StandarderrorofMean b)StandarderrorofProportion c)Standarderrorofdifferencebetween2Means d)StandarderrorofdifferencebetweenProportions CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,StandarderrorofdifferencebetweenProportionsChi-squaretestmeasuresthesignificanceofdifferencebetweentwoproportionsbytesting,whethertheobservedfrequenciesdiffersignificantlyfromtheexpectedfrequencies.
83.Allarenon-parametrictestsexcept- a)Chi-squaretest b)Signtest c)Fisherexacttest d)Studentt-test CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Studentt-test
84.Incubationperiodofinfluenza- a)18-72hrs b)1-6hrs c)5-10days d)<1hrs CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,18-72hrs
85.Rashofchickenpoxcanbedifferentiated fromtherashofsmallpoxbyallexcept? a)Pleomorphic b)Centripetal c)Deep-seated d)Unilocular CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Deep-seatedRashofchickenpoxissuperficial(notdeepseated).
86.Chickenpoxvaccineis- a)Livevaccine b)Killedvaccine c)Conjugatedvaccine d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LivevaccinePreventionofchickenpoxoForpreventionofchickenpoxfollowingareused?i)Varicellazosterimmunoglobulin(VZIG)VZIGisgivenwithin72hoursofexposureinexposedsusceptibleindividuals.Itisgivenintramuscularwitharepeatdosein3weeks.BecauseVZIGbindtovaricellavaccine,thetwoshouldnotbegivenconcomitantly.ii)VaccineVaricellavaccineisliveattenuatedvaccineandisrecommendedforchildrenbetween12-18monthsofage.Efficacyofvaccineis90-95%anddurationofimmunityisprobably10years.Twodosesarerecommendedinpersonolderthan12yearsofage.
87. Reconstitutedmeaslesvaccineshouldbe usedwithin- a)1hour b)3hour c)6hour d)12hour CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1hour"Thereconstitutedvaccineshouldbekeptoniceandusedwithinonehour".--ParkMeaslesvaccine:Type:Liveattenuated,lyophilized(Freezedried)vaccine,Measlesvaccineisliveattenuated,lypholized(Freezdried)vaccine.StrainsofvirususedtopreparevaccineareEdmonstonZagrebstrain(mostcommon),SchwartzstrainandMoratenstrain.Itisgivensubcutaneouslyintomiddleone-thirdofantero-lateralaspectofthigh.Itisgivenattheageof9months(agecanbelowereredto6monthsinepidemics&malnutrition)andisrepeatedat16-24monthsofage.Ithasprotectiveefficacy(sero-conversion)of95%.Vaccinationprovidelifelongimmunity.Incubationperiodofvaccineinducedmeaslesis7days.Inpost-exposureprophylaxis,measlesvaccineshouldbegivenwithin2-3daysofexposure.Incubationperiodofmeaslesvirusis10days.Incubationperiodofliveattenuatedmeaslesvirusoflivevaccineis7days.Thus,ifthevaccineisgivenwithin2-3daysofexposure,thereplicationofvaccinevirustakespreferenceoverreplicationofwildvirus.
Diluentusedformeaslesvaccinereconstitutionisdistilledwaterorsterilewater.Reconstitutedvaccineshouldbeusedwithin1hour.Usualtemperatureforcoldchainstorageis+2to+8?C.
88. Indiastarted2-dosevaccinationstrategy formeasles,in- a)2008 b)2009 c)2010 d)2011 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,2010oIntheyear2010,theworld'stwomostpopulouscountriesmadepromisingadvancesinmeaslescontrol:-i)ChinaheldthelargesteverSIA,vaccinatingmorethan103millionchildren.Indiastartedimplementationof2-dosevaccinationstartegy.
89.Measlesvaccinationisgivenat- a)9months b)Atbirth c)4weeks d)8weeks CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,9monthsoTheWHOexpandedprogrammeonimmunizationrecommendsimmunizationat9monthsofage.oNow,seconddoseofmeaslesisalsogivenat16-24monthsinNationalImmunizationSchedule.
90.Inmeaselesvaccinecanbegivenwithin- a)3months b)5months c)7months d)6months CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,6thmonthsoThebestageformeaslesvaccinationis9months.oTheagecanbeloweredto6monthsifthereismeaslesoutbreakinthecommunity.Forinfantsimmunizedbetween6monthsand9monthsofage,aseconddoseshouldbeadministeredassoonaspossibleafterthechildreachestheageof9monthsprovidedthatatleast4weekshaveelapsedsincethelastdose.
91.Incubationperiodofswineflu- a)1-3days b)2-3weeks c)10-15days d)5weeks CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1-3daysSwinefluoSwineflu,alsocalledswineinfluenza,orpiginfluenza,iscausedbyinfluenzavirus.oItismainlyoccursinswines(pigs)andoccasionallytransmittedtohuman.oItisusuallycausedbyinfluenzavirustypeA(H1-N1).oIncubationperiodisabout1-3daysandthesymptomsofswinefluinhumansaresimilartomostinfluenzainfections,e.g.fever,cough,rhinorrhea,fatigueandheadache.
92.IdealtemperatureforDPTstorage? a)Roomtemperature b)4to8?C c)0to-20?C d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,4to8?CoStorage-->DPT/DTvaccineshouldnotbefrozen,theyshouldbestoredinarefrigeratorbetween4to8?C.oOptimumageEPIhasrecommendedthatDPTvaccinecansafelyandeffectivelyadministeredasearlyas6weeksafterbirth.oNumberofdosesThreedosesareconsideredtobeoptimalforprimaryimmunization.oIntervalbetweendoses-->Thecurrentrecommendationistoallowanintervalof4weeksbetween3doses,withaboosterinjectionat11/2to2years,followedbyanotherbooster(DTonly)attheageof5-6years.DoseAgeDPTJ6weeksofageDPT210weeksofageDPT314weeksofageDPT300,,16-24monthsofageDT5yearsofageBoosteroModeandsiteofadministration--->IMatupper&outerquadrantofglutealregion.AlsoknowoSincetheseverityofpertussisinfectiondecreaseswithagethe
oSincetheseverityofpertussisinfectiondecreaseswithagethepertussiscomponentinDPTvaccineisnotusuallyrecommendedaftertheageof6years.oTherefore,childrenovertheageof5yearswhohavenotreceivedDPT,needonly2dosesofDTvaccine4weeksapart,withaboosterdose6monthsto1yearlater.ThosechildrenwhoreceivedtheprimarycourseofDPTearlier,shouldreceiveonlyDTasboosterat5-6yearsoratschoolentry.oForimmunizingchildrenover12yearsofageandadults,thepreparationofchoiceisDT-->2dosesatanintervalof4to6weeks,followedbyabooster6to12monthsaftertheseconddose.
93.AccordingtoEVINCEfastbreathingin5 mthchildisdefinedas- a)>30/min b)40 c)50 d)60 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,50
94. Mostimportantfeaturetodiagnose severebpneumonia- a)Cyanosis b)Chestindrawing c)Nasalflaring d)Fastbreathing CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ChestindrawingoTheonlysignforseverepneumoniaischestindrawing.
95.WhyaTBpatientisrecommendaregimen of4drugson1stvisit- a)Toavoidemergenceofpersistors b)Toavoidsideeffects c)Tocureearly d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,ToavoidemergenceofpersistorsTwophasechemotheraphvoTherearetwophaseoftreatmentoftuberculosisi)IntensivephaseThisisshortphaseintheearlycourseoftreatmentandlastsfor1-3months.Threeormoredrugsaregiventokillasmanybacilliaspossible,whichpreventsemergenceofpersisters.Theriskofrelapseisalsolessened.ContinuationphaseItisaimedatsterilizingthesmallernumberofdormantorpersistingbacilli.
96.TBmultidrugregimenisgivento- a)Preventresistance b)Broadspectrum c)Preventsideeffects d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PreventresistanceoMultidrugtreatmentinTBisgivento?i)Preventemergenceofpersistersii)Preventrelapseiii)Preventemergenceofresistanceiv)shortenthedurationoftreatment
97.4drugsinAKTusedbecause- a)Decreaseinresistancebymutation b)Decreaseinresistancebyconjugation c)Tocurediseaseearly d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,DecreaseinresistancebymutationoMostcommonmethodforproductionofresistanceagainstATTismutation.oMultidrugtreatmentpreventsemergenceofresistance.Thus,multidrugtreatmentpreventemergenceofresistanceduetomutation.
98. ThedirectBCGvaccinationinIndiais givenuptoageof- a)10year b)15year c)20year d)None CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'None'FirstyoushouldknowwhatdoesdirectvaccinationmeanDirectBCGvaccinationWhenBCGvaccinationisgivenwithoutpriormantouxtest,itisreferredasdirectBCGvaccination.Itisrecommendedupto1yearofage.IndirectBCGvaccinationoWhenBCGvaccinationisgivenaftermantouxtest,itisreferredasindirectBCGvaccination.Itisrecommendedbeyondtheageof1year.
99.Poliovirusisshedinstoolupto- a)6weeks b)8weeks c)10weeks d)12weeks CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,12weeksInthefaces,thevirusisexcretedcommonlyfor2to3weeks,sometimesaslongas3to4months.
100.Allaretrueaboutpolio,except- a)99%nonparalytic b)Flaccidparalysis c)Exaggeratedtendonreflexes d)Asepticmeningitis CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,ExaggeratedtendonreflexesoThereareabsenttendonreflexes(notexaggerated).oParalyticpoliooccursinonly1%cases(thatmeans99%isnon-paralytic).oThereisflaccidparalysis.oAspeticmeningitisoccursin1%ofcases.
101.Trivalentoralpoliovaccinecontains, type3virus- a)100,000TCID50 b)200,000TCID50 c)300,000TCID50 d)400,000TCID50 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,300,000TCID50Oral(sabin)poliovaccineItcontainsliveattenuatedviruss(type1,2and3)growninprimarymonkeykidneyorhumandiploidcellculture.oThevaccinecontains:-i)Over300,000TCID50oftype1poliovirusii)Over100,000TCID50oftype2poliovirusiii)Over300,000TCID50oftype3poliovirusoDose2drop(0.1ml)ScheduleinNationalImmunizationProgrammeofIndia.DoseAgeOPV-0(Zerodose)AtbirthOPV-16weeksOPV-210weeksOPV-314weeksOPV-B(Boosterdose)16-24monthsoDevelopmentofimmunity-->OPVinduceslocalintestinalimmunitybyproductionofsecretoryIgAaswellashumoralimmunitybyinducingproductionofserumantibodies(IgG).So,itgivesprotectionfromparalysisandalsopreventsinfectionofthegutbywildviruses.
102.Criteriafordefiningpolioepidemicare allexcept? a)2ormorecases b)Casesshouldoccurinsamelocality c)Causedbysamevirustype d)Casesoccurringduring6monthperiod CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Casesoccuringduring6monthperiodoAnepidemicofpolioisdefinedas2ormorelocalcasescausedbysamevirustypeinany4weekperiod.So,ithasfollowingfeatures-i)2ormorecasesofpolioii)Causedbysamevirustypeiii)Within4weekperiod
103.Whichischoleravaccine- a)Ty21A b)HGD-103 c)WC-rBS d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,WC-rBS CholeraVaccine KilledvaccinesDukoral(WC-rBS)SancholandmORCVAX
104.ORScontains75mEq/l- a)Sodium b)Potassium c)Glucose d)Chloride CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Sodium Glucose shouldatleastequalthatofsodiumbutshouldnotexceed111mmol/l Sodium shouldbewithintherangeof60-90mEq/l Potassium shouldbewithintherangeof15-25mEq/lCitrate shouldbewithintherangeof8-12mmol/l Chloride shouldbewithintherangeof50-80mEq/l
105.ORSnewosmolarityis- a)270 b)245 c)290 d)310 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,245oOsmolarityofnewORS(reducedosmolarityORS)is245mmol/litre.
106. Intyphoidapermanentcarrierisone whoexcretesbacilliformorethan- a)3months b)6months c)1year d)3years CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,1yearConvalescentcarriersshedthebacilliinfecesforthreeweekstothreemonthspost-infection.Temporarycarriersshedthebacilliforbetweenthreeandtwelvemonths,andchroniccarriersshedthebacilliformorethanoneyearBacillipresistinthegallbladderorkidneyandareeliminatedinthefeces(fecalcarriers)orurine(Urinarycarrier),respectively.oThedevelopmentofthecarrierstateismorecommoninwomenandinolderagegroups(over40yrs)oCarriersarethemorefrequentsourceofinfectionthancases.oUrinarycarriageislessfrequentbutmoredangerousthanintestinalcarriers.oNote-->Permanentcarriersareamongstthechroniccarriers.
107.Incubationperiodofplasmodiumvivax is- a)5-7days b)7-10days c)10-14days d)15-30days CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,10-14days
108.MalariaistransmittedinRuralareasby? a)Anophelesstephensi b)Anophelesdirus c)Anophelesculicifacies d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Anophelesculicifacies
109. Mostcommonanophelesmosquitofor malariainIndia- a)Anophelesstephensi b)Anophelessubpictus c)Anophelesfluviatilis d)Anophelesdims CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Anophelesstephensi"AnophelesstephensiisthemajormalariavectorinIndia______________FoundationofCommunityMedicine
110.Doseofchloroquineat4-8year- a)150mg b)300mg c)450mg. d)600mg. CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,300mgo2tabletsof150mgaregiven.Chloroquinetablestsasperagegroups Chloroquinetablets150mgbase Agein Day1 Day2 Day3 years<1 Y2 'A 1/4 1-4 1 1 'A 5-8 2 2 1 9-14 3 3 1V2 15& 4 4 2 aboveDoseofprimaquineforPfalciparum(singledose)<1yearContraindicated1-4years7.5mg.5-8years15mg.9-14years30mg.
15years45mg.DailydoseofprimaquineforPvivax(for14days)<1yearContraindicated1-4years2.5mg5-8years5mg9-14years10mg15years15mgNote:SingledoseofprimaquineforP.falciparumis3timesthedailydoseofprimaquineforP.vivax.
111.Prophaylaxisformalarianotused- a)Doxycycline b)Artesunate c)Chloroquine d)Mefloquine CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ArtesunateoDrugsusedforprophylaxisofmalariaarechloroquine,proguanil,doxycycline,mefloquineandhydroxychloroquine.
112.Chemoprohylaxisofchloroquine includes- a)300mgBD/week b)600mgOD/week c)600mg/week d)300mgOD/week CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,300mgOD/weekDrugDoseforchemoprophylaxisChloroquine300mg(3tabletsof100mgor2tabletsof150mg)onceaweekor100mg/dayfor6dayeveryweekProguanil400mgperday(2tabletsof200mg)Mefloquine250mgonceaweekDoxycycline100mgperday.
113. Maximumdensityofmicrofilariasisin bloodisreportedtobebetween- a)9pmto11pm b)11pmto2am c)8pmto10pm d)2amto5am CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'B'i.e.,11pmto2amThemicrofilariaofW.bancroftiandB.malayioccurringinIndiadisplayanocturnalperiodicity,i.e.,theyappearinlargenumbersatnightandretreatfromthebloodstreamduringtheday.Thisisabiologicaladaptationtothenocturnalbitinghabitsofvectormosquitoes.Themaximumdensityofmicrofilariainthebloodisreportedbetween10pmand2am.Whenthesleepinghabitsofthehostarealtered,areversalinperiodicityhasbeenobserved.
114.Concentrationofdiethylcarbomazinein DECmedicatedsaltinendemicfilariasisis a)2-4gm/kg b)3-6gm/kg c)5-10gm/kg d)10-15gm/kg CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,2-4gm/kgoTheuseofDEC-medicatedsaltisaspecialformofmasstreatmentusingverylowdosesofdrugoveralongperiodoftime.oCommonsaltmedicatedwith1-4gofDECperkghasbeenusedforfilariasiscontrolinendemicareasofW.bancroftiandBmalayi,particularlyinLakshadweepislands.oTreatmentshouldbecontinuedforatleast6-9months.
115.Basedonthetypeoflifecycle,zoonoses areclassifiedintoallofthefollowingexcept- a)Cyclo-zoonoses b)Meta-zoonoses c)Anthropozoonoses d)Sporozoonoses CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,AnthropozoonosesClassificationofzoonoses1)Basedondirectionoftransmission:(i)Anthropozoonoses,(ii)Zoonthroponoses,and(iii)Amphixenoses2)Basedontypeoflifecycle:(i)Directzoonoses,(ii)Cyclo-zoonoses,(iii)Meta-zoonoses,and(iv)Sporozoonoses.
116.Whichofthefollowingisazoonotic disease? a)Hydatidcyst b)Malaria c)Filariasis d)denguefever CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,HydatidcystImportantzoonosesI.Bacterial?4Anthrax,Brucellosis,Ornithoses,Q-fever,Leptospirosis,TB,Plague,Tularemia,Salmonellosis.2.Viral-->Cowpox,Monkeypox,Easternequine,encephalitis,Rossriverfever,Yellowfever,Japaneseencephalitis,Lassafever,Rabies.3.Protozoal--->Leishmaniasis,Toxoplasmosis,Trypanosomiasis,Babesiosis.4.Helminthic---->Clonorchiasis,Fasciolopsis,Schistosomiasis,Echinococus(hydatiddisease),Taeniasis,Trichinellosis.
117.Whichvirusisusedtoproducerabies vaccine? a)Wild b)Street c)Fixed d)LiveAttenuated CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,FixedoTherearetwostrainsofrabiesvirus:?i)Streetvirus-Thisthevirus,responsiblefornaturalrabiesandisisolatedfromnaturalhumanoranimalinfection.ii)Fixedvirus-Itisisolatedafterseveralserialintracerebralpassageinrabbit.Itisusedtopreparerabiesvaccine.
118.Scheduleofintradermalrabiesvaccineis ? a)2-2-0-1-0-1 b)8-0-4-0-1-1 c)8-4-4-1-0-1 d)2-0-2-0-0 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,2-0-2-0-0WHO-recommendedandalternativepre-exposureprophylacticregimens PrEP Duration Numberofinjectionsitesperclinic regimen ofcourse visit(days0,3,7,14,21?28) WHO-recommendedintradermalregimenTwovisits 7days 2-0-2-0-0 WHO-recommendedintramuscularregimenTwovisits 7days 1-0-1-0-0 PrEPunderspecificcircumstancesSinglevisit, 1day 2-0-0-0-0 intradermalSinglevisit, 1day 1-0-0-0-0 intramuscular
119. Siteforinjectionofcellculturerabies vaccine- a)Gluteus b)Subcutaneous c)Deltoid d)Anteriorabdominalwall CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DeltoidoRabiesvaccineisgivenbyeitheroftworoutes:?i)Intramuscular:Deltoid(mostpreferred)and/orthigh(inchildren<2years,anterolateralthighispreferred).ii)Intradermal:Overdeltoidand/orthigh.oInintramuscularregimen,injectionisgivenintodeltoid,whileinintradermalregimen,injectionisgivenintradermallyoverdeltoid.
120.Yellowfeveraedesagyptiindexshould be? a)<1% b)<5% c)<10% d)<20% CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,<1%
121.Thedistancefromairportorseaport whichhastobefreefrommosquitoesis- a)400m b)500m c)1km d)100m CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,400m
122.Theinternationalquarantineperiodfor yellowfeverasapprovedbytheGovernmentofIndiais? a)6days b)9days c)10days d)12days CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,6daysoQuarantineperiod-->6daysfromthedateofleavinganinfectedarea.oValidityofcertificate-->Starts10daysafterthedateofvaccination.
123.Mucocutaneousleishmaniasisiscaused by- a)L-braziliensis b)L.tropica c)L.donovani d)L-orientalis CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,L.braziliensisLeishmaniasisoVisceralleishmaniasis(Kalaazar)-L.donovaniCutaneousLeishmaniasisa)Orientalsore-L.tropicab)Mucocutaneousleishmaniasis(Espundia)-L.brasiliensis
124.Epidemictyphuscause&vector- a)Rickettessiaeprowazki&Louse b)R.typhi&mite c)R.conorii&tick d)R.akari&mite CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Rickettessiaeprowazki&Louse
125.Vectorofscrubtyphusinman? a)O.tsutsugamushi b)Leptotrombidiumdeliense c)Lice d)Pediculoushumanus CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,LeptotrombidiumdelienseoForscrubtyphus:-CausativeagentR.tsutsugamushiVectortrombiculidmite(LeptotrombidiumdelineseandL.akamushi)
126.Toachieveneonataltetanuselimination, incidenceofneonataltetanusper1000livebirthsshouldbereducedtolessthan- a)0.1 b)02 c)0.5 d)1.0 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is`a'i.e.,0.1oDistrictsarebeingclassifiedintothreecategories,dependingonneonataltetanusincidencerate,immunizationcoverageinpregnantwomen,andproportionofcleandeliveriesbytrainedpersonnel.1.Neonataltetanushighrisk:-oNTincidencerate>1/1000livebirthsorTT2coverage<70%orAttendeddeliveries<50%2.NeonataltetanuscontrolNTincidencrate<1/1000livebirthorTT2coverage>70%.orAttendeddeliveries>50%.3.NeonataltetanuseliminationNTincidencerate<0.1/1000livebirthor
orTTCcoverage>90%.orAttendeddeliveries>75%
127."Multibacillary"isaspectrumofdisease, seenin- a)Leprosy b)TB c)Tetanus d)Trachoma CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Leprosy
128. 2yrsdurationintermsofleprosyiswith regardto- a)Rxofpaucibacillaryleprosy b)Rxofmultibacillaryleprosy c)PostRxsurveillanceofpaucibacillaryleprosy d)PostRxsurveillanceofmultibacillaryleprosy CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,PostRxsurveillanceofpaucibacillaryleprosy
129.Lifespanofcut380a- a)10yrs b)20yrs c)1yrs d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,10years
130.CopperTisideallyinsertedat- a)Justbeforemenstruation b)Onthe26thday c)Justaftermenstruation d)Onthe14thday CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,JustaftermenstruationTimingofinsertionAlthoughtheloopcanbeinsertedatalmostanytimeduringawoman'sreproductiveyears(exceptduringpregnancy),themostpropitioustimeforloopinsertionisduringmensturationorwithin10daysofthebeginningofamensturalperiod.oDuringthisperiod,insertionistechnicallyeasybecausethediameterofthecervicalcanalisgreateratthistimethanduringthesecretoryphase.oTheuterusisrelaxedandmyometrialcontractionswhichmighttendtocauseexpulsionareataminimum.oInaddition,theriskthatawomanispregnantisremoteatthistime.
131.AbsolutecontraindicationforIUD(Intra UterineContraceptiveDevice)areallexcept? a)Pregnancy b)Undiagnosedvaginalbleeding c)Pelvicinflammatorydisease d)Uterinemalformation CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'di.e.,UterinemalformationContraindicationsABSOLUTE:a)Suspectedpregnancyb)Pelvicinflammatorydiseasec)Vaginalbleedingofundiagnosedetiologyd)Cancerofthecervix,uterusoradnexaandotherpelvictumourse)PreviousectopicpregnancyRELATIVE:a)Anaemiab)Menorrhagiac)HistoryofPID(PelvicInflammatoryDisease)sincelastpregnancyd)Purulentcervicaldischargee)Distortionsoftheuterinecavityduetocongenitalmalformations,fibroidf)Unmotivatedperson
132. Allofthefollowingarepostcoital contraceptionmethodsexcept- a)Mifepristone b)IUD c)Levonorgestrol d)Barriermethods CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Barriermethods
133.MeanbirthweightinIndia- a)2.0-2.4kg b)2.4-2.5kg c)2.5-2.9kg d)>3.0kg CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,2.5-2.9kgMeanbirthweightinDifferentpartsoftheworldRegionMeanbirthweightNorthAmerica,WesternEurope,Australia3.5-3.6kgEasternEurope3.1-3.3kgAfricaandEastAsia2.9-3.1kgSouthAsiancountries2.7kgoInIndia,meanbirthweightrangesfrom24.9kgto28.8kg.
134.MCHcareisassessedby- a)Deathrate b)Birthrate c)Maternalmortalityrate d)Anemiainmother CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,MaternalmortalityrateImportantMCHindicators 1. Maternalmortalityrate2. Mortalityininfancyandchildhood a)Perinatalmortalityrateb)Neonatalmortalityratec)Post-neonatalmortalityrated)Infantmortalityratee)1-4yearmortilityratef)Under5mortalityrateg)Childsurvivalrate
135.Quarterofpostnatalmotherdeathis causedby? a)Infection b)Bleeding c)Eclampsia d)Anemia CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,Bleedingo25%ofmaternaldeatharecausedbyseverebleeding,generallyoccuringpost-partum.
136.Maternalmortalityismaximuminwhich period a)Antepartum b)Peripartum c)Postpartum d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PeripartumoMaternaldeathmostlyoccurfromthethirdtrimestertothefirstweekafterbirth.Studiesshowthatmortalityrisksformothersareparticularlyelevatedinthefirsttwodaysafterbirth.
137. Maximummaternalmortalityduring peripartumperiodoccursat- a)Lasttrimester b)Duringlabor c)Immediatepost-partum d)Delayedpost-partum CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Immediatepost-partumoStudiesshowthatmortalityrisksformotherareparticularlyelevatedinthefirsttwodaysafterbirth,i.e.immediatepost-partumperiod.oAwomenismostvulnearbleatpost-partumperiod.About50-70%maternaldeathoccuringinthepost-partumperiodofwhich45%deathsoccurinfirst24hoursafterdeliveryandmorethantwo-thirddruingthefirstweek.
138.CalculateIMRifinapopulationof100000 thereare3000livebirthsinayearand150infantdeathsinthesameyear- a)75 b)18 c)5 d)50 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,50
139.Whichistheleastcommoncauseamong theseofinfantmortalityinIndia- a)Infections b)Prematurity c)Birthinjuries d)Congenitalmalformations CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Birthinjuries
140.Bestindicatorofavailability,utilisation& effectivenessofhealthservices- a)IMR b)MMR c)HospitalbedOCR d)DALY CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,IMR
141.Mostcommoncauseofinfantmortality? a)LBW b)Injury c)ART d)Tetanus CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LBW
142.Perinatalmortalityrateincludewhichof thefollowing? a)Abortions+Stillbirthearlyneonataldeaths b)Stillbirth+earlyneonataldeaths c)Abortions+earlyneonataldeaths d)Deathsupto42dysafterbirth CorrectAnswer-BAns.isb'i.e.,Stillbirth+earlyneonataldeath
143.Humanmilkwithrespecttocowmilkhas - a)Lessfat b)Lessprotein c)Lesscarbohydrate d)aandb CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'a'i.e.,Lessfat;`b'LessproteinHumanmilkhaslessfat,lessprotein,morecarbohydratesandlesscalcium,incomparisontocowmilk.Humanmilkhaslesssodium,potassiumandchloride.However,thesesubstancesareincorrectamount(thoughless)inhumanmilk. Salts(meq/L) Cow'smilk Humanmilk Sodium 25(toomuch) 6.5(correctamount) Chloride 29(toomuch) 12(correctamount) Potassium 35(toomuch) 14(correctamount)
144.Whatisabsentinbreastmilk? a)VitK b)VitC c)Lactose d)VitA CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,VitaminKoMilksfromthemotherwhosedietissufficientandproperlybalancedwillsupplyallthenecessarynutrientsexceptfluorideandVitaminD.oTheironcontentofhumanmilkislow,butmostnormalterminfantshavesufficientironstoresforthefirst4-6months.Humanmilkironiswellabsorbed.Nonetheless,by6monthsthebreast-fedinfant'sdietshouldbesupplementedwithironfortifiedcomplementaryfoods.oTheVitaminKcontentofhumanmilkislowandmaycausehemorrhagicdiseaseofnewborn.
145.Colostrumshasincomparedtonormal milk? a)DecreasedK b)DecreasedNa c)Increasedproteins d)Increasedcalories CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Increasedproteins
146.Innormaldelivery,breastfeedingshould bestarted? a)6hourafterdelivary b)2hourafterdelivary c)4hourafterdelivary d)None CorrectAnswer-DAnsisdNoneoBreastfeedingshouldbeinitiatedwithin30min.ofanormalvaginaldelivery.oBreastfeedingshouldbeinitiatedwithin4hrsofdeliverybycaesariansection.
147.ICDSwaslaunchedat- a)Communitydevelopmentblock b)Townlevel c)Citylevel d)Districtlevel CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CommunitydevelopmentblockoICDSwaslaunchedon2"dOctober1975in33Communitydevelopmentblock.oICDSprogrammeisagloballyrecognizedcommunitybasedearlychildcareprogramme,whichaddressesthebasicinterrelatedneedsofyoundchildren,expectantandnursingmothersandadolescentgirlsacrossthelifecycle,inaholisticmanner.
148.Nutritionalsupplementfortwoyearold childunderICDSschemeis- a)200Calorie b)300Calorie c)400Calorie d)500Calorie CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,500caloriesoUnderICDSSchemesupplementarynutritionisgivento:Childrenbelow6yrsNursingmothersExpectantmothersoTheaimistosupplementnutritionalintakefor1)Eachchild6-72monthsofage--)500caloriesand12-15gramsofprotein(financialnormofRs6.00perchildperday).2)Severelymalnourishedchild6-72monthsofage-->800caloriesand20-25gramsprotein(financialnormofRs6.00perchildperday).3)Eachpregnantandnursingwoman600caloriesand18-20gramsofprotein(financialnormofRs5.00perbeneficiaryperday).Undertherevisednutritionalandfeedingnormsforsupplementarynutrition,Stategovernments/UTshavebeenmandatedtoprovidemorethanonemealtothechildrenwhocometoAWCs,whichincludeprovidingamorningsnackintheformofmilk/banana/egg/seasonalfruit/micronutrientfortifiedfoodfollowedbyahotcookedmeal.Forchildrenbelow3yearsofageandpregnant&lactatingmothers,"takehomeration"istobeprovided.oSupplementarynutritionisgivenfor300daysayear.
149.Directcashtransferschemeto adolescentgirlsiscoveredunder- a)IndiraGandhischeme b)RajivGandhischeme c)CSSM d)RCH CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,RajivGandhiSchemeoDirectcashtransferschemetoadolescentgirlscomesunder"RajivGandhiSchemeforEmpowermentofAdolescentGirls"
150.Childprotectionschemeisunderwhich ministry- a)Ministryofhealthandfamilywelfare b)MinistryofSocialwelfare c)Ministryofwomenandchilddevelopment d)Ministryofeducation CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,MinistryofwomenandchilddevelopmentoIn2006theMinistryofWomenandChildDevelopment(MWCD)proposedadoptionofIntegratedChildProtectionScheme(ICPS).oIn2009thecentralgovernmenttaketheschemeitsapprovalandhasbeguntheextensivetaskofprovidingchildrenwithaprotectiveandsafeenvironmenttodevelopandflorish.oThepurposeoftheschemeistoprovideforchildrenindifficultcircumstances,aswellastoreducetherisksandvulnerabilitieschildrenhaveinvarioussituationsandactionsthatleadtoabuse,neglect,exploitation,abondonmentandseparationofchildren.
151.Homeswherechildrenareplacedunder thecareofdoctorsandpsychiatristsarecalled- a)Fosterhomes b)Borstals c)Remandhomes d)Childguidanceclinics CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,RemandhomesChildplacement:oOrphanages:Forchildrenwhohavenohomeorcannotbetakencareofbytheirparents.oFosterHomes:Severaltypesoffacilitiesforrearingchildrenotherthaninnaturalfamilies.oAdoption:Legaladoptionconfersuponchildandtheadoptiveparents,rightsandresponsibilitiessimilartothatofnaturalparents.oRemandHomes:Childisplacedunderthecareofdoctors,psychiatristsandothertrainedpersonneltoimprovethementalandphysicalwellbeingofthechild.
152.Ujjwalaisfor- a)Childabuse b)Childtrafficking c)Childlabour d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ChildtraffickingoThe'Ministryofwomen&childDevelopment'hasformulatedanewcomprehensiveschemeforpreventionoftraffickingandrescue,rehabilitationandreintegrationofvictimsoftraffickingandcommercialsexualexploitation.oThenewschemehasbeenconceivedprimarilyforthepurposepreventingtraffickingontheonehandandrescueandrehabilitationofvictimsontheother.oTargetgroupincludes-i)Women&childrenwhoarevulnerabletotraffickingforcommercialsexualexploitation.ii)Women&childrenwhoarevictimsoftraffickingforcommercialsexualexploitation.
153.Perinatalmortalityincludesdeaths- a)After28weeksofgestation b)First7daysafterbirth c)Both d)Fromperiodofviability CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Both
154.Energyrequirementinlatepregnancy- a)2500cal b)1400cal c)1000cal d)1000cal CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,2500Cal
155.Proteinqualityassessmentisbestdone by? a)NPU b)Biologicalvalue c)Digestibillitycoefficient d)Aminoacidscore CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,NPUoNetproteinutilizationisconsideredtobemostpractilebecauseitistheproductofbiologicalvalueanddigestibilitycoefficientdividedby100.
156.ThehighestconcentrationsofVitaminA isseenin- a)Polarbearliver b)Codliveroil c)Sharkliveroil d)Papaya CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CodliveroilAmongstthegivenoptions,codliveroilhashighestconcentration.
157.'VitaminArequirementininfantis- a)350g b)600g c)800g d)1000g CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,350g
158.JowarisPellogerogenicduetoexcess of- a)Leucine b)Lysine c)Tryptophan d)Methioninc CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LeucineoSimilartomaize,JowaralsoContainsexcessofleucine.oLeucineinterfereswithconversionoftryptophantoniacin.oPellagrahasbeenreportedinIndiainTelanganaareaofAndhraPradeshbecauseofSower(Sorghumvulgare)consumption.
159.Forevery100kilocalories,vitaminB, requiredis- a)0.05mg b)0.5mg c)5.0mg d)1.0gn CorrectAnswer-AAns.is`a'i.e.,0.05rugThiamineisrequired0.5mgper1000K.calofenergyintake,i.e.,0.05mgper100Kcal.
160.DailyironrequirementinhealthyIndian maleis- a)35mg b)17mg c)10mg d)5mg CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'bi.e.,17mg Iron Recommended Group absorbed/day(mg) intake Adultmale 0.84 17 Adultfemale 1.65 21 (mensturating) 35(extra14 Pregnantwoman 2.80(extra1.15) mg/day) Lactatingwoman(0-6 1.65 21 months)Infant(6-12months) 0.7 S Adolescentboys(13-15 1.6 32 years)Adolescentgirls(13-15 1.36 27 years)
161.IodineRDAis- a)300microgram b)500microgram c)150microgram d)50microgram CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c"i.e.,150microgratnoTheRDAofiodineforadultsis150microgram.
162.Iodinedeficiencycontrolprogramme? a)Healtheducation b)Watertesting c)Fortificationofsalt d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,FortificationofsaltIodizedsalt(saltfortifiedwithiodine)ismosteconomical,convenientandeffectivemeansofmassprophylaxisinendemicarea.
163.Iodinecomesiniodinesalt.Requirmen tatproductionandconsumerlevelrespectively- a)20&10PPNI b)30&10PPM c)30&15PPM d)30&20PPM CorrectAnswer-CAns.is"c'i.e.,30&15PPM
164.Maximumcalciumisseenin- a)Jowar b)Bajara c)Ragi d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,RagiMilletsoTheterm"millet"isusedforsmallergrains:-i)Jowar(Sorghum)ii)Bajara(Pearlmillet)iii)RagioAmongstmilletsMaximumproteinBajraMaximumfatBajraMaximumcarbohydrateJowarMaximumminerals&CalciumRagiMaximumvitBcomplexJowarMaximumenergyBajraMaximumironBajra
165.Whichnuthashighestproteincontent- a)Walnut b)Groundnut c)Almond d)Coconut CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,GroundnutoNutscommonlyconsumedinIndiaarecoconut,groundnut,cashewnut,walnutandalmond.oGroundnuthasmaximumproteincontents.oThereisnoneedtorememberthistable.Iamsummarizingitforyou.GroundnuthasmaximumproteinandCarbohydrate.Coconuthasminimumprotein.Walnuthasmaximumfat.Groundnuthasminimumfat.oAlmondhasminimumcarbohydrate.Almondhasmaximumminerals.Coconuthasminimumminerals.
166. Studentsreceivehowmuchcereal/dayinmiddaymealprog- a)50gm b)100gm c)150gm d)75gm CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,75gm
167.Middaymealprogrammecomesunder? a)MinistryofSocialWelfare b)Ministryofeducation c)MinistryofHumanResourcesDevelopments d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,MinistryofeducationItisalsocalledasNationalProgrammeofNutritionalSupporttoPrimaryEducation.Itwaslaunchedin1995.Mid-daymealshouldprovide1/3oftotalenergyand1/2oftotalproteinrequirements.
168.Calciumrequirementabovethenormal duringthefirstsixmonthoflactationis- a)400Mgiday b)550mg/day c)600mg/day d)750mg/day CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,600mg
169.Adultnon-pregnantfemalerequires, Calciumperday- a)400mg b)600mg c)800mg d)1000mg CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,600mgoAdultnon-pregnantfemalerequires600mgcalciumperday.
170.TheICDSschemeissponsoredby a)Ministryofhealth&familywelfare b)MinistryofSocialwelfare c)Ministryofeducation d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Ministryofsocialwelfare
171.Mostcommoncauseofpollutionof drinkingwater a)Domesticwaste b)Industrialwaste c)Radioactivesubstances d)Agriculturalpollutants CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,IndustrialwasteoTwomostcommoncausesofwaterpollutioni)Domesticsewageii)IndustrialwastesAmongthesetwoindustrialwastesarethemostcommon
172.Whichofthefollowingiswater-related disease a)Yellowfever b)Scabies c)Cholera d)Dysentery CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Yellowfever*Watercancausediseasenotonlybydrinkingbutalsobyvariousothermodes,directlyorindirectly.*Dependinguponthetypeoftransmission,thediseasesareclassified.*PublicHealthClassificationofWaterbornediseases*Waterbornediseases:Occurduetodrinkingcontaminatedwater,transmittedbythefaeco-oralroute.Examples:Typhoid,Cholera.Dysentery,ViralHepatitisA*Waterwasheddiseases:Includeinfectionsoftheouterbodysurfacewhichoccurduetoinadequateuseofwaterorimproperhygiene.Examples:Scabies,Trachoma,Typhus,Bacillarydysentery,Amoebicdysentery*Water-baseddiseases:Referstoinfectionstransmittedthroughanaquaticinvertebrateanimal.Examples:Schistosomiasis.Dracunculiasis(Guineawormdisease)*Water-relateddiseases(Waterbreedingdiseases):Areinfectionsspreadbyinsectsthatdependonwater.Examples:Malaria,Filariasis,Dengue,Yellowfever,Onchocerciasis
173.Trueaboutslowsandfilteris a)Occupieslessspace b)Moreexpensive c)Requireslongerduration d)Sandsize0.4-0.7mm CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,RequireslongerdurationTheslowsandfilterrequiresmoretime(duration).Thesizeofthesandissmaller(0.2-0.3mm).Slowsandfilteroccupiesalargearea(morespace).Thecostofconstructionischeaperfortheslowsandfilter.
174.Testforcoliformcount? a)Eijkmantest b)Casoni'stest c)Nitratetest d)Ureasetest CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,EijkmantestAdleranalysingpresumptivecoliformcount,EcolicountiscofirmedbyothertestslikeEijkmanttestandindoleproduction.
175.Abovewhichlevelofheatstressindexit isnotpossibletoworkcomfortably- a)20-40 b)40-60 c)60-80 d)80-100 CorrectAnswer-BAns.isb'.,40-60oHSI40-60causessevereheatstrainanditisnotpossibletoworkcomfortably.
176.Whichofthefollowingisnotaindoorair pollutant? a)Carbonmonoxide b)Nitrousoxide c)Radon d)Mercury CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'di.e.,MercuryIndoorairpollutionreferstochemical.biologicalandphysicalcontaminationofindoorair,i.e.thepollutionofairwithinandaroundbuildingandstructures.Asmostofthepeoplework,study,eat,drinkandsleepinenclosedenvironments(i.e.indoor)whereaircirculationmayberestricted-->Mostpeoplespendlargeportionoftimeindoors,asmuchas80-90%oftheirlives.Therefore,morepeoplesufferfromindoorairpollutionthanoutdoorpollution.
BasicInformationonPollutantsandSourcesofIndoorAirPollutionAsbestosBiologicalPollutantsCarbonMonoxide(CO)Formaldehyde/PressedWoodProductsLead(Pb)NitrogenDioxide(NO2)PesticidesRadon(Rn)IndoorParticulateMatterSecondhandSmoke/EnvironmentalTobaccoSmokeStoves,Heaters,FireplacesandChimneysVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)
177.Whichagencymonitorsairqualityin India? a)Centralpollutioncontrolboard b)Centralairqualityboard c)Centralpublicworksdept d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CentralpollutioncontrolboardTheNationalAirQualityMonitoringProgramme,sponsoredbytheCentralPollutionControlBoard(CPCB)since1990,hasgenerateddatabaseoverlast14yearsin10majorIndiancities.
178.Inwinter,watervapoursandpollutants comestolieinthelowermostlayerofatmosphereby- a)Acidrain b)Greenhouseeffect c)Temperatureinversion d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c'i.e.,TemperatureinversionAtemperatureinversionisathinlayeroftheatmospherewherethenormaldecreaseintemperaturewithheightswitheestothetemperatureincreasingwithheight.Aninversioncanleadtopollutionsuchassmogbeingtrappedclosetothegrand(lowerlayersofatmosphere).Temperatureinversionmayoccurduringthepassageofacoldfrontorresultfromtheinvasionofseaairbyacooleronshorebreeze.oOvernightradiativecoolingofsurfaceairoftenresultsinanocturnaltemperatureinversionthatisdissipatedaftersunrisebythewarmingofairneartheground.
179.Thesourceofendogenousradiationis a)Radon b)Potassium c)Thorium d)Uranium CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e..PotassiumoRadiationispartofman'senvironment.
180.Themaximumpermissiblelevelof occupationalexposuretoradiationis...peryear- a)5rad b)2rad. c)10rad d)50rad CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,5RadTheamountofradiationreceivedfromouterspaceandbackgroundradiationhasbeenestimatedtobe0.1radayear.Apparently,thisdoesnotatpresentconstituteahazard.Theadditionalpermissibledosefrommanmadesourcesshouldnotexceed5radayear.
181.PsychrometerPsychrometerisusedto measure- a)Humidity b)Airvelocity c)Roomtemperature d)Radianttemperature CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,HumidityHumidityismeasuredbyoDryandwetBulbhygrometeroSlingpsychrometeroAssmannpsychrometeroAirvelocityismeasuredbyanemometer.oRadianttempratureismeasuredbyGlobethermometer.oRoomtempratureismeasuredbybulbthermometer.
182.Notsafedisposalbutgelidforsoil building- a)Incineration b)Controlledtipping c)Composting d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,CompostingCompostingC'ompostigisamethodofcombineddisposalofrefuseandnightsoilorsluge.oItisprocessofnaturewherebyorgaicmatterbreaksdownunderbacterialactionresultingintheformationofrelativelystablehumus-likematerial,calledthecompostwhichhasconsiderablemanurialvalueforthesoil.oCompostcontainsnoorfewdiseaseproducingorganismsandisagoodsoilbuildercontainingsmallamountsofthemajorplantnutrientssuchasnitratesandphosphates.oTherearefollowingtwomethodsofcomposting.i)Bangaloremethod(Anaerobicmethod)ii)Mechanicalcomposting(Aaerobicmethod).
183.Thehearttotheactivatedsludge processis? a)Primarysedimentationtank b)Sludgedigester c)Aerationtank d)Finalsettlingtank CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,AerationtankoTheheartoftheactivatedsludgeprocessisaerationtank.
184.Transovariantransmissionofinfection occursin- a)Fleas b)Ticks c)Mosquitoes d)bandc CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'b'i.e.,Ticks;'c'i.e.,Mosquitoes
185. TransovariantransmissionIsseenin whichinfection- a)Plague b)Guinea c)Yellowfever d)All CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e..Yellowfever
186.Studyofphysical,socialandcultural historyofmanisknownas? a)Socialscience b)Anthropology c)Acculturation d)Sociology CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'bi.e.AnthropologyoAnthropologyisstudyofphysical,socialandculturalhistoryofman.oAnthropologymaybe:(i)Physicalanthropology:Studyofhumanevolution,racialdifferences,inheritanceofbodilytraits,growthanddecayofhumanorganisms(ii)Socialanthropology:Studyofthedevelopmentandvarioustypesofsociallife.(iii)Culturalanthropology:Studyoftotalwayoflifeofcontemporaryprimitiveman.hiswayofthinking,feelingandaction.(iv)Medicalanthropology:Dealswiththeculturalcomponentintheecologyofhealthanddisease.
187.Sociology- a)Studyofhumanrelationship b)Studyofbehavior c)Both d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,BothoSociologydealswiththestudyofhumanrelationshipsandofhumanbehaviour.
188.Studyofpersontopersoninter- relationshipinasociety-Economics a)Economics b)Suciology c)Psychology d)Anthropology CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Sociology
189.Customisdefinedas- a)Establishedpatternofbehavior b)Prescribedorderofcremony c)Bantoaparticularactivity d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Establishedpatternofbehavior
190.Chronologicalage10yrs,mentalage 4yrs.Whatthatpersoncalledas? a)Idiot b)Imbecile c)Normal d)Genius CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Imbecile
191. ObjectivesofNationalMentalHealth programmeareallaccept- a)Promotecommunityparticipation b)Promoteapplicationofmentalhealthknowledge c)Providesfreeantipsychoticdrugstoall d)Provideaccessibilityofmentalhealthcare CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,ProvidesfreeantipsychoticdrugstoallNationalMentalHealthPrim-amine(NMIIPIThe(io%eminentofIndiahaslauchedtheNationalMentalHealthProgrammein1982,withthefollowingobjectives:a)Toensureavailabilityandaccessibilityofminimummentalhealthcareforallintheforeseeablefuture,particularlytothemostvulnerableandunderprivilegedsectionofthepopulation.b)Toencouragetheapplicationofmentalhealthknowledgeingeneralhealthcareandinsocialdevelopment.c)Topromotecommunityparticipationinthementalhealthservicedevelopment.oTheDistrictMentalHealthProgramme(DMHP)waslaunchedunderNMHPintheyear1996,whichwasbasedon'BellaryModel'withthefollowingcomponents.a)Earlydetectionandtreatment.b)Trainingofgeneralphvsiansandhealthworkers.c)IEC':Publicawarenessgeneration.d)Monitoring(forsimplerecordkeeping).oTheNMHPwasre-strategizedinyear2003withfollowingcomponents:?1)ExtensionofDMHPto100districts.
2)Upgradationofpsychiatricwinginmedicalcolleges/Generalhospitals.3)Modernizationofstatementalhospitals.4)IEC5)Monitoringandevalutation.
192.Effectofenvironmentongenesis called? a)PositiveEugenics b)NegativeEugenics c)Euthenics d)Enthenics CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,EuthenicsEugenicsSciencewhichaimstoimprovethegeneticendomentofhumanpopulation.oThatisimprovingthequalityofthehumanspeciesorahumanpopulationbygeneticmanipulation.oEugenismaybe:1.NegativeDiscouragingreproductionbypersonshavinggeneticdefectorpresumedtohaveinheritableundesirabletraitsthisincludesabortions,sterilization&othermethodsfamilyplaning.2.PostiveEugenics->Encouragingreproductionpresumedtohaveinheritabledesirabletrait.Forexample,invitro-fertilization,cloning,eggtransplantationetc.EuthenickEuthenicsdealwithhumanimprovementthroughalteringtheexternalenvironment(environmentalmanipulation).Itincludeseducation,preventionandremovalofcontagiousdiseaseandparasites,educationregardinghomeeconomics,sanitationandhousing.
193.Hardly-weinberglawisrelatedto- a)Populationgenetics b)Healtheconomics c)Socialmedicine d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PopulationgeneticsHardly-WeinberglawThehardly-weinherglawstatesthat"Therelativefrequenciesofeachgenealleletendstoremainconstantfromgenerationtogeneration".oThus,thestudyofgenefrequencies,andtheinfluenceswhichoperatetoalterthe"genepool"andtheirlongtermconsequencesisthecentralthemeinpopulationgenetics.
194.Acculturationis? a)Traige b)Culturalchangesduetosocialisation c)Attitude d)Belief CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CulturalchangesduetosocialisationAcculturationisaprocessofsocial,psychological,andculturalchangethatstemsfromthebalancingoftwocultureswhileadaptingtotheprevailingcultureofthesociety.Acculturationisaprocessinwhichanindividualadopts,acquiresandadjuststoanewculturalenvironment.
195.Amountofwasteinfectiousproducedin hospitals? a)45% b)65% c)80% d)100% CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,45%
196.Whichwastecannotbeincinerated- a)Anatomicwaste b)Microbiologywaste c)Halogenatedplastic d)Infectiouswaste CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Halogenatedplastic
197.BestforIncinerationofinfectiouswaste? a)Double-chamber b)Single-chamber c)Triple-chamber d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Double-chamberoThreebasickindsofincinerationtechnologyareofinterestfortreatmentofhealhcarewastes:i)Double-chamberpyrolyticincineratorswhichmaybeespeciallydesignedtoburninfectioushealthcarewaste.ii)Single-chamberfurnaceswithstaticgrate,whichshouldbeusedonlyifpyrolyticincineratorsarenotaffordable.iii)Rotarykilnsoperatingathightemperatures,capableofcausingdecompositionofgenotoxicsubstancesandheat-resistantchemicals.
198. Whichisthecalamitywithmostamount ofdamage- a)Flood b)Earthquake c)Landslides d)Volcanoes CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Floods
199.Trueabouttriage- a)Yellow-leastpriority b)Red-morbidity c)Green-ambulatory d)Blue-ambulatory CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Greenambulatory
200.Highpriorityintriageisfor- a)Redcolor b)Yellowcolor c)Greencolor d)Blackcolor CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Redcolour
201.Whichofthefollowingisthenodal centrefordisastermanagement a)PHC b)CHC c)Controlroom d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`C'i.e.,ControlroomoThecontrolroomisthenodalcenterintermsofdisastermanagement.oThecontrolroomplaysavitalroleindisastermanagementactivation.oItcoordinatestheflowofinformationwithrespecttoactivitiesassociatedwithreliefoperations.Duringnormaltimesitmaintainssystematicdata-basedinformationoftheresourcesavailable,importantGovernmentandnon-Governmentofficials,localbodiesandNGOs.Duringacrisis(disaster)itisexpectedtofunctionasacenterfordecisionmakingandtokeepconstanttouchwiththeaffectedareastoprovideorganizedreliefandrescueoperationsimmediatelyafteroccurrenceorreceiptwarningofdisaster.oTherewillbeseparatecontrolroomsattheblocklevel.
202.Blackcolorintriage- a)Death b)Transfer c)Highpriority d)Lowpriority CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Death
203.PropagandaIsdefinedas- a)Forcingofknowledgeintomind b)Activeaquiringofknowledge c)Requiringknowledgeafterthinking d)Trainingofpeopletousejudgmentbeforeacting CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Forcingofknowledgeintomind
204.Allaretrueaboutpaneldiscussion except? a)Twowaydiscussion b)6to20membersparticipates c)Chiefmembersinitiates d)Eachonepreparesthetopicofdiscussion CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,6-20membersparticipatesPaneldiscussionoItisatwowaycommunication.4-8personswhoarequalifiedtotalkaboutatopicanddiscussagivenprobleminfrontofalargegrouporaudience.oThepanelcomprisesachairman.oThechairmanopensthemeeting,welcomesthegroupandintroducesthepanelspeakers.oHeindroducestopicbrieflyandinvitethepanelspeakerstopresenttheirpointofview.oAfterthemainaspectsofsubjectareexploredbypanelspeakers,theaudienceisinvitedtotakepart.oIfmembersofthepanelareunacquaintedwiththismethod,theymayhaveapreliminarymeeting,preparethematerialonthesubjectanddecideuponthemethodandplanofpresentation.
205.Multi-purposeworkerschemeinIndia wasintroducedfollowingtherecommendationof? a)SrivastavaCommittee b)BhoreCommittee c)KartarSinghCommittee d)fsludaliarCommittee CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,KartarSinghcommitteeHealthPlanninginIndiaTheguidelinesfornationalhealthplanningwereprovidedbyanumberofcommittees.oThesecommitteeswereappointedbytheGovernmentofIndiafromtimetotimetoreviewtheexistinghealthsituationandrecommendmeasuresforfurtheraction.
206.Bajajcommitteein1986proposed? a)Multipurposehealthworker b)Manpowerandplanning c)RuralHealthService d)Integratedhealthservices CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Manpowerandplanning
207.MillenniumdevelopmentalgoalforHIV/ AIDS? a)6 b)3 c)8 d)1 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is`a'i.e.,6oGoal6istocombatHIV/AIDS;malariaandotherdiseases.
208.Atraineddalcatersforapopulationof- a)1000 b)2000 c)3000 d)4000 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1000Localdais(Traditionalbirthattendants)UnderRuralHealthScheme,allcategoriesoflocaldiesaretrainedtoimprovetheirknowledgeintheelementryconceptsof:-i)MCHii)Sterilization(Smallfamilynorm)TrainingTrainingisfor30workingdays.oTheyarepaidastipendo/Rs.300duringtrainingperiod.oTrainingisgivenfor2daysinaweekatPHC,subcentreorMHCcentre.oOntheremainingfourdaysoftheweektheyaccompanythehealthworkerfemale.oDuringhertrainingperiodeachdaiisrequiredtoconductatleast2deliveriesunderthesupervisionofhealthworker.Thenationaltargetistotrainonelocaldaiineachvillage.Note:Onevillageisequivalentto1000ruralpopulation.
209.KitBisgivenat- a)PHC b)Subccnter c)CHC d)FRUlevel CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Subcenter
210.Allareprinciplesofprimaryhealthcare except? a)Intersectoralcoordination b)Communityparticipation c)Appropriatetechnology d)Decentralisedapproach CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,DecentralisedapproachoThereare4mainprinciplesofprimaryhealthcare:1)Equitabledistribution2)Communityparticipation3)Intersectorialcoordination4)Appropriatetechnology
211.NVBDCPincludesallexcept? a)Malaria b)Filarial c)Kalaazar d)Chikungunya CorrectAnswer-DAns.isdi.e.,ChikungunyaoNationalVectorBorneDiseasecontrolprogramme(NVBDCP)includesmalaria,dengue,filaria,JEandkala-azar.HealthprogrammesinIndiaoSinceIndiabecomeindepedent,severalmeasureshavebeenundertakenbyNationalGovernmenttoimprovethehealthofthepeople.oProminantamongthesemeasuresaretheNATIONALHEALTHPROGRAMMESwhichhavebeenlaunchedbythecentralGovernmentforcontrol/eradicationofthecommunicablediseases,improvementofenvironmentalsanitation,raisingthestandardofnutrition,controlofpopulattionandimprovingruralhealth.NationalHealthProgrammescurentlyworkinginIndia:? 1. NationalvectorBorneDiseaseControlProgrammeMalaria,Dengue, Filaria,JE,Kala-azar. 2. Nationalleprosyeradicationprogramme.3. RevisedNationalTBcontrolprogramme.4. Nationalprogrammeforcontrolofblindness.5. Nationaliodinedeficiencydisorderscontrolprogramme.6. Nationalmenalhealthprogramme7. NationalAIDScontrolprogramme
8. Nationalcancercontrolprogramme9. UIP 10. NationalProgrammeforprevention&controlofdeafness.11. PioletProgammeonprevention&controlofDM,CVD,&deafness.12. Nationaltobaccocontrolprogramme13. RCHprogramme.
212.NationalLeprosyEradicationProgramme wasstartedin- a)1949 b)1955 c)1973 d)1983 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,1983
213.RevisedstrategyforNPCBincludesall except? a)Fixedfacilitysurgery b)IOLimplantationforcataract c)Mobilesurgicalcamps d)Uniformdistribution CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.MobilesurgicalcampsNATIONALPROGRAMMEFORCONTROLOFBLINDNESS(NPCB)ThenationalprogramforControlofBlindness(NPCB)hasbeenre-designatedrecentlyastheNationalProgrammeforControlofBlindnessandVisualImpairmentLaunchedin1976,Itisa100%centrallysponsoredscheme.Itsobjectiveistoreducetheprevalenceofeyediseasesingeneral,andtheprevalenceofblindnessfrom1.40%to0.3%by2000AD.ApexCentre(NationalEyeInstitute)isDr.RajendraPrasadCentreforOphthalmicSciences(NewDelhi,AIIMS).RevisedstrategiesofNPCBa)TomakeNPCBmorecomprehensivebystrengtheningservicesforothercausesofblindnesslikecornealblindness(requiringtransplantationofdonatedeyes),refractiveerrorsinschool-goingchildren,improvingfollow-upservicesofcataractoperatedpersonsandtreatingothercausesofblindnesslikeglaucoma;ToshiftfromtheeyecampapproachtoafixedfacilitysurgicalapproachandfromconventionalsurgerytoIOLimplantationforbetterqualityofpost-operativevisioninoperatedpatients.
operativevisioninoperatedpatients.b)ToexpandtheWorldBankprojectactivitieslikeconstructionofdedicatedeyeoperationtheatres,eyewardsatthedistrictlevel,trainingofeyesurgeonsinmoderncataractsurgeryandothereyesurgeriesandsupplyofophthalmicequipment,etc.tothewholecountry.c)TostrengthentheparticipationofVoluntaryOrganizationsintheprogramandtoearmarkgeographicareastoNGOsandGovernmentHospitalstoavoidduplicationofeffortandimprovetheperformanceofGovernmentUnitslikeMedicalColleges,DistrictHospitals,SubDivisionalHospitals,CommunityHealthCentres,PrimaryHealthCentres.d)Toenhancethecoverageofeyecareservicesintribalandotherunder-servedareas(uniformdistribution)throughtheidentificationofbilateralblindpatients,preparationofvillage-wiseblindregisterandgivingpreferencetobilateralblindpatientsforcataractsurgery.
214.UnderRCHprogramme,intervention doneinselecteddistricts- a)Immunization b)TreatmentofSTD c)ORStherapy d)VitaminAsupplementation CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e..TreatmentofSTDoInterventionsinallDistrictsoChildsurvivalinterventionsi.e.,immunization,vitaminA(topreventblindness),oralrehydrationtherapyandpreventionofdeathsduetopneumonia.Safemotherhoodinterventionse.g.,antenatalcheckup,immunizationfortetanus,safedelivery,anaemiacontrolprogramme.ImplementationofTargetFreeApproachHighqualitytrainingatalllevelsIECactivities.SpeciallydesignedRCHpackageforurbanslumsandtribalareas.Districtsub-projectsunderlocalcapacityenhancement.RTI/STDclinicsatDistrictHospitals(wherenotavailable).FacilityforsafeabortionsatPHCsbyprovidingequipment,contractualdoctorsetc.EnhancedcommunityparticipationthroughPanchayats,Women'sGroupsandNGOs.Adolescenthealthandreproductivehygiene.ojnten.entionsinselectedStates/Distts.aScreeningandtreatmentofRTI/STDatsub-divisionallevel.
EmergencyobstetriccareatselectedFRUsbyprovidingdrugs.EssentialobstetriccarebyprovidingdrugsandPHN/StaffNurseatPHCs.AdditionalANMatsub-centresintheweakdistrictsforensuringMCHcare.Improveddeliveryservicesandemergencycarebyprovidingequipmentkits.IUDinsertionsandANMkitsatsub-centres.FacilityofreferraltransportforpregnantwomenduringemergencytothenearestreferralcentrethroughPanchayatinweakdistricts.aEnhancedcommunityparticipationthroughPanchayats,Women'sGroupsandNGOs.uAdolescenthealthandreproductivehygiene.oInterventionsinselectedStates/Distts.ScreeningandtreatmentofRTI/STDatsub-divisionallevel.EmergencyobstetriccareatselectedFRUsbyprovidingdrugs.EssentialobstetriccarebyprovidingdrugsandPHN/StaffNurseatPHCs.AdditionalANMatsub-centresintheweakdistrictsforensuringMCHcare.Improveddeliveryservicesandemergencycarebyprovidingequipmentkits,IUDinsertionsandANMkitsatsub-centres.FacilityofreferraltransportforpregnantwomenduringemergencytothenearestreferralcentrethroughPanchayatinweakdistricts.EnhancedcommunityparticipationthroughPanchayats,Women'sGroupsandNGOs.Adolescenthealthandreproductivehygiene.oInterventionsinselectedStates/Distts.ScreeningandtreatmentofRTI/STDatsub-divisionallevel.EmergencyobstetriccareatselectedFRUsbyprovidingdrugs.EssentialobstetriccarebyprovidingdrugsandPHN/StaffNurseatPHCs.AdditionalANMatsub-centresintheweakdistrictsforensuringMCHcare.Improveddeliveryservicesandemergencycarebyprovidingequipmentkits,IUDinsertionsandANMkitsatsub-centres.FacilityofreferraltransportforpregnantwomenduringemergencytothenearestreferralcentrethroughPanchayatin
weakdistricts.
215.IMNCItargetgroup- a)Upto5yrs b)Upto10yrs c)Upto15yrs d)Upto20yrs CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Upto5years
216.ASHAgetsremunerationonallexcept? a)Institutionaldelivery b)ZerodoseofOPVandBCG c)Recordingbirthweight d)Birthregistration CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ZerodoseofOPVandBCG
217.IndiraGandhiMatritvaSahyogYojanais for? a)>65yearsold b)>50yearsold c)>30yearsold d)>19yearsold CorrectAnswer-DAns.isdi.e.,>19yearsoldoTheIndiraGandhiMatritvaSahyogYojana(IGMSY)isaflagshipprogramofthegovernmentofIndiaintroducedin2010undertheMinistryofWomenandChildDevelopment.oItisaconditionalcashtransferschemethattargetspregnantandlactatingwomen19yearsofageandolderwhohavetwochildren.Itsgoalistopartlycompensatethemforwage-lossduringchildbirthandchildcareandtoprovideconditionsforsaledeliveryandgoodnutritionandfeedingpractices.
218.UnderNationalCancercontrol Programme,oncologywingsweresanctionedto- a)RegionalCancerinstitutes b)DistrictHospitals c)MedicalcollegeHospitals d)VoluntaryAgeneciestreatingcancerpatients CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,MedicalcollegeHospitaloGovernmenthospitalandgovernmentmedicalcollegesareprovidedwithagrantofRs3.00croresforthedevelopmentofoncologywing.
219.WhatistheBMIforanobese person: a)Lessthan18.5 b)18.5-24.9 c)25-29.9 d)Morethan30 CorrectAnswer-DAns.D:Morethan30BMIisanestimateoftotalbodyfatmassandisprobablythemostusefulscaletodefineobesity.ObesityhasbeendefinedasaBMI>30.0kg/m2intheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)classificationBodymassindex(BMI),calculatedfrommeasuredweightandheight,wasclassifiedusingtheWorldHealthOrganizationcategoriesofunderweight(BMI<18.5kg/m2),normalweight(BMI18.5to24.9kg/m2),pre-obesity(BMI25to29.9kg/m2)andobesity(BMI30+kg/m2)
220.Trueforepidemiologicaltriad a)Time,place,person b)Agent,host,environment c)Disease,prevention,treatment d)Agent,man,disease CorrectAnswer-BAns:Bi.e.Agent,host,environmentEpidemiologicaltriadTheoccurrenceandmanifestationsofanydisease,whethercommunicableornoncommunicable,aredeterminedbytheinteractionofthefollowingthreefactors. 1. Theagent2. Thehost3. Theenvironment Thesethreefactorstogetherconstitutetheepidemiologicaltriad.Merepresenceofthesefactorsdoesnotcausedisease,theinteractionofthesethreeisrequiredforthecausationofadisease.
221.BCGvaccineisdilutedwith: September2005 a)Normalsaline b)Distilledwater c)Dextrose d)Colloids CorrectAnswer-AAns.A:NormalsalineBCGVaccine(Freeze-Dried)forintracutaneousadministration,aspreparedbyConnaughtLaboratoriesLimited,ismadefromacultureofanattenuatedstrainoflivingbovinetuberclebacillus(BacillusCalmette-Guerin).Itissuppliedasafreeze-driedproductreadyforimmediateusefollowingreconstitutionwiththeaccompanyingdiluent,whichconsistsofsterilephosphate-bufferednormalsaline.Distilledwatermaycauseirritation.
222.Measlesisinfectivefor: March2009 a)Onedaybeforeand4daysafterrash b)Fourdaysbeforeandfivedaysafterrash c)Entireincubationperiod d)Onlyduringscabsfalling CorrectAnswer-BAns.B:FourdaysbeforeandfivedaysafterrashMeasles/EnglishMeaslesisspreadthroughrespiration(contactwithfluidsfromaninfectedperson'snoseandmouth,eitherdirectlyorthroughaerosoltransmission),andishighlycontagious--90%ofpeoplewithoutimmunitysharingahousewithaninfectedpersonwillcatchit.Theinfectionhasanaverageincubationperiodof14days(range6-19days)andPeriodofcommunicabilityinmeaslesisapproximately4daysbeforeand5daysaftertheappearanceoftherash.Measlesisaninfectionoftherespiratorysystemcausedbyavirus,specificallyaparamyxovirusofthegenusMorbillivirus.Morbilliviruses,likeotherparamyxoviruses,areenveloped,single-stranded,negative-senseRNAviruses.Symptomsincludefever,cough,runnynose,redeyesandageneralized,maculopapular,erythematousrash.
223.Denominatorforcalculatingperinatal mortalityrateis:September2009 a)1000births b)1000livebirths c)1000stillbirths d)1000population CorrectAnswer-BAns.B:1000livebirths164.Perinatalmortality,definedasnumberofstillbirths(28weeksofgestationandmore)anddeathsinthefirstweekoflife(earlyneonataldeaths)per1,000livebirths,isausefuladditionalindicator,andworkisongoingtoimproveestimatesofstillbirthrates,amajorcomponentofperinatalmortality.
224.RichestsourceofvitaminDis: September2003 a)Fish b)Soyabean c)Halibutliveroil d)Vegetables CorrectAnswer-CAns.Ci.e.Halibutliver
225.Differencesbetweenhumanmilkand cowmilkareallofthefollowingexcept:September2005 a)Cowmilkhascomparativelymorefat b)Cowmilkhascomparativelymoreprotein c)Cowmilkhascomparativelymorecalcium d)Cowmilkisirondeficient CorrectAnswer-DAns.D:CowmilkisirondeficientCowmilkhascomparativelymoreenergy,fat,protein,minerals,ironandcalciumHumanmilkhascomparativelymoreoflactoseandvitaminCbutisdeficientofiron.
226.Amountofproteinsinhumanmilk(in gms):September2007 a)1.1 b)2.2 c)3.3 d)4.4 CorrectAnswer-AAns.A:1.1Each100gramsofbreastmilkyieldsapproximately:65Kilocalories88gwater7.4gcarbohydrates(primarilylactose)3.4gfat1.1gprotein
227.VitaminKisrequiredfor: March2005 a)Chelation b)Transamination c)Carboxylation d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.C:CarboxylationThefunctionofvitaminKinthecellistoconvertglutamateinproteinstogamma-carboxyglutamate(gla).Withinthecell,vitaminKundergoeselectronreductiontoareducedformofvitaminK(calledvitaminKhydroquinone)bytheenzymevitaminKepoxidereductase(orVKOR).AnotherenzymethenoxidizesvitaminKhydroquinonetoallowcarboxylationofGlutamatetogammacarboxyglutamate;thisenzymeiscalledthegamma-glutamylcarboxylaseorthevitaminK-dependentcarboxylase.ThecarboxylationreactionwillonlyproceedifthecarboxylaseenzymeisabletooxidizevitaminKhydroquinonetovitaminKepoxideatthesametime;thecarboxylationandepoxidationreactionsaresaidtobecoupledreactions.
228.AllaretrueforASHAworkerEXCEPT: March2013 a)InformsaboutbirthanddeathsinhervillagetoPHC b)Educationatleasttill4thclassorhigher c)Localresident d)Worksper1000peopleofanarea CorrectAnswer-BAns.Bi.e.Educationatleasttill4thclassorhigherASHA/AccreditedSocialHealthActivists(ASHAs)ASHAsmustprimarilybefemaleresidentsofthevillagethattheyhavebeenselectedtoserve,whoarelikelytoremaininthatvillagefortheforeseeablefuture.Married,widowedordivorcedwomenarepreferredoverwomenwhohaveyettomarrysinceIndianculturalnormsdictatethatuponmarriageawomanleaveshervillageandmigratestothatofherhusband.ASHAsmusthaveclasseighteducationorhigher,preferablybebetweentheagesof25and45,andareselectedbyandaccountabletothegrampanchayat(localgovernment).
229.Acontinuousquantitativedatacanbe depictedwiththehelpof:September2009 a)Bardiagram b)Piechart c)Histogram d)Pictogram CorrectAnswer-CAns.C:HistogramNumericaldata/quantitativedataisdatameasuredoridentifiedonanumericalscale.Numericaldatacanbeanalyzedusingstatisticalmethods,andresultscanbedisplayedusingtables,charts,histogramsandgraphs.Forexample,aresearcherwillaskaquestionstoaparticipantthatincludewordshowoften,howmanyorpercentage.Theanswersfromthequestionswillbenumerical.Examplesofquantitativedatawouldbe:'thereare643dotsontheceiling'or'thereare735piecesofbubblegum'.or'thereare8planetsinthesolarsystem'
230.Groupof4-8expertstalkinginfrontofa largegroupofaudienceisknownas:September2011 a)Symposium b)Workshop c)Seminar d)Paneldiscussion CorrectAnswer-DAns.D:PanelDiscussionInapaneldiscussion,4-8personswhoarequalifiedtotalkaboutthetopicsitanddiscussagivenproblem,orthetopic,infrontofalargegroupofaudiencePanelDiscussionApanelconsistsofasmallgroupoffouroreightpersons,whocarryonaguidedandinformaldiscussionbeforeanaudienceasifthepanelweremeetingalone.Theproceedingsofthepanelshouldbethesameasthosedescribedforinformaldiscussion:volunteeringoffacts,askingquestions,statingopinions-allexpressedwithgeniality,withrespectforthecontributionsofothermembers,withoutspeechmaking,andwithoutmakinginvidiouspersonalreferences.Thisprimaryfunctionshouldoccupyapproximatelytwo-thirdsoftheallottedtime-sayfortyminutesofanhour'smeeting.Thesecondaryfunctionofthepanelistoanswerquestionsfromtheaudience.Thisdiscussionmethodissuitableforusewhenarelativelylargeaudienceisanticipated.
audienceisanticipated.Thedisadvantageofthemethodisthatitconfinesmostofthediscussiontothepanelitself.Theaudiencelistensandisgivenachancetoaskquestions,butforthemostpartispassiveandreceptive.Paneldiscussions,ifwellconducted,areusuallymoreinterestingtotheaudiencethanisthesingle-speakerforum.Theyprovidesufficientlyvariedclashofopinionandpresentationoffactstogiveeventhequietmembersoftheaudienceafeelingofvicariousparticipation.Qualityandtasksofleadershipinpaneldiscussionaresimilartothosedescribedforinformaldiscussion.Theleadermustinadditiontakespecialcaretoselectpanelmemberswhocanthinkandspeakeffectively.Hemustalsobesurethattheypreparethemselvestodiscussthesubject.Duringthediscussionbythepaneltheleaderhassubstantiallythesamedutiesasininformaldiscussionexceptthatheshouldkeephimselfmoreinthebackgroundaschairmanofthepanel.Hecandosobecauseeachmemberofthepanelisinrealityanassistanttotheleaderandisresponsibleforspecificcontributionstotheproceedings.Whenthesubjectisthrownopentothehouse,itistheleader'sjobtorecognizeappropriatequestionsandtorejectthosenotbearingonthesubjectorinvolvingpersonalities.Somequestionshemayanswerhimself,butusuallyheshouldrepeatthequestionandcallupononeofthepaneltoanswerit.Bypreliminaryannouncementtheleadermayalsotelltheaudiencethattheymaydirectquestionsatparticularmembersofthepaneliftheychoose.Inanycase,duringthequestionperiodtheleaderneedstomaintainstrictcontrol.Onmanyoccasionsthismaybethetoughestpartofhisassignmenttocarryoffefficientlyandwithgoodhumor.Whileitiscustomarytoconfineaudiencequestionstoaspecificperiod,someleaderspermitquestionsfromtheflooratanytime.Unlessverycarefullylimitedbytheleader,thispracticemayinterferewitheffectivediscussionbythepanel.Arrangingthepanelproperlywilllendeffectivenesstothisformof
Arrangingthepanelproperlywilllendeffectivenesstothisformofdiscussion.Themembersshouldfacetheaudience.Itisimportantthateachpanelmemberadjusthischairsothathecanseeeveryothermemberwithouteffortthechairmanwillalsofindthatthebestplacesforhisreadiestspeakersareattheextremeendsofthetable.Heshouldkeepthemorereticentmemberscloseto,himsothathecanreadilydrawthemoutwithdirectquestions.Ifthequieteronessitonthefringesofthepanel,themorevolublemembersarequitelikelytomonopolizethediscussion.
231.PreobesityisdefinedasaBMIof: a)18.5-24.9 b)25-29.9 c)35-39.9 d)40-44.9 CorrectAnswer-BAns.B:25-29.9BMIisanestimateoftotalbodyfatmassandisprobablythemostusefulscaletodefineobesity.ObesityhasbeendefinedasaBMI>30.0kg/m2intheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)classificationBodymassindex(BMI),calculatedfrommeasuredweightandheight,wasclassifiedusingtheWorldHealthOrganizationcategoriesofunderweight(BMI<18.5kg/m2),normalweight(BMI18.5to24.9kg/m2),pre-obesity(BMI25to29.9kg/m2)andobesity(BMI30+kg/m2)
232.WhichofthefollowingisAmphixenoses ? a)Anthrax b)Rabies c)Trypanosomacruzi d)Salmonella CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'C'i.e.,TrypanosomacruziZoonosesZoonosesarediseasesandinfectionswhicharenaturallytransmittedbetweenvertebrateanimalandman.Thezoonosesmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothedirectionoftransmissionofdisease:1.AnthropozoonosesInfectionistransmittedtomanfromlowervertebrateanimals.ExamplesRabies,plague,hydatiddisease,anthrax,trichinosis.2.ZoonthroponosesInfectionistransmittedfrommantolowervertebrateanimalsExamplesHumantuberculosisincattle3.AmphixenosesInfectionismaintainedinbothmanandlowervertebrateanimalsthatmaybetransmittedineitherdirection.ExamplesTcruzi,S.japonicum.
233.Healthindexcharacteristicsareall except? a)Validity b)Reliability c)Affordability d)Feasibility CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,AffordabilityTherehasbeensomeconfusionoverterminology:healthindicatorascomparedtohealthindex(plural:indicesorindexes).Ithasbeensuggestedthatinrelationtohealthtrends,thetermindicatoristobepreferredtoindex,whereashealthindexisgenerallyconsideredtobeanamalgamationofhealthindicators(56).CharacteristicsofindicatorsIndicatorshavebeengivenscientificrespectability:forexampleidealindicators.Shouldbevalid,i.e.,theyshouldactuallymeasurewhattheyaresupposedtomeasure;Shouldbereliableandobjective,i.e.,theanswersshouldbethesameifmeasuredbydifferentpeopleinsimilarcircumstances.Shouldbesensitive,i.e.,theyshouldbesensitivetochangesinthesituationconcerned.Shouldbespecific,i.e.,theyshouldreflectchangesonlyinthesituationconcerned,Shouldbefeasible,i.e.,theyshouldhavetheabilitytoobtaindataneeded,and;Shouldberelevant,i.e.,theyshouldcontributetotheunderstanding
ofthephenomenonofinterest.
234.Screeningisatypeof? a)Primordialprevention b)Secondaryprevention c)Primaryprevention d)Tertiaryprevention CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'bi.e.,SecondarypreventionInsecondaryprevention,actionhaltstheprogressofadiseaseatitsincipientstageandpreventscomplication.Screeningtests(e.g.-Papsmear),helpsindiagnosisatearlystagesothatadequatetreatmentcanhaltdiseaseprogressionandpreventcomplication.
235.Netreproductionrateis? a)Numberoflivebirthsper1000mid-yearpopulation b)Numberoflivebirthper1000womenofchildbearingage c)Numberofdaughtersanewborngirlwillhaveduringlifetime d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,NumberofdaughtersanewborngirlwillhaveduringlifetimeNetreproductionrateNetreproductiverateisdefinedas"Theno.ofdaughtersanewborngirlwillbearduringherlifetimeassumingfixedagespecificfertilityandmortalityrates"Itistheonlyfertilityrelatedstatisticswhichalsotakesmortalityratesintoconsideration.NRRofoneisequivalenttoattainingapproximatelythetwochildnorms.GoalofNRR=1canbeachievedonlyifatleast60%*oftheeligiblecouplesareeffectivelypracticingfamilyplanning.
236.ThirdgenerationIUCD? a)Mirena b)Nova-T c)Lippe'sloop d)CuT-200 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Mirena
237.Inpositivelyskeweddeviation? a)Mean=Median=Mode b)Mean>Medians>Mode c)Mode>Median>Mean d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Mean>Medians>Mode
238.Influenzapandemicis a)Seasonaltrend b)Cyclicaltrend c)Seculartred d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CyclicaltrendDiseasesoccurringincyclesspreadoverashortperiodshowcyclicaltrendsoftimedistribution.-Itisatypeofperiodicfluctuation.-Examples:-Influenzapandemic:every7?10yearsduetoantigenicvariations.-Measles:every2-3yearsintheprevaccinationera.-Rubella:6-9yearsintheprevaccinationera.-Non-infectiousconditionscanalsoshowcyclicaltrends.
239.Nottrueaboutpopulationpyramid? a)Indiahasbroadbase b)Indiahasnarrowbase c)Indiahasnarrowapex d)Developingcountrieshavebulgeinthecenter CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,IndiahasnarrowbaseIncountrieswithhighbirthratesasours,populationpyramidisbroadbasedconical(narrowapex)becauseofhighbirthrateandtaperingofpopulationwithincreaseinage.Thepyramidofdevelopingcountry(e.g.India)hasabroadbaseandataperingtop.Indevelopedcountries,thepyramidgenerallyshowsabulgeinthemiddleandhasanarrowerbase(asinfiguregiveninthequestion).
240.Inmalariacontrol,insecticideusedfor insectisidetreatedbednets(ITBN)- a)Deltamethrin b)Malathion c)Lindone d)Fenitrothion CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,DeltamethrinInsecticideTreatedBedNets(ITBN)Programme(esp.deltamethrin)hasresultedinsignificantdeclineinmalariaincidenceandAPI 1. Averagedeclineinanophelinemosquitodensity-68%2. Averagedeclineincuicinemosquitodensity-50%3. ChemicalsusedinITBNProgramme:Syntheticpyretheroids Deltamethrin:2.5%indosageof25mg/m2 1. Cyfluthrin:5%indosageof50mg/m22. Otherinsecticidesused:Permethrin,Lambdacyhalothrin, Etofenprox,CypermethrinEffectivenessofpyrethroids:For6-12months(Retreatmentevery6months)Long-lastinginsecticidalmosquitonets(LLINs):Alsousepyrethroidinsecticides,andachemicalbinderthatallowsthenetstobewashed>20times,allowingusefor>3years.
241.Kanawatiindexisusedfor? a)Airpopulation b)PEM c)Obesitydefinition d)Infectivity CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PEMKanawatiindexisusedtoclassifyproteinenergymalnutrition(PEM).
242.Gomezclassificationisbasedon? a)Weightretardation b)Heightretardation c)Midarmcircumference d)Stunting CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Weightretardation
243.Humananatomicalwastesare treated/disposedby? a)Autoclaving b)Chemicaldisinfection c)Incineration d)Microwaving CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,IncinerationHumananatomicalwastessuchashumantissues,organs,andbodypartsareclassifiedasWasteCategoryNo.ITheyaredisposedin'plasticbags'witha'yellowcolorcode'andtreatedby'Incinerationordeepburial'.
244.Cytotoxicdrugsaretreated/disposedby ? a)Autoclaving b)Chemicaldisinfection c)Incineration d)Microwaving CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,IncinerationCytotoxicdrugsarecategoryNo.5wasteswhicharedestroyedbyincinerationanddisposedbysecuredlandfills.
245.Incalendarmethodofcontraception, firstdayoffertileperiodis? a)10thdayofshortestmensturalcycle b)18thdayofshortestmensturalcycle c)10thdayoflongestmensturalcycle d)18thdayoflongestmensturalcycle CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.10thdayofshortestmensturalcycleSafePeriod(rhythmmethod)ThisisalsoknownasthecalendarmethodfirstdescribedbyOgino.Themethodisbaseduponthefactthatovulationoccursfrom12to16daysbeforetheonsetofmensturation.Calculationisasfollows:Theshortestcycleminus18daysgivesthefirstdayofthefertileperiod.Thelongestcycleminus10daysgivesthelastdayoffertileperiod.Forexample,ifawoman'smensturalcyclevariesfrom28-31days,thefertileperiodduringwhichsheshouldnothaveintercoursewouldbefromthe10thdayto21stdayofthemensturalcycle,countingdayoneasthefirstdayofthemensturalperiod.Thus,the1stdayoffertileperiodis10thdayofshortestcycle.
246.Mostcommontypeofpoliois? a)Non-paralyticpolio b)Paralyticpolio c)Abortiveillness d)Inapparentinfection CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,Inapparentinfection
247.Mortalityofrabiesis? a)25% b)50% c)75% d)100% CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,100%RabiesRabiesisprimarilyazoonoticdiseaseofwarm-bloodedanimals,particularlycarnivoroussuchasdogs,Cats,Jackalsandwolves.
248.Kala-azaristransmittedby? a)Reduvidbug b)Sandfly c)Tsetsefly d)Mosquito CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Sandfly
249.Fluoridehelpsin? a)Vision b)Dentition c)Myelination d)Jointstability CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Dentition
250.Choleravaccinationisindicated? a)Tocontrolepidemics b)Fortravellers c)Inendemicareas d)InNeonates CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,InendemicareasCholeravaccinationshouldbeconsideredinareaswherecholeraisendemic.However,itshouldalwaysbedoneinconjunctionwithimplementationofsafewater,sanitationandhygienepromotionprogramme.Inresourcepoorareas,vaccinationshouldbetargetedatchildrenaged2years.Choleravaccinehasnotbeenrecommendedinoutbreak/epidemicsettingsorcomplexhumanitarianemergenciesbecauseofthelogisticalchallangesofadministering2-dosevaccine,andconcernthatlong-scalevaccinationwoulddivertlimitedresourcesfromhigherprioritymeasures.Asitdoesnotpreventepidemiccholeratransmission,itisnotrecommendedforgeneralpopulation.Choleratransmissionisnotrecommendedfortravelers,ascounselingaboutriskavoidanceismorecosteffectivethanvaccination.
251.Screeningisnotrecommendedif? a)Prevalenceofdiseaseishigh b)Lifeexpectancycanbeprolongedbyearlydiagnosis c)Diagnostictestshouldbeavailable d)Diseaseswithnolatentperiod CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,DiseasewithnolatentperiodThediseasetobescreenedshouldfulfilthefollowingcriteriabeforeitisconsideredsuitableforscreening:? 1. Theconditionsougthshouldbeanimportanthealthproblem(in general,prevalenceshouldbehigh). 2. Thereshouldbearecognizablelatentorearlyasymptomaticstage.3. Thenaturalhistoryofthecontition,includingdevelopmentfrom latenttodeclareddisease,shouldbeadequatelyunderstood(sothatwecanknowatwhatstagetheprocessceasestobereversible). 4. Thereisatestthatcandetectthediseasepriortotheonsetofsigns andsymptoms. 5. Facilitiesshouldbeavailableforconfirmationofthediagnosis.6. Thereisaneffectivetreatment.7. Thereshouldbeanagreed-onpolicyconcerningwhomtotreatas patients(e.g.,lowerrangesofbloodpressure;border-linediabetes). 8. Thereisgoodevidencethatearlydetectionandtreatmentreduces morbidityandmortality. 9. Theexpectedbenefits(e.g.,thenumberoflivessaved)ofearly detectionexceedtherisksandcosts.
252.Todeterminetheendemicityofhepatitis B,whatshouldbemeasured? a)HBsAg b)HBcAg c)HBeAg d)Anti-HBeAg CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,HBsAgHBsAgtestingiswidelyusedasamarkerofHBVinfectioninepidemiologicalsurveys.SerologicalmarkersforHBVSerologicalmarkersforHBVinfectionare:?HBsAg(surfaceantigenorAustraliaantigen):Itisthefirstmarkerwhichappearsintheserum.ItistheepidemiologicalmarkerforHBVinfection.HBcAg(coreantigen):ItisnotdemonstrableinserumbecauseitisenclosedbyHBsAgcoat.HBeAg(envelopeantigen):Itismarkerofactivereplicationandhighinfectivity.Itisqualitativemarkerofreplication.HBsAgcarriermotherswhoareHBeAgpositivealmostinvariably(>90%)transmithepatitisBinfectiontotheiroffspring,whereasHBsAgcarriermotherswithantiHBerarely(10to15%)infecttheiroffspring.Anti-HBcAg:Itisthefirstantibodyappearsinserum.IgManti-HBcAgisamarkerofacuteorrecentinfection.IgGanti-HBcAgindicatesremoteinfection.Anti-HBsAg:Itisprotectiveantibody.Itistheonlyserologicalmarkerpresentaftervaccination.Afteraninfection,itspresenceindicatesrecoveryandendofperiodofcommunicability.
Anti-HBeAg:Itspresenceindicatestopageofreplicationandlowinfectivity.HBVDNA:ItisquantitativemarkerofHBVreplication.
253.Anepidemiologistvisitsavillageand wantstocollectdataforrecentparasiticactivity.Whatshouldbemeasure? a)Spleenrate b)Infantparasiterate c)Slidepositivityrate d)Slidefalciparumrate CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,InfantparasiterateMEASUREMENTOFMALARIAInthepre-eradicationera,themagnitudeofthemalariaprobleminacountryusedtobedeterminedmostlyfromthereportsoftheclinicallydiagnosedmalariacasesandtheclassicalmalariometricmeasures,e.g.,spleenrate,parasiterateetc.Ontheotherhand,duringeradicationera,themicroscopicdiagnosisofmalariacasesbecamethemainmethodofdiagnosisandtheparametersusedaremostlyparasitologicalinnaturee.g.,API,ABER,SPRandSFR.Measurementsofmalariainthepreeradicationeraa)Spleenrate:Definedasthepercentageofchildrenbetween2&10yearsofageshowingenlargementofspleen.Spleenrateiswidelyusedformeasuringtheendemicityofmalariainacommunity.b)Av.enlargedspleen:Arefinementofspleenrate,denotingtheaveragesizeofspleen.c)Parasiterate:Definedasonthepercentageofchildrenbetweentheagesof2&
10yrsshowingmalarialparsitesintheirbloodfilms.d)Parasitedensityindex:Averagedegreeofparasitimiae)InfantparasiteratePercentageofinfantsshowingmalarialparasitesintheirbloodfilms.Itisthemostsensitiveindexofrecenttransmissionofmalariainalocality.Iftheinfantparasiterateiszeroforthreeconsecutiveyearsinalocality,itisregardedasabsenceofmalariatransmissioneventhough,theAnophelinevectorsresponsibleforprevioustransmissionsmayremain.EradicationEraa)AnnualParasiteIncidence(API)*=(Confirmedcasesduringoneyear/populationundersurveillance)x1000b)AnnualBloodExaminationRate=(No.ofslidesexamined/population)x100ABERisanindexofoperationalefficiency.Inthemodifiedplanofoperation,theminimumprescribedis10percentofthepopulationinayearc)Annualfalciparumindexd)SlidepositivityrateSlidepositivityrateisthepercentageofslidesfoundpositiveformalarialparasite,irrespectiveofthetypeofspecies.SlidefalciparumrateItisthepercentageofslidespositiveforP.falciparum.
254.Recommendeddailydietaryrequirment offolate(folicacid)inchildren? a)80-120g b)200g c)400g d)600g CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,80-120gRecommendeddailyallowancesoffolicacidare:- a. Healthyadults200microgm.(mcg)b. Pregnancy500mcg c. Lactation300mcg d. Children80-120mcg
255.MinimumnumberofANCvisitsrequired asper2010MOHFW(MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare)guidelines? a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,4Now,atleast4antenatalvisits,duringpregnancy,arerecommended.
256.WHOdefinesadolescentagebetween? a)10-19yearsofage b)10-14yearsofage c)10-25yearsofage d)9-14yearsofage CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,10-19Yearsofage
257.AllaretrueaboutDOTS,except? a)Shortcourseofchemotherapy b)Drugsaregivenfreeofcost c)Superviseddrugsintakeinintensivephase d)Dailytreatmentisrecommended CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,DailytreatmentisrecommendedDirectlyobservedtreatmentshortcourse(DOTS)IntheRevisedNationalTuberculosisControlProgramme(RNTCP),patientsareprovidedshortcoursechemotherapyasDOTS.Allpatientsareprovidedshort-coursechemotherapyfreeofcharge.Duringtheintensivephaseoftreatmentahealthworkerwatchesasthepatientswallowsthedruginhispresence.oDuringcontinuationphase,thepatientisissuedmedicineforoneweekinamultiblistercombipackofwhichthefirstdoseisswallowedbythepatientinthepresenceofhealthworker.Theconsumptionofmedicineinthecontinuationphaseisalsocheckedbyreturnofemptymultiblistercombipackwhenthepatientcomestocollectmedicineforthenextweek.Inthisprogramme,alternatedaytreatmentisgiven.UnderRNTCP,activecasefindingisnolongerpursued.Casefindingispassive.PatientspresentingthemselveswithsymptomssuspiciousoftuberculosisaretreatedwithDOTStherapy.Thecolourofboxes(containingthedrugsforfullcourseoftreatment)isaccordingtothecategoryofregimen? i. CategoryIpatientsRed ii. CategoryIIpatientsBlue iii. CategoryIIIpatientsGreen
258.Indiacausingmaximumdeath? a)Drowning b)Roadtrafficaccident c)Burns d)Poisoning CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,RoadtrafficaccidentAmongtheaccidentaldeaths,maximumdeathsarecausedbytrafficaccidents,followedbydrowning(2ndm.c.cause)andpoisoning(3rdm.c.cause).
259.HepatitisAvaccineavailable? a)Liveattenuated b)Killed(Inactivated) c)Bothliveandinactivated d)Subunitvaccine CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,BothliveandinactivatedTwotypesofhepatitisAvaccinesareused:- 1. Formaldehydeinactivatedvaccine2. Liveattenuatedvaccine
260.Extraenergy,neededperdayduring pregnancy? a)150Kcal b)200Kcal c)300Kcal d)350Kcal CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,350Kcal
261.Vagabonddiseaseistransmittedby? a)Louse b)Mite c)Tick d)BlackFly CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LouseVagabond'sdiseaseispediculosiscorporis,causedbybodylouse.
262.RecommendedcontentofIodineinsalt atproductionlevel? a)10ppm b)15ppm c)20ppm d)30ppm CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,30ppmGoitrecontrolTherearefollowingessentialcomponentsofnationalgoitrecontrolprogramme.1.IodizedsaltTheiodizationofsaltisnowthemostwidelyusedprophylacticpublichealthmeasureagainstendemicgoitre.InIndiathelevelofiodizationisfixedunderthePreventionoffoodadulteration(PFA)actandisnotlessthan30ppmattheproductionpointandnotlessthan15ppmofiodineattheconsumerlevel.Iodizedsaltismosteconomical,convenientandeffectivemeansofmassprophylaxisinendemicareas.RecentlytheNationalinstitureofNutritionatHyderabadhascomeoutwithanewproduct,commonsaltfortifiedwithironandiodine-->twoinonesalt(twinfortifiedsaltordoublefortifiedsalt).Iodizedoil-->Itisanothereffectivemethodforcontrollinggoitre.IMinjectionofiodizedoil(mostlypoppyseedoil)isgiven.Anaveragedoseof1mlwillprovideprotectionfor4years.2.IodinemonitoringNeonatalhypothyroidismisasensitivepointertoenvironmentaliodinedeficiencyandcanthusbeaneffectiveindicatorfor
monitoringtheimpactofaprogramme.3.Manpowertraining4.Masscommunication"TheWHOregionalstrategyforthecontrolofIDDhasitsprincipalobjectivethereductionofprevalenceofgoitreinareasofendemicityto10%orbelowbytheyear2000".
263.FalseabouttransmissionofRubella? a)Dropletinfection b)Verticaltransmission c)Infectioninearlypregnancycausesmilderdisease d)Fetusaffectedinlatepregnancymayhaveonlydeafness CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Infectioninearlypregnancycausesmilderdisease
264.Intervalbetweenprimaryandsecondary cases? a)Latentperiod b)Communicableperiod c)Serialinterval d)Generationtime CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,SerialintervalLatentperiod,serialintervalandgenerationtime,allareapproximatemeasureofincubationperiod,i.e.,theseperiodcangivesomeideaaboutincubationperiod.LatentperiodTheperiodfromdiseaseinitiationtodiseasedetection.Itisusedinnon-infectiousdiseaseastheequivalentofincubationperiodininfectiousdisease.SerialintervalThegaptimebetweenonsetofprimarycaseandsecondarycase.Bycollectinginformationaboutawholeseriesofsuchonset,wegetadistributionofsecondarycasesfromwhichwecanguesstheincubationperiod.GenerationtimeIntervalbetweenreceiptofinfectonbyhostandmaximalinfectivityofthehost.Generationtimeisroughlyequaltotheincubationperiod.Aboutoption'b'CommunicableperiodThetimeduringwhichaninfectiousagentmaybetransferreddirectlyorindirectlyfromaninfectedpersontoanotherperson.
Theperiodofcommunicabilityhasnorelationwithincubationperiod,itmerelyreflectsthedurationwhentheinfectiousagentmaybetransferred.Thismayoccurduringincubationperiod,duringactualillnessorduringconvalsescence.Generallycommunicablediseaesarenotcommunicableinincubationperiodexcept-measles,Chickenpox,PertussishepatitisA,i.e.,thesediseasesarecommunicableduringtheirlateincubationperiod.
265.Bestwaytodisposee-wasteis? a)Burning b)Incineration c)Inalandfill d)Recycling CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,RecyclingE-WasteE-wasteisapopular,informalnameforelectronicproductsnearingtheendoftheir"usefullife."E-wastesareconsidereddangerous,ascertaincomponentsofsomeelectronicsproductscontainmaterialsthatarehazardous,dependingontheirconditionanddensity.Thehazardouscontentofthesematerialsposeathreattohumanhealthandenvironment.Discardedcomputers,television,VCRs,stereos,copiers,faxmachines,electriclamps,cellphones,audioequiopmentandbatteriesifimproperlydisposedcanleachleadandothersubstancesintosoilandgroundwater.Manyoftheseproductscanbereused,refurbished,orrecycled,orrecyledinanenvironmentallysoundmannersothattheyarelessharmfultotheecosystem.ManagmentofE-WasteInindustriesmanagementofe-wasteshouldbeginatthepointofgeneration.Thiscanbedonebywasteminimizationtechniquesandbysustainableproductdesign.Wasteminimizationinindustriesinvolvesadopting: 1. inventorymanagement,
2. production-processmodification,3. volumereduction,4. recoveryandreuse InventorymanagementPropercontroloverthematerialsusedinthemanufacturingprocessisanimportantwaytoreducewastegeneration.Byreducingboththequantityofhazardousmaterialsusedintheprocessandtheamountofexcessrawmaterialsinstock,thequantityofwastegeneratedcanbereduced.Developingreviewproceduresforallmaterialpurchasedisthefirststopinestablishinganinventorymanagementprogram.Anotherinventorymanagementprocedureforwastereductionistoensurethatonlytheneededquantityofamaterialisordered.Production-processmodificationChangescnabemadeintheproductionprocess,whichwillreducewastegeneration.Thisreductioncanbeaccomplishedbychangingthematerialsusedtomaketheproductorbythemoreefficientuseofinputmaterialsintheproductionprocessorboth.VolumereductionVolumereductionincludesthosetechniquesthatremovethehazardousportionofawastefromanon-hazardousportion.Thesetechniquesareusuallytoreducethevolume,andthusthecostofdisposingofawastematerial.RecoveryandreuseThistechniquecouldeliminatewastedisposalcosts,reducerawmaterialcostsandprovideincomefromasalablewaste.Wastecanberecoveredon-site,oratanoff-siterecoveryfacility,orthroughinterindustryexchange.
266.Vectorfortransmissionofsleeping sickness? a)Sandfly b)Blackfly c)Tse-tsefly d)Hardtick CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Tse-tsefly
267.DefinitionofrelapseinTB? a)Apatientwhoreturnssputumpositiveafterleavingtreatment foratleast2months. b)Apateintwhoreturnssputumpositivewhichwascuredby previoustreatment c)Apatientwhoremainssputumpositiveafter5monthsof treatment d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ApateintwhoreturnssputumpostivewhichwascurvedbyprevioustreatmentSomedefinitionsoftuberculosiscasesandtreatmentCaseoftuberculosis:Apatientinwhomtuberculosishasbeenconfirmedbybacteriologyordiagnosedbyaclinician.Sputumsmearexamination-Laboratorytechniquetoscreensputumfortuberculosis,whereacidfastbacilli(AFB)arestainedredbytheZiehlNeelsenmethod,andthenidentifiedandcounted.usingmicroscopy.Smearpositivetuberculosis-AtleastoneinitialsputumsmearspositiveforAFBoroneAFBpositive.Smearnegativetuberculosis-Atleasttwonegativesmears,buttuberculosissuggestivesymptomsandX-rayabnormalitiesorpositiveculture.Adherence-Persontakesappropriatedrugregimenforrequiredtime(alsoknownascompliance).Newcase-Apatientwithsputumpositivepulmonarytuberculosiswhohasneverhadtreatmentfortuberculosisorhastakenanti-tuberculosisdrugsforlessthan4weeks.
Relapse-Apatientwhoreturnssmearpositivehavingpreviouslybeentreatedfortuberculosisanddeclaredcuredafterthecompletionofhistreatment.Failurecase-Apatientwhowasinitiallysmearpositive,whobegantreatmentandwhoremainedorbecamemearpositiveagainatfivemonthsorlaterduringthecourseoftreatment.Returnafterdefault-Apatientwhoreturnssputumsmearpositive,afterhavinglefttreatmentforatleasttwomonths.Transferin-Apatientrecordedinanotheradministrativearearegisterandtransferredintoanotherareatocontinuetreatment(treatmentresultsshouldbereportedtothedistrictwherethepatientwasinitiallyregistered).Transferout-Apatientwhohasbeentransferredtoanotherarearegisterandtreatmentresultsarenotknown.Cured-Initiallysmearpositivepatientwhocompletedtreatmentandhadnegativesmearresultonatleasttwooccasions(oneattreatmentcompletion).Treatmentcompleted-Initiallysmearnegativepatientwhoreceivedfullcourseoftreatment,orsmearpositivewhocompletedtreatment,withnegativesmearattheendofinitialphase,butnooronlyonenegativesmearduringcontinuationandnoneattreatmentend.Cohort-AgroupofpatientsinwhomTBhasbeendiagnosed,andwhowereregisteredfortreatmentduringaspecifiedtimeperiod(e.g.thecohortofnewsmear-positivecasesregisteredinthecalenderyear2003).Thisgroupformsthedenominatorforcalculatingtreatmentoutcomes.Thesumofthetreatmentoutcomes,plusanycaseforwhichnooutcomeisrecorded(eg.stillontreatment)shouldequalthenumberofcasesregistered.Casedetectionrate:-Thecasedetectionrateiscalculatedasthenumberofnotificationofnewandrelapsecasesinayeardividedbytheestimatedincidenceofsuchcasesinthesameyear.
268.AccordingtoDOTS-PLUSguidelines 2013treatmentofmultidrugresistanceTBincludesallexcept? a)Totalduration24-27months b)Intensivephase-6drugs c)Continutationphase-2drugs d)Intensivephase6-9months CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Continutationphase-2drgusTreatmentofmultidrugresistance(MDR)TBMDR-TBisdefinedasresistancetoatleastbothINHandrifampicin.PreviouslyitwasclassifiedasCategoryIVunderDOTS(DOTS-PLUS).Thetreatmentisgivenintwophases,theintestivephase(IP)andthecontinuationphase(CP).ThetotaldurationoftreatmentforregimenforMDR-TBis24-27months,dependingontheIPduration.oTreatmentregimencomprises:- i. Intensivephase(6-9months):Sixdrugs:Kanamycin(Km), levofloxacin(Lvx),ethionamide(Eto),pyrazinamide(Z),ethambutol(E),andcycloserine(Cs). ii. Continuationphase(18months):Fourdrugs:Levofloxaxcin, ethionamide,ethambutolandcycloserine. iii. Totaldurationoftreatmentis24-27months. Treatmentofextensivedrugresistance(XDR)TBXDR-TBisdefinedasresistancetoanyfluoroquinoloneandatleastoneofthefollowingthreesecond-linedrugs(capreomycin,kanamycin,amikacin),inadditiontomultidrugresistance.
TheRegimenforXDR-TBwouldbeof24-30monthsduration,with6-12monthsIntensivePhase(IP)and18monthsContinuationPhase(CP).Regimenis:- i. Intensivephase(6-12months):Sevendrugs:Capreomycin,PAS, moxifloxacin,highdoseINH,clofazimine,Linezolid,amoxyclay. ii. Continuationphase(18months):Sixdrugs:PAS,moxifloxacin, highdoseINH,clofazimine,linezolid,amoxyclay.
269.NotifiablediseasestoWHOareallexcept ? a)Cholera b)Plague c)Yellowfever d)Tuberculosis CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Tuberculosis
270.Continuousscrutinyofhealthrelated factorsiscalled? a)Isolation b)Surveillancec c)Monitoring d)Quarntine CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,SurveillanceMonitoringMonitoringistheperformanceandanalysisofroutinemeasurementsaimedatdetectingchangesintheenvironmentorhealthstatusofpopulation,e.g.monitoringofairpollution,waterquality,andgrowth&nutritionalstatus.SurveillanceSurveillanceisthecontinuousscrutinyofthefactorsthatdeterminetheoccurrenceanddistributionofdiseaseandotherconditionsofillhealth.Insimplewords"surveillanceissystemicongoingcollection,collationandanalysisofdataandthetimelydisseminationofinformationtothosewhoneedtoknowsothatactioncanbetaken".Accordingtoabovedefinition,monitoringbecomesonespecificandessentialpartofthebroaderconceptembracedbysurveillance.Followingexamplewillhelptodifferentiatethesetwo?Intobaccocontrol-Surveillanceincludescollectionofdataaboutprevalenceoftobaccouse,itshealthandenconomicconsequences,itssocio-culturaldeterminatsandtobaccocontrolpolicyresponsesandtobaccoindustryactivities.Bycollectingalltheseinformationeffectivetobaccocontrolinterventionscanbetaken.
Monitoringwillcontinouslyoversighttheactivitiesofthistobaccocontrolinterventions,toensurethattheyareproceedingaccordingtoplan.Itkeepstrackofachievement,resourcessupplyandutilization,staffmovement,etc,sothatifanythinggoeswrong,immediatecorrectivemeasurecanbetaken.So, 1. Insurveillance,dataiscollected&collated,andthisinformationis usedtoknowwhatactiontobetaken-makingaplanofaction. 2. Monitoringthankeepawatchthatthisplanofactionisworking properlyItisapartofcontinuedsurveillance."Surveillanceisasystemicmethodforcontinuousmonitoringofdiseaseinapopulation,inordertobeabletodetectchangesindiseasepatternsandthentocontrolthem".Epidemiologyglossary
271.Naturalhistoryofdiseaseisstudiedwith ? a)Longitudinalstudies b)Cross-sectionalstudies c)Both d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LongitudinalstudiesLongitudinalstudiesInthistypeofstudy,observationsarerepeatedinthesamepopulationoveraprolongedperiodusingfollowupexaminations.Theyareusefulto 1. Studythenaturalhistoryofthedisease2. Foridentifyingriskfactorsofdisease3. Forfindingouttheincidencerateorrateofrecurrenceofnewcases ofthedisease.Note:Longitudinalstudiesaredifficulttoorganizeandmoretimeconsumingthancross-sectionalstudies.
272.Indiabelongstowhichstageofthe demographiccycle? a)Slowstationary b)Highstationary c)Earlystationary d)Lateexpanding CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,LateexpandingDemographicprocessFertilityMortalityMarriageMigrationSocialMobilityDemographiccycleStage1:HighstationaryHighbirthrateandhighdeathraterenderthepopulationstationary.Narrowdemographicgap.Stage2:EarlyexpandingDeathratedeclinesandbirthrateremainsunchangedThedemographicgapstartsincreasingandthenbecomesmaximumStage3:LateexpandingDeathratedeclinefurtherandbirthratefallsIndiaisinthisstage,currentlyThedemographicgapstartsdecliningStage4:LowstationaryLowbirthrateandlowdeathraterendersthepopulationstationaryNarrowdemographicgapStage5:Declining
Stage5:DecliningPopulationbeginstodeclineasbirthrateislowerthandeathrateThedemographicgapisnegative
273.RCH-IImajorstrategiesareallexcept? a)Essentialobstetriccare b)Emergencyobstetriccare c)Familyplanning d)Strengtheningreferralsystem CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Familyplanning4componentsofRCHprogrammeare(i)Familyplanning;(ii)Childsurvivalandsafemotherhood;(iii)Clientapproachtohealthcare,and(iv)PreventionofRTI/STD/AIDS.ReproductiveandChildhealthProgrammeRCHprogrammewaslaunchedinOctober1997.Reproductiveandchildhealthapproachhasbeendefinedas:- 1. Peoplehavetheabilitytoreproduceandregulatetheirfertility.2. Womenareabletogothroughpregnancyandchildbirthsafety.3. TheOutcomeofpregnanciesissuccessfulintermsofmaternaland infantsurvivalandwellbeing.Couplesareabletohavesexualrelationsfreeoffearofpregnancyandofcontractingdisease.RCHphaseIprogrammeincorporatedthefollowingcomponents.
274.Disabilityadjustedlifeyear(DALY)isa measureof? a)Lifeexpectancy b)Effectivenessoftreatment c)Qualityoflife d)Humandevelopment CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,EffectivenessoftreatmentDisability-adjustedlifeyear(DALY) DALYisameasureof:- TheburdenofdiseaseinadefinedpopulationTheeffectivenessofinterventions Itexpressesyearslosttoprematuredeathandyearslivedwithdisabilityadjustedfortheseverityofthedisability.Thatmeans,DALYmeasuresbothmortalityanddisabilitytogether(incontrasttosullivan'sindexwhichisrelatedtodisabilityonly).OneDALYisonelostyearofhealthylife.DALYcombinesfollowing:- Yearsoflostlife(YLL).Yearslosttodisability(YLD)DALY=YLL+YLD Japaneselifeexpectancystatisticsareusedasastandardfor
measuringprematuredeath,asJapanesehavethelongestlifeexpectancy. Health-adjustedlifeexpectancy(HALE) HALEistheindicatorusedtomeasurehealthylifeexpectancy.HALEisbasedonthelifeexpectancyatbirthbutincludesanadjustmentfortimespentinpoorhealth.Itistheequivalentnumberofyearsinfullhealththatanewborncanexpecttolivebasedoncurrentratesofillhealthandmortality.
275.Whichofthefollowingisusedto representcontinuous(quantitative)data? a)Bardiagram b)Piechart c)Histogram d)Mapdiagram CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c'i.e.,Histogram
276.AminoaciddeficientinbothWheatand Maize? a)Lysine b)Threonine c)Tryptophan d)Methionine CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LysineWheatNexttorice,wheatisthemostimportantcereal.Thelimitingaminoacidsinwheatproteinsarelysineandthreonine.
277.Riskperiodformaximumfetaldamage bycongenitalrubella? a)Firsttrimesterofpregnancy b)Secondtrimesterofpregnancy c)Thirdtrimesterofpregnancy d)Riskissamethroughoutthepregnancy CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,FirsttrimesterofpregnancyIngeneral,theearlierinpregnancyinfectionoccurs,thegreaterthedamagetothefetus.Maximumdamagetothefetusoccurswheninfectionisacquiredinthefirsttrimesterofpregnancy.
278.Medicalauditisdone? a)Toimprovepatientscare b)Fordoctor'sbenefit c)Forhospitalstaffmanagement d)Fordecreasingcostoftreatment CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,ToimprovepatientscareMedicalauditAnobjectiveandsystematicwayofevaluatingthephysiciansperformanceisknown"MEDICALAUDIT"TheEvaluationofthe"PROCESS"ofmedicalcareiscarriedoutbycomparingwithapre-determinedstandard.Medicalauditistheprofessionalreviewofservicesprovidedbythehospitalagainstgivenstandard.Itisdefinedastheretrospectiveevaluationofqualityofmedicalcarethroughthescientificanalysisofmedicalrecords.Medicalauditisanimportantcomponentofqualityassurance,whichinturnisanessentialpartofanymanagementprocess.
279.Postexposureprophylaxisisgiveninall except? a)Rabies b)Chickenpox c)Measles d)Typhoid CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,TyphoidPost-exposureimmunizationPostexposureimmunizationisprophylacticimmunizationimmediatelyafterexposuretoapathogen,inordertopreventinfectionbythepathogenandthedevelopmentofdisease.Postexposureimmunizationisgivenfor- i. Varicella(chickenpox) ii. Measles iii. Rabies iv. Tetanus v. Hepatitis vi. Meningococcalmeningitis
280.Goodsourcesofvitamin'C'areall except? a)Amala b)Lime c)Guava d)Egg CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,EggVitaminCAlsoknownasascorbicacid.Itisthemostsensitiveofallvitaminstoheat.Man,monkeyandguineapigsaretheperhapstheonlyspeciesknowntorequirevitamin'C'intheirdiet.TherichestsourceofvitaminCisIndiangoosebery(Amla).ImportantsourcesofvitaminCindecreasingorder:?Amla>Guava>Cabbage>Amaranth>Lime>Cauliflower>Orange>Spinach>Tomato>Potato
281.Thevalidityofatestdenotes? a)Precision b)Accuracy c)Reproducibility d)Reliability CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,AccuracyScreeningtesttobeappliedThescreeningtesttobeappliedshouldfulfillthefollowingimportantcriteriabeforeitisconsideredsuitableforscreening:-1.AcceptabilityThetestshouldbeacceptabletothepeopleatwhomitisaimed.Ingeneralpainfulorembarrassingtestse.g.,perrectalorvaginalexaminationarenotlikelytobeacceptable.2.Repeatability(reliability)Repeatabilitymeansthetestmustgiveconsistentresultswhenitisrepeatedmorethanonceonthesameindividualunderthesameconditions.Thatmeanstheresultsofthetestareprecise(exact),Sorepeatabilityissometimescalledprecision,reliabilityorreproducibility.3.Validity(accuracy)Validityreferstowhatextentthetestaccuratelymeasureswhichispurportstomeasures.Thatmeansavalidtestdistinguishthepeoplewhohavethediseasefromthosewhodonot.Validityhascomponents-->Sensitivityandspecificity.
282.Maximumproteinisfoundin? a)Egg b)Soyabean c)Rice d)Wheat CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Soyabean
283.STOPTBStrategywaslauchedin? a)2002 b)2006 c)2010 d)2013 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,2006STOPTBStrategyIn2006,WHOlaunchedthenewStopTBStrategy.ThecoreofthisstrategyisDOTS.Thestrategyistobeimplementedoverthenext10yearsasdescribedintheGlobalPlantoStopTB2006-2015.ThetargetsandindicatorsforTBcontrolareasdefinedwithintheframeworkofMDGs.ThesewillbeusedtomeasuretheprogressmadeunderthestopTBstrategy.ItfocusesonthefiveprincipalindicatorsthatareusedtomeasuretheimplementationandimpactofTBcontrol.Theyare:casedetection,treatmentsuccess,incidence,prevalenceanddeaths.TheglobaltargetsforcasedetectionandtreatmentsuccesshavebeensetbyWHO'sWorldHealthAssembly. i. By2015:TheglobalburdenofTB(prevalenceanddeathrates)will bereducedby50%relativeto1990levels.Thismeansreducingprevalenceto150per100,000orloweranddeathsto15per100,000peryearorlowerby2015(includingTBcasescoinfectedwithHIV).ThenumberofpeopledyingfromTBin2015shouldbelessthanapproximately1million,includingthosecoinfectedwith
HIV. ii. By2050:TheglobalincidenceofTBdiseasewillbelessthanor equalto1casepermillionpopulationperyear.
284.OneTBunitisrecommendedforhow muchpopulationinHillyareas? a)50,000 b)100,000 c)150,000 d)250,000 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,250,000
285.Durkheimworkwasrelatedto? a)Recommendationofmultipurposeworker b)ManagementinHealthmanpower c)Divisionoflabor d)Integratationofmedicalandhealthservices CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DivisionoflaborFourmajorworksofDurkheimare:? 1. DivisionofLaborinsociety.2. Rulesofsociologicalmethods.3. Suicide4. Elementaryformsofreligiouslife.
286.AFPsurveillanceregistryindicatoris? a)NumberofAFPcasesreported b)Numberofwildpolio-viruspositivecases c)Numberofnon-polioAFP<5years d)Numberofnon-polioAFP<15years CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,NumberofAFPcasesreportedThenumberofAFPcasesreportedeachyearisusedasanindicatorofacountry'sabilitytodetectpolio,evenincountrieswherethediseasenolongeroccurs.PoliosurveillanceItisthemostimportantpartofwholepolioeradicationintiative.Ithastwocomponents:?Acuteflaccidparalysis(AFP)surveillanceAcuteflaccidparalysisisdefinedasacuteonset(<4weeks)offlaccidparalysis(reducedtone)withoutotherobviouscauseinchildrenWHOrecommendstheimmediatereportingandinvestigationofeverycaseofAFPinchildrenlessthan15years.
287.Themostcommoncauseofblindnessin Indiais? a)Cataract b)Trachoma c)Refractiveerrors d)VitaminAdeficiency CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Cataract
288.Allaretrueaboutepidemiological featuresofcholeraexcept? a)Epidemicisselflimiting b)Poorsanitationisacauseofepidemic c)ElTorbiotypehasdecreasedendemicity d)Onsetofepidemicisabrupt CorrectAnswer-CTheElTorbiotypeshavegreaterendemictendencythanitsclassicalcounterpartinthatitcausesahigherinfection-to-caseratio(i.e.moreinapparentinfectionsandmildcases).AboutotheroptionsCholeraepidemichasanabruptonset.Itstartsascommonsourceepidemicandoftentreatanacutehealthproblem.Thenitcontinuesasapropagatedepidemicsascasesbecomethesourcefortheotherpersons.Choleraepidemicinacommunityisself-limiting.Thisisattributedtotheacquisitionoftemporaryimmunity,aswellasduetotheoccurrenceofalargenumberofsubclinicalcases.Poorenvironmentalsanitationisthemostimportantpredisposingfactorforepidemic
289.Incidenceiscalculatedby? a)Crosssectionalstudy b)Cohortstudy c)Casecontrolstudy d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Cohortstudy
290.Aproblemvillageisonewhere? a)Sourceofwater>1.6kmaway b)Wateravailable>15metersdepth c)Excessoffluorideinwater d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,AlloftheaboveAproblemvillagehasbeendefinedasoneWherenosourceofsafewaterisavailablewithinadistanceof1.6km,orWherewaterisavailableatadepthofmorethan15meters,orWherewatersourcehasexcesssalinity,iron,fluoridesandothertoxicelements,orWherewaterisexposedtotheriskofcholera.
291.Mostcommonpresentationofmumps? a)Painandlacrimationofeye b)Painandswellingofparotidglands c)Painandswellingofsubmandibularandsublingualglands d)Asepticmeningitis CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Painandswellingofparotidglands
292.PrevalenceofInfluenzainIndia? a)10per10000population b)10per100000population c)10per1000population d)Dataregardingprevalenceofinfluenzaisnotadequate CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Dataregardingprevalenceofinfluenzaisnotadequate
293.Billingsmethodofcontraceptionis basedon? a)Changeintemperature b)Changeincervicalmucus c)Safeperiod(calendarmethod) d)Coitusinterruptus CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ChangeincervicalmucusMiscellaneousmethodsofcontraceptionsTheseare(i)Abstinence,(ii)Coitusinterruptus,(iii)Safeperiod(rhythmmethod),and(iv)Naturalfamilyplanningmethods.AbstinenceThereiscompleteabstinencefromsexualintercourse.Itisnotusedandcanhardlybeconsideredasamethodofcontraceptiontobeadvocatedforthemasses.CoitusinterruptusItistheoldestmethodofvoluntaryfertilitycontrol.Themalewithdrawsbeforeejaculationandtherebytriestopreventthedepositionofsemenintothevagina.Thefailurerateisveryhighat25%.NaturalfamilyplanningmethodsTheseare:?Basalbodytemperature(BBT)method:ItisbasedontheprinciplethatthereisariseBBTatorjustbeforeovulation.Cervicalmucusmethod(Billingsmethodorovulationmethod):Itisbasedontheobservationthatatthetimeofovulationcervicalmucusbecomeswateryclearresemblingraweggwhite,smooth,slipperyandprofuse.
andprofuse.Symptothermicmethod:Thismethodcombinestemperature,cervicalmucus,andsafeperiod(calendarmethod)methods.
294.Inepidemicsmeaslesvaccineistobe givenwithinhowmanydaysofexposure? a)3days b)7days c)10days d)15days CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,3daysIncubationperiodofmeaslesvirusis10days.Incubationperiodofliveattenuatedmeaslesvirusoflivevaccineis7days.Thus,ifthevaccineisgivenwithin2-3daysofexposure,thereplicationofvaccinevirustakespreferenceoverreplicationofwildvirus."Susceptiblecontactsovertheageof9-12monthsmaybeprotectedagainstmeasleswithmeaslesvaccine,providedthatthisisgivenwithin3daysofexposure.Thisisbecause,theincubationperiodofmeaslesinducedbyvaccineisabout7days,compairedwith10daysforthenaturallyacquirdmeasles."--Park
295.Yellowbagisusedfor- a)Wastesharp b)Cytotoxicdrugs c)Animalwaste d)Chemicalwaste CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Animalwaste
296.Isolationisnotdonein? a)Cholera b)Diphtheria c)Mumps d)Hepatitis CorrectAnswer-C:DAns.is(D)Hepatitis(C)MumpsIsolationhasadistinctivevalueinthecontrolofsomeinfectiousdiseases,e.g.,diphtheria,cholera,streptococcalrespiratorydisease,pneumonicplague.Insomediseaeswherethereisalargecomponentofsubclinicalinfectionandcarrierstate,eventhemostrigidisolationwillnotpreventthespreadofdisease,e.g.,polio,hepatitisandtyphoidfever.Mumpsishighlyinfectiousbeforeitisdiagnosedhenceisolationformostcasesofmumpshasprovedfutile-Park.Measlesisalsohighlyinfectiousduringprodromalperiod,isolationismostusefulifdiagnosiscanbeestablishedintheprodromal/catarrhalstage.Butmostcasesofmeaslesarediagnosedwiththeappearanceofrashwhencommunicabilitybeginstodecline.Isolationinmeaslesisthereforenotlikelytobeveryeffective.
297.AssociationofTwovariablesexplained by3rdvariableis? a)Spuriousassociation b)Indirectassociation c)Directassociation d)Causalassociation CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,IndirectassociationAssociationDescriptivestudieshelptosuggestanaetiologicalhypothesis.Analyticandexperimentalstudiestestthehypothesis,derivedfromdescriptivestudiesandconfirmorrefutetheobservedassociationbetweensuspectedcausesanddisease.Associationmaybedefinedastheconcurrenceoftwovariablesmoreoftenthanwouldbeexpectedbychance.Inotherwords,eventsaresaidtobeassociatedwhentheyoccurmorefrequentlytogeherthanonewouldexpectbychance.Associationcanbeoffollowingtypes:-1.SpuriousassociationObservedassociationbetweenadiseaseandsuspectedfactorisspurious,i.e.,notreal.Inotherwordsthereisanobservedassociationwhennoneactuallyexists.2.IndirectassociationTheindirectassociationisastatisticalassociationbetweenavariableofinterestandadiseaseduetothepresenceofanotherfactor,knownorunknown,thatiscommontoboththevariableand
thedisease.Thisthirdfactor(i.e.,thecommonfactor)isalsoknownastheconfoundingvariable.Forexample,endemicgoitre(disease)isfoundathighaltitudes(variable),showingtherebyanassociationbetweenaltitudeandendemicgoitre.Butitisduetoiodinedeficiencywhichiscommonathighaltitude.So,iodinedeficiencyactsasaconfoundingfactorasitisassociatedwithbothhighaltitudeandendemicgoitre.3.Direct(causal)associationa)OnetoonecausalrelationshipTwovariablesarestatedtobecausallyrelatedifchangeinoneisfollowedbychangeinother.IfItdoesnot,thentheirrelationshipcannotbecausal.b)MultifactorialcausationThecausalthinkingisdifferentinnon-communicabledisease(e.g.,CHD)wheretheetiologyismultifactorial,i.e.,morethanonefactorsareassociatedwithdiseasecausation.
298.Numeratorinnegativepredictivevalue? a)Truepositive b)Falsepositive c)Truenegative d)Falsenegative CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Truenegativespecificity=Truenegatives/Truenegatives+FalsepositivesSensitivity=TruePositives/Truepositives+FalsenegativesPositivepredictivevalue=Truepositives/(true+false)positivesNegativepredictivevalue=Truenegatives/(true+false)negatives
299.Stageofcontractionoffamilystartsat? a)Marriage b)Birthoffirstchild c)Birthoflastchild d)Leavinghomeoffirstchild CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,Leavinghomeoffirstchild
300.Clinicalauditmeans? a)Measuringhospitalrecords b)Measuringcurrentpatientscareagainstexplicitcriteria c)Measuringinput-outputanalysis d)Measuringshortesttimeneededtocompletetask CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,MeasuringcurrentpatientscareagainstexplicitcriteriaClinicalauditisaqualityimprovingprocess,inwhichpatientscareisimproved.Inthis,currentpatientsoutcomeandoutcomesaremeasuredagainstexplicitauditcriteria(againstreferencestandards).
301.Nutrientwhichislostmaximumin polishedrice? a)Proteins b)Thiamine c)Ascorbicacid d)Calcitriol CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ThiamineEffectofmillingonriceThemillingprocessdeprivesthericegrainofitsvaluablenutritiveelements
302.Zincsupplementgivenin12monthbaby - a)lgm/day b)10mg/day c)5mg/day d)15mg/day CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,5mg/dayTherequirementsforinfantsrangebetween3.5-5.0mg/day.
303.Whichlineofdeathcertificaterepresent majorantecedentcauseofdeath- a)Ia b)Ib c)Ic d)II CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,IcInternationaldeathcertificateThebasisofmortalitydataisdeathcertificate.Forensuringnationalandinternationalcomparability,itisnecessarytohaveauniformandstandardizedsystemofrecordingandclassifyingdeaths.ForthispurposeWHOhasrecommendedinternationaldeathcertificate.Consistoffourlines: 1. LineIa:Diseaseorconditiondirectlyleadingtodeath2. LineIb:Antecedent/underlyingcause3. LineIc:Mainantecedent/underlyingcause4. LineII:Othersignificantconditionscontributingtodeathbutnot relatedtodisease/conditioncausingitExampleofadeathcertificate: 1. LineIa:Renalfailure2. LineIb:Diabeticnephropathy3. LineIc:Diabetesmellitus4. LineII:Hypertension Conceptofunderlyingcause,LineIcisthemostimportantlineindeathcertificate,thusalsoknownas`EssenceofDeathCertificate'.
304.Biologicalvalueofproteinis a)Increaseinweightperunitproteinconsumed b)Percentageofingestedproteinretainedinsidethebody c)Percentageofabsorbednitrogenretained d)Percentageofenergyprovidedbyaproteinoffood CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,PercentageofabsorbednitrogenretainedAssessmentofproteinsProteincanbeassessedqualitativelyorquantitatively:?1)ProteinquantityItisassessedbytheprotein-energyratio.2)ProteinqualityItisassessedbyamino-acidscore,biologicalvalue,netproteinutilization,proteinefficiencyratio,andproteindigestibilitycorrectedaminoacidscore.ProteinenergyRatio(Protein-energypercentage)Itisaquantitativemeasureforassessmentofprotein.Itmeasuresthepercentageofenergythatisprovidedbytheproteininthefood.
305.RDAofzincinachild? a)10mg b)20mg c)6-8mg d)4-5mg CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,6-8mgRDAofZincinchildren1-3years-->3mg4-8years-55mg9yearsandabove(male)-->8-11mg9yearsandabove(female)-->8mg
306.Mentalhealthprogrammewasstarted in? a)1982 b)1987 c)1990 d)1995 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1982TheGovernmentofIndiahaslaunchedtheNationalMentalHealthProgramme(NMHP)in1982.AlsoknowMentalhealthactwasstartedin1987.
307.Testusedtoassessquantitative observationsbeforeandafteranintervention? a)UnpairedT-test b)PairedT-test c)Chi-squaretest d)Fisher-T-test CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PairedT-testApairedt-testisusedtocomparetwopopulationmeanswhereyouhavetwosamplesinwhichobservationsinonesamplecanbepairedwithobservationsintheothersamplethismightoccurin:?Before-and-afterobservationsonthesamesubjects(e.g.students'diagnostictestresultsbeforeandafteraparticularmoduleorcourse).?Acomparisonoftwodifferentmethodsofmeasurementortwodifferenttreatmentswherethemeasurements/treatmentsareappliedtothesamesubjects(e.g.bloodpressuremeasurementsusingastethoscopeandadynamap).Pairedtest:Isappliedtopaireddata,wheneachindividualgivesapairofobservationssuchas:whenobservationsaremadebeforeandaftertheplayofafactore.g.pulseratebeforeandafteradrug.Further,itproceedssimilartotheunpairedtest.
308.Virusnotsensitivetodisinfectionby chlorination a)Rotavirus b)Norwalkvirus c)Poliovirus d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,PoliovirusChlorinationChlorinationisoneofthegreatestadvancesinwaterpurification.Chlorinekillspathogenicbacteria,buthasnoeffectonspores,certainviruses(e.g.,polio,viralhepatitis)andcystofE.histolytica,inusualdoses.MechanismofactionWhenchlorineisaddedtowater,thereistheformationofhypochloricandhypochlorousacidThehypochloricacidisneutralizedbythealkalinityofthewater.Thehypochlorousacidionizestoformhydrogenionsandhypochloriteions.Thedisinfectingactionofchlorineismainlyduetothehypochlorousacidandtoasmallextentduetothehypochloriteions.Thehypochlorousacidisthemosteffectiveformofchlorineforwaterdisinfection,itis70-80timesmoreeffectivethanhypochloriteion.
309.Vaccinewhichshouldnotbefrozen- a)OPV b)Measles c)HBV d)Yellowfever CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,HBVOPVandmeaslesvaccinesarestoredindeepfreezers.(Note:Yellowfevervaccineisalsofreezdried,butisnotusedinIndia).Vaccinewhichmustbestoredinthecoldpartbutneverallowedtofreez.TyphoidDPTTTHepatitisBDTBCGDiluents
310.Koplikspotispathognomicofwhich infection? a)Rubella b)Influenza c)Mumps d)Measles CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Measles
311.Spreadofchickenpoxismaximum? a)Afterformationofscab b)Justbeforeandafteronsetofrash c)Oneweekbeforeonsetofrash d)Duringconvelescence CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,JustbeforeandafteronsetofrashCommunicableperiod(periodofmaximuminfectivity)inchickenpoxis2daysbeforeto5daysafteronsetofrash.
312.Breastmilkisdeficientinwhichvitamin a)VitaminA b)VitaminB1 c)VitaminK d)VitaminC CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,VitaminKExclusivebreasfedinfantsmayhavefollowingdeficiencies- 1. VitB12(ifmotherisstrictvegetarian)2. Fluoride3. VitD4. VitK "BreastfedinfantsareprotectedasthebreastmilkcontainsadequateamountsofvitaminC,exceptwhenthemotherisdeficientinVitaminC".
313.Percentageofwomen15-24yearsage groupinIndia? a)10% b)20% c)30% d)40% CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,20%InIndiapercentageofwomenin15-24yearsagegroup.
314.UnderMCHprogramme,adultIFAtablet contains? a)100mgelementalironand0.1mgFA b)100mgelementalironand0.5mgFA c)20mgelementalironand0.1mgFA d)20mgelementalironand0-5mgFA CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,100mgelementalironand0.5mgFAIronandFolicAcidcontentperIFAtablet:Adulttablet:100mgelementalironand500mcgfolicacidPediatrictablet:20mgelementalironand100mcgfolicacidForpreterminfants,recommendedIronandFolicAcidcontentperIFAtablet:Pediatrictablet:10--15mgelementalironand100mcgfolicacid.
315.AmplifierforJapaneseencephalitis? a)Horse b)Pigs c)Dogs d)Monkey CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Pigs
316.IQinmildmentalretardationis a)50-70 b)35-49 c)20-34 d)<20 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,50-70
317.Mostcommontypeofmentalretardation ? a)Mild b)Moderate c)Severe d)Profound CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Mild
318.Diseaseassociatedwithexcessivemaize diet? a)Wernicke'sencephalopathy b)Pellagra c)Beri-Beri d)Scurvy CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PellagraExcessofLeucineinterferesinconversionofTryptophanintoNiacin,andaggravatesthepallagrogenicactionofmaize.Similartomaize,Jowaralsocontainsexcessofleucine.Leucineinterfereswithconversionoftryptophantoniacin.PellagrahasbeenreportedinIndiainTelanganaareaofAndhraPradeshbecauseofJower(Sorghumvulgare)consumption.
319.PrevalenceofHIVinfectioninantenatal womenislessthan1%andinhighriskpopulationislessthan5%.Thestatebelongsto? a)GroupI b)GroupII c)GroupIII d)GroupIV CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c'i.e.,GroupIIIBasedonsentinelsurveillancedataHIVprevalenceinadultpopulationcanbebroadlyclassifiedinthreegroupsofstate/UTsinthecountry.
320.InAIDscontrolprogramme,For treatmentofSTDs,bluecoloredpackisusedfortreatmentof- a)Urethraldischarge b)Scrotalswelling c)Genitalulcers d)Ano-rectaldischarge CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,GenitalulcerNACOcentersprovidingART(asofsept2006)TheNationalAIDScontrolorganization(NACO)hasincreasedthenumbersofcentresprovidingARTfrom54to91centreswithanother9morecentresalsogettingoperationalsoon.Allthe9lcentreshavespeciallyappointedandtraineddoctors,counsellorsandlaboratorytechnicianstohelpinitiatepatientsonARTandfollowthemregularly.Atthese91centresmedicinesfortreating85000patientshavebeenmadeavailable.TheARTisacombinationofthreepotentdrugs,whichisbeinggiventothepersonswithadvancedstageofAIDS.Apartfromprovidingfreetreatment,alltheARTcentresareprovidingcounsellingtotheinfectedpersonssothattheymaintainregularlyoftheirmedication.ACOhasbrandedtheSTI/RTIservicesas"Surakshaclinic"andhasdevelopedacommunicationstrategyforgeneratingdemandfortheseservices.
321.Nottrueaboutvaccines? a)Twolivevaccinescanbegivenatsametimeatdifferentsites b)Twolivevaccinesatsamesiteshouldbegivenatleast3weeks apart c)Invaccinevialmonitorifthecolorofinnersquareissameas outerbackground,vaccineisgoodforuse d)Liveandkilledvaccinescanbegiventogether CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Invaccinevialmonitorifthecolorofinnersquareissameasouterbackground,vaccineisgoodforuseVaccineVialmonitorAnimportantimprovementinPPIduring1998hasbeentheuseofvaccinevialmonitor.Colourmonitorsorlabelsareputonvaccinebottles.Eachlabelhasacircleofdeepbluecolour.Insideitisawhitesquarewhichchangescolourandgraduallybecomesblue,ifvaccinebottleisexposedtohighertemprature.Whenthecolourofthewhitesquarebecomesbluelikethatofsurroundingcircle,thevaccineshouldbeconsideredineffective.Thereby,thehealthworkercaneasilyascertainthatthevaccinebeinggiveniseffectiveornot.
322.ApatientcomeswithCLWonknee10x2 cm,12hoursold.HehadtakenTT6monthsbackforanotherinjury.Whatshouldbedone? a)Nothingshouldbedone b)OnedoseofTTwithimmunoglobulin c)FullcourseofTT d)FullcourseofTTwithimmunoglobulin CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,OnedoseofTTwithimmunoglobulinPreventionoftetanusafterinjuryAllwoundsmustbethoroughlycleanedsoonafterinjury-removalofforeignbodies,soildust,necrotictissue.Thisprocedurewillabolishanaerobicconditionswhichfavourgerminationoftetanusspore.
323.
Lackofabilityofaparttodonormalfunctioniscalledas? a)Impairment b)Disease c)Disability d)Handicap CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DisabilityAccordingtoWHOdefinitions,Disease:AnyabnormalconditionofanindividualthatimpairsfunctionImpairment:Anylossorabnormalityofpsychological,physiologicaloranatomicalstructureorfunctionDisability:(Becauseofimpairment,)anyrestrictionorinabilitytoperformanactivityinarangeconsiderednormalforahumanbeing
324.ICDSmealsforpregnantwomen provides? a)300calories&10gramsprotein b)500calories&15gramsprotein c)600calories&10gramsprotein d)600calories&20gramsprotein CorrectAnswer-DAns.isdi.e.,600calories&20gramsproteinUnderICDSSchemesupplementarynutritionisgivento:Childrenbelow6yrsNursingmothersExpectantmothersTheaimistosupplementnutritionalintakefor 1. Eachchild6-72monthsofage500caloriesand12-15gramsof protein(financialnormofRs6.00perchildperday). 2. Severelymalnourishedchild6-72monthsofage800caloriesand 20-25gramsprotein(financialnormofRs6.00perchildperday). 3. Eachpregnantandnursingwoman600caloriesand18-20grams ofprotein(financialnormofRs5.00perbeneficiaryperday).Undertherevisednutritionalandfeedingnormsforsupplementarynutrition,Stategoverments/UTshavebeenmandatedtoprovidemorethanonemealtothechildrenwhocometoAWCs,whichincludeprovidingamorningsnackintheformofmilk/banana/egg/seasonalfruit/micronutrientfortifiedfoodfollowedbyahotcookedmeal.Forchildrenbelow3yearsofageandpregnant&lactatingmothers,"takehomeration"istobeprovided.Supplementarynutritionisgivenfor300daysayear.
325.Mid-daymealsprovidedinschools provide? a)1/2oftotalcalories&1/2ofprotein b)1/3oftotalcalories&1/2ofprotein c)1/2oftotalcalories&1/3ofprotein d)1/3oftotalcalories&1/4ofprotein CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,1/3rdoftotalcalories&1/2ofdailyproteinrequirement
326.WhichdrugisnotincludedinRNTCP regimeforMDRTB? a)Cycloserine b)Ethionamide c)Levofloxacin d)PAS CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,PAS
327.Primordialpreventionisdonetoprevent developmentof? a)Disease b)Riskfactors c)Impairment d)Disability CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,RiskfactorsLEVELSOFPREVENTIONTherearefourlevelsofprevention:? 1. Primordialprevention2. Primaryprevention3. Secondaryprevention4. Tertiaryprevention PrimordialLevelofPrevention:Isprimaryprevention(seebelow)inpurestsenseItisthepreventionoftheemergenceordevelopmentofriskfactorsincountriesorpopulationgroupsinwhichtheyhavenotyetappearedModesofIntervention: 1. IndividualEducation2. MassEducation PrimordialLevelisBestlevelofpreventionforNon-communicablediseases
328.Firststepinepidemicdonebyan epidemiologist? a)Identitythecases b)Confirmthediagnosis c)Identifythepronepeople d)Identifythecausativefactors CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ConfirmationofdiagnosisStepsforInvestigationofEpidemic:Verificationofdiagnosis:Isthefirststepininvestigationofanepidemic'Confirmationofexistenceofanepidemic:ComparewithdiseasefrequenciesduringsameperiodinpreviousyearsEpidemicthreshold:Anarbitrarylimitof'2standarderrorsfromtheendemicoccurrence'Definingthepopulationatrisk:ObtainingthemapoftheareaCalculationof'appropriatedenominatorofpopulationatrisk'Rapidsearchforallcasesandtheircharacteristics:MedicalsurveyEpidemiologicalcasesheetSearchingformorecases:Searchfornewcasesiscarriedouteveryday,tilltheareaisdeclaredfreeofepidemic;thisperiodisusuallytakenas'twicetheincubationperiodofthediseasesincetheoccurrenceoflastcase'Dataanalysis:Formulationofhypothesis
TestingofhypothesisEvaluationofecologicalfactorsFurtherinvestigationofpopulationatriskWritingthereport
329.Formulatocalculatesensitivityofa screeningtest? a)Truepositive/truepositive+falsenegative b)Truenegative/truepositive+falsenegative c)Truepositive/truenegative+falsepositive d)Truenegative/truenegative+falsepositive CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Truepositive/truepositive+falsenegativeTheformulaforthepositivelikelihoodratio("LR+")considersbothsensitivityandspecificity:it'ssensitivitydividedby(1-specificity),orthetruepositiveratedividedbythefalsepositives.Thisshowshowmuchmorelikelyisapersonwiththediseasetoscorepositivethanapersonwithoutthedisease.
330.Falseregardinglarvaeofanopheles? a)Longsiphontube b)Paralleltowater c)Palmatehairs d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Longsiphontube
331.Recommendedleveloffluoridein drinkingwater? a)0.2-0.5mg/L b)0-5-0.8mg/L c)0.8-1.2mg/L d)1.2-2.0mg/L CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,0.5-0.8mg/LTherecommendedleveloffluorideindrinkingwaterinthecountryisacceptedas0.5to0.8mg/Liter.-ParkMaximumpermissiblelimitis1.5mg/Lit.
332.Dentalfluorosisoccursiffluoridelevelis morethan a)0.5mg/dl b)1-5mg/dl c)3mg/dl d)6mg/dl CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,1-5mg/dlDentalfluorosis>1.5mg/L(PPM)Skeletalfluorosis3-6mg/L(PPM)Cripplingfluorosis>10mg/L(PPM)
333.MostcommoncancerinmalesinIndia? a)Carectum b)Caoralcavity c)Catestis d)Cabladder CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CaoralcavityMostcommoncancerinmalesinIndia:Lip/oralcavity
334.BlindnesscriteriainIndia? a)Vision<3/60 b)Vision<6/60 c)Vision<12/60 d)Vision<18/60 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Vision<6/60Nationalprogrammeforcontrolofblindness(NPCB),Indiadefinesblindnessasvisualacuityof<6/60inbetterevewithbestpossiblecorrectionIncontrasttoWHO,whichdefinesblindnessasvisualacuityof<3/60).
335.Basiclaboratoryserviceisnotavailable atPHCforwhichdisease? a)TB b)Malaria c)Syphilis d)Leprosy CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,LeprosyBasiclaboratoryservicesatPHC i. Routineurine,stoolandbloodtests. ii. Bleedingtime,clottingtime. iii. DiagnosisofRT1/STDswithwetmounting,Gramastain,etc. iv. Sputumtestingfortuberculosis(ifdesignatedasamicroscopy centerunderRNTCP). v. Bloodsmearexaminationformalarialparasite. vi. Rapidtestsforpregnancy. vii. RPRtestforSyphilis/YAWSsurveillance. viii. Rapiddiagnostictestsfortyphoid(TyphiDot)andmalaria. ix. Raidtestkitforfaecalcontaminationofwater. x. Estimationofchlorinelevelofwaterusingorthotoludinereagent.
336.Polioissaidtobeeradicatedifnocase ofpoliobywildpoliovirusoccursinanareafor? a)1year b)2years c)3years d)4years CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,3yearsCertificationofpolioeradicationisconductedanregionalbases.Eachregioncanconsidercertificationonlywhenallcountriesintheareademonstratetheabsenceofwildpoliovirustransmissionforatleastthreeconsecutiveyears.
337.Doseofrabiesimmunoglobulinforpost- exposureprophylaxis? a)10IU/kg b)20IU/kg c)30IU/kg d)401U/kg CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,20IU/kgDoseofrabiesimmunoglobulin(equineimmunoglobulin)20IU/kgbodyweight.DoseofF(ab)2products40IU/kgbodyweight.
338.Anamericanwantsprophylaxisfor Hepatitis-AbeforecomingtoIndiafor10days.Whatshouldbegiven? a)TwodoseofHAVvaccine b)immunoglobulin c)Antiviraldrugprophylaxis d)Nothingisrequired CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ImmunoglobulinAdvicefortravellersSomeoftherecommendationpertaintothefollowing:? 1. Avoidbathingwithpollutedwaterasthismayresultinear,eyeand skininfections.Excessiveheatandhumidityorover-exertionintheseconditionsmayleadtoexhaustionfromlossofwaterandsalt. 2. Themeasuresforpreventionofinsectbites.3. DiarrhoealDiseases:"Becarefulwhatyoueat"iscommonadviceto travellers,butveryfewtruelyunderstanditsimplications.Diarrhoeaaffectsanestimated20-50percentofalltravellers.Contaminatedfooddrinksarethemostcommonsourceoftheseinfections.Carefulselectionandpreparationoffoodanddrinkofferthebestprotection.Unfortunatelyappearanceoffoodisnoguideastoitssafety.Themainpersonalproectionistoconsiderunpasteurizedmilk,non-bottleddrinks,uncookedfood(apartfromthefruitsandvegetablesthatcanbepeeledorshelled),aslikelytobecontaminatedandthereforeunsafe.Thefoodshouldbethroughlyandfreshlycooked.Useboiledwaterorbottledmineralwater(nowavailableeverywhere).Travellersshouldbeawareoftheimportanceoforal
rehydrationfluidscontainingsaltandglucoseforcounteringdehydration. 4. Malaria:Thereisahighriskofacquiringmalariainendemicareas. Travellersareadvisedtoprotectthemselvesbychemoprophylaxis.Drugprophylaxisshouldbeginatthelatestonthedayofarrivalinthemalariousareasandcontinuedfor4-6weeksafterleavingthemalariousareas. 5. HepatitisA:Normalhumanimmunoglobulininadoseof0.02-0.05 mg/kgofbodyweighthasbeenrecommendedevery4months.Ideallyimmunoglobulinshouldnotbegivenwithin3weeksbefore,oruntill2weeksafteradministrationofalivevaccine.Ahighlysafe,inactivatedHAVvaccineisavailableinseveralEuropeancountries. 6. HepatitisE:ThereisnovaccineagainsthepatitisEand immunoglobulinpreparedinEuropeandUSAdoesnotgivemuchofprotection.Avoidenceofcontaminatedfoodandwateristheonlyeffectiveprotectivemeasure. 7. HepatitisB:HepatitisBvaccinesareavailableandaresafe.Three dosesofvaccineconstitutethecompletecourse.Thefirsttwodosesaregivenonemonthapartandthethirddoseabout6monthslater. 8. STDandHIV:MeasuresforpreventingSTDarethesamewhether theindividualistravellingabroadornot,i.e.avoidanceofsexaltogetherorlimitittoasinglefaithful,uninfectedpartner.Useofcondomisanimportantpreventivemeasure.ToreducetheriskofacquiringHIVandhepatitisBfromsyringesandneedles,travellersshouldavoidinjectabledrugsandifaninjectionisessentialtheyshouldmakesurethattheneedleandsyringecomefromsterilepack. 9. Yellowfever:Vaccinationcertificateforyellowfeveristheonly certificaterequiredforinternationaltravel.Yellowfevervaccineisrecommendedfortravellerstocountiresdesignatedasyellowfeverendemiczone. 10. Tetanus:Itisawiseprecautionforthetravellertohaveabooster doseoftetanustoxoidif10yearsormorehaveelapsedsincethelastinjectionofacompletecourseorbooster.
339.LeastNeonatalmortalityrateisseenin- a)Delhi b)TamilNadu c)Karnataka d)Maharashtra CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,TamilNaduOverall,leastneonatalmortalityisrecordedinKerala.However,amongthegivenoptionsTamilnaduhasminimumneonatalmortaltiy.
340.AsperRNTCPguidelinesfirstdoinTB suspectcase? a)ChestX-ray b)Sputumculture c)Sputummicroscopy d)Startshort-coursechemotherapy CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,SputummicroscopyTreatmentstratgicsinRNTCPUndertheRNTCPactivecasefindingisnotprusued.Casefindingispassive.Patientspresentingthremselveswithsymptomssuspiciousoftuberculosisarescreenedthrough2sputumsmearexamination.SputummicroscopicexaminationisdoneindesignatedRNTCPmicroscopycentres.Itisessentialtoexamine2sputumspecimensofeachpatientbeforeaconclusivediagnosiscanbemade.Ifonly1sputumsmearispositive,chestx-rayhelpsindiagnosis.Oncethediagnosisisconfirmed,treatmentisstartedaccordingtoDOTS(Directlyobservedtherapyshortterm).Patientareexpectedtocollectdrugsonceamonth(notdaily)onfixeddatesfromthenearesttreatmentcentre.
341.Casecontrolstudyisanexampleof? a)Prospectivestudy b)Retrospectivestudy c)Combinedretrospectiveandprospectivestudy d)Studyatonepointoftime CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Retrospectivestudy
342.Exampleofcasecontrolstudy(risk factoranddisease/outcome)? a)Maternalsmokingandcongenitalmalformation b)VaginaladenocarcinomaandintrauterineexposuretoDES c)Thalidomideexposureandteratogenicity d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,AlloftheaboveImportantriskfactorsandtheiroutcomes/diseaseswhichhavebeenstudiedbycase-controlstudyare:- i. Cigarettesmokingandlungcancer. ii. Maternalsmokingandcongenitalmalformation. iii. Radiationandleukemia. iv. OCPusedandhepatocellularcarcinoma. v. Herpes-simplexandBellspalsy. vi. Artificialsweetenersandbladdercancer. vii. DESexposureinfetallifeandvaginaladenocarcinoma. viii. OCPuseandthromboembolicdisease. ix. Thalidomideuseinpregnancyandteratogenicity.
343.Nottrueaboutpropagatedepidemics? a)Gradualrise b)Gradualfall c)Persontopersontransmission d)Nosecondarywave CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Nosecondarywave
344.Pulsescontainallexcept? a)Lysine b)Cystein c)Arginin d)Protein CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,CysteinPulsesPulsescompriseavarietyofgrams,alsoknownasdhal.Pulsescontain20to25%ofprotein,whichisdoublethatfoundinwheatandthreetimesthatfoundinRice.Infact,pulsescontainmoreproteinthaneggs,fishorfleshfood.Butinregardtoquality,pulseproteinsareinferiortoanimalproteins.Pulseproteinsarepoorinmethionineandtoalesserextentofcystein.Ontheotherhandpulseproteinsarerichinlysine.Soyabeamisexceptionallyrichinprotein.PulsesarerichinmineralsandB-groupvitaminssuchasriboflavinandthiamin.Indrystatepulsesdonotcontainvitamin'C'.However,Germinatingpulsescontainhigherconcentrationofvitamin'C'and'B'vitamins.Fermentationalsomodifiesthenutritivevalueofpulsesinthatvitamincontentofriboflavin,thiamineandniacinisenhanced.Pulsearecalled"poorman'smeat".
345.Trueaboutmeaslesareallexcept? a)Koplik'sspotsispathognomonic b)Sourceisacase c)Infectivityislow d)Affectagegroup1to3years CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,InfectivityislowMeasleshashighinfectivitywithsecondaryattackrateof80%.Otheroptionsarecorrect.
346.Whichofthefollowingisnotakilled vaccine? a)Polio b)HBV c)HAV d)Yellowfevervaccine CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,YellowfevervaccineYellowfevervaccineisakilledvaccine.
347.Mostimportantmeasuretoprevent hospitalinfection? a)Useofantibiotics b)Useofantiseptics c)Properhandwashing d)Formalinfumigation CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,ProperhandwashingTherearefollowingtypesofmodesoftransmissionofhospital-acquiredinfections:1)Contacttransmission i. Itisthemostcommonandmostpreventablemeansoftransmission. Itisdividedintotwotypes- ii. Directcontact:Itinvolvescontactofbodysurfacetobodysurface withaphysicaltransferofmicroorganisms.Handcontactismostcommonmodeoftransmission. iii. Indirectcontact:Itinvolvesbodysurfacecontactwitha contaminatedintermediateobject.Ashandcontactisthemostcommonmodeoftransmission,thebestpreventivemeasureofnosocomialinfectionisproperhandhygiene.2)DroplettransmissionItoccurswhendropletcontainingmicroorganismsfromaninfectedpersonarepropelledthroughtheair(e.g.coughing,sneezing)andlandonthemouth,eyesornoseofanotherperson.3)AirbornetransmissionItresultswhenadropletcontainingmicroorganismsevaporatesandremainssuspendedinairforalongtime(thisshouldnotbeconfusedwithdropletinfection,inwhichtransmissionisimmediate
anddropletsdonotremainssuspendedintheair).Airbornetransmissionalsooccursbydustparticlescontainingmicroorganism.4)VehicletransmissionItreferstotransmissionofinfectionbycontaminateditemssuchasfood,water,medications,devicesandequipment.
348.Absolutecontraindicationforinsertionof IUD a)HistoryofPID b)Congenitaluterinemalformation c)Undiagnosedvaginalbleeding d)Purulentcervicaldischarge CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,UndiagnosedvaginalbleedingContraindicationsABSOLUTE: a. Suspectedpregnancyb. Pelvicinflammatorydisease c. Vaginalbleedingofundiagnosedetiology d. Cancerofthecervix,uterusoradnexaandotherpelvictumourse. Previousectopicpregnancy RELATIVE: a. Anaemiab. Menorrhagia c. HistoryofPIDsincelastpregnancy d. Purulentcervicaldischargee. Distortionsoftheuterinecavityduetocongenitalmalformations, fibroid f. Unmotivatedperson
349.Rabiesvaccinewasfirstdevelopedby? a)RobertKoch b)LouisPasteur c)EdwardJenner d)Loeffler CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,LouispasteurLouispasteurisassociatedwith:Developmentoflivevaccine(firstwasanthrax)Developmentofvaccineforrabies(hydrophobia)IntroductionoftechniqueofsterilizationDisprovethetheoryofspontaneousgeneration(abiogenesis)Establishedthedifferentgrowthneedofdifferentbacteria(helpedincomplexmedia)Coinedthetermvaccine
350.Humandevelopmentindexincludesall except? a)Longevity b)Knowledge c)Income d)Literacyrate CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,LiteracyrateHumandevelopmentindexHDIisacompositeindexcombiningindicatorsrepresentingthreedimensions. i. Longevity:Lifeexpectancyatbirth. ii. Knowledge:Meanyearsofschooling(grossenrolmentratio)and expectedyearofschooling.(InoldereditionsofPark,i.e.,21st/eandolderthanthat,itwasadultliteracyrateinsteadofexpectedyearschooling). iii. Income:GNIPerCapita(InoldereditionsofPark,itwasGDPper capitainsteadofGNIpercapita).
351.Trueaboutinfluenza? a)Incubationperiod2-3weeks b)Mostinfectionsaresubclinical c)Type-AviruscausesReye'ssyndrome d)PandemiciscausedbyType-Bvirus CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,MostinfectionsaresubclinicalInfluenzaInfluenzavirusaRNAvirus,belongstoorthomyxovirus.Therearethreeviralsubtypes:i)TypeA(causesallpandemicsandmostepidemics);typeB;andtypeC(notcirculatingcurrently).Currentlytheinfluenzavirusescirculatingintheworldare:111N,oftypeA(causesswineflu);H2N2oftypeA;H3N2oftypeA;H5NIoftypeA(causesbirdfluoravianinfluenza);H7N9oftypeA(causedepidemicofavianinfluenzainChinain2013);andtypeB.Influenzashowscyclictrendwithepidemicoccuringevery2-3yearsincaseofinfluenza-Aandevery4-7yearsincaseofinfluenza-B.Pandemicsarecausedbyonlyinfluenza-Aevery10-15years.Influenzaaffectsallagesandbothsexes.Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalandbirds.Incubationperiodis18-72hours.Mostoftheinfectionsaresubclinical.Clinicalcasespresentwithcough,fever,myalgiaandheadache.
352.Aedesaegyptiindexnearportsshould belessthan- a)1% b)5% c)8% d)10% CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1%ForthesurveillanceofAedesmosquitoes,theWHOusesanindexknownasAedesaegyptiindex.Thisisahouseindexandisdefinedas"Thepercentageofhousesandtheirpremises,inalimitedwell-definedarea,showingactualbreedingofAedesaegyptilarvae".Thisindexshouldnotbemorethan1%intownsandseaportsinendeicareastoensurefreedomfromyellowfever.InternationalhealthregulationforyellowfeverMeasuresdesignedtorestrictthespreadofyellowfeverarespecifiedinthe"Internationalhealthregulation"ofWHO.TheseareimplementedbytheGovtofIndiathroughstringentaerialandmaritimetrafficregulations.Broadlythesecomprise:-i)TravellersAlltravellers(includinginfants)exposedtoyellowfeverorpassingthroughendemiczonesofyellowfevermustpossesavalidinternationalcertificatefovaccinationagainstyellowfeverbeforetheyareallowedtoenteryellowfeverreceptiveareaslikeIndia.Thevalidityofthecertificatebegins10daysafterthedateofvaccinationandextendsupto10years.
Revaccinationperformedbeforetheendofthevalidityofcerticicaterendersthecertificatevalidforafurtherperiodof10yearsstartingonthedayofrevaccination.Ifnosuchcertificatefovaccinationisavailable,thetravellarisplacedonquarantinefor6daysfromthedateofleavinganinfectedarea.ii)MosquitoesTheaircraftandshipsarrivingfromendemicareasaresubjectedtoaerosolsprayingwithprescribedinsecticides.AirportsandSeaportsarekeptfreefromthebreedingofinsectvectorsoveranareaextendingatleast400metresaroundtheirperimeters.The"aedesaegyptiindex"iskeptbelow1.
353.Multifactorialcausationofdiseasetheory wasproposedby a)LouisPasteur b)Pettenkofer c)Robertkoch d)Aristotle CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PettenkoferMultifactorialcausationofdiseasetheorywasproposedbyPettenkofer.
354.MajorsignforAIDSsurveillanceinWHO casedefinition? a)>10%weightloss b)Cough>1month c)Generalizedlymphadenopathy d)DisseminatedHerpes CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,>10%weightlossWHOcasedefinitionforAIDSsurveillanceForthepurposeofAIDSsurveillanceanadultoradolescent(sixyearsofage)isconsideredtohaveAIDSifatleast2ofthefollowingmajorsignsarepresentincombinationwithoneminorsign.MajorSignsWeightloss>10%ofbodyweightChronicdiarrhoeaformorethan1monthProlongedfeverformorethan1monthMinorsignsPersistentcoughformorethanonemonthGeneralizedpruriticdermatitisHistoryofherpeszosterChronicprogressiveordisseminatedherpessimplexinfectionGeneralizedlymphadenopathyOropharyngealCandidiasis.ExpandedWHOcasedefinitionforAIDSsurveillanceForthepurposeofsurveillanceonadultoradolescent(>12yearsofage)isconsideredtohaveAIDSifatestforHIVantibodygivesapositiveresultandoneormoreofthefollowingconditionsarepresent:
>10%bodyweightlossorcachexia,withdiarrhoeaorfeverorboth,foratleast1month,notknowntobeduetoaconditionunrelatedtoHIVinfection.
355.NotacoppercontainingIUD? a)CuT-200 b)Nova-T c)Multiload-250 d)LNG-20 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`di.e.,LNG-20LNG-20isthirdgenerationIUDwhichdoesnotcontaincooper.Otherthreeoptionsare2"dgeneration(coppercontaining)IUDs.
356.CurrentMMRinIndiais(per1laclive births)? a)400 b)280 c)180 d)110 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,180
357.Notababyfriendlyhospital recommendation? a)Breastfeedingwithhalf-hourofbirth b)Breastfeedingondemand c)Useofartificialteatswhenrequired d)Nooralfeedotherthanbreastmilk CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,UseofartificialteatswhenrequiredBabyfriendlyhospitalinitiativesBabyfriendlyhospitalinitiative(BFHI)waslaunchedforpromotion,protectionandsupportofbreastfeeding.ItwaslaunchedbyWHOandUNICEF.BFHIhaslistedfollowingtensteps,whichthehospitalmustfulfill. 1. Haveawrittenbreastfeedingpolicythatisroutinelycommunicated toallhealthcarestaff 2. Trainallhealthcarestaffinskillsnecessarytoimplementthispolicy.3. Informallpregnantwomenaboutthebenefitsandmanagementof breastfeeding. 4. Helpmothersinitiateberastfeedingwithinahalf-hourofbirth.5. Showmothershowtobreastfeed,andhowtomaintainlactation eveniftheyshouldbeseparatedfromtheirinfants. 6. Givenewborninfantsnofoodordrinkotherthanbreastmilk,unless medicallyindicated. 7. Practicerooming-in-allowmothersandinfantstoremaintogether- 24hoursaday. 8. Encouragebreastfeedingondemand.9. Givenoartificialteatsorpacifiers(alsocalleddummiesorsoothers) tobreastfeedinginfants.
10. Fostertheestablishmentofbreastfeedingsupportgroupsandrefer motherstothemondischargefromthehospitalorclinic.
358.GoalofNPCBwastoreduceprevalence ofblindnessto? a)<0.3%by2000 b)<0.3%by2005 c)<0.5%by2010 d)<0.5%by2015 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,<0.3%by2000NATIONALPROGRAMMEFORCONTROLOFBLINDNESS(NPCB)ThenationalprogramforControlofBlindness(NPCB)hasbeenre-designatedrecentlyastheNationalProgrammeforControlofBlindnessandVisualImpairmentLaunchedin1976Itsobjectiveistoreducetheprevalenceofeyediseasesingeneral,andtheprevalenceofblindnessfrom1.40%to0.3%by2000AD.ApexCentre(NationalEyeInstitute)isDr.RajendraPrasadCentreforOphthalmicSciences(NewDelhi,AIIMS).RevisedstrategiesofNPCBa)TomakeNPCBmorecomprehensivebystrengtheningservicesforothercausesofblindnesslikecornealblindness(requiringtransplantationofdonatedeyes),refractiveerrorsinschool-goingchildren,improvingfollow-upservicesofcataractoperatedpersonsandtreatingothercausesofblindnesslikeglaucoma;ToshiftfromtheeyecampapproachtoafixedfacilitysurgicalapproachandfromconventionalsurgerytoIOLimplantationforbetterqualityofpost-
operativevisioninoperatedpatients.b)ToexpandtheWorldBankprojectactivitieslikeconstructionofdedicatedeyeoperationtheatres,eyewardsatthedistrictlevel,trainingofeyesurgeonsinmoderncataractsurgeryandothereyesurgeriesandsupplyofophthalmicequipment,etc.tothewholecountry.c)TostrengthentheparticipationofVoluntaryOrganizationsintheprogramandtoearmarkgeographicareastoNGOsandGovernmentHospitalstoavoidduplicationofeffortandimprovetheperformanceofGovernmentUnitslikeMedicalColleges,DistrictHospitals,SubDivisionalHospitals,CommunityHealthCentres,PrimaryHealthCentres.d)Toenhancethecoverageofeyecareservicesintribalandotherunder-servedareasthroughtheidentificationofbilateralblindpatients,preparationofvillage-wiseblindregisterandgivingpreferencetobilateralblindpatientsforcataractsurgery.
359.Trueaboutcriticalpathmethodareall except a)Networkanalysis b)Longestpath c)Cannotbedelayed d)Shortestpath CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,ShortestpathNetworkanalysisAnetworkanalysisisagraphicofalleventsandactivitiestobecompletedinordertoreachanendobjective.Itbringsgreaterdisciplineinplanning.Thetwocommontypesofnetworktechniqueare:a)ProgrammeEvaluationandReviewtechnique(PERT)b)CriticalPathmethod(CPM)ProgrammeEvaluationandReviewtechnique(PERT)PERTisamanagementtechniquewhichmakespossiblemoredetailedplaningandmorecomprehensivesupervision.PERTismethodtoanalyzetheinvolvedtasksincompletingagivenproject,especiallythetimeneededtocompleteeachtask,andidentifyingtheminimumtimeneededtocompletethetotalproject.TheessenceofPERTistoconstructanarrowdiagram,whichrepresentsthelogicalsequenceinwhicheventsmusttakeplace.Itispossiblewithsuchadiagramtocalculatethetimebywhicheachactivitymustbecompleted,andtoidentifythoseactivitiesthatarecritical.Criticalpathmethod(CPM)Thelongestpathofthenetworkiscalledthecriticalpath.Critical
pathmethoddeterminestheactivitiesofaprojectwhicharecriticalandaregivenlongestpath.Otheractivitiesaretotalfloat,i.e.theycanbedelayedwithoutmakingtheprojectlonger.Anydelayinactivityonthecriticalpathresultsindelayoftheproject.oIntheabovefigure,thelongestpathisfromequipmentorderedtoequipmentinstalled.Thatmeans,thisisthecriticalpathandinstallatingofequimentisthemostcriticalstep(taking10months).oOtheractivitiesaretotalfloat,i.e.theycanbedelayedforsometimeswithoutdelayingtheproject.
360.TotalnumberofTBcasesina communityof6000population150.NumberdeathduetoTBare30.WhatistheTBspecificdeathrate(per1000population)? a)20 b)10 c)5 d)0-5 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,0-5SpecificdeathratesWhenanalysisisplannedtothrowlightonetiology,itisessentialtousespecificdeathrates.Thespecifieddeathratehelpsidentifyparticular'atrisk'group(s)forprevention.Italsopermitscomparisonbetweendifferentcauseswithinsamepopulation.Thespecificdeathratesmaybe?a)Causeordiseasespecific,e.g.TB,cancer,accident.b)Relatedtospecificgroups-e.g.agespecific,sexspecific.
361.Averagedailybreastmilkoutputduring first6months? a)100-200ml b)200-300ml c)300-400ml d)500-600ml CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,500-600mlUndernormalconditions,Indianmotherssecrete450-600mlofmilkdailyMaximumoutputofmilkisat5-6months(730ml/day)afterwhichtheoutputconstantlydeclines.At12monthstheoutputis525ml/day-Parkp.455
362.Whichstageoflarvaofhouseflyis voraciousfeeder- a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1Thelarvaofhousefly(maggot)moultstwice,i.e.therearethreeinstarstages.Thefirstinstarlarvaisavaraciousfeeder,feedingmainlyondecomposingliquidorganicmatter.
363.Trueaboutcarriers? a)Infectionwithclinicalsymptoms b)Servesassourceofinfection c)Moreinfectiousthancases d)Lessdangerousthancases CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ServesassourceofinfectionAcarrierisdefinedas"aninfectedpersonoranimalthatharboursaspecificinfectiousagentintheabsenceofclinicaldiseaseandservesasapotentialsourceofinfection".Asarulecarriersarelessinfectiousthancases,butepidemiologicallytheyaremoredangerousthancasesbecausetheyescaperecognition,andcontinuingastheydotoliveanormallifeamongthepopulationorcomunity,theyreadilyinfectthesusceptibleindividualsoverawiderareaandlongerperiodoftime.
364.Typhoidoralvaccineisgiven? a)1,3,5days b)1,2,3days c)1,2,4days d)1,7,14days CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1,3,5daysANTI-TYPHOIDVACCINESTheoldparenteralkilledwhole-cellvaccinewaseffectivebutproducedstrongside-effects.So,theyarenotusednow.Twosafeandeffectivevaccinesarenowlicensedandavailable:-1.TheVipolysachharidevaccine 1. ItiscomposedofpurifiedVicapsularpolysaccharidefromtheTy2 strainofS.Typhi. 2. Itisadministeredsubcutaneouslyorintramuscularly.3. Onlyonedoseisrequired.4. Thevaccineconfersprotection7daysafterinjection.5. Tomaintainprotection,re-vaccinationisrecommendedevery3 years. 6. Thevaccineislicensedforindividualsaged2years.Itdoesnot elicitimmuneresponseinchildren<2years. 7. Thevaccineisstablefor6monthsat37?Candfor2yearsat20?C. Therecommendedstoragetempratureis2-8?C. 8. TheVipolysaccharidevaccinecanbeco-administeredwithother vaccinesrelevantforinternationaltravellers-suchasyellowfeverandhepatitisA 9. Acyclovirisgiventopreventthedevelopmentofsystemicdiseasein
varicellainfectedimmunosuppresedpatients&canhalttheprogressionofzosterinadults.Varicellazosterimmunoglobulingivenwithin72hrsofexposurecanpreventchickenpoxandisrecommendedinexposedimmunocompromisedpersons.Aliveattenuatedvaricellavaccineisrecommendedforchildrenbetween12-18months.Itiseffectiveevenifgivenwithin3-5daysafterexposure.2.TheTy21aoralvaccineItisanorallyadministered,liveattenuatedTy2strainofS.Typhiinwhichmultiplegenes(includingforViCapsularpolysaccharide)havebeenmutatedchemically.Thislyophilizedvaccineisavailablein2preparations:?1.EntericcoatedcapsulesUsedfortravellerstodevelopingcountries.Itisusedinindividuals5yearsofage.2.LiquidsuspensionUsedbypublichealthprogrammesforyoungchildrenindevelopingcountries.Itcanbeadministeredfromtheageof2years. 1. Vaccineisadministeredon1,3and5theday,i.e.,a3-doseregimen isrecommended. 2. Vaccineconfersprotection7daysafterthelastdose.3. Therecommendationistorepeatthisseries(3doses)every3years forpeoplelivinginendemicareas,andeveryyearforindividualstravellingfromnon-endemictoendemiccountries. 4. Ty21arequiresstorageat2-8?C,itretainspotencyfor approximately14daysat25?C. 5. Proguanilandantibacterialdrugsshouldbestoppedfrom3days beforeuntil3daysaftergivingTy21a,asthesedrugsmayharmlivebacteria. 6. Thevaccineisnotefficaciousifadministeredatthetimeofongoing diarrhea. 7. Avoidedduringdiarrhoeaasefficacywillreduce.8. CanbegiventoHIV+ve,asymptomaticpersonswithCD4cellcount of>200/mm3 9. Welltoleratedandhaslowratesofadverseevents. 10. Notrecommendedincongenitaloracquiredimmunodeficiency, acutefebrileillness,acuteintestinalinfectionandinpatientson
antimitoticdrugs 11. Maybegivensimultaneouslywithlivevaccinesofpolio,cholera, yellowfeverandMMR.
365.Trueabouttyphoidvaccinesareall except? a)Vipolysaccharidevaccineisgiveninsingledose b)Storagetemperatureis+2to+8?C c)Typhoralvaccineisgivenin3doses d)Typhoralvaccinecannotbegivenwithotherlivevaccines CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Typhoralvaccinecannotbegivenwithotherlivevaccines
366.Transmissionofmicrofilariainmosquito is? a)Cyclo-developmental b)Cyclo-propagative c)Propagative d)Cyclical CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CyclodevelopmentalInvectorborndiseases,anarthropodoranylivingcarrier(e.g.,snail)actsasavectorandtransportsaninfectiousagenttoasusceptibleindividual.Transmissionbyavectormaybeoffollowingtypes:?A.MechanicaltransmissionTheinfectiousagentismechanicallytransportedbyvector,e.g.,throughsoulingoffeetofflyingarthropod.Thereisnodevelopmentormultiplicationofinfectiousagentwithinthevector.B.BiologicaltransmissionTheinfectiousagentundergoesreplication(changeinnumber)ordevelopment(changeinform)orbothinvector.So,inectiousagentrequiresanincubationperiod(extrinsicincubationperiod)beforevectorcantransmitittohost.Thistypeoftransmissionisofthreetypes:-i)PropagativeAgentundergoesmultiplication(changeinnumber)inthevector.ThereisnodevelopmentNochangeinform.ExamplePlaguebacilliinratefleas.ii)Cyclo-developmental
AgentundergoesonlydevelopmentChangeinform.NomultiplicationNochangeinnumber.ExampleMicorfilariainmosquito.iii)Cyclo-propagativeAgentundergoesbothdevelopmentandmultiplicationChangeinformandnumber.ExampleMalariaparasite(plasmodiumsp.)inmosquito.
367.Denominatorinperinatalmortalityrate? a)Totalbirths b)Totallivebirths c)Livebirths+Stillbirth d)Totalnumberofnewborns CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Totallivebirths
368.IroncontentofMALA-D? a)10mg b)19-5mg c)29.5mg d)40mg CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,19-5mgMALA-Dcontains-i)30ug(0.03mg)ofethinylestradiol.ii)0.15mgofdesogestrel(D-norgestrel).Eachbrowncolouredfilmcoatedtabletcontains60mgferrousfumarateequivalenttoferrousiron19.5mg.
369.Proteinrequirementinadultmale? a)0.5gm/kg/day b)1gm/kg/day c)1.5gm/kg/day d)2gm/kg/day CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,1gm/kg/day
370.Peoplearearrangedalphabeticallyby theirnamesandthenevery3rdpersonischosenforstudy.Thetypeofsamplingis? a)Stratifiedrandom b)Systematicrandom c)Simplerandom d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,SystematicrandomSimplerandomsamplingSimplerandomsampling,also,knownas'unrestrictedrandomsampling';isapplicableforsmall,homogenous,readilyavailablepopulationandisusedinclinicaltrials.Insimplerandomsamplingeachindividualischosenrandomlyandentirelybychance.So,eachindividualhasthesameprobabilityofbeingchosenatanystageduringthesamplingprocess.ForexampleLetusassumeyouhadaschoolwith1000students,dividedequallyintoboysandgirls,andyouwantedtoselect100ofthemforfurtherstudy.Youmightputalltheirnamesinabucketandthenpull100namesout.Notonlydoeseachpersonhaveanequalchanceofbeingselected,wecanalsoeasilycalculatetheprobailityof
371.ProteincontentinF-75milkformula? a)0.5gmper100ml b)0-9gmper100ml c)1-5gmper100ml d)2.0gmper100ml CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,0.9gmper100ml
372.Measleseliminationcriteriaareallexcept ? a)Absenceofendemicmeasles b)Formorethan12months c)Incidence<1per1lacpopulation d)Transmissionatlowlevel CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,TransmissionatlowlevelWHOdefineseliminationofmeaslesastheabsenceofendemicmeaslesforaperiodof12monthsinthepresenceofadequatesurveillance.Oneindicaterofmeasleseliminationisasustainedmeaslesincidence<1/100,000population.In2005,theWorldHealthAssemblysetagoalofachievinga90%reductioninglobalmeaslesmortalityby2010ascomparedwithlevelin2000.
373.InRevisedNationalTuberculosisControl programmethesilentfeaturesaretoachieve? a)Curerate85%&diagnosis85% b)Curerate85%&diagnosisrate70% c)Curerate80%&diagnosis85% d)Curerate80%&diagnosisrate80% CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Curerate85%&diagnosisrate70%RevisedNationalTuberculosisControlProgrammeTheGovernmentofIndia,WHOandWorldBanktogetherreviewedtheNTPintheyear1992.BasedonthefindingsarevisedstrategyforNTPwasevolved.Thesalientfeaturesofthisstrategyare:-Achievementofatleast85percentcurerateofinfectiouscasesthroughsupervisedShortCourseChemotherapyinvolvingperipheralhealthfunctionaries.Augmentationofcasefindingactivitiesthroughqualitysputummicroscopytodetectatleast70percentestimatedcases;andInvolvementofNG0s;Information,Educationandcommunicationandimprovedoperationalresearch.Fora"TB-freeIndia"followingobjectiveshavebeenproposed: i. Toachieve90%notificationrate ii. Toachieve90%successrateforallnewcasesand85%for retreatmentcases iii. Tosignificantlyimprovethesuccessfuloutcomesoftreatmentof drugresistantTBcases
iv. TodecreasemorbidityandmortalityofHIVassociatedTB v. ToimproveoutcomesofTBcareintheprivatesector
374.Proportionalmortalityrateis? a)Numberofdeathduetoaparticularcause b)Numberofdeathduringthatyear c)Numberofdeathinonemonth d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,NumberofdeathduetoaparticularcauseProportionalmortalityrate(ratio)Proportionalmortalityratemeasurestheproportionoftotaldeathduetospecificcauseorproportionofdeathsinaparticularagegroup.Itisdefinedas"numberofdeathsduetoaparticularcause(orinspecificagegroup)per100totaldeaths".Itisthe'simplestmeasureofestimatingtheburdenofdisears'inthecommunity.Itisauseful'healthStatusindicator';indicatesmagnitudeofpreventablemortality.Itisusedwhenpopulationdataisnotavailable.Itdoesnotindicatetheriskofmembersofpopulationcontractingordyingfromthedisease.
375.Bestindicatorforburdenofdisease? a)Incidence b)Crudedeathrate c)Causespecificdeathrate d)Proportionalmortalityrate CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Proportionalmortalityrate
376.Pearlsindex? a)Per100womanyears b)Per10womanyears c)Per1000womanyears d)Per50womanyears CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Per100womanyears
377.Neurolathyrismisdueto? a)Argemoneoil b)Jhunjhunia c)Khesaridal d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Khesaridal
378.NFHS-3wasconductedin? a)1992-93 b)1998-99 c)2005-06 d)2009-10 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,2005-06Nationalfamilyhealthsurvey(NFHS)Isalarge-scale,multi-roundsurveyconductedinarepresentativesampleofhouseholdsthroughoutIndia.3roundsofthesurveyhavebeenconductedtilldate. 1. NFHS-1:1992-932. NFHS-2:1998-993. NFHS-3:2005-06 GoalsofNFHSsurvey: 1. ToprovideessentialdataneededbyMinistryofHealth&Family Welfareandotheragenciesforpolicyandprogrammepurposes 2. Toprovideinformationonimportantemerginghealthandfamily welfareissuesFewkeyfindingsofNFHS-3,India(2005-06) 1. Literacyrate:Male-83%,Female-59%.2. IMR:57per1000livebirths.3. TFR:2.64. Contraceptiveprevalence:56%(Sterilization37%)5. 3ANcheckups:51%.6. TookIFA:65%(TookIFAfor90days)ormore:23%.7. Received>2TTinjections:76%8. Institutionaldeliveries:41%
9. Deliveryassistedbyhealthprofessionals:48%. 10. Deliveryconductedbyaskilledprovider:47%.11. Anemia-children:79%12. Anemia-pregnancy:58%13. Womenexperienceddomesticviolence:37%
379.NottrueaboutAlma-Atadeclaration? a)Washeldin1978 b)Communityparticipation c)Healthforall d)Bestapproachforhealthforallisbasichealthcare CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,BestapproachforhealthforalisbasichealthcareTheDeclarationofAlma-Ata(1978)byemphasizingtheneedfor"individualandcommunityparticipation"gaveanewmeaninganddirectiontothepracticeofhealtheducation.In1978,theAlma-AtaInternationalconferenceonPrimaryHealthCarereaffirmedHealthforAllasthemajorsocialgoalfogovernments,andstatedthatthebestapproachtoachievethegoalofHFAisbyprovidingprimaryhealthcare,especiallytothevastmajorityofunderservedruralpeopleandurbanpoor.Itwasenvisagedthatbytheyear2000,atleastessentialhealthcareshouldbeaccessibletoallindividualsandfamiliesinanacceptableandaffordableway,withtheirfullparticipation.TheAlma-AtaConferencecalledonallgovernmentstoformulatenationalpolicies,strategiesandplansofactiontolaunchandsustainprimaryhealthcareaspartofanationalhealthsystem.Itislefttoeachcountrytodevelopitsnormsandindicatorsforprovidingprimaryhealthcareaccordingtoitsowncircumstances.
380.LevelofHardnessifthevalueis50-150 mg/L? a)Softwater b)Moderatelyhardwater c)Hardwater d)Veryhardwater CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Moteratelyhardwater
381.MentalHealthActwaspassedin? a)1982 b)1987 c)1971 d)1950 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,1987
382.Allarecomponentsof'Healthforall' except? a)Adequacy b)Acceptibility c)Equity d)Resourceallocation CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,ResourceallocationHealthforAllHealthforall'isdefinedas"attainmentofalevelofhealththatwillenableeveryindividualtoleadasociallyandeconomicallyproductivelife".ThefundamentalprincipleofHFAstrategyisequity,thatis,anequal,healthstatusforpeopleandcountries,ensuredbyanequitabledistributionofhealthresources.ThebestapproachtoachievethegoalforHFAisbyprovidingprimaryhealthcare.Atleastessentialhealthcareshouldbeaccessibletoallindividualsinanacceptableandaffordableway.ThesevenprinciplesofhealthforalloutlinebyWHO i. Therighttohealth ii. Healthpromotion iii. Equityinhealth(equitabledistribution) iv. Primaryhealthcare v. Communityparticipation vi. Intersectoralcooporation vii. Intersectoralcollaboration Primaryhealthcare(PHC)isoneofthemostimportantcomponent.ThebasicrequirmentsforPHCare(8A'sand3C's)-
ThebasicrequirmentsforPHCare(8A'sand3C's)-AppropriatenessAvailabilityAdequacyAccessibilityAcceptibilityAffordabilityAssessabilityAccountabilityCompletenessComprehensivenessContinuity
383.Randomizedstudyisdoneinpeoplewho arevolunteerforthestudy.Whichtypeofbiasmayoccur? a)Hawthornebias b)Berkesonianbias c)Selectionbias d)Attentionbias CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Selectionbias
384.Inachildwhoisallergictoegg,which vaccineshouldbeavoided? a)Measles b)MMR c)Influenza d)DPT CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Influenza
385."3by5"initiativeinAIDScontrol programmeis? a)Providing3millionpeopletreatmentbyendof2005 b)Providingtreatmentto3outof5patients c)ReducingincidenceofAIDSby3%by2005 d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Providing3millionpeopletreatmentbyendof20053by5targetOn1stDecember2003,WHOandUNAIDSannouncedadetailedplantoreachthe"3by5target"ofprovidingantiretroviraltreatment(ART)tothreemillionpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSinthedevelopingcountriesbytheendof2005.UltimategoalofthisstrategyistoprovideuniversalaccesstoARTtoanyonewhoneedsit.IthasfivePillars(focusareasofconcerns):? 1. SimplifiedstandardtoolstodeliverART2. Anewservicetoensureeffective,reliablesupplyofmedicinesand diagnostics 3. Disseminationandapplicationofnewknowledgeandsuccessful strategy 4. Urgent,sustainedsupporttocountries5. Globalleadership,backedbystrongpartnership
386.IndexofoperationalefficiencyofMalaria ? a)API b)ABER c)Infantparasiterate d)Spleenrate CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ABERAnnualbloodexaminationrate(ABER)isanindexofoperationalefficiency.
387.ImpactindicatorforASHA? a)NumberofASHAtrained b)Infantmortalityrate c)%ofinstitutionaldeliveries d)%ofJSYclaimsmadetoASHA CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,InfantmortalityrateMonitoringandEvaluationofASHA'sworkGovernmentofIndiahassetupfollowingindicatorsformonitoringASHA(41).1.ProcessIndicatorsa)NumberofASHAsselectedbydueprocessb)NumberofASHAstrained;andc)%ofASHAsattendingreviewmeetingafteroneyear2.OutcomeIndicatorsa)%ofnewbornwhowereweighedandfamiliescounseled.b)%ofchildrenwithdiarrhoeawhoreceivedORS.c)%ofdeliverieswithskilledassistance.d)%ofinstitutionaldeliveries.e)%ofJSYclaimsmadetoASHAf)%ofcompletelyimmunizedin12to23monthsagegroup.g)%ofunmetneedforspacingcontraceptionamongBPL.h)%offevercaseswhoreceivedchloroquinewithinfirstweekinamalariaendemicarea.3.ImpactIndicatorsa)IMRb)Childmalnutritionratesc)NumberofcasesofTB/leprosydetectedascomparedtopreviousyear.
year.
388.Iodizedsaltisgiventopreventgoitreto ? a)Allpopulation b)PopulationofHimalayanbelt c)PopulationofHillyareas d)Populationofvillagearea CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,AllpopulationInIndia,theentirepopulationispronetoIDDduetodeficiencyofiodineinthesoilofthesubcontinentconsequentlythefoodderivedfromit.Theiodizationofsaltisnowthemostwidelyusedprophylacticpublichealthmeasureagainstendemicgoitre.InIndiathelevelofiodizationisfixedunderthePreventionoffoodadulteration(PFA)actandisnotlessthan30ppmattheproductionpointandnotlessthan15ppmofiodineattheconsumerlevel.
389.Ujjwalaschemedoesnotinclude? a)Rescue b)Rehabilitation c)Reintegration d)Reward CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,Reward
390.Positivemortalityindicatoris? a)IMR b)Childmortalityrate c)MMR d)Lifeexpectancy CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,LifeexpectancyMortalityindicatorsTheseare:? i. Crudedeathrate ii. Maternalmortalityrate iii. Expectationoflife(lifeexpectancy) iv. Diseasespecificmortalityrate v. Infantmortalityrate vi. Agespecificdeathrate vii. Childmortalityrate viii. Adultmortalityrate ix. Under-5proportionalmortalityrate x. Yearsofpotentiallifelost Amongtheseonlylifeexpectancyisapositivemortalityindicator,i.e.increaselifeexpectancymeansimprovementinhealth.Allotherare'negative'healthindicators,i.e.increasevalueoftheseindicatorsimpliespoorhealthofcommunity.
391.Mostcommonmanifestationofmumps inadultmales- a)Asepticmeningitis b)Encephalitis c)Orchitis d)Sinusitis CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,OrchitisOrchitisisthemostcommonmanifestationofmumpsamongpostpubertalmales.
392.Incinerationisdoneforwastecategory? a)Category7 b)Category9 c)Category6 d)Category5 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Category6
393.Whatistherouteofadministrationof avianinfluenzavaccine? a)Intranasal b)Intramuscular c)Subcutaneous d)Intradermal CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,IntramuscularVaccineAvianInfluenza:OnApril17,2007,FDAlicensedthefirstvaccineintheUnitedStatesforthepreventionofH5N1influenza,commonlyreferredtoasavianinfluenzaor"birdflu".Thisinactivatedinfluenzavirusvaccineisforuseinpeople18through64yearsofagewhoareatincreasedriskofexposuretotheH5N1influenzavirussubtypecontainedinthevaccine.ThisvaccineisderivedfromtheA/Vietnam/1203/2004influenzavirus.Itisadministeredasatwo-doseregimen.One90microgramdoseisgivenintramuscularly,intheupperarm,andasecond90microgramdoseisgiveninthesamemanner,28dayslater.
394.Contraceptionwithincreasedriskof actinomycosis? a)OCPs b)Condom c)IUCD d)Vaginal CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c'i.e.,IUCD
395.Healthycarrierarenotseenin a)Salmonella b)Diphtheria c)Measles d)Cholera CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,MeaslesTheinfectiousagentisshedbytheinfectedhostasitmultipliesinthembutthehostdoesnotmanifestsignsofthedisease.Subclinicalinfectiondoesnotoccurinmeasles
396.TrueaboutIndianreferencefemale a)Height161cm b)Weight60kg. c)BMI22 d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Height161cmReferencemanandwomanEnergyintakerecommendationsareformulatedfora"referenceman"anda"referencewoman"whoseprofilesaredescribed,andthennecessaryadjustmentaremadeforsubjectsdeviatefromhestandardreference.1.IndianreferencemanHeisbetween18-29yearsofage.Heweights60kg.Hisheightis1.73meterandBMIis20.3Heisfreefromdiseaseandphysicallyfitforactivework.Oneachworkingdayheisemployedfor8hoursinoccupationthatusuallyinvolvesmoderateactivity.Spends8hoursinbed,4to6hourssittingandmovingaroundand2hoursinwalkingandinactiverecreationorhouseholdduties.2.AnIndianreferencewomanSheisbetween18-29yearsofageSheweights55kg.Herheightis1.61meterandBMIis21.2Sheisengagedfor8hoursinhousholdwork,inlightindustryorinothermoderateactivity.Spends8hoursinbed,4to6hourssittingandmovingaroundand2
hoursinwalkingandinactiverecreationorhouseholdduties.
397.Byssinosisisduetoexposureof? a)Coaldust b)Cottondust c)Sugarcanedust d)Silica CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CottondustByssinosisisduetoexposuretocottondustintextileindustries.
398.Bestepidemiologicalstudyis- a)RCT b)Meta-analysis c)Cohortstudy d)Case-controlstudy CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Meta-analysisHerearethedifferentepidemiologicalstudieswithdecreasingorderofaccuracytotesttheassociationbetweenriskfactoranddisease:? 1. Systematicreviewandmeta-analysisOverallmostreliable2. Randomizedcontrolledtrials(controlledclinicaltrails)Most reliableindividualstudy. 3. Retrospective(Non-concurrent/historic)Cohortstudy.4. Prospective(concurrent)Cohortstudy.5. Casecontrolstudy6. Cross-sectionalstudy7. Ecologicalstudy
399.Secondaryattackrateofchickenpox? a)70% b)90% c)65% d)80% CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,9%
400.Trueaboutrashofchickenpox? a)Deepseated b)Centripetal c)Affectspalm&sole d)Slowevolution CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Centripetal
401.Mortalityrateinmeaslesencephalitisis- a)1-2% b)10-20% c)20-30% d)30-40% CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'bi.e.,10-20%"Themortalityrateinencephalitisassociatedwithmeaslesisabout10-20%"--Park"Casefatalityrateinacutemeaslesencephalitisis15%"wwwcdc.gov.
402.Mortalityrateofmeaslesindeveloping countries? a)10% b)20% c)30% d)40% CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,10%Measles-associatedmortalityisusuallyhigheramongtheveryyoungandveryold.Mortalityindevelopingcountriesmaybeashighas10to15%duetooneorseveralfactors,includingtheearlyageofinfection,malnutrition,diarrhea,concomitant/secondarybacterialinfections,andlackofaccesstogoodmedicalcare.Mostcommoncauseofdeathispneumoniainchildrenandencephalitisinadults.
403.Matchingisnotrequiredinwhich epidemiologicalstudy? a)Casecontrolstudy b)Cohortstudy c)Casereport d)Randomizedcontroltrial CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c'i.e.,CasereportCasereport:Inmedicine,acasereportisadetailedreportofthesymptoms,signs,diagnosis,treatment,andfollow-upofanindividualpatient.Casereportsmaycontainademographicprofileofthepatient,butusuallydescribeanunusualornoveloccurrence.Sinceitinvolvesinformationonsinglecaseitdoesnotrequirematching.Othersi.e.casecontrolstudy,cohortstudyandrandomizedcontroltrialsarebasedonthecomparativestudyoftwogroups.Todecreasethebiasintheobservationsinthetwogroupsunderconsiderationitisessentialthatthegroupsbematchedforallthecharacteristicsexceptfortheoneunderstudy.Thusmatchingisessentialintheseepidemiologicalstudies.
404.Weightofanindianreferencewomanis ? a)45kg b)50kg c)55kg d)60kg CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,55kg
405.Missingcasesaredetectedby? a)Activesurveillance b)Passivesurveillance c)Sentinelsurveillance d)Prevalencerate CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,SentinelsurveillanceSurveillanceSurveillanceisdefinedas"thecontinousscrutinyofthefactorsthatdeterminetheoccurrenceanddistributionofdiseaseandotherconditionsofillhealth".Surveillancemaybeoffollowingtypes:?1)PassivesurveillanceDataisreporteditselftohealthsystem,e.g.apatient(clinicalcase)iscomingtoadoctor.MostofthenationalhealthprogrammesinIndiarelyonpassivesurveillancefordatacollection.2)ActivesurveillanceDataiscollectedactivelybyhealthsystem,e.g.collectionofbloodslideseveryfortnightfromhousetohousetocontrolmalaria.ActivesurveillanceinIndiaisdonein:- 1. Nationalleprosyeliminationprogramme(modifiedleprosy eliminationcampaigns). 2. NationalvectorBornediseasecontrolprogramme(VVBDCP)e.g. malaria.3)Sentinelsurveillance 1. Sentinelsurveillancehelpsinidentifyingmissingcasesand supplementingnotifiedcases.
2. SentinelsurveillanceinIndiaisdoneinnationalAIDScontrol programme.
406.Studysuitableforrarediseases? a)Cohortstudy b)Case-controlstudy c)Bothoftheabove d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Case-controlstudy
407.InMCHprogramme,bestindicatorfor motherandchildhealth? a)MMR b)IMR c)Stillbirthrate d)Neonatalmortalityrate CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,IMRIMRisbestindicatorfor:- 1. Healthstatusofacommunity.2. Levelofliving.3. EffectivenessofMCHservices. IMRissecondbestindicatorofsocioeconomicstatusofcountry(under5mortalityrateismorerefinedindicatorforsocioeconomicstatus).
408.FirstocularsignofVitaminAdeficiency ? a)Bitot'sspot b)Conjunctivalxerosis c)Nightblindness d)Keratomalacia CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Conjunctivalxerosis
409.Quarantineperiodofcholera? a)1day b)2days c)5days d)10days CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,5days
410.Endemictyphusistransmittedby? a)Louse b)Fleac c)Tick d)Mite CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Flea
411.Aninfectiousdiseaseshowsiceberg phenomenon.Thatmeansithas? a)Morecasefatalityrate b)MoreSAR c)Moresubclinicalcases d)Morecomplications CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'C'i.e.,MoresubclinicalcasesIcebergofdiseaseDiseaseinacommunitymaybecomparedwithaniceberg.Thefloatingtipoftheicebergrepresentswhatthephysicianseesinthecommunity,i.e.clinicalcases(Diagnosedcase,symptomaticcaseoftheclinicallyapparentcase).Thevastsubmergedportionoftheicebergrepresentsthehiddenmassofdisease,i.e.latent,inapparent,presymptomaticandundiagnosedcasesandcarriersinthecommunity.The"waterline"representsthedemarcationbetweenapparentandinapparentdisease.Anepidemiologistisconcernedwiththehiddenportionoftheicebergwhereastheclinicianisconcernedwiththetipoftheiceberg.ScreeningisdoneforaHiddenportionoftheicebergwhereasdiagnosisisdoneforthetipoftheiceberg.TheicebergphenomenonofdiseaseisnotshownbyRabies,Tetanus,Rubella,andMeasles.Theclinicianconcernedonlywiththetipoficeberg,i.esymptomaticcasesthatareseeninclinicaltreatment,thiscanresultininaccurateviewofthenatureandcausesofadiseaseresultsbecausethe
minorityofthecasesarestudied(hiddencases:-submergedportionoficebergisnotstudied)Clinician'sFallacyDiseaseswithagreatdealofsubclinicalinfection(thereforehaveicebergphenomenon)are: 1. Polio2. Japaneseencephalitis3. Influenza4. Mumps5. HepatitisAandB6. Diphtheria
412.Whichofthefollowingisnotrelatedto epidemiology? a)Promotionofhealth b)Identificationofetiologyofdisease c)Tocollectdataofmagnitudeofhealthproblem d)Toteachamedicalstudenthowtoconductsafedelivery CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,ToteachamedicalstudenthowtoconductsafedeliveryAccordingtotheInternationalEpidemiologicalAssociation(IEA),epidemiologyhasthreemainaims:a)Todescribethedistributionandmagnitudeofhealthanddiseaseproblemsinhumanpopulations.b)Toidentifyaetiologicalfactors(riskfactors)inthepathogenesisofdisease;andc)Toprovidethedataessentialtotheplanning,implementationandevaluationofservicesfortheprevention,controlandtreatmentofdiseaseandtothesettingupofprioritiesamongthoseservices.Inordertofulfiltheseaims,threeratherdifferentclassesofepidemiologicalstudiesmaybementioned:descriptivestudies,analyticalstudies,andexperimentalorinterventionstudies.Theultimateaimofepidemiologyistoleadtoeffectiveaction:a)Toeliminateorreducethehealthproblemoritsconsequences;andb)Topromotethehealthandwell-beingofsocietyasawhole.
413.MostrapiddiagnosisofpulmonaryTB canbedoneby? a)Sputumculture b)Sputummicroscopy c)RadiometricBACTECmethod d)Genexpert CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,SputummicroscopySputumsmearmicroscopyisthequickestandeasiestprocedure.Butitlacksbothsensitivityandspecificity.Sputumcultureissensitiveandmostspecific.Butittakes2-8weeksforcultureonroutineL.J.media(solidmedium).Mtuberculosisproducesvisiblecoloniesonsolidmedia(L.J.media)in4-8weeks.StudieshaveshownthattherateofIsolationofpositivecultureswassignificantlyfasterwiththeBactecmethodwith87%ofthepositivesbeingobtainedat7daysand96%by14days.GeneXPertshouldbeusedastheinitialdiagnostictestinindividualssuspectedofhavingMDR-TBorHIV-associatedTB(strongrecommendation),"and"Xpertmaybeusedasafollow-ontesttomicroscopywhereMDRand/orHIVareoflesserconcern,especiallyinsmear-negativespecimens(conditionalrecommendation).TheGeneXpertMTB/RIFassayisanovelintegrateddiagnosticdeviceforthediagnosisoftuberculosisandrapiddetectionofRIFresistanceinclinicalspecimens.
414.Whichofthefollowinganti-leproticdrug isnotgivenundersupervision? a)Rifampicin b)Clofazimine c)Dapsone d)Allaregivensupervised CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Dapsone
415.Casefatalityrateisa? a)Rate b)Ratio c)Proportion d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Proportion
416.DailydoseofINHforTB? a)600mg b)300mg c)150mg d)1500mg CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,300mg
417.RDAofvitaminAinanadolescent female? a)400mcg b)350mcg c)600mcg d)800mcg CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,600mcg
418.Populationattributableriskisdefinedas thedifferencebetween: a)Incidenceinexposedandincidenceinnon-exposedcompared withincidenceinnon-exposed b)Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinexposedcompared withincidenceinpopulation c)Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinnon-exposed comparedwithincidenceinpopulation d)Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinexposedcompared withincidenceinnon-exposed CorrectAnswer-CAns.c.Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinnon-exposedcomparedwithincidenceinpopulationpopulationattributableriskisdefinedasthedifferencebetweenincidenceinpopulationandincidenceinnon-exposedcomparedwithincidenceinpopulation.
419.ScreeningunderRNTCPemphasizeson: a)Sputummicroscopy b)ChestX-ray c)PCR d)Sputumculture CorrectAnswer-AAns.a.SputummicroscopyOver-relianceoncheslX-raywasadrawbackofNationalTuberculosisProgramme(NTP)whichwasovercomebyRevisedNationalTuberculosisControlProgramme(RNTCP)whichstarteddiagnosingpatientbysputummicroscopy'Anation-widenetworkofRNTCPqaalityassureddesignatedsputumsmearmicroscopylaboratorieshasbeensetup,providingappropriate,available,affordableandaccessiblediagnosticservicesforTBsuspectsandcases.
420.Positivepredictivevalueisafunctionof sensitivity,specificityand a)Absoluterisk b)Relativerisk c)Incidence d)Prevalence CorrectAnswer-DAns.d.PrevalenceThepredictivevalueofapositiveresultfallsasthediseaseprevalencedeclines.PositivePredictiveValueInadditiontosensitivityandspecificity,theperformanceofascreeningtestismeasuredbyits'predictivevalue',whichreflectsthediagnosticpowerofthetest.Thepredictiveaccuracydependsuponsensitivity,specificityanddiseaseprevalence.Thepredictivevalueofapositivetestindicatestheprobabilitythatapatientwithapositivetestresult,has,infact,thediseaseinquestions.Themoreprevalentadiseaseinthegivenpopulation,themoreaccuratewillbethepredictivevalueofapositivescreeningtest.Thepredictivevalueofapositiveresultfallsasthediseaseprevalencedeclines
421.Consumerprotectionactincludesall, except? a)Passedin1986 b)Decisionwithin3-6months c)ESIhospitalsnotincluded d)Righttosafety CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,ESIhospitalsnotincludedConsumerprotectionactForthefirsttimeinIndia,theConsumerProtectionAct1986providedconsumersaforumforspeedyredressaloftheirgrievancesagainstmedicalservices.Accordingtothisact,thedecisionshouldbetakenwithin3-6months.Thereisnocourtfeepaymentandthepersoncanpleadhisowncase.RecentlyevenESIhospitalshavebeenbroughtwithintheambitofthisact.COPRAisapieceofcomprehensivelegislationandrecognizessixrightsofconsumer:- 1. Righttosafety2. Righttobeinformed3. Righttochoose4. Righttobeheard5. Righttoseekredressal6. Righttoconsumereducation Formedicalnegligence,complaincanbegiventoMCIorcanbefiledinconsumercourt.
MCIcantakedisciplinaryaction,e.g.temporaryorpermanentcancellationofregistrationofconcerneddoctor.But,MCIcannotpunishadoctororgiveacompensation.Consumercourtsgivecompensation.Thelimitsofconsumercourtsare:- 1. DistrictconsumercourtUptoRs.20lacs.2. StatecommissionRs.20lacstoRs.1crore.3. NationalcommissionAboveRs.1crore.
422.FatherofIndianSurgeryis? a)Dhanvantari b)Charaka c)Susruta d)Atreya CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,SusrutaFatherof(Modern)Medicine:HippocratesFatherofIndianMedicine:CharakaHinduGodofMedicine:DhanvantariFatherof(Modern)Surgery:AmbroisePareFatherofIndianSurgery:SushrutaFatherofEpidemiology/ModernEpidemiology:JohnSnowFatherofBacteriology:LouisPasteurFatherofBiology:GregorMendelFatherof(Modern)Anatomy:VesaliusFatherofPhysiology:ClaudeBernardFatherofPsychoanalysis:SigmundFreudFatherofHomeopathy:SemuelHahnemanFatherofAnti-sepsis:JosephLister
423.Thresholdlevelofherdimmunityfor Pertussisis? a)80% b)70% c)90% d)50% CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,90%HerdimmunityItisthelevelofresistanceofacommunityorgroupofpeopletoaparticulardisease.Itoccurswhenthevaccinationofaportionofthepopulation(orherd)providesprotectiontounprotected(non?vaccinated)individuals.AdvantageofherdimmunityItisnotnecessarytoachieve100%immunizationtocontroladiseasebyprovidingherdimmunity.Whenacertainpercentageofpopulation,isvaccinated,thespreadofdiseaseiseffectivelystopped.Thiscriticalpercentageisreferredtoasherdimmunitythreshold.DiseaseHerdimmunitythreshodDiphtheria85%Measles83-94%Mumps75-86%Pertussis92-94%Polio80-86%Rubella80-85%Smallpox83-85%
424."Second"mostcommoncauseof maternalmortalityinIndiais? a)Toxemia b)Anemia c)Maternalhemmorrhage d)Sepsis CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,AnemiaMostcommoncauseSeverebleeding(25%).SecondmostcommoncauseAnemia(19%).ThirdmostcommoncauseInfection/Sepsis(15%).DirectcauseofmaternalmortalityinIndiaSeverebleeding(25%)Infection(15%)Eclampsia(12%)Obstructedlabour(8%)Unsafeabortion(13%)OtherdirectcausesEctopicpregnancy,Embolism,Anaesthesiarelated.IndirectcausescontributeAnaemia(19%)MalariaHeartdiseases
425.Mosteffectivenaturalbarriertorabies a)Heat b)Humidity c)Water d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,WaterRabiesisprimarilyazoonoticdiseaseofwarm-bloodedanimals,particularlycarnivoroussuchasdogs,Cats,Jackalsandwolves.Itistransmittedtomanusuallybybitesorlicksofrabidanimals.Itisthecommunicablediseasewhichisalwaysfatal.Rabiesisanenzooticandepizooticdiseaseofworld-wideimportance.Geographicboundriesplayanimportantroleinthedistributionofrabies.WaterappearstobethemosteffectivenaturalbarrierstorabiesSo,InIndia,LakshadweepandAndman&Nicobarislandsarefreeofthedisease.ARabiesfreeareahasbeendefinedasoneinwhichnocaseofindigenouslyacquiredrabieshasoccurredinmanoranyanimalspeciesfor2years.CountrieswhererabiesisnotfoundAustralia,china(Taiwan),Cyprus,Iceland,Ireland,Malta,Japan,Newzealand,Britain.
426.Apersonisobeseifhehasweightfor height a)1SDfrommedianweightforheight b)2SDfrommedianweightforheight c)3SDformmedianweightforheight d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,2SDfrommedianweightforheightObesityObesityisamedicalconditioninwhichexcessbodyfathasaccumulatedtotheextentthatitmayhaveanadverseeffectonhealth,leadingtoreducedlifeexpectancy.Bodymassindex(BMI)isusedtodefineobesity.BMIdefineapersonoverweightwhenhisBMIisbetween25-30kg/m2andobesewhenhisBMIisgreaterthan30kg/m2.Bodyweight,thoughnotanaccuratemeasureofexcessfat,isawidelyusedindex.Inepidemiologicalstudiesitisconventionaltoaccept+2SD(standarddeviations)fromthemedianweightforheightasacut-offpointforobesity.
427.PoliocasedefinitionforAFPsurveillance ? a)OnsetofAFP b)Residualparalysis c)Stoolspecimenpositiveforvirus d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,AlloftheaboveAFPSurveillanceAcuteflaccidparalysis(AFP)surveillanceiscarriedouttoidentifyallremaininginfectedareas,monitorprogresstowardseradicationandtargetsupplementaryimmunizationappropriately.ThetermAFPmeansparalysisofacuteonsetinvolvinglimbsleadingtoflaccidity.PoliomylelitisismostimportantetiologyofAFP,othercausesare-GBS(Guillain-Barresyndrome),transversemyelitisandtraumaticneuritis.AFPsurveillanceaimsatdetectingcasesofAFPandreportingthemimmediatelytodistrictimmunizationofficer.SurveillanceiscarriedoutforallcasesofAFPandnotjustforpoliomyelitis.AllcasesofAFParereported,regardlessofthefinaldiagnosis.AsparalyticpoliomyelitisisonecauseofAFP,maintainingahighsensitivityofAFPreportingwillensurethatallcasesofparalyticpoliomyelitisaredetected,reportedandinvestigated,resultinginpreventivecentralmeasurestointerruptthetransmissionofdisease.TheaimofAFPsurveillanceistodetectpoliovirustransmission,andtheearlierthestooliscollected,thegreaterthechanceofdetectingpoliovirus.
WHOrecommendstheimmediatereportingandinvestigationofeverycaseofAFPinchildrenlessthan15yrs(AsAFPinaperson>15yrsisunlikelytobepolio.Still,AFPsurveillancemustbeflexibleenoughtoreportanycaseofAFPinanadult,ifsuspectedtobeduetopoliomyelitis)CasesofAFPareclassifiedasPolioif:Wildpoliovirusisisolatedfromanystoolspecimen.CasesofAFPwithoutisolationofwildpoliovirusmaybeclassifiedas'poliocompatible'if:StoolspecimenswereinadequateandResidualweaknesswaspresent60daysafteronsetofparalysisor60-dayfollow-upwasnotdone(duetodeathorabsence)and'Expertreview'concludesthatthesecasescouldnotbediscardedas'non-polio'basedonavailabledata.
428.Serviceapplied,staffrecruitement,staff trained,Equipmentordered,equipmentinstalled,productdeliveredwhichisthecriticalstep a)Staffrecruitment b)Stafftrained c)Equipmentordered d)Equipmentinstalled CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Equipmentinstalled
429.Whichofthefollowingisseeninthe recoveryphaseafteradisasterexcept a)Rehabilitation b)Reconstruction c)Response d)Preparedness CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,PreparednessDisasterManagementincludesthreeaspects:1.Disasterimpactandresponse:Search,rescue,andfirst-aid?Fieldcare?Triage?Tagging?Identificationofthedead2.Rehabilitationorrecovery:?Watersupply?Basicsanitationandpersonalhygiene?Foodsafety?Vectorcontrol3.Mitigation:Measuresdesignedeithertopreventhazardsfromcausingdisasterortoreducetheeffectsofthedisaster.Thisalsoincludespreparednessforanyimpendingdisastersorindisaster-proneareas.
430.Dowryprohibitionact1986,punishment is? a)Tyr,Rs25000 b)TyrRs15000 c)5yr,Rs25000 d)5yrRs15000 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,5yrRs15000Accordingto"TheDowaryProhibitionAct,1961(Amended1986)",ifanypersonviolatestheactmaybepunishedwiththeimprisonmentforatermnotlessthan5yearsandwithafinewhichshallnotlessthanRs.15000oramountofthevalueofsuchdowrywhicheverismore.AlsoknowAccordingtosection304BIPC,thepunishmentfordowrydeathisimprisonmentforatermofminimum7years,whichmaybeextendedtolifeimprisomment.
431.Consumerprotectionactwaspassedin ? a)1977 b)1986 c)1993 d)1998 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,1986Consumerprotectionactwaspassedin1986.
432.Naturalfamilyplanningmethod? a)Abstinence b)Coitusinterruptus c)BBT d)Safeperoid CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,BBTMiscellaneousmethodsofcontraceptionsTheseare(i)Abstinence,(ii)Coitusinterruptus,(iii)Safeperiod(rhythmethod),and(iv)Naturalfamilyplanningmethods.AbstinenceThereiscompleteabstinencefromsexualintercourse.Itisnotusedandcanhardlybeconsideredasamethodofcontraceptiontobeadvocatedtothemasses.CoitusinterruptusItistheoldestmethodofvoluntaryfertilitycontrol.Themalewithdrawsbeforeejaculation,andtherebytriestopreventdepositionofsemenintovagina.Failurerateisveryhigh25%.NaturalfamilyplanningmethodsTheseare:? 1. Basalbodytemperature(BBT)method:Itisbasedontheprinciple thatthereisriseBBTatorjustbeforeovulation. 2. Cervicalmucusmethod(Billingsmethodorovulationmethod):Itis basedontheobservationthatatthetimeofovulationcervicalmucusbecomeswateryclearresemblingraweggwhite,smooth,slipperyandprofuse. 3. Symptothermicmethod:Thismethodcombinestemperature, cervicalmucusandsafeperiod(calendermethod)methods.
433.Significantvalueof`p'is? a)0.01 b)0.02 c)0.04 d)0.05 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,0.05Pistheprobabilitythatthedifferenceseenbetween2samplesoccursduetochance".Ifp..05itisconsideredstatisticallysignificant.ItmeansthatThereis5%probabilitythattheresultcouldhavebeenobtainedbychance.orTheinvestigatorcanbe95%surethattheresultwasnotobtainedbychance.
434.AIDSdayis? a)7April b)3May c)5June d)1December CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,1December
435.Inruralarea,cattleshedsshouldbe..... awayfromthehouses? a)5feet b)10feet c)20feet d)25feet CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,25feetRuralhousingInruralareas,the'approved'standardsmaybelowerthanintowns.Thefollowingminimumstandardshavebeensuggested:Thereshouldbeatleasttwolivingrooms.Ampleverandahspacemaybeprovided.Thebuilt-upareashouldnotexceedone-thirdofthetotalarea.Thereshouldbeaseparatekitchenwithapavedsinkorplatformforwashingutensils.Thehouseshouldbeprovidedwithasanitarylatrine.Thewindowareashouldbeatleast10percentofthefloorarea.Thereshouldbeasanitarywelloratubewellwithinaquarterofamilefromthehouse.Itisinsanitarytokeepcattleandlivestockindwellinghouses.Cattleshedsshouldbeatleast25feetawayfromdwellinghouses.Acattleshedshouldbeopenonallsides;anarea8fit4fitissufficientforeachheadofcattle.Thereshouldbeadequatearrangementforthedisposalofwastewater,refuseandgarbage.
436.Operationalefficiencyofmalariacontrol programme? a)Infantparasiterate b)Slidepositivityrate c)Mosquitobiterate d)Annualbloodexaminationrate CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,AnnualbloodexaminationrateMEASUREMENTOFMALAR1AInthepre-eradicationera,themagnitudeofthemalariaprobleminacountryusedtobedeterminedmostlyfromthereportsoftheclinicallydiagnosedmalariacasesandtheclassicalmalariometricmeasures,e.g.,spleenrate,parasiterateetc.Ontheotherhand,duringeradicationera,themicroscopicdiagnosisofmalariacasesbecamethemainmethodofdiagnosisandtheparametersusedaremostlyparasitologicalinnaturee.g.,API,ABER,SPRandSFR.MeasurementsofmalariainthepreeradicationeraSpleenrate:Definedasthepercentageofchildrenbetween2&10yearsofageshowingenlargementofspleen.Spleenrateiswidelyusedformeasuringtheendemicityofmalariainacommunity.Av.enlargedspleen:Arefinementofspleenrate,denotingtheaveragesizeofspleen.ParasiterateDefinedasonthepercentageofchildrenbetweentheagesof2&10yrsshowingmalarialparsitesintheirbloodfilms.Parasitedensityindex
AveragedegreeofparasitimiaInfantparasiteratePercentageofinfantsshowingmalarialparasitesintheirbloodfilms.Itisthemostsensitiveindexofrecenttransmissionofmalariainalocality.Iftheinfantparasiterateiszeroforthreeconsecutiveyearsinalocality,itisregardedasabsenceofmalariatransmissioneventhough,theAnophelinevectorsresponsibleforprevioustransmissionsmayremain.EradicationEraAnnualParasiteIncidence(API)*=(Confirmedcasesduringoneyear/populationundersurveillance)x1000AnnualBloodExaminationRate=(No.ofslidesexamined/population)x100ABERisanindexofoperationalefficiency.Inthemodifiedplanofoperation,theminimumprescribedis10percentofthepopulationinayear.AnnualfalciparumindexSlidepositivityrateSlidepositivityrateisthepercentageofslidesfoundpositiveformalarialparasite,irrespectiveofthetypeofspecies.SlidefalciparumrateItisthepercentageofslidespositiveforP.falciparum.
437.2monthsoldchildhavingbirthweight 2kg,withpoorfeeding,verysleepyandwheezing.Thediagnosisis? a)Nopneumonia b)Severepneumonia c)Veryseveredisease d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Veryseveredisease
438.MostcommonsourceofDiphtheria a)Case b)Carrier c)Both d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CarrierDiphtheriaisanacuteinfectiousdiseasecausedbytoxigenicstrainsofcorynebacteriumdiphtheriae.Sourceofinfectioncasesorcarriers;carriersarecommonsourcesofinfection,theirratioisestimatedtobe95carriersfor5clinicalcases.Infectiveperiod14-28daysfromtheonsetofdisease.Agegroup1to5yearsSexBothsexesIncubationperiod2-6days
439.Allarefeaturesofyellowfeverexcept? a)IP3-6days b)1attackgiveslifelongimmunity c)Causedbyvectoraedes d)Validityofvaccinationbeginsimmediatelyaftervaccination CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,ValidityofvaccinationbeginsimmediatelyaftervaccinationYellowfeverYellowfeverisazoonoticdiseasecausedbyarabro-virus.Itaffectsprincipallymonkeys.AgentFlavivirusfibricusagroupBarbovirusoftogavirusfamily.VectorAedesaegyptimosquito.ReservoirMonkeysandforestmosquitoes.Transavariantransmissionofthevirusinmosquitoeshasbeenshowntooccurinadverseconditions(e.g.,duringextendeddryseasons),intheabsenceofsusceptiblehosts.oThereisnoevidencethatyellowfeverhaseverbeenpresentinAsia.Environmentalfactorforyellowfever.Atempratureof24?Cormoreisrequiredforthemultiplicationofthevirusinthemosquito.Itshouldbeaccompniedbyarelativehumidityofover60%forthemosquitoestolivelong.UrbanizationisleadingtoextensionofyellowfeverinAfrica.Measuresdesignedtorestrictthespreadofyellowfeverarespecifiedinthe"Internationalhealthregulation"ofWHO.TheseareimplementedbytheGovtofIndiathroughstringentaerialandmaritimetrafficregulations.
Broadlythesecomprise:-i.TravellersAlltravellers(includinginfants)exposedtoyellowfeverorpassingthroughendemiczonesofyellowfevermustpossesavalidinternationalcertificatefovaccinationagainstyellowfeverbeforetheyareallowedtoenteryellowfeverreceptiveareaslikeIndia.Thevalidityofthecertificatebegins10daysafterthedateofvaccinationandextendsupto10years.Revaccinationperformedbeforetheendofthevalidityofcerticicaterendersthecertificatevalidforafurtherperiodof10yearsstartingonthedayofrevaccination.Ifnosuchcertificatefovaccinationisavailable,thetravellarisplacedonquarantinefor6daysfromthedateofleavinganinfectedarea.ii.MosquitoesTheaircraftandshipsarrivingfromendemicareasaresubjectedtoaerosolsprayingwithprescribedinsecticides.AirportsandSeaportsarekeptfreefromthebreedingofinsectvectorsoveranareaextendingatleast400metresaroundtheirperimeters.The"aedesaegyptiindex"iskeptbelow1.
440.Criteriaforslaughterhouse? a)Glassareashouldbe25%offloorarea b)Windowledessloped25? c)Doorways1meterhigh d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Glassareashouldbe25%offloorarea
441.Apatienthadinjurytorightlegbyroad trafficaccidentandhislegwasamputated.Thisis? a)Disease b)Disability c)Impairment d)Handicap CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,ImpairmentAnylossofanatomicalstructure(e.g.lossofleginthisquestion)iscalledasimpairment.AccordingtoWHOdefinitions,Disease:AnyabnormalconditionofanindividualthatimpairsfunctionImpairment:Anylossorabnormalityofpsychological,physiologicaloranatomicalstructureorfunctionDisability:(Becauseofimpairment,)anyrestrictionorinabilitytoperformanactivityinarangeconsiderednormalforahumanbeingHandicap:Adisadvantageforagivenindividual,resultingfromanimpairment/disability,thatlimits/preventsfulfillmentofaroleconsiderednormal(dependingonage,sex,social,culturalfactors)forthatindividualForexample, Event Classification Interpretation Accident Disease ImpairsfunctionofapersonLossofanatomicalstructureintheform Lossoffoot Impairment offoot Cannot Walkingisanormalroutinedailyactivity Disability Walk ofahumanbeing
Disability Walk ofahumanbeingLosesouthisjobbecausehecannotwalk,socannotfulfillhisroleinthe Unemployed Handicap society,i.e,earningforhisfamilymembers
442.Unmetneedsofcontraceptiontomet accordingtoNFHS-3 a)Women<20years b)Womenafterpuperium c)Womenafter1'weekdelivery d)Afterillegalabortion CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Women<20yearsManywomenwhoaresexuallyactivewouldprefertoavoidpregnancy,butneverthelessarenotusinganymethodofcontraception.Thesewomenareconsideredtohave'unmetneed'forfamilyplanning.Theconceptisusuallyappliedtomarriedwomen.AccordingtotheNationalFamilyHealthSurvey-3,Unmetneedforfamilyplanningishighest(27.1%)amongwomenbelow20yearsageandisalmostentirelyforspacingthebirthsratherthanforlimitingthebirths.Itisalsorelativelyhighforwomeninagegroup20-24years(21.1%)with75%needforspacingand25%forlimitingthebirth.Unmetneedforcontraceptionamongwomenaged30yearsandabovearemostlyforlimitingbirth. Agegroup Unmetneedofcontraceptionfor<20years Forspacingthebirth20-24years Forspacing(75%)andforlimitingbirth(25%)30years Forlimitingbirth
443.Infectivityperiodofchickenpoxis? a)1daybeforeand4daysafterappearanceofrash b)4daysbeforeand5dayafterappearanceofrash c)Onlywhenscabfalls d)Entireincubationperiod CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1daybeforeand4daysafterappearanceofrashPeriodofcommunicability:Chickenpox:1?2daysbeforeto4?5daysafterappearanceofrashMeasles:4daysbeforeto5daysafterappearanceofrashRubella:7daysbeforesymptomsto7daysafterappearanceofrashMumps:4?6daysbeforesymptomsto7daysthereafterInfluenza:1?2daysbeforeto1?2daysafteronsetofsymptomsDiphtheria:14?28daysfromdiseaseonsetPertussis:7daysafterexposureto3weeksafterparoxysmalstagePoliomyelitis:7?10daysbeforeandafteronsetofsymptomsHepatitisA:2weeksbeforeto1weekafteronsetofjaundiceHepatitisB:TilldisappearanceofHBsAg&appearanceofanti-HBsMeningococcal:UntilabsentfromnasalandthroatdischargeTuberculosis:Aslongasnottreated
444.Gascausinggreenhouseeffect? a)CO2 b)Methane c)Sulfurhexafluoride d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove
445.Allarepresentinmilddehydration, except? a)Thirst b)Restlessness c)Drytongue d)NormalBP CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Drytongue
446.3monthsoldinfant,nochestindrawing withrespiratoryrate52/minute.Diagnosisis a)Nopneumonia b)Pneumonia c)Severepneumonia d)Veryseveredisease CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PneumoniaThisinfanthas:? 1. Fastbreathing(..50perminutebetween2monthsto1years).2. Nochestindrawing. DiagnosisisPneumonia.
447.ORSrequiredduringfirst4hoursina20 kgchild? a)200-400ml b)400-600ml c)600-800ml d)1200-2200ml CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,1200-2200mlWeightbetween16-29.9kgORSrequirmentis1200-2200mlduringfirst4hours.GuidelinesforORStherapyduringfirstfourhours 4-I1 5-14 Age <4mth 1-2yrs 2-4yrs 15yrs mths yrs Weight(Kg) <5 5-7.9 8-10.9 11-15.9 16-29.9 30orover ORS(ml) 200-400 400-600 600- 800- 1200- 2200-4000 800 1200 2200
448.Descendingorderofcancerprevalance inmales? a)Lung>oral>pharynx>esophagus b)Oral>lung>pharynx>esophagus c)Pharynx>lung>oral>esophagus d)Esophagus>oral>stomach>lung CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Oral>lung>pharynx>esophagusMostcommoncancerinmalesinIndiaisoralcancerfollowedbylungcancer.Cancersindecreasingorderinmales(inIndia):Oralcavity>Lung>Pharynx>Esophagus>Stomach.Note:SometextbookshavementionedthatlungcanceristhemostcommoncancerinmeninIndia,followedbyoralcavitycancerasthe2"4mostcommoncancer.ButmostofthetextbookshavementionedoralcavityasthemostcommonsiteofcancerinmeninIndia.So,accordingtome'oralcavityisthemostcommonsite.Cancersindecreasingorderinfemales(inIndia):cervix>breast>ovarycavity>esophagus.MostcommoncancerinmalesinIndiaOro-pharyngealCa(Aero-digestiveCa).MostcommoncancerinmalesinworldLungCa.MostcommoncancerinfemalesinIndiaCervicalcancer.MostcommoncancerinfemalesinworldBrastCa.Mostcommonoverallcancerintheworld(combinedmale&female)Lungcancer.MostcommoncancerrelateddeathinmalesinIndia&inworld
Calung.MostcommoncancerrelateddeathinfemalesinIndia&inworldBreastcancer.
449.NSABPstandsfor? a)Nationalsurgicaladjuvantforbreastproject b)Nationalsurgicaladjuvantforbreastandbowelproject c)Nationalsurgicaladjuvantforbrainandbreast d)Nationalsurgicaladjuvantforbowelandbrain CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,NationalsurgicaladjuvantforbreastandbowelprojectTheNationalSurgicalAdjuvantBreastandBowelProject(NSABP)isaclinicaltrialscooperativegroupsupportedsinceitsinceptionbynationalcancerinstitute(NCI).
450.Accordingto'Biomedicalconcept'health is a)Relativeabsenceofpainanddiscomfort b)Absenceofdisease c)Asoundmindinsoundbody,inasoundfamily,insound environment d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,AbsenceofdiseaseAccordingtobiomedicalconcepthealthisdefinedas"absenceofdisease",andhasthebasisinthe"germtheoryofdisease"
451.Spotmapisusedfor? a)Localdistributionofdisease b)Rural-urbanvariation c)Nationalvariation d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LocaldistributionofdiseaseInnerandoutercityvariationsindiseasefrequencyarewellknown.Thesevariationsarebeststudiedwiththeaidof"spotmaps"or"shadedmaps".Thesemapsshowataglanceareasofhighandlowfrequency,theboundariesanddistribution.Forexample,ifthemapshows"clustering"ofcases,itmaysuggestacommonsourceofinfectionoracommonriskfactorsharedbyallthecases.TheclassicalexampleofuseofspotmapswasbyJohnsnowforcholeraepidemicin1854.
452.Screeningisusefulindiseasewhich has? a)Shortleadtime b)Longleadtime c)Botha&b d)Norelationwithleadtime CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Longleadtime
453.Ironrequirmentinanormalmensturating adultfemale a)15mg/day b)20mg/day c)30mg/day d)35mg/day CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,20mg/day
454.ThefollowingisnotaNervegas? a)Sarin b)Tabun c)Soman d)Pyrolan CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,PyrolanNervegasesareaclassoforganophosphatesthatactbyinhibitingenzymeacetylcholinesteraze,anenzymethatdestroysacetylcholine.Theclassicalexamplesaretabun,sarin,somanandcyclosarin.Theseareusedaschemicalweaponsinwars,i.e.chemicalwarfare.
455.Moribundpatient,triagecolor? a)Red b)Black c)Yellow d)Green CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,BlackTriageWhenthequantityandseverityofinjuriesoverwhelmtheoperativecapacityofhealthfacilities,adifferentapproachtomedicaltreatmentmustbeadopted.Theusualprincipleoffirstcome,firsttreated",isnotfollowedinmassemergencies.Triageconsistsofrapidlyclassifyingtheinjuredandthelikelyhoodoftheirsurvivalwithpromptmedicalintervention.Higherpriorityisgrantedtovictimswhoseimmediateorlong-termprognosiscanbedramaticallyaffectedbysimpleintensivecare.Moribundpatientswhorequireagreatdealofattention,withquestionablebenefithavethelowestpriority.Themostcommontriageclassificationsystemusedinternationalisfourcolourcodesystem. Red -, Highprioritytreatmentortransfer Yellow Mediumpriority Green Ambulatorypatients Black Deadormoribundpatients
456.DiseasenotcoveredunderIntegrated diseasesurveillanceproject(IDSP)is? a)Meningococcaldisease b)Tuberculosis c)Herpeszoster d)Cholera CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,HerpeszosterIntegrateddiseasesurveillanceproject(IDSP)IDSPisadecentralizedstatebasedsurveillancesystemintendedtodetectearlywarningsignalsofimpendingoutbreaksandhelpsinitiateaneffectiveresponseinatimelymannerinurbanandruralareas.Itwillalsoprovideessentialdatatomonitorprogressofon-goingdiseasecontrolprogrammeandhelpallocatehealthresourcesmoreefficiently.Itisa5yearsprojectandwaslaunchedinNovember2004.ThecoreconditionsundersurveillanceinIDSPare:A.RegularSurveillanceVectorbornedisease-pMalariaWaterbornedisease-3Acutediarrhealdisease(cholera),TyphoidRespiratorydiseaseTBVaccinepreventablediseaseMeaslesDiseaseundereradicationPolioOtherconditionsRoadtrafficaccidentsOtherinernationalcommitmentsPlagueUnusualclinicalsyndromesMeningoencephalitis,Respiratorydistress,hemorrhagicfever
B.SentinelsurveillanceSTD/bloodbornedisease-pHIV/HBV,HCV,waterqualitymonitoringOtherconditionsOutdoorairqualityC.RegularperiodicsurveysNCDriskfactorsAnthropometry,Physicalactivity,BP,tobacco,nutritionD.AdditionalstateprioritiesEachstatemayidentifyuptofiveadditionalconditionsforsurveillance.Theseare(abovedescribed)aretheconditions(diseases)whichareundersurveillanceinIDSP.TherearesomeclinicalsyndromeundersurveillanceinIDSPtopickupallprioritydiseaseslistedinregularsurveillance(above) 1. Feverwithorwithoutlocalizingsigns:Malaria,Typhoid,JE,Dengue, Measles 2. Coughmorethan3weeks:TB3. Acutefluccidparalysis:Polio4. Diarrhea:Cholera5. Jaundice:Hepatitis,leptospirosis,Dengue,Malaria,Yellowfever6. Unusualsyndromes:Antrax,plague,emergingepidemics.
457.PerformanceofcomponentsofPQLIis countedbetween a)-1to+1 b)0to1 c)0to100 d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,0to100Thesubjectivecomponentofwellbeing-4QualityoflifeWhile"levelofliving"isanobjectivecomponent,"qualityoflife"comprisestheindividual'sownsubjectiveevaluation.Theindexforqualityoflifeis"Physicalqualityoflifeindex(PQLI)".ThePQLIisanattempttomeasurethequalityoflifeorwell-beingofacountry.Physicalqualityoflifeindexconsolidatesthreeindicators:? 1. Literacyrate2. Infantmortalityrate3. Lifeexpectancyatage1year(LE) PQLIrangesfrom0to100.Foreachcomponent,theperformanceofindividualcountriesisplacedonascaleof0to100,where0representsanabsolutelydefinedworstperformanceand100representsanabsolutelydefinedbestperformance.Thecompositeindexiscalculatedbyaveragingthethreeindicators,givingequalweighttoeachofthem.TheresultingPQLIthusalsoisscaled0to100.
458.Typeofsampling,ifrandomsampleis takenfromacharacteristicpopulation,eg.Hindus,Muslims,Christiansetc? a)Simplerandom b)Systemicrandom c)Stratifiedrandom d)Cluster CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,StratifiedrandomStratifiedrandomsamplingisparticularlyusefulwhereoneisinterestedinanalysingthedatabyacertaincharacteristicofthepopulation,vizHindus,Muslims,Christians,agegroupetc,-asweknowthesegroupsarenotequallydistributedinthepopulation."...............ParkSimplerandomsamplingSimplerandomsampling,also,knownas'unrestrictedrandomsampling';isapplicableforsmall,homogenous,readilyavailablepopulationandisusedinclinicaltrials.Insimplerandomsamplingeachindividualischosenrandomlyandentirelybychance.So,eachindividualhasthesameprobabilityofbeingchosenatanystageduringthesamplingprocess.Forexample:?Letusassumeyouhadaschoolwith1000students,dividedequallyintoboysandgirls,andyouwantedtoselect100ofthemforfurtherstudy.Youmightputalltheirnamesinabucketandthenpull100names
out.Notonlydoeseachpersonhaveanequalchanceofbeingselected,wecanalsoeasilycalculatetheprobailityofagivenpersonbeingchosen,sinceweknowthesamplesize(n)andpopulation(N)anditbecomesasimplematterofdivisionn/Nor100/1000=0.10(10%).Thismeansthateverystudentintheschoolhasa10%or1in10chanceofbeingselectedusingthismethod.SystematicrandomsamplingInordertodosystematicrandomsampling,theindividualsinapopulationarearrangedinacertainway(forexample,alphabetically).Arandomstartingpointisselectedandtheneverynth(forexample10thor15th)individualisselectedforthesample.Thatis,afterarrangingtheindividualsincertainpattern(e.g.,alpabetically)astartingpointischosenatrandom,andchoicesthereafteratregularintervals.Forexample,supposeyouwanttosample8housesfromastreetof120houses.120/8=15,Soevery15thhouseischosenafterarandomstartingpointbetween1and15.Iftherandomstartingpointis11,thenthehousesselectedare11,26,41,56,71,86,101,and116.Incontrasttosimplerandomsampling,somehouseshavealargerselectionprobabilye.g.,inthisquestion11,26,41,56,71,86,100and116.Whiletheremainingnumbercannotbeselected.StratifiedrandomsamplingWhensub-populationsvaryconsiderably,itisadvantageoustosampleeachsubpopulation(stratum)independently.Stratificationistheprocessofgroupingmembersofthepopulationintorelativehemogenoussubgroupsbeforesampling.Thestratashouldbemutuallyexclusive,everyelementinthepopulationmustbeassignedtoonlyonestratum.Thensystematicrandomsamplingmethodisappliedwithineachstratum.PopulationStratificationSystematicrandomsampling
Sample.Thisoftenimprovestherepresentativenessofthesamplebyreducingsamplingerror.Forexample,supposeinapopulationof1000,sampleof100istobedrawnforHbestimation,firstconvertthepopulationintohomogenousstriata(e.g.,700malesand300females),thendraw70malesand30femalesbydoingsystematicrandomsampling.
459.Tabletforsupplementationofironand folicacidforadultcontains? a)20mgiron,5001,tgfolicaci b)40mgiron,250folicacid c)100mgiron,500ligfolicacid d)100mgiron,100hgfolicacid CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,100mgiron,500jigfolicacid
460.Accordingtoimmunizationschedule, childrenshouldreceiveinfluenzavaccine? a)2dosesat1monthinterval b)3dosesat1monthinterval c)2dosesatonemonthintervalwithoneboosterdoselater d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,2dosesatonemonthintervalwithoneboosterdoselater2dosesofvaccine,separatedbyanintervalof3-4weeksareconsiderednecessarytoinducesatisfactoryantibodieslevel.Theprotectivevalueis70-90%andimmunitylastsfor6-12months.Revaccinationonanannualbasisisrecommended.Influenzavaccines1.Killedvaccines2doses,3-4weeksapart,0.5ml(forage>3years),subcutaneous.70-90%protectiveefficacy;duration3-6months.IsrarelyassociatedwithGuillainBarreSyndrome(GBS).2.LiveattenuatedvaccinesStimulatelocal+systemicimmunity.Antigenicvariationspresentsdifficultiesinmanufacture.3.NewervaccinesSplit-virusvaccine..Alsoknownas'Sub-virionvaccine'HighlypurifiedLessersideeffects
Lessantigenic-multipleinjectionsrequiredUsefulforchildrenoNeuraminidase-specificvaccine:Sub-unitvaccinecontainingN-antigenPermitssubclinicalinfection-longlastingimmunityRecombinantvaccine:Antigenicpropertiesofvirulentstraintransferredtoalessvirulentstrain.Contraindicationstoinactivatedinfluenzavaccines:SevereallergytochickeneggsHistoryofhypersensitivity/anaphylacticreactionspreviously.DevelopmentofGuillainBaneSyndrome(GBS)within6weeksofvaccine.Infantslessthan6monthsage.Moderate-to-severeillnesswithfever
461.Mostimportantfeaturetodiagnose severepneumonia? a)Cyanosis b)Chestindrawing c)Nasalflaring d)Fastbreathing CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,ChestindrawingTheonlysignforseverepneumoniaischestindrawing
462.InfantmortalityrateinIndiais,per1000 livebirths? a)25 b)34 c)55 d)60 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,34ThevalueforMortalityrate,infant(per1,000livebirths)inIndiawas37asof2015.IMRofIndiahasdeclinedbythreepoints(8%decline),from37per1000livebirthsin2015to34per1000livebirthsin2016.
463.Sullivan'sindexindicates a)Lifefreeofdisability b)PregnancyrateperHW c)Hookwormeggs/gmofstool d)Standardofliving CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,LifefreeofdisabilitySullivan'sindexSullivan'sindexistheexpectationoflifefreeofdisability.Itiscomputedbysubtractingfromthelifeexpectancytheprobabledurationofbeddisabilityandinabilitytoperformmajoractivities.Sullivan'sindex=lifeexpectancy--Durationofbeddisability&InabilitytoperformminorworkItisadirectindicatorofhealthandwellbeinginacommunity.tisoneofthemostadvancedhealthindicatorscurrentlyavailable.
464.Whichvaccineiscontraindicated pregnancy a)Choleravaccine b)Typhoidvaccine c)Meningococcalvaccine d)Measlesvaccine CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,MeaslesvaccineAsaruleofthumbthevaccinationwithliveviralorbacterialvaccineiscontraindicatedinpregnancy.Theimportantonesare:-MeaslesMumpsPoliomyelitisRubellaYellowfeverVaricellaBCG
465.Juvenilejusticeactdefinesajuvenile whichis a)Malebelow16years b)Femalebelow16years c)Malebelow18years d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Malebelow18years
466.Secondarylevelofpreventionis importantinallofthefollowingexcept? a)Coronaryheartdisease b)TB c)Leprosy d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CoronaryheartdiseaseFornon-communicabledisease(e.g.CHD),primordialpreventionisbestintervention.
467.Ifannualgrowthrateofapopulationis 1.5-2%,whatnumberofyearswillberequiredtodoublethepopulation? a)70-47years b)47-35years c)35-28years d)28-23 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.47-35years
468.OnePHCcovershowmuchpopulationin hillyarea? a)10000 b)20000 c)30000 d)50000 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,20000
469.Mostcommoncauseofpost-measles death? a)Diarrhea b)RTI c)SSPE d)Myocarditis CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,RTIRespiratorytractinfection(RTI)isthemostcommoncauseofdeath."Pneumoniaisthemostcommonlife-threateningcomplication"_______________________Park
470.Shortestincubationperiodisofwhich infection? a)Chickenpox b)Measles c)Rubella d)Influenza CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Influenza
471.Apersonisconsideredasacaseof tuberculosisif- a)Hascough b)Sputumpositive c)X-raysigns d)Mantouxpositive CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,SputumpositiveCaseoftubuculosisisdefinedas,eitheranyofthetwo:- 1. AtleastonesputumspecimenpositiveforAFBorculturepositivefor M.TuberculosisorRNTCPendorsedrapiddiagnostictestpositiveforTB. 2. DiagnosedclinicallyasacaseofTBwithoutmicrobiologic confirmation,andinitiatedonATT.SomedefinitionsoftuberculosiscasesandtreatmentCaseoftuberculosis:Apatientinwhomtuberculosishasbeenconfirmedbybacteriologyordiagnosedbyaclinician.Sputumsmearexamination-Laboratorytechniquetoscreensputumfortuberculosis,whereacidfastbacilli(AFB)arestainedredbytheZiehlNeelsenmethod,andthenidentifiedandcountedusingmicroscopy.Smearpositivetuberculosis-AtleastoneinitialsputumsmearspositiveforAFBoroneAFBpositive.Smearnegativetuberculosis-Atleasttwonegativesmears,buttuberculosissuggestivesymptomsandX-rayabnormalitiesorpositiveculture.Adherence-Persontakesappropriatedrugregimenforrequiredtime(alsoknownascompliance).Newcase-Apatientwithsputumpositivepulmonarytuberculosis
whohasneverhadtreatmentfortuberculosisorhastakenanti-tuberculosisdrugsforlessthan4weeks.Relapse-Apatientwhoreturnssmearpositivehavingpreviouslybeentreatedfortuberculosisanddeclaredcuredafterthecompletionofhistreatment.Failurecase-Apatientwhowasinitiallysmearpositive,whobegantreatmentandwhoremainedorbecamesmearpositiveagainatfivemonthsorlaterduringthecourseoftreatment.Returnafterdefault-Apatientwhoreturnssputumsmearpositive,afterhavinglefttreatmentforatleasttwomonths.Transferin-Apatientrecordedinanotheradministrativearearegisterandtransferredintoanotherareatocontinuetreatment(treatmentresultsshouldbereportedtothedistrictwherethepatientwasinitiallyregistered).Transferout-Apatientwhohasbeentransferredtoanotherarearegisterandtreatmentresultsarenotknown.Cured-Initiallysmearpositivepatientwhocompletedtreatmentandhadnegativesmearresultonatleasttwooccasions(oneattreatmentcompletion).Treatmentcompleted-Initiallysmearnegativepatientwhoreceivedfullcourseoftreatment,orsmearpositivewhocompletedtreatment,withnegativesmearattheendofinitialphase,butnooronlyonenegativesmearduringcontinuationandnoneattreatmentend.Cohort-AgroupofpatientsinwhomTBhasbeendiagnosed,andwhowereregisteredfortreatmentduringaspecifiedtimeperiod(e.g.thecohortofnewsmear-positivecasesregisteredinthecalenderyear2003).Thisgroupformsthedenominatorforcalculatingtreatmentoutcomes.Thesumofthetreatmentoutcomes,plusanycaseforwhichnooutcomeisrecorded(eg.stillontreatment)shouldequalthenumberofcasesregistered.Casedetectionrate:-Thecasedetectionrateiscalculatedasthenumberofnotificationofnewandrelapsecasesinayeardividedbytheestimatedincidenceofsuchcasesinthesameyear
472.Allofthefollowingareanthropozoonosis except a)Rabies b)Plaque c)Anthrax d)Schistosomiasis CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,SchistosomiasisZoonosesZoonosesarediseasesandinfectionswhicharenaturallytransmittedbetweenvertebrateanimalandman.Thezoonosesmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothedirectionoftransmissionofdisease:?l.AnthropozoonosesInfectionistransmittedtomanfromlowervertebrateanimals.Examples-4Rabies,plague,hydatiddisease,anthrax,trichinosis.2.ZoonthroponosesInfectionistransmittedfrommantolowervertebrateanimalsExamplesHumantuberculosisincattle3.AmphixenosesInfectionismaintainedinbothmanandlowervertebrateanimalsthatmaybetransmittedineitherdirection.ExamplesTcruzi,S.japonicum.
473.Nightbloodsurveyisdonein? a)Filaria b)Typhoid c)Malaria d)Kala-azar CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,FilariaThemicrofilariaeofW.bancroftiandB.malayioccuringinIndiadisplayanocturnalperiodicity,i.e.,theyappearinlargenumberatnightandretreatfromthebloodstreamduringtheday.Thisisabiologicaladaptationtothenocturnalbitinghabitsofvectormosquitoes.Themaximumdensityofmicrofilariaeinbloodisreportedbetween10pmand2am.Whenthesleepinghabitsofthehostarealtered,areversalinperiodicityhasbeenobserved
474.Populationexplosion(explosivegrowth) isdefinedasthegrowthrate? a)0.5-1.0 b)1-1.5 c)1.5-2 d)>2 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,>2 Rate/Phase Annualrateof Stationarypopulation growthin% Slowgrowth Nogrowth<5 Moderategrowth 0.5to0.1 Rapidgrowth 1.0to1.5 VeryRapedgrowth 1.5to2.0 Explosivegrowth >2.0
475.Proteincontentin100gramsofcowmilk a)4.3 b)3.2 c)2.2 d)1.2 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,3.2
476.Onecriteriaforprudentdiet? a)Fatintake35-40%oftotalenergy b)Dietarycholesterole<300mg/1000Kcalperday c)Saltintake<10g/day d)Saturatedfuts<10%oftotalenergy CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Saturatedfats<10%oftotalenergyDietarygoalsprescribedbyWHOexpertcommitteeprudentdiet3DietarymodificationistheprincipalpreventivestrategyinthepreventionofCHD.TheWHOExpertCommittee(1)consideredthefollowingdietarychangestobeappropriateforhighincidencepopulations.Reductionoffatintaketo20-30percentoftotalenergyintakeConsumptionofsaturatedfatsmustbelimitedtolessthan10percentoftotalenergyintake,someofthereductioninsaturatedfatmaybemadeupbymonoandpoly-unsaturatedfats.Areductionofdietarycholesteroltobelow100mgper1000kcalperday.Anincreaseincomplexcarbohydrateconsumption(i.e.vegetables,fruits,wholegrainsandlegumes)Avoidanceofalcoholconsumption,reductionofsaltintaketo5gdailyorless.OtherspecificinterventionsaspartofprimordialpreventionofcoronaryheartdiseaseToachieveasmokefreesocietyReductionofBloodpressurethroughprudentdiet.Regularexercise,weightcontrol&cessationofsmoking.
RegularPhysicalActivity.
477.Ifaclawhanddevelopsinapatientwith Leprosy,thdeformityis? a)Grade0 b)GradeI c)GradeII d)GradeIII CorrectAnswer-CAns.is`c'i.e.,GradeII
478.Allofthefollowingarerequiredmore duringlactationascomparedtopregnancy,except? a)Iron b)VitaminA c)Niacin d)Energy CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,IronRequiredmoreduringlactationascomparedtopregnancy:Energy,VitaminA,thiamin,riboflavin,VitaminC,niacin,andVitaminB12.Requiredmoreduringpregnancy:Iron,protein,andfolate.Samerequirmentinpregnancyandlactation:Fat,calcium,zinc,magnesium,andvitaminB6.
479.Allofthefollowingarerelatedtoplague except? a)Aedesaegyptiindex b)Totalfleaindex c)Burrowindex d)Cheopisindex CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,AedesaegyptiindexAedesaegyptiindexisusedforyellowfever.Inplague,fleaindicesareused.FleaindicesFleaindicesareusefulmeasurmentsofthedensityoffleas.Theyarealsousefulinevaluatingtheefectivenessofasprayingprogramme.Thefollowingindicesarewidelyusedinratfleasurveys:- 1. TotalfleaindexItistheaveragenumberoffleasofallspeciesper rat. 2. CheopisindexItistheaveragenumberofX.cheopisperrat.Itis aspecificfleaindex,soitisamoresignificantindexthantotalfleaindex.Ifthisindexismorethanone,itisregardedasindicativeofpotentialexplosivenessofthesituation,shouldaplagueoutbreakoccur. 3. SpecificpercentageoffleasItisthepercentageofdifferent speciesoffleasthatarefoundonrats. 4. BurrowindexItistheaveragenumberoffree-livingfleasper speciesperrodentburrow.
480.Drugforprophylaxisofmalariain chloroquineresistantP.falciparum? a)Mefloquine b)Quinine c)Halofantrine d)Artesunate CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,MefloquineChemoprophylaxisofmalariaChemoprophylaxisisrecommendedfortravellersfromnon-endemicareas,andasashorttermmeasureforsoldiers,policeandlabourforcesservinginhighlyendemicareas.Chemoprophylaxisshouldbeginaweekbeforearrivalinmalariousareaandcontinuedforatleast4weeksorpreferably6weeksafterleavingmalariousarea.Drugsusedare:?ChloroquineDOCforchemoprophylaxisinchloroquinesensitiveP.falciparumareas.Atovaquone/ProguanilUsedinareaswithchloroquineormefloquineresistantP.falciparum.DoxycyclineUsedinareaswithchloroquineormefloquineresistantP.falciparum.MefloquineUsedinareaswithchloroquineresistantP.falciparumHydroxychloroquineAlternativetochloroquineinareaswithchloroquinesensitiveP.falciparum
481.AnEnglishmantravelstoaplacewhich isresistanttochloroquineandmefloquine.Whatshouldhetakeasprophylaxis? a)Primaquine b)Hydrchlorquine c)Proguanil d)Artesunate CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Proguanil
482.Annualinfectionrateoftuberculosisis definedas? a)Percentageoftotalpatientspositivefortuberculintest b)Percentageofnewpatientspositivefortuberculintest c)Percentageofsputumpositivetotalpatients d)Percentageofsputumpositivenewpatients CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,PercentageofnewpatientspositivefortuberculintestEpidemiologicalindicesoftuberculosisIndicesorparametersareneededtomeasurethetuberculosisprobleminacommunityaswellasforplanningandevaluationofcontrolmeasures.Thefollowingepidemiological-indicesareusedintuberculosisproblemmeasurementandprogrammestrategy:?1.PrevalenceofinfectionItisthepercentageofindividualswhoshowapositivereactiontothestandardtuberculintest.2.Incidenceofinfection(Annualinfectionrate)ItisthepercentageofpopulationunderstudywhowillbenewlyinfectedbyM.tuberculosisamongthenon-infectedoftheprecedingsurveyduringthecourseofoneyear.Itreflectstheannualriskofbeinginfected(orreinfected)inagivencommunity,i.e.itexpressestheattackingforceoftuberculosisinacommunity.Itisalsoknownastuberculinconversionindex.Thisparameterisconsideredoneofthebestindicatorsforevaluatingthetuberculosisproblemanditstrend.3.Prevalenceofdiseaseorcaserate
Itisthepercentageofindividualswhosesputumispositivefortuberclebacillionmicroscopicexamination.Itisthebestavailablepracticalindextoestimatethenumberofinfectiouscasesorcaseloadinacommunity.4.IncidenceofnewcasesItisthepercentageofnewTBcases(confirmedbybacteriologicalexamination)per1000populationoccurringduringoneyear.5.PrevalenceofsuspectedcasesThisisbasedonX-rayexaminationofchest.6.PrevalenceofdrugresistantcasesItistheprevalenceofpatientexcretingtuberclebacilliresistanttoanti-tuberculardrugs.7.MortalityrateThenumberofdeathsfromtuberculosiseveryyearper1,000population. Inthisquestion OptionaPrevalanceofinfection.OptionbIncidenceofinfection(annualinfectionrate).OptioncPrevalanceofdisease(caserate)OptiondIncidenceofdisease.
483.Present"Generalfertilityrates"? a)84 b)118 c)128 d)138 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,84
484.D.latumtransmittedby? a)Cercariathroughcyclops b)Cercariathroughfishmeal c)Plerocercoidthroughfishmeal d)Metacercariaincyclops CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Plerocercoidthroughfishmeal
485.PatternsofInter-relationshipsbetween personsinasocietyis? a)Socialstructure b)Socialpsychology c)Herdstructure d)Socialscience CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,SocialstructurePatternsofinter-relationshipsbetweenpersonsinasocietyiscalledsocialstructure.Note-Studyofhumaninter-relationshipiscalledsociology.
486.Rashisabsentin? a)Scrubtyphus b)Epidemictyphus c)Q.fever d)Endemictyphus CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'C'i.e.,Q.feverQfeveriscausedbythebacteriumCoxiellaburnetii,commonlyfoundinsheep,goatsandcattle.Thebacteriumcanalsoinfectpets,includingcats,dogsandrabbits.Theseanimalstransmitthebacteriathroughtheirurine,feces,milkandbirthingproducts--suchastheplacentaandamnioticfluid.Whenthesesubstancesdry,thebacteriainthembecomepartofthebarnyarddustthatfloatsintheair.Theinfectionisusuallytransmittedtohumansthroughtheirlungs,whentheyinhalecontaminatedbarnyarddust,theorganismcanalsogainentryintothebody,throughabrasions,conjuctivaeoringestionofcontaminatedfood.Qfeverisusuallyamilddiseasewithflu-likesymptoms.Inacuteonsetfever,chills,generalmalaiseandheadache,Thereisnorashorlocallesion.RarecomplicationsincludesEndocarditis.endocarditiscanseverelydamageyourheartvalves.EndocarditisisthemostdeadlyofQfever'scomplications.Lungissues.SomepeoplewhohaveQfeverdeveloppneumonia.Thiscanleadtoacuterespiratorydistress.Liverdamage.SomepeoplewhohaveQfeverdevelophepatitis.Encephalitis.PreventioncanbedonebyPasteurisation
PreventioncanbedonebyPasteurisation
487.Minimumcontactperiodrequiredduring Chlorination? a)30minutes b)1hrs. c)2hrs d)4hrs CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,1hrs.PrinciplesofchlorinationWatershouldbeclearandfreefromturbidity.Turbidityimpedesefficientchlorination.Thechlorinedemandofthewatershouldbeestimated.Itistheamountofchlorinethatisneededtodestroybacteriaandtooxidizealltheorganicmatterandammoniacalsubstancespresentinwater.Chlorinedemandofwateristhedifferencebetweentheamountofchlorineaddedtothewaterandtheamountofresidualchlorineremainingattheendofaspecificperiodofcontact(usually60minutes)atagiventemperatureandpHofthewater.Thepointatwhichthechlorinedemandofthewaterismetiscalledbreakpointchlorination.Iffurtherchlorineisaddedbeyondbreakpoint,freechlorinebeginstoappearinwater.Thepresenceoffreeresidualchlorineforacontactperiodofatleastonehourisessentialtokillbacteriaandviruses.Theminimumrecommendedconcentrationoffreechlorineis0.5mg/Iforonehour.Thisfreeresidualchlorineprovidesamarginofsafetyagainstsubsequentmicrobialcontamination.Thesumofthechlorinedemandofthespecificwaterplusthefreeresidualchlorineof.5mg/Lconstitutesthecorrectdoseofchlorine
tobeapplied.Itisworthnotingherethatrecommendedresidualchlorinelevelfordrinkingwateris0.5mg/litre,whileforswimmingpoolsanitationitis1.0mg/litreandforwaterbodies&postdisasteritis0.7mg/litre.
488.Sandflytransmitsall,except? a)Orientalsore b)Leishmaniasis c)Kala-azar d)Relapsingfever CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,RelapsingfeverSandfly:?Habitats:Holesandcrevicesinwalls,holesintrees,darkrooms,stables,andstorerooms.Sanitationmeasuresarecarriedoutforadistanceof50feet.Insecticideofchoice:DDT(1-2gm/m2singleapplication)DDTissprayeduptoaheightof4-6feetofwallsQ:asSandflycannotfly,itonlyhops Sandfly Sandflyspecies Diseasestransmitted Phlebotomus Kala-azar(VisceralLeishmaniasis) argentipesPhlebotomus Sandflyfever,Orientalsore(Cutaneous papatasi Leishmaniasis) Phlebotomussergenti Orientalsore(CutaneousLeishmaniasis)Sergentomyia Sandflyfever punjabensis
489.Antiserumisavailableforpassive immunizationagainst? a)Rabies b)Typhoid c)Meales d)Mumps CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,RabiesForpassiveimmunizationA.AntiserumRabiesTetanusDiphtheriaB.HumannormalimmunoglobulinsRabiesTetanusHepatitisAMeaslesMumpsC.HumanspecificimmunoglobulinsDiphtheriaHepatitisBVaricella
490.Oncherciasiselimination,operational definition? a)O.volvulustransmissionhasreducedbelowaparticularpoint b)Interventionhasstoped c)Norecrudescence d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,AlloftheaboveOncherciasiseliminationThereductionofinfectionandtransmissiontotheextentthatinterventionscanbestopped,butpost-interventionsurveillanceisstillnecessary.Operationaldefinitionincludes?InterventionhavereducedO.volvulusinfectionandtransmissionbelowthepointwheretheparasitepopulationisbeilvedtobeirreversiblymovingtoitsdemise/extinctioninadefinedgeographicalarea.Interventionhavebeenstopped.Post-interventionalsurveillanceforanappropriateperiodhasdemonstratednorecrudescenceoftransmissiontoalevelsuggestingrecoveryofO.volvuluspopulation.Additionalsurveillanceisstillnecessaryfortimelydetectionofrecurrentinfection,ifariskofreintroductionofinfectionfromotherarearemains.
491.InESIprogammecentral,state,Govt. employeecontributetothefund.Employer'scontributionis? a)5.75% b)4.75% c)3.75% d)2.75% CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,4.75%FinanceofESIschemeTheschemeisrunbycontributionbyemployeesandemployersandgrantsfromcentralandstategovernments- 1. Employerscontribution4.75%oftotalwagesbills2. Employeecontribution1.75%oftotalwagesbills3. Thestategovernment'sshareofexpenditureonmedicalcareis1/8 oftotalcostofmedicalcare. 4. TheESIcorporationsshareofexpenditureonmedicalcareis78of totalcostofmedicalcare.Note-EmployeesgettingdailywagesofbelowRs50areexemptedfrompaymentcontribution.
492.Allinsectshavedevelopedresistanceto DDTexcept? a)Mosquito b)Flea c)Tsetseflies d)Ticks CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,TsetsefliesArthropodsshowingresistancetoDDTArthropodsshowingnoresistancetoDDT Houseflies(e.g.,Musca Sandliesdomestica) (Phlebotomus) Moquito(Culex, Tsetseflies Anopheles,Aedes) (Gluossianae) Flea(ratflea,Sandflea)Lice(Pediculuscapitis/corporis,Phthiruspubis)Ticks&Mites
493.Highestlevelofhealthcaresystemin India- a)Primaryhealthcare b)Secondaryhealthcare c)Tertiaryhealthcare d)Allaresame CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,TertiraryhealthcareLevelsofhealthcareItiscustomarytodescribehealthcareserviceat3levels,viz.primary,secondaryandtertiarycarelevels.oTheselevelsrepresentdifferenttypesofcareinvolvingvaryingdegreesofcomplexity.1.PrimarycarelevelItisthefirstlevelofcontactofindividuals,thefamilyandcommunitywiththenationalhealthsystem,where"primaryhealthcare",("essential"healthcare)isprovided.Asalevelofcare,itisclosetothepeople,wheremostoftheirhealthproblemscanbedealtwithandresolved.Itisatthislevelthathealthcarewillbemosteffectivewithinthecontextofthearea'sneedsandlimitations.InIndia,primaryhealthcareisprovidedbyPHCandtheirsubcentresthroughtheagencyofmultipurosehealthworkers,villagehealthguidesandtraineddais.2.SecondarycarelevelThenexthigherlevelofcareisthesecondary(intermediate)healthcarelevel.Atthislevelmorecomplexproblemsaredealthwith.InIndia,thiskindofcareisgenerallyprovidedindistricthospitals
andcommunityhealthcentreswhichalsoserveasthefirstreferrallevel.3.TertiarycarelevelThetertiarylevelisamorespecializedlevelthansecondarycarelevelandrequiresspecificfacilitiesandattentionofhighlyspecializedhealthworkers.Thiscareisprovidedbytheregionalorcentrallevelinstitutions,e.g,.MedicalCollegeHospitals,AllIndiaInstitutes,RegionalHospitals,SpecializedHospitalsandotherApexInstitutions
494.MostbasiclevelofHealthCareSystem inIndia- a)Primaryhealthcare b)Secondaryhealthcare c)Tertiaryhealthcare d)Allaresame CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Primaryhealthcare
495.Pre-exposureprophylaxisdoseschedule forrabiesvaccinegiveninalldaysexcept? a)Day0 b)Day3 c)Day7 d)Day28 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Day3PreventionofrabiesPreventionofrabiesmaybeoffollowingtypesPostexposureprophylaxisPreexposureprophylaxisPost-exposuretreatmentofpersonswhohavebeenvaccinatedpreviously.SchedulesofvaccinationforpostexposureprophylaxisA.IntramuscularschedulesRoutineshedule6doseson0,3,7,14and28dayswithaboosteronday90.Abbreviatedmultisiteschedule-42-1-1regimenonedoseisgivenintherightarmandoneinleftarmonday0afterthatonedoseisgivenonday7and21.B.Intradremalschedules2-siteintradermalscheduleOnedoseofvaccineisgivenateachoftwositesondays0,3,7and28.8-siteintradermalscheduleOnday"0"vaccineisgiveat8sites,onday7vaccineisgivenat4sites,andondays28and90vaccine
isgivenatonesite.Pre-exposureprophylaxisPersonswhorunahighriskofrepeatedexposuresuchaslaboratorystaffworkingwithrabiesvirus,veterinarian,animalhandlersandwild-lifeofficersshouldbeprotectedbypre-exposureimmunization.Cell-culturevaccinegivenondays0,7and21or28(Total3doses)Furtherboostershouldbegivenatintervalsof2years.Inpost-exposureprophylaxisofimmunizedpatient2dayintradermalregimen(1site)Day0andday3IntramuscularregimenDay04siteintradermalregimen_(single-visit)Day0
496.Encephalopathycanoccuras complicationofwhichvaccine? a)OPV b)Rubella c)Measles d)BCG CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Measles
497.Populationpyramidindicates? a)Lifeexpectancy b)Fertilitypattern c)Sexratio d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,AlloftheabovePopulationpyramidTheageandsexdistributionofapopulationisbestrepresentedbypopulationpyramidIncountrieswithhighbirthratesasours,itisbroadbasedconicalpyramidbecauseofhighbirthrateandtaperingofpopulationwithincreaseinage.Indevelopedcountrieswithlowbirthrate,thepyramidswellsinthemiddleandisnarrowatthebaseandisnotsoconicalatthetop.(dumbbellshaped).UtilityofpopulationpyramidShapeofpopulationpyramidindicatesfertilitypattern 1. Broadbase,Narrowtop(uprighttriangle):Highproportionof youngerpopulation(developingcountries) 2. BulgeinMiddle:Highproportionofadults(developedcountries) Span(height)ofpopulationpyramidindicateslifeexpectancy 1. Tallerpyramid:Higherlifeexpectancy(developedcountries)2. Shorterpyramid:Lowerlifeexpectancy(developingcountries) Symmetryofpopulationpyramidindicatessexratio 1. Symmetricpyramid:idealsexratio(developedcountries)2. Asymmetricpyramid:unfavourablesexratio<1000(developing countries)
498.Greencolouroftriageisforwhich patient? a)Lowpriority b)Morbidity c)Ambulatory d)Highpriority CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.AmbulatoryTriageWhenthequantityandseverityofinjuriesoverwhelmtheoperativecapacityofhealthfacilities,adifferentapproachtomedicaltreatmentmustbeadopted.Theusualprincipleoffirstcome,firsttreated",isnotfollowedinmassemergencies.Triageconsistsofrapidlyclassifyingtheinjuredandthelikelihoodoftheirsurvivalwithpromptmedicalintervention.Higherpriorityisgrantedtovictimswhoseimmediateorlong-termprognosiscanbedramaticallyaffectedbysimpleintensivecare.Moribundpatientswhorequireagreatdealofattention,withquestionablebenefithavethelowestpriority.Themostcommontriageclassificationsystemusedinternationalisfourcolourcodesystem. Red Highprioritytreatmentortransfer Yellow MediumpriorityGreen AmbulatorypatientsBlack Deadormoribundpatients
499.ConcurrentlistofIndianConstitution includeswhichofthefollowing? a)Internationalimmigrationruleforquarantine b)Preventionofextensionofcommunicablediseasefromoneunit toanother c)Minesandoilfieldworkersrules d)Establishmentandmaintenanceofdrugstandards CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.PreventionofextensionofcommunicablediseasefromoneunittoanotherThefunctionsoftheUnionHealthMinistryaresetoutintheseventhscheduleofArticle246oftheconstitutionofIndiaunderthreelists. 1. UnionList2. ConcurrentList3. Statelist The52itemscurrentlyontheConcurrentlistare:1.Criminallaw,includingallmattersincludedintheIndianPenalCode2.Criminalprocedure,includingallmattersincludedintheCodeofCriminalProcedure.3.PreventivedetentionforreasonsconnectedwiththesecurityofaState,themaintenanceofpublicorder,orthemaintenanceofsuppliesandservicesessentialtothecommunity;personssubjectedtosuchdetention.4.RemovalfromoneStatetoanotherStateofprisoners,accusedpersonsandpersonssubjectedtopreventivedetentionforreasonsspecifiedinEntry3ofthislist.5.Marriageanddivorce;infantsandminors;adoption;wills,
intestacyandsuccession;jointfamilyandpartition;allmattersinrespectofwhichpartiesinjudicialproceedingswereimmediatelybeforethecommencementofthisConstitutionsubjecttotheirpersonallaw.6.Transferofpropertyotherthanagriculturalland;registrationofdeedsanddocuments.7.Contractsincludingpartnership,agency,contractsofcarriage,andotherspecialformsofcontracts,butnotincludingcontractsrelatingtoagriculturalland.8.Actionablewrongs9.Bankruptcyandinsolvency.10.TrustandTrustees.11.Administrators?generalandofficialtrustees.11-A.Administrationofjustice;constitutionandOrganisationofallcourts,excepttheSupremeCourtandtheHighCourts.12.Evidenceandoaths;recognitionoflaws,publicactsandrecords,andjudicialproceedings.13.Civilprocedure,includingallmattersincludedintheCodeofCivilProcedureatthecommencementofthisConstitution,limitationandarbitration.14.Contemptofcourt,butnotincludingcontemptoftheSupremeCourt.15.Vagrancy;nomadicandmigratorytribes.16.Lunacyandmentaldeficiency,includingplacesforthereceptionortreatmentoflunaticsandmentaldeficients.17.Preventionofcrueltytoanimals.17-A.Forests.17-B.Protectionofwildanimalsandbirds.18.Adulterationoffoodstuffsandothergoods.19.Drugsandpoisons,subjecttotheprovisionsofEntry59ofListIwithrespecttoopium.20.Economicandsocialplanning.20-A.Populationcontrolandfamilyplanning.21.Commercialandindustrialmonopolies,combinesandtrusts.22.Tradeunions;industrialandlabourdisputes.23.Socialsecurityandsocialinsurance;employmentandunemployment.
24.Welfareoflabourincludingconditionsofwork,providentfunds,employers'liability,workmen'scompensation,invalidityandoldagepensionsandmaternitybenefits.25.Education,includingtechnicaleducation,medicaleducationanduniversities,subjecttotheprovisionsofEntries63,64,65and66ofListI;vocationalandtechnicaltrainingoflabour.26.Legal,medicalandotherprofessions.27.ReliefandrehabilitationofpersonsdisplacedfromtheiroriginalplaceofresidencebyreasonofthesettingupoftheDominionsofIndiaandPakistan.28.Charitiesandcharitableinstitutions,charitableandreligiousendowmentsandreligiousinstitutions.29.PreventionoftheextensionfromoneStatetoanotherofinfectiousorcontagiousdiseasesorpestsaffectingmen,animalsorplants.30.Vitalstatisticsincludingregistrationofbirthsanddeaths.31.PortsotherthanthosedeclaredbyorunderlawmadebyParliamentorexistinglawtobemajorports.32.Shippingandnavigationoninlandwaterwaysasregardsmechanicallypropelledvessels,andtheruleoftheroadonsuchwaterways,andthecarriageofpassengersandgoodsoninlandwaterwayssubjecttotheprovisionsofListIwithrespecttonationalwaterways.33.Tradeandcommercein,andtheproduction,supplyanddistributionof,-(a)theproductsofanyindustrywherethecontrolofsuchindustrybytheUnionisdeclaredbyParliamentbylawtobeexpedientinthepublicinterest,andimportedgoodsofthesamekindassuchproducts(b)foodstuffs,includingedibleoilseedsandoils(c)cattlefodder,includingoilcakesandotherconcentrates(d)rawcotton,whetherginnedornotginned,andcottonseed;and(e)rawjute.33-A.Weightsandmeasuresexceptestablishmentofstandards.34.Pricecontrol.35.Mechanicallypropelledvehiclesincludingtheprinciplesonwhichtaxesonsuchvehiclesaretobelevied.
36.Factories.37.Boilers.38.Electricity.39.Newspapers,booksandprintingpresses.40.ArchaeologicalsitesandremainsotherthanthosedeclaredbyorunderlawmadebyParliamenttobeofnationalimportance.41.Custody,managementanddisposalofproperty(includingagriculturalland)declaredbylawtobeevacueeproperty.42.Acquisitionandrequisitioningofproperty.43.RecoveryinaStateofclaimsinrespectoftaxesandotherpublicdemands,includingarrearsofland-revenueandsumsrecoverableassucharrears,arisingoutsidethatState.44.Stampdutiesotherthandutiesorfeescollectedbymeansofjudicialstamps,butnotincludingratesofstampduty.45.InquiriesandstatisticsforthepurposesofanyofthemattersspecifiedinListIIorListIII.46.Jurisdictionandpowersofallcourts,excepttheSupremeCourt,withrespecttoanyofthemattersinthisList.47.FeesinrespectofanyofthemattersinthisList,butnotincludingfeestakeninanycourt.
500.Lastpointwherereproductiveandchild healthprogrammeareinclude: a)Sub-centre b)Anganwadi c)District d)Taluka CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.DistrictThevariousactivitiesofReproductiveandchildHealthProgramme(RCH)arctargetedatthedistrictlevel."TheRCHprogrammeisbasedonadiiThrentialapproach.Inputsinallthedistrictshavenotbeenkeptuniform.Whilethecarecomponentarethesameforalldistricts,theweakerdistrictswillgetmoresupportandsophisticatedfacilitiesareproposedforrelativelyadvanceddistricts.Onthebasisofcrudebirthrateandfemaleliteracyrate?allthedistrictshavebeendividedintothreecategories`A,B,&C'Allthedistrictswillbecoveredinaphasedmanneroveraperiodofthreeyears."
501.Diagnosticpowerofatesttocorrectly diagnoseadiseaseis- a)Negativepredictivevalue b)Positivepredictivevalue c)Sensitivity d)Specificity CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.PositivepredictivevaluePositivepredictivevalueistheabilityofatesttocorrectlydiagnosetheproportionofcasesinwhichpersonswithapositivescreeningtestresulthavethediseaseinquestion.Negativepredictivevalueistheproportionofcasesinwhichpeoplewithnegativetestresultdonothavethediseaseinquestion.Sensitivityisdefinedastheabilityofthetesttoidentifycorrectlyallthosewhohavethedisease,i.e.truepositive.Specificityisdefinedastheabilityofthetesttoidentifycorrectlythosewhodonothavethedisease,i.e.truenegative.
502.Paradoxicalcarriersare- a)Apersonwhoacquiresthemicroorganismduetohiscontact withthepatient. b)Apersonwhoacquiresthemicroorganismanothercarrier. c)Apersonwhoisclinicallyrecoveredfromaninfectiousdisease butstillcapableoftransmittingtheinfectiousagenttoothers. d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Apersonwhoacquiresthemicroorganismanothercarrier.Paradoxicalcarrieraredefinedaspersonwhoacquiresthemicroorganismanothercarrier.
503.AccordingtoIMNCI,ababyof6month age,criteriaforfastbreathingismorethan_____/min a)60 b)50 c)40 d)30 CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.50Asthechildrengetolder,theirbreathingrateslowsdown.Therefore,thecut-offpointhasfastbreathingwilldependontheageofthechild.oFastbreathingispresentwhentherespiratoryrateis:?Childlessthan2monthsofage:60breathsperminuteChildaged2monthsupto12months:50breathsperminuteChildaged12monthsupto5years:40breathsperminute
504.Allofthefollowingareexamplesof Dietaryfibreexcept- a)Pectin b)Lignin c)Cellulose d)Gums CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.GumsDietaryfibreconsistsofunabsorbablecellwallandotherconstituentsofvegetablefoodlikecellulose,lignin,hemicellulose,gums,pectins,glycoproteinsandotherpolysaccharides.Dietaryfibreabsorbswaterintheintestine,swells,increasebulkofstoodbyincreasingwatercontentoffaecesandsoftenit,decreasestransittimebyfacilitatingcolonictransit."Thepresenceoffibreshortensthetransittimesandincreasesthestoolbulk"Dietaryfibreisoftwotypes: 1. Solublefibres:Itabsorbsupto15timesitsweightinwaterasit movesthroughGIT,producingsofterstools.Itsgoodsourcesareoat,flaxseeds,peas,beans,apple,citrusfruits,carrots,barleyandpsyllium. 2. Insolublefibre:Itpromotesmovementofmaterialthroughdigestive systemandincreasesstoolbulk.It'sgoodsourcesarewheatflour,wheatbran,nutsandvegetables.
505.Crossproductratioisdeterminedby whichstudy? a)Casecontrol b)Cohort c)Crosssectional d)RCT CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.CasecontrolstudyCrossproductratio:Riskincasecontrolstudyiscalculatedbyoddsratio(crossproductratio).
506.Inanormalcurvewhatistheareathat comesunder1standarddeviation- a)50% b)68% c)95% d)100% CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.68%1SDincludes68%ofvalues2SDincludes95%ofvalues3SDincludes99.7%ofvalues
507.2yearoldboyofweight12kgwith vitaminAdeficiencywhatisoraldoseofvitaminA a)50,000I.U b)1lakhI.U. c)1.5lakhI.U d)2lakhI.U CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.2lakhI.UTreatment:Oraltherapy:TheoralregimenofvitaminAis200,000IUondayofpresentation,nextday,and2-4weekslater.Childrenlessthan1yearofageorlessthan8kgshouldreceivehalfthedoseoftheabovedose.Repeat200,000IUevery6monthsupto6yearsofagetopreventrecurrence.Parenteraltherapy:Ifthepatienthasseveredisease,isunabletotakeoralfeeds,orhasmalabsorption,thepreferabledoseis100,000IUofvitaminAgivenintramuscularly.ChildrenwithseveremeaslesshouldalsoreceivevitaminAastheyareverylikelytobebenefitedfromsuchtherapybothintermsofsavingsightandreducingcasefatality.PreventionProphylaxisconsistsofperiodicadministrationofVitaminAsupplements.WHOrecommendedschedule,whichisuniversallyrecommendedisasfollows:Infants6?12monthsoldandanyolderchildrenweighinglessthan8kg?100,000IUorallyevery3?6months
Childrenover1yearandunder6yearsofage?200,000IUorallyevery6monthsInfantslessthan6monthsold,whoarenotbeingbreastfed?50,000IUorallyshouldbegivenbeforetheyattaintheageof6months
508.Notapersonalprotectiveequipment a)Goggles b)Badgesfordetectingradiation c)Gloves d)Labcoat CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Badgesfordetectingradiation
509.Confoundingfactorisdefinedas a)Factorassociatedwithboththeexposureandthediseaseand isdistributedunequallyinstudyandcontrolgroups. b)Factorassociatedwithexposureonlyandisdistributed unequallyinstudyandcontrolgroups. c)Factorassociatedwithboththeexposureandthediseaseand isdistributedequallyinstudyandcontrolgroups d)Factorassociatedwiththediseaseandisdistributedequallyin studyandcontrolgroups. CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Factorassociatedwithboththeexposureandthediseaseandisdistributedunequallyinstudyandcontrolgroups.Epidemiologicalstudiessearchforthecausesofdiseases,basedonassociationswithvariousriskfactorsthataremeasuredinthestudy.Inadditiontotheexposuresthatthestudyisinvestigating,theremaybeotherfactorsthatareassociatedwiththeexposureandarealsoriskfactorsforthedisease.Iftheprevalenceoftheseotherfactorsdiffersbetweengroupsbeingcompared,theywilldistorttheobservedassociationbetweenthediseaseandexposureunderstudy.Suchvariablesmaypartiallyorcompletelyaccountforanyapparentassociationbetweenanexposurevariableanddisease.Thesedistortingfactorsarecalledconfoundingfactorsorvariables.ThusaConfoundingfactorisdefinedasonewhichisassociatedwithboththeexposureandthediseaseandisdistributedunequallyinstudyandcontrolgroups.Itisitselfarisk.factor.forthedisease.
510.PairedTtestisdefinedas- a)Testusedtoassessquantitativeobservationsbeforeandafter anintervention b)Testthatisusedwhentheobservationareintheformof proportions(forqualitativedata) c)Testappliedwhenseparateobservationsaremadeon individualsoftwoseparategroups,andtheseneedtobecompared d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.TestusedtoassessquantitativeobservationsbeforeandafteraninterventionPairedt-testsThepairedt-testisusedtocomparethevaluesofmeansfromtworelatedsamples,forexampleina`beforeandafter'scenario.Thedifferencebetweenthemeansofthesamplesisunlikelytobeequaltozero(duetosamplingvariation)andthehypothesistestisdesignedtoanswerthequestion"Istheobserveddifferencesufficientlylargeenoughtoindicatethatthealternativehypothesisistrue".Theanswercomesintheformofaprobability?thep-value.
511.Bestrepresentativeofincidenceof diseaseindifferenttimeline- a)Histogram b)Linediagram c)Scattereddiagram d)Bardiagram CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.LinediagramLinediagramsareusedtoshowthetrendofeventswithpassageoftime.Itisusedtoshowthetrendofeventswithpassageoftimeandshowshowthefrequencyofaparticulareventorvariablevaryovertime.
512.Fortrenchtypeofsanitaryfillingthe amountoflandrequiredfor2meterdeeptrenchfor10000populationis- a)1acre b)2acre c)3acre d)4acre CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.1acreGeneralWHOGuidelinesforShallowTrenchesis3-5Metrefor100People.SoAbout300-500MeterofShallowTrenchesfor10,000People.Alsothereshouldbeaperimeterof30maroundthetrench.Now1Acre=4046SqMeter[200mX200m]HenceAnsweris1Acre.
513.Riskofgeneticdiseases inconsanguineousmarriagebetweenfirstcousins? a)1-2% b)4-8% c)8-10% d)12-14% CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.4-8%Consanguinityisamarriagebetweenrelativesandhasvariousdegrees.Closelyrelatedindividualshaveahigherchanceofcarryingthesameallelesthanthoselesscloselyrelatedandthereforechildrenfromconsanguineousmarriagesaremorefrequentlyhomozygousforvariousallelesthanthosefromnon-consanguineousunions.Generallyspeaking,frequencyofcongenitalmalformationsamongnewbornsoffirstcousinunionsisabout2timesthefrequencyamongthegeneralpopulation.Inotherwordsinsteadofarateof2-3%ofbirthdefectsinthegeneralpopulation,therisktofirstcousincouplesisaround4-6%.
514.Whichisnotaepidemiological indicator? a)ABER b)Annualparasiteindex c)Annualfalciparumincidence d)NoneoftheAbove CorrectAnswer-AAnswer?A.ABERABERorAnnualBloodExaminationRateisnotanepidemiologicalindicatorbutanindicatorofoperationalefficiencyofMalariaControlProgramme.
515.Healthcenterinremotestareafor planningandmanagementofschemes: a)Anganwadi b)Blockcentre c)Sub-centre d)PHC CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Sub-centreTheSub-Centreisthemostperipheralandfirstcontactpointbetweentheprimaryhealthcaresystemandthecommunity.Sub-Centresareassignedtasksrelatingtointerpersonalcommunicationinordertobringaboutbehavioralchangeandprovideservicesinrelationtomaternalandchildhealth,familywelfare,nutrition,immunization,diarrhoeacontrolandcontrolofcommunicablediseasesprogrammes.TheSub-Centresareprovidedwithbasicdrugsforminorailmentsneededfortakingcareofessentialhealthneedsofmen,womenandchildren.
516.Doseofdiphtheriaantitoxinis- a)1000to5000IU b)10000to100000IU c)1000to2000IU d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.10000to100000IUDATmanufacturedbyInstitutoButantanisasterile,transparent(clear)serumsolutionsuppliedin10mLampoulescontaining10,000IUeach.DATmustbestoredintherefrigeratorat2?8?C(36?46?F).DONOTFREEZE.Onceanampouleisopened,theDATserumsolutionshouldbeusedimmediately.
517.VerticaltransmissionofHIVishighest with- a)Electivecaesareansection b)HighviralRNAload c)Breastfeeding d)Termdelivery CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.HighviralRNAloadVaginalandemergencycaesareansectiondeliveries,prematurity,andlowCD4cellcountweremoststronglyassociatedwithinfant,sinfectionstatusinunivariateanalyses.Childrendeliveredvaginallyorbyemergencycaesareansectionweremorelikelytobeinfectedthanthosedeliveredbyelectivecaesareansection,withareductioninriskof79%associatedwiththelatter(P<0.001).Similarly,infantsdeliveredbefore37weeksweremorethantwiceaslikelytobeinfectedthaninfantswhowerenotpremature.Caesareansectionbeforeonsetoflabourandruptureofmembranesapproximatelyhalvestheriskofmother-to-childtransmission.Transmissionrate:Duringpregnancy:5?10%Duringlabouranddelivery:10?15%Duringbreastfeeding:5?20%Overallwithoutbreastfeeding:15?25%Overallwithbreastfeedingtosixmonths:20?35%Overallwithbreastfeedingto18?24months:30?45%
518.Screeningisnotusefulinwhich carcinoma a)Carcinomaprostate b)Carcinomacolon c)Carcinomabreast d)Testiculartumor CorrectAnswer-DAns:D.TesticulartumorScreeningisnotusefulintesticulartumors.ScreeningRecommendationsforAsymptomaticSubjects:Breast:Self-examination.Clinicalexamination.Mammography.MRI.Cervical:Paptest(cytology).HPVtestColorectal:SigmoidoscopyFecaloccultbloodtesting(FOBT)ColonoscopyFecalDNAtestingFecalimmunochemicaltesting(FIT)CTcolonographyLung:Low-dosecomputedtomography(CT)scan
OvarianCA:CAmarker-125TransvaginalultrasoundProstate:Prostate-specificantigen(PSA)Digitalrectalexamination(DRE)Skin:Completeskinexamination
519.CA-125isamarkerforthescreeningof ovariancancer.Tocharacterizethistest,histopathologicalconfirmationofovariancancerwasdoneinacohortofpatients.60/100womenwhotestedpositiveforthistesthadovariancancerand20/100womenwhotestednegativehadovariancancer.Whatisthenegativepredictivevalueofthistest? a)20/100 b)40/100 c)60/100 d)80/100 CorrectAnswer-DAns:D.80/100Negativepredictivevalue(NPV):Abilityofascreeningtesttoidentifycorrectlyallthosewhodon'thavethedisease,outofallthosewhotestnegativeonascreeningtest.
NegativePredictiveValue(NPV)=Numberoftruenegatives/(Numberoftruenegatives+numberoffalsenegatives). Diseasepresent Diseaseabsent TestPositive 60(a:TP) 40(b:FP) TestNegative 20(c:FN) 80(d:TN) Total 80 120 Truenegatives=80Totalnegatives=100Negativepredictivevalue=80/100=80%.
520.Allofthefollowingaredutiesofan ASHAworkerexcept: a)Primaryscreeningforprevalenceofnon-communicable diseases b)AdministeringzerodoseofDPTandOPV c)AssessingthesuccessofnationalprogramsunderANM d)All CorrectAnswer-BAns:C.AdministeringzerodoseofDPTandOPVRef:Park24Iep936,23Iep449,22Iep414;MinistryofHealthantiFamilyWelfare(MoHFW).(2005b).ReadingMaterialforASHA.GovernmentofIndia)ASHAdoes'ntreceivefinancialremunerationforadministeringzerodoseofDPTandOPVisnotthefunctionofASHA.ASHAPaymentsunderJananiSurakshaYojana(JSY):On45thDay:6visitsininstitutionaldeliveries(Day3,7,14,21,28,7visitsinhomedeliveries(Day1,3,7,14,21,28,42).BirthweightrecordImmunizedwithBCG,firstdoseofOPV&DPTBirthregistrationMother&childaresafe
521.Whichofthefollowingconditionsmust befulfilledforaPHCtobecomeafirstreferralunit? a)4-6beds b)15workers c)Emergencyobstericcare d)Basiclaboratoryservices CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Emergencyobstericcare[RefTextbookofIndianHealthcare-728]Criticaldeterminantsofafirstfeferralunit24-hourdeliveryservicesincludingnormalandassisteddeliveriesEmergencyobstetriccareincludingsurgicalinterventionslikecaesareansectionsandothermedicalinterventions,New-borncare,Emergencycareofsickchildren,Fullrangeoffamilyplanningservicesincludinglaproscopicservices,Safeabortionservices,TreatmentofSTI/RTI,Bloodstoragefacility,Essentiallaboratoryservices,Referral(transport)services.
522.Whichofthefollowinghasresponsibility ofdatacollectionforactivemalariasurveillanceatPHClevel? a)DHO[DistrictHealthOfficer] b)MPW[Multipurposeworker] c)MO-PHC[MedicalOfficer-PHC] d)DMO[DistrictMedicalOfficer] CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,MO-PHC[MedicalOfficer-PHC][RefPark24"/ep.433]"TheMedicalOfficer-PHChastheoverallresponsibilityforsurveillanceandlaboratoryservices,andalsosupervicesthespray".
523.Endemicdiseaseisdefinedas- a)Diseaseoccuringregularlyinexpectedfrequency b)Diseaseoccuringirregularly c)Diseaseoccuringinexcessofexpectedfreqency d)Diseaseaffectingalargepopulation CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Diseaseoccuringregularlyinexpectedfrequency[RefPark23"/ep.93&22"/ep.89]SporadicDiseaseoccuringirregularlyfromtimetotime.EndemicDiseaseoccuringregularlyinexpectedfrequency.EpidemicDiseaseoccuringinexcessofexpectedfrequency.PandemicEpidemicaffectingalargeproportionofpopulationoverawidegeographicarea.
524.Trueaboutcohortstudy a)Descriptivestudy b)Incidencestudy c)Proceedsfromeffecttocause d)Allarecorrect CorrectAnswer-BAcohortstudyisatypeofanalyticobservationalstudyCohortstudyproceedsforwardfromcausetoeffect,i.e.,thediseasehasnotoccurredinsubjects(Incontrasttocase-controlstudywhichproceedsbackwardfromeffecttocause).ItisalsoknownasProspectivestudy,longitudinalstudy,Incidencestudy,forward-lookingstudy.Thefeaturesofcohortstudiesare:Thecohortsareidentifiedbeforetheappearanceofthediseaseunderinvestigation.Thestudygroups,sodefined,areobservedoversometimetodeterminethefrequencyofdiseaseamongthem.Thestudyproceedsforwardfromcausetoeffect.
525.Secondarypreventionisapplicableto a)Causalfactors b)Earlystageofdisease c)Latestageofdisease d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,EarlystageofdiseasePrimordialpreventionBeforeriskfactorpresent.PrimarypreventionBeforeonsetofdisease(riskfactorpresent).SecondarypreventionInearlystageofdisease.TertiarypreventionLatestageofdisease.
526.Relationshipbetweenpositivepredictive valueandprevalence? a)PPVPrevalence b)PPV1/Prevalence c)PPVxPrevalence=1 d)PPV=1/Prevalence CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PPVPrevalencePrevalenceaffectsthePPVthemost.PPVisdirectlyproportionaltotheprevalenceofthediseaseinthepopulation.However,bothsensitivityandspecificitycanchangethepredictivevalue. Theprevalenceofadiseaseinapopulationishigh,themoreaccuratewillbethepositivepredictivevalueofascreeningtest.Iftheprevalencedeclines,thePPVwillbelow.NPVvariesinverselywiththeprevalence
527.HIVscreeningforbloodtransfusionis doneby- a)NACO b)ASHA c)Ministryofeducation d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,NACO[RefPark23rd/ep.437]AccesstosafebloodfortheneedyistheprimaryresponsibilityofNACO(NationalAIDScontrolorganization).Guidelinesforbloodbank,blooddonorsanddialysisunithavebeenformulated.Thestrategyistoensuresafecollection,processing,storageanddistributionofbloodandbloodproducts.TestingofeveryunitofbloodismandatoryforHIV,HBV,HCV,malaria,syphilis.
528.VitamindeficientinFamines? a)A b)D c)B12 d)B6 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,A[RefFoodscarcityandFaminep.100]Intimesoffoodscarcityandfamine,themostimportantdeficiencydiseaseisxerophthalmia(vitaminAdeficiency),whichcancausepermanentblindnessandmayalsocontributetoincreasedincidence,severityanddurationofinfectiousdiseaseslikemeasles,diarrheaandrespiratorytractinfection.Wherepeoplearetotallydependentonfoodaidrations,otherdeficiencydiseasesmayalsodevelop:- 1. Scurvy(VitaminCdeficiency)2. Pellagra(Niacindeficiency)3. Nutritionalanemia(Ironorfolicaciddeficiency)
529. Whichisbesttorepresentthedataof followingtable- Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 Number 75 125 50 25 ofLBWbodies a)Barchart b)Histogram c)Frequencypolygone d)Scatterdiagram CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,BarchartWecanplotthelowbirthstatisticsofahospitalonBarchart,histogramorfrequencypolygondependingonwhattypeofdatawewant.ToknowthetotalnumberofLBWneonatesindifferentyearsandcomparethefrequenciesBarchart.ToknowthenumberofLBWneonatesindifferentrangeofweightsatagiventime-)Histogramorfrequencypolygone.
530.Observationundernursingcarefor24 hoursinanhospitalisdefinedas? a)Inpatient b)Outpatient c)Observationstatuspatient d)Urgentcarepatient CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,ObservationstatuspatientObservationstatuspatients:Theseareneitherinpatientsnoroutpatients.Thesepatientsareplacedinahospitalbed(ofteninaninpatientunit)afterdisplayingsigns/symptomsthatrequireadditionalwork-up.Observationalstayisusuallylimitedto24hoursthenthephysicianmustdeterminewhetherpatient'sconditionwarrantsinpatientaddmissionordischarge.Ifthepatientisdischargeditiscalledobservationstatuspedient,howeverifthepatientisadmittedtothehospitalthenstatusischangedtoinpatient.Inpatient:Apatientisadmittedinhospitalroomforanovernightormorethanthat.Outpatient:Apatientreceivesadiagnosisand/ortreatmentbutdoesnotstayovernight.
531.Nottrueaboutstrategicplanformalaria control20122017? a)ObjectiveisAPI<1per10,000 b)50%reductioninmortalityby2017 c)Annualincidence<10per1000by2017 d)Completetreatmenttoatleast80%ofpatients CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Annualincidence<10per1000by2017StrategicactionplanformalariacontrolinIndia:2012-2017ObjectiveofplanistoachieveAPI<1per10,000populationbytheendof2017.Goalsofstrategicplanare: 1. Screnningallfevercasessuspectedformalaria(60%through qualitymicroscopyand40%byrapiddiagnostictest). 2. TreatingallP.falciparumcaseswithfullcourseofeffectiveACTand primaquine,andallP.vivaxcaseswith3dayschloroquineand14daysprimaquine. 3. Equippingallhealthinstitutions(PHClevelandabove),especialityin high-riskareas,withmicroscopyfacilityandRDTforemergencyuseandinjectableartemisininderivatives.
532.Aproblemvillageisdefinedasifwater sourceis? a)>0.5km b)>1km c)>1.6km d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,>1.6km[RefPark22"`Ilep.428&21"/ep.418]AproblemvillagehasbeendefinedasoneWherenosourceofsafewaterisavailablewithinadistanceof1.6km,orWherewaterisavailableatadepthofmorethan15meters,orWherewatersourcehasexcesssalinity,iron,fluoridesandothertoxicelements,orWherewaterisexposedtotheriskofcholera.
533.Human,animal,fomiteorobjectsfrom whichinfectiveorganismentersthehostiscalled? a)Source b)Reservoir c)Carrier d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Source[Ref:Park23rdlep.92-97]Sourceis'theperson,animal,objectorsubstancefromwhichinfectiousagentpassestohost',i.e.manacquiresinfectionfromsource.Reservoiris'anyperson,animal,insect,plant,soilorsubstanceinwhichaninfectiousagentlivesandmultiplies'.Infectiousagentisdependentonreservoirforsurvival.Fromreservoiritcanbetransmittedtosusceptiblehost.Thusareservoirmayactasasourceofinfectionwhenapersonacquiresinfectiondirectlyfromareservoir.
534.Reservoirisdefinedas? a)Person,animalorobjectfromwhichinfectiousagentis transmittedtohost b)Person,animalorsubstanceinwhichinfectiousagentlivesand multiplies c)Personoranimalinwhichinfectiousagentcausesadisease d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Person,animalorsubstanceinwhichinfectiousagentlivesandmultiplies.
535.Allareincludedinsleephygieneexcept ? a)Healthydiet b)Sleepingontime c)Sleepingindarkroom d)Exercisebeforesleep CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Exercisebeforesleep[RefComprehensiveGuideforsleepp.173]Sleephygienecanbeconsideredthecornerstoneofenvironmentalmodificationandconsistsofdevelopinggoodsleephabitsandanenvironmentthatisconducivetosleep.Sleephygieneincludesthephysicalsleepsetting,sleepscheduleandsleeppractices(e.g.pre-bedtimeroutine),allofwhichinfluenceeffectivesleep.Theprinciplesofsleephygieneinclude? 1. Eatingahealthydiet2. Limitingamountofcaffeineintake3. Goingtobedandgettingoutofbedatconsistenttime4. Sleepingindark,quieteandtemperaturecontrolledrookona comfortablemattressandpillow.
536.NotincludedinBradfordHill'scriteria? a)Strengthofassociation b)Consistencyofassociation c)Specificityofassociation d)Lackoftemporalassociation CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Lackoftemporalassociation[RefPark23"/ep.88-89]Itisthepresenceoftemporalassociation(notlackorabsence)thatformsacriteriaforcausalrelationship.Criteriathatsuggestcausalrelationship(BradfordHill'scriteria)Likehoodofacausalrelationshipisincreasedbythepresenceofthefollowingcriteria:? 1. Temporalassociation2. Strengthofassociation3. Specificityofassociation4. Consistencyofassociation5. Biologicalplausibility6. Coherenceofassociation Hill'scriteria(sometimesalsoknownas'Surgeongeneral'sCriteria'ofcausalassociation):inepidemiologyareAnalogoustoKoch'sPostulates(ofcausalassociationbetweenamicrobeanddisease)inmicrobiology.
537.RegardingPPVvaccinefollowingistrue ? a)Givenatbirth b)Obtainedfromcellwallpolysaccharide c)Indicatedinsicklecelldisease d)Commonlyused CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Indicatedinsicklecelldisease[RefEssentialsofmicrobiologyydiep.391]Pneumococcalpolysaccharidevaccine(PPVorPPSV)ispreparedfromcapsular(notcellwall)polysaccharide.Itisnotgivenbefore2yearsofageItisnotforgeneraluse,butgiveninconditionswhichpredisposetopneumococcalinfection,likesicklecellanemia.
538.Mostimportantcriterianincausal relationshiphypothesis? a)Temporalassociation b)Coherenceofassociation c)Specificityofassociation d)Strengthofassociation CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Temporalassociation[RefPark23rd/ep.89]MostimportantcriteriatemporalassociationWeakestandmostdifficultcriteriatoestablishspecificityofassociation
539. Theweakestcriterianincausal relatianshiphypothesis? a)Temporalassociation b)Coherenceofassociation c)Specificityofassociation d)Strengthofassociation CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Specificityofassociation
540.Benefitofscreeningis? a)Preventionofdisease/cancer b)Earlytreatmentofdisease c)Providerehabilitation d)Diagnosingallthemissingcases CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,EarlytreatmentofdiseaseScreeningistheactivesearchforthediseaseamongapparentlyhealthypeople.Screeningintendstoidentifyhealthypersonthoselikelytohaveadiseaseoratincreasedriskofadiseaseunderstudy,thusenablingearlierinterventionandmanagementinthehopetoreducemortalityandsufferingfromadisease.ScreeningisatypeofsecondarypreventionEarlydiagnosis,treatment
541.BenefitofRCT? a)Fasterstudy b)Cheaperstudy c)Noselectionbias d)Suitableforraredisease CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Noselectionbias[RefPark23rdlep.81-83]RandomizationistheheartofRCT.Randomizationisastatisticalprocedurebywhichtheparticipantsareallocatedintostudygroup(inwhichinterventionisgiven)andcontrolgroup/referencegroup(inwhichinterventionisnotgiven).Itisworthnotingthatrandomisationisdonewhiledividingtheparticipantsintostudygroupandcontrol(reference)group,andnotwhileselectingsubjectsforstudy,i.e.randomizationisdoneafterthesampleofsubjectshasalreadybeenselected.Therefor,eachparticipanthas'equalandknownchance'offallingintoeitherstudygrouporcontrolgroup.Randomizationisanattempttoeliminatebiasandallowcomparability.Itwillgivethegreatestconfidencethatthegroupsarecomparablesothat"like"canbecomparedwith"like".Itensuresthattheinvestigatorhasnocontroloverallocationofparticipantstoeitherstudyorcontrolgroup,thuseliminatingwhatisknownasselectionbias.
542.AsperICDSscheme,thereshouldbe oneAnganwadicentreforapopulationof? a)1000-1500 b)2000-25000 c)400-800 d)100-200 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,400-800TherecommendationsofAnganwadicenterare:? 1. Rural/urbanprojects->Oneanganwadicentereper400-800 population,andonemini-anganwadicenterper150-400population. 2. Tribal/Hilly/OtherdifficultareasOneanganwadicentreper300-800 population,andonemini-anganwadicentreper150-300population.
543.TrueaboutAnganwadiworkerisall except? a)Mostlyfemale b)Trainingfor4months c)UnderICDSscheme d)Coversapopulationof2000 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'D'i.e.,Coversapopulationof2000AnganwadicenterismainlymanagedbyAnganwadiworker.MostlyAnganwadiworkerisafemaleworker.Sheisahealthworkerchosenfromthecommunityandgiven4monthstraininginhealth,nutritionandchildcare.oneAWCisfor400-800population
544.Mostcommonlyusedblindingtechnique inepidemiologicalstudies? a)Singleblinding b)Doubleblinding c)Tripleblinding d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-B:CAns.is'b>c'i.e.,Doubleblinding>Tripleblinding[RefStatisticsandepidemiology3'/ep.46]Mostcommonlyusedblindingisdoubleblinding,i.e.mostoftheepidemiologicalstudiesarestartedasdoubleblinded.Butmoreaftenthannotitbecomestripleblindedasmorethantwopeopleinthestudyareblindedforexamplethestatician(analyzer)performingtheanalysisisoftenblindedinadditiontodoctor(investigator)andpatient(studysubject).
545. Indisastermanagementfollowingare practicedexcept a)Triage b)Rehabilitation c)Massvaccination d)Disasterresponse CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,MassvaccinationDisasterManagementincludesthreeaspects:1.Disasterimpactandresponse:Search,rescue,andfirst-aid?Fieldcare?Triage?Tagging?Identificationofthedead2.Rehabilitationorrecovery:?Watersupply?Basicsanitationandpersonalhygiene?Foodsafety?Vectorcontrol3.Mitigation:Measuresdesignedeithertopreventhazardsfromcausingdisasterortoreducetheeffectsofthedisaster.Thisalsoincludespreparednessforanyimpendingdisastersorindisaster-proneareas.
546.Mosteffectiveblindingtechnique? a)Singleblinding b)Doubleblinding c)Tripleblinding d)Anyoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Tripleblinding[RefReadbelow]MostcommonlyuseblindingDoubleblindingBestblindingtechniquetoeliminatebiasTripleblinding
547.Indisastermanagementallaretrue except a)Mitigationbeforeadisasterstrikes b)Responseinpre-disasterphase c)Yellowcolourisformediumpriority d)Gastroenteritisiscommonestinfectionafterdisaster CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'B'i.e.,Responseinpre-disasterphaseDisastermanagementDisasterImpactMostinjuriesaresustainedduringtheimpact,andthusthegreatestneedforemergencycareoccursinthefirstfewhours.Themanagementcanbedividedinto:-Search,rescueandfirstaid:Mostimmediatehelpcomesfromuninjuredsurvivors.Fieldcare:Asmanyinjuredpatientscomesimultaneously,emergencyservicesshouldbeproperintermsofpriorityandnumbersoffacilities.Triage:Triageconsistsofclassifyingtheinjuredbasedontheseverityofinjuriesandthelikelihoodoftheirsurvivalwithpromptmedicalintervention.Themostcommontriageclassificationsystemusedinternationallyisfourcolourcodesystem:? 1. Red Highpriority - treatmentortransfer 2. Yellow Mediumpriority - 3. Green Ambulatorypatients
4. Black Deadormoribund - patients Tagging:Allpatientsshouldbeidentifiedwithtags.Identificationofthedead:Properrespecttodeadisofgreatimportance
548. WhichofoneofthefollowingisNOTa utilizationrate? a)Populationbedratio b)Bedoccupancyrate c)Bedturnoverratio d)Averagelengthofstay CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Populationbedratio[RefPark23rd/ep.26&22"d/ep.25] 1. Proportionofinfantswhoare"fullyimmunized"againstthe6EPI diseases. 2. Proportionofpregnantwomenwhoreceiveantenatalcare,orhave theirdeliveriessupervisedbyatrainedbirthattendant. 3. Percentageofpopulationusingvariousmethodsoffamilyplanning.4. Bed-occupancyrate5. Averagelengthofstay6. Bedturn-overratio(i.e.discharges/average
549.Trueaboutcombinedprospective- retrospectivestudytrueis? a)Exposure(+)nt,disease(+)nt b)Exposure(+)nt,disease(-)nt c)Exposure(-)nt,disease(+)nt d)Exposure(-)nt,disease(-)nt CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Exposure(+)nt,disease(+)nt[RefPark23"'/ep.79-85]Therearefollowingtypesofcohortstudy:?A)ProspectivecohortstudyOutcomehasnotyetoccurredwhenthestudyhasbegun:Onlyexposurehasoccurred;welookfordevelopmentofsamediseaseinbothexposedandnon-exposedgroupsB)RetrospectivecohortstudyBothexposureaswellasoutcomehaveoccurredwhenthestudyhasbegun:Firstwegobackintimeandtakeonlyexposureintoconsideration(cohortsidentifiedfrompasthospital/collegerecords),thenlookfordevelopmentofsamediseaseinbothexposedandnon-exposedgroupsC)Combinedprospective-retrospectivecohortstudyBothexposureaswellasoutcomehaveoccurredwhenthestudyhasbegun:Firstwegobackintimeandtakeonlyexposureintoconsideration(cohortsidentifiedfrompasthospital/collegerecords),thenlookfordevelopmentofsamediseaseinbothexposedandnon-exposedgroups;latercohortisfollowedprospectivelyintofutureforoutcome.
550.Micropolysoporafaenicauses? a)Baggasosis b)Farmer'slung c)Suberosis d)Sequousis CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'B'i.e.,Farmer'slungMicropolysporafaeniinHayorgraindustcausesfarmer'slung. AnthracosisSilicosis Coaldust Siderosis Silica Byssinosis Iron Farmer'slung Cottondust(textileindustry) Sequousis Hayorgraindust(micropolysporafaeni) Suberosis Moldyredwoodsawdust Detergentworker's Moldycorkdust lung Enzymeadditives Baggassosis Sugarcanedust(thermoactinomycessacchari)
551.Slectionbiasoccursduring? a)Recruitment b)Treatment c)Analysis d)Observation CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Recruitment[Ref:EssentialsofepidemiologyinPublicHealthp.270]Selectionbiasesaredistortionthatresultfromprocedureusedtoselectsubjectsandfromfactorsthatinfluencestudyparticipation.Groupstobecomparedaredifferentiallysusceptibletotheoutcomeevenbeforetheexperimentalmaneuverisperformed.SelectionbiasusuallyoccursattheStageofrecruitmentofparticipants.Selectionbiasesislesslikelytooccurinacohortstudycomparedtocase-controlorcross-sectionalstudybecausestudyparticipantareselectedbeforetheoutcomeoccurs.Randomizedcontroltrialsdonothaveselectionbiasasrandomizationeliminatesselection(investigator)bias.
552.Incinerationisusedforwhichcategory ofwaste? a)Category1 b)Category7 c)Category4 d)Category10 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Category1[RefPark23`alep.793-794]Incinerationisdoneforcategory1,2,3&6
553.Selectionbiasoccursmainlyin a)Cohortstudy b)Case-controlstudy c)RCT d)Allhaveequalchances CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Case-controlstudyCase-controlstudy>cross-sectionalstudy>Retrospectivecohortstudy>Prospectivecohortstudy>RCTSelectionbias:Casesandcontrolsmaynotberepresentativeofthepopulationortheremaybesystematicdifferencesbetweenboth.
554.Allareincineratedexcept? a)Humananatomicalwaste b)Animalwaste c)Infectedsolidwaste d)Brokenthermometers CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Brokenthermometers[Ref:Park23"1/ep.791&22"/ep.738]"Wastetypesnottobeincineratedare:(a)pressurizedgascontainer;(b)largeamountofreactivechemicalwastes;(c)silversaltsandphotographicorradiographicwastes;(d)HalogenatedplasticssuchasPVC;(e)wastewithhighmercuryorcadmiumcontent,suchasbrokenthermometers,usedbatteries,andlead-linedwoodenpanels;and(J)sealedampulesorampulescontainingheavymetals"
555.Beststudytechniquetostudythe occurenceofrareadverseeffectsofdrug? a)Case-controlstudy b)Cohortstudy c)Clinicaltrial/experimentalstudy d)Cross-sectionalstudy CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Clinicaltrial/experimentalstudy[RefClinicalResearchformedicine2009/ep.62]Experimentalepidemiologyisalsocalledtrial.Broadlyspeaking,atrialreferstoputtingsomethingtoatest.Thisallowsthetermtobeusedinreferencetoatestofatreatmentforthesickoratestofapreventivemeasureintendedtoavertillness,injuryordisease.Therefore,thedefiningfeatureofanexperimentalstudyisitsabilitytoallocateorassigninterventionsortreatmenttoexperimentunit.Insimplewords,thestudyofatreatment(Drugs,surgicalintervention)orpreventivemeasure(e.g.vaccination)onlivingsubjectsisknownasexperimentalstudyortrial.
556.Whichcategorywasteisdisposedinred bags? a)Category1 b)Category2 c)Category3 d)Category10 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Category3[RefPark23'/ep.793,794]
557.Bladdercancercanoccurinthosewho areworkinginchimneyfor25years.Whichisthebeststudyforthisrelationship? a)Meta-analysis b)Cross-sectionalstudy c)Randomizedcontroltrialwithdoubleblinding d)Cohortstudy CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Meta-analysisAsasinglestudyunit,doubleblindRCTisthebest:"Theefficacyofnewinterventionsaremostreadilyacceptediftheresultsarefromrandomizedcontroledtrial"PeerReview&BiomedicalpublicationHowever,overallmeta-analysisisabetterstudysinceitcombinesthedatafrommultipleRCTandalsofromothertypesofstudy."Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCT)providethestongest,mostrelevantevidencetoinformpractice.Someevidencehierarchiesplacesystematicreviewandmeta-analysisaboveRCTssincetheseoftencombinedatafrommultipleRCTs,andpossiblyfromotherstudytypeaswell"?EpidemiologyataglanceSo,systematicreviewandmeta-analysisofRCTsarethebestepidemiologicalstudies.
558.WasteSharpsshouldbedisposedin? a)Blackbag b)Yellowbag c)Bluebag d)Noneofthese CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Bluebag[RefPark23'/ep.793-794]
559.SIunitofluminalintesityis- a)Candela b)Lumen c)Lux d)Coulomb CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Candela[RefBASAKp.4]CandelaistheSIbaseunitofluminousintensity,i.e.luminouspowerperunitsolidangleemittedbyapointlightsourceinaparticulardirection.SIunitofluminousintensity-?CandelaSIunitofluminousflux-?LumenSIunitofilluminance-?Lux
560.Whichisanexampleofcasecontrol study? a)Thalidomideandteratogenicity b)Framinghamheartstudy c)PVCandangiosarcomaofliver d)Doll&HillStudy CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Thalidomideandteratogenicity[Ref:Park23rd/ep.74,75]
561.Anemometermeasures? a)Humidity b)Airvelocity c)Roomtemperature d)Radianttemperature CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Airvelocity[RefPark23'/ep.749&22"d/ep.695]
562.Immunitystartsafterhowmanydaysof yellowfevervaccination? a)7-10days b)2-3weeks c)4-5weeks d)2-3months CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,7-10days[RefPark23rd/ep.283]YellowfevervaccineItisaliveattenuatedfreezdried(lyophilized)vaccine,preparedfrom17Dstrain.Itisgivenbysubcutaneousrouteatinsertionofdeltoid.Immunitylastsfrom7daysofvaccinationtill35years.Thevalidityofthevaccinationcertificatebegins10daysafterthedateofvaccinationandextendsupto10years.Diluentusedforreconstitutioniscoldphysiologicalsalineandreconstitutedvaccineshouldbeusedwithin30minutes.Coldchaintemperatureforstorageis-30?to+5?C.Yellowfevervaccineistheonlylivevaccinethatcanbegiveninpregnancy,ifrequired.Yellowfeverandcholeravaccinecannotbegiventogether,aminimumgapof3weeksisrequiredbetweenthetwo.
563.Daylightfactorinthekitchenshouldbe? a)5% b)8% c)10% d)15% CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,10%[RefPark22"d/ep.687,688]Minimumrecommendeddaylightfactor:Livingroom8%Kitchens10%
564.WhichDipheriavaccineisrecommended ina14yearsoldgirl? a)DPT b)DT c)Tdap d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Tdap[Ref:www.tapcoi.com]AccordingtoIAP(IndianAcademyofPaediatricians)Tdapisrecommendedforadolescents(10-18years).(NoteTdapcontainsalowerconcentrationofdiphtheriaandpertusistoxoidsthanDtaP)Note:DPTDiphtheria,Cellularpertussis,Tetanu,usedbefore7yearsDtaPDiphtheria,Tetanus,acellularpertussisTdapTetanus,diphtheria(lowdose),acellularpertussis(lowdose)->usedinadolescents.
565.Inwatertestingfromawell[containing 75000litresofwater]byHorrock'sapparatus,thereisbluecolourfrom4thcuponwards.Whatistheamountofbleachingpowderrequiredtodisinfectthewater? a)1000gm b)1300gm c)1600gm d)2000gm CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,1300gmInHorrock'sapparatus,6cupsarefilledwithwaterandindicator(starchiodine)isaddedinincreasingquantityineachcup(1unitin1st,2unitsin2nd,3unitsinthirdandsoon).Thefirstcupwhichshowsthebluecolorismultipliedby2,forexample,ifthe2ndcupshowsabluecolourthan4grams(2x2)ofbleachingpowderwillberequiredtodisinfect455litreofwater.Bleachingpowderrequired=8*75000/455=1318
566.IndicatorusedinHorroch'sapparatus? a)Bleachingpowder b)Soda-lime c)Potassiumpermagnate d)Starchiodine CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Starchiodine[RefPark23'/ep.717]InHorrock'sapparatus,6cupsarefilledwithwaterandindicator(starchiodine)isaddedinincreasingquantityineachcup(1unitinlst,2unitsin2nd,3unitsinthirdandsoon).Thefirstcupwhichshowsthebluecolorismultipliedby2,forexampleif2ndcupshowsbluecolourthan4grams(2x2)ofbleachingpowderwillrequiredtodisinfect455litreofwater.
567.Dropletnucleiisatypeof? a)Verticaltransmission b)Directtransmission c)Indirecttransmission d)Biologicaltransmission CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Directtransmission[RefPark23"1/ep.97-100,768]Communicablediseasemaybetransmittedfromthereservoirorsourceofinfectiontoasusceptiblehostinmanydifferentways.Modesoftransmissionmaybe:? 1. Directtransmission:Directcontact,dropletinfection,contactwith soil,inoculationintoskinormucosa,verticaltransmission(throughplacenta). 2. Indirecttransmission:Vehicle-borne,vector-borne,air-borne, fomite-borne,byuncleanedhand&fingers.
568.Whichisnotadirecttransmission? a)Dropletinfection b)Verticaltransmission c)Transmissionbymosquito d)Soilcontact CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Transmissionbymosquito
569.Horrock'sapparatusisusedtomeasure ? a)Windvelocity b)Humidity c)Chlorinedemand d)Coolingpower CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Chlorinedemand-ChlorinedemandforwatercanbeestimatedbyHorrock'sapparatus.-Chlorinedemandofwateristheamountofchlorinethatisneededtodestroybacteriaandtooxidizealltheorganicmatterandammoniacalsubstancespresentinwater.-Itisthedifferencebetweentheamountofchlorineaddedtothewater,andtheamountofresidualchlorineremainingattheendofaspecificperiodofcontact(usually1hr),atagiventemperatureandpHofthewater
570.AftertakingMMRlivevaccine, conceptionshouldnotoccurwithin? a)2weeks b)4weeks c)8weeks d)10weeks CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,4weeks[RefCDCguidlinesofvaccinationinpregnancy]Measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)vaccineanditscomponentvaccinesshouldnotbeadministeredtowomenknowntobepregnant.Becausearisktobefetusfromadministrationoftheselivevirusvaccinescannotbeexcludedfortheoreticalreasons,womenshouldbecounseledtoavoidbecomingpregnantfor28daysaftervaccinationwithMMRvaccineoritscomponentvaccinesorvaricellavaccine.
571.Trueaboutculexlarvae? a)Restparalleltosurfacewater b)LongPalmatehair c)Siphontubepresent d)Allaretrue CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Siphontubepresent[RefPark23'/ep.769&22"d/ep.714]
572.Disinfectionofurineiswhichtypeof disinfection? a)Precurrent b)Concurrent c)Preconcurrent d)Terminal CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Concurrent[RefPark23"1/ep.127]TypesofdisinfectionTherearefollowingtypesofdisinfection:?1)Precurrent(prophylactic)disinfectionItisdoneasapreventivemethodbeforeillness,i.e.personisnotill,forexamplechlorinationofwater,pasteurizationofmilk,andhandwashing.2)ConcurrentdisinfectionItisdonewhenpersonisill.Itistheapplicationofdisinfectivemeasuresassoonaspossibleafterthedischargeofinfectiousmaterialfromthebodyofpatientorafterthesoilingofarticleswithsuchmaterial,i.e.,thediseaseagentisdestroyedassoonasitisreleasedfromthebody,andinthiswayfurtherspreadoftheagentisstopped.e.g.,disinfectionofurine,faeces,vomit,contaminatedlinen,clothes,hands,dressing,aprons,glovesetc.3)TerminaldisinfectionItistheapplicationofdisinfectivemeasuresafterthepatienthastakendischargefromhospitalorhe/shehasdied.e.g.,disinfectionofhospitalrooms&floor,burningorburialofsoiledmaterial.
573.Whichisnotanarylorganophosphate? a)Malathion b)Parathion c)Chlorthion d)Diazinon CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,MalathionOrganophosphates Alkyl Aryl Malathion Diazinon Sulfotepp Parathion Demeton Chlorpyrifos Triclorfon Chlorthion HETP Paraoxon TEPP
574.Whichistrueofpathogenicmosquitoes ? a)Anopheleshasspottedabdomen b)Mansonilayseggssingly c)Culexcauseyellowfever d)Aedeshasstrippedyellowscales CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Aedeshasstrippedyellowscales[RefPark23rdiep.769&22nd/ep.714]Aedesmosquitoesareeasilydistinguishedbywhitestripesonablackbody.BecauseofthestripedorbandedCharacteroftheirlegstheyaresometimesreferredtoastigermosquito.Anopheleshasspottedwings(notspottedabdomen).Mansonilayseggsinclusters.Yellowfeveriscausedbyaedesmosquito(notculex).
575.Notafreezedriedvaccine? a)OPV b)Measles c)DPT d)Rubella CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DPT[Ref:Park23"/ep.109&22"d/ep.104]Vaccinewhichmustbestoredinthecoldpartbutneverallowedtofreez. Typhoid DPT TT HepatitisB DT BCG Diluents
576.Caloricrequirementinanadultmalefor heavywork? a)1800kcal/d b)2300kcal/d c)3000kcal/d d)3500kcal/d CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,3500kcal/d[RefPark23rdlep.634]IndianReferenceIndianReference Energyrequirements Man Woman Lightwork 2320kcal/day 1900kcal/day Moderatework 2730kcal/day 2230kcal/day Heavywork 3490kcal/day 2850kcal/day
577.Mostwidelyusedvaccine,besideOPV? a)BCG b)TT c)Influenza d)Pneumococcal CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,BCG[Refwww.ncbi.nlm.mih.]"Makingwideruseoftheworld'smostwidelyusedvaccine:Bacillecalmette-Guerinerevaccinationreconsidered""Thebacillecalmette-Guerin(BCG)vaccinehasexistedfor80yearsandisoneofthemostwidelyusedofallcurrentvaccines,reading>80%ofneonatesandinfantsincounterieswhereitispartofthenationalchildhoodimmunizationprogramme
578.VillageHealthandNutritionDay(VHND) isobserved? a)Everyweek b)Everymonth c)Every6month d)Everyyear CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'B'i.e.,EverymonthTheVillage-HealthandNutritionday(VHND)istobeorganizedonceeverymonthonafixedday(suchasthesecondSaturday).ThedaycanbedecidedbytheVHWSC(villagehealthandwatersanitationcommittee)ineachvillageatanyoneoftheAnganwadicenters(AWCs)inthatvillage,preferably,alltheAWCsshouldbecoveredbyrotation.Onthatday,AnganwadiworkerandotherVHWSCmemberswillmobilizevillagerstoassembleinAWC.
579.VanaspatiGheeisfortifiedwith? a)Iodine b)VitaminA c)Iron d)Calcium CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,VitaminAExamplesoffoodfortification:- 1. IodisationofSalt2. AdditionofvitaminAandDinvanaspati(2500IUvitaminAand175 IUvitaminDper100gm). 3. Fluoridationofwater.4. Calciumaddedtofruitjuices.5. Folicacidaddedtoflour.
580.Trueaboutchickenpox? a)CausedbyHerpessimplextype-7 b)SARis90% c)Infectiousperiosis7dayspriorto7daysafteronsetofrash d)Affectscommonly10-15yearsold CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,SARis90%[RefPark23"/ep.144]ThecausativeagentofchickenpoxisVaricella-Zostervirus(HerpessimplextypeIII).Itisanacuterespiratoryinfectionwithincubationperiod10-21days.Infectionisacquiredthroughrespiratorytractviaairdropletsorrarelyfromconjunctiva.Infectiousperiod(communicableperiod)forchickenpoxis2dayspriorto5daysafteronsetofrash,withaveryhighsecondaryattackrateof90%.Chicken-poxusuallyaffectschildrenofagegroup5-9years.
581.Chickenpoxrashdoesnotinvolve? a)Trunk b)Axilla c)Palms&soles d)Back CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Palms&soles[RefPark23'/ep.144]Rashofchickenpox:Superficial,unilocular,centripetal,pleomorphic,symmetrical,affectsflexorsurfacesandaxilla,sparespalmsandsales,hasinflammationaround,rapidevolutionanddew-droponrosepetalappearnace.
582.Limitingaminoacidincereals? a)Methionine b)Tryptophan c)Lysine d)Cysteine CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Lysine Food Deficiency Cereals Lysine&threonineWheat Lysine&threonine Maize Tryptophan&lysine Pulses Methionine&cysteine Soybean Methionine
583.95%carrierand5%casesareseenin? a)Measles b)Diphtheria c)Rabies d)HepatitisB CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Diphtheria[Ref:Park23rd/ep.160]DiphtheriaiscausedbyCorynebacteriumdiphtheriae,agram-positivebacterium.Sourceofinfectioniseithercaseorcarrier,withcarriersbeingthemostcommonsourcesofinfection,theirratioisestimatedtobe95carriersfor5clinicalcases.Nasalcarriersaremoredangerousthanthroatcarriers.Inmunuzationdoesnotpreventcarrierstate.
584.Mid-daymealprovides? a)1/2ofenergy b)1/3ofprotein c)30gmpulse/day d)Allarecorrect CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,30gmpulse/day[RefPark23"Vep.662]Mid-dayMealProgrammeItisalsoknownas'SchoolLunchProgramme'.Itwaslaunchedin1961underMinistryofEducation.Thefeaturesofprogrammeare: 1. Mealshouldbeasupplementandnotasubstituetohomediet.2. Themealshouldsupplyatleast1/3oftotalenergyrequirementand Y2oftotalproteinrequirement.Amodel-menuofmid-dayschoolmealisasfollows:- Amid-dayschoolmeal Foodstuffs g/day/child Cerealsandmillets 75 Pulses 30 Oilsandfats 8 Leafyvegetables 30 Non-leafyvegetables 30
585.Skeletalfluorosisoccurswithfluoride levelinwater? a)<1.5mg/L b)1.5-3mg/L c)3-6mg/L d)>10mg/L CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'C'i.e.,3-6mg/LDentalfluorosis>1.5mg/L(PPM)Skeletalfluorosis3-6mg/L(PPM)Cripplingfluorosis>10mg/L(PPM)
586.FollowingisHibconjugatevaccine? a)Capsularpolysaccharide b)Cellwallpolysaccheride c)Capsularpolysaccheridewithcarrier d)PRPwithcarrier CorrectAnswer-C:DAns.is'd>c'i.e.,PRPwithcarrier>Capsularpolysaccheridewithcarrier[RefPariza4th/ep.3401ConjugatedHibvaccineincludePRP(polyribosylribitolphasphate)covalentlylinkedtocarrierprotein.PRPistheCapsularpolysaccarideofHinfluenzaetypeB(Hib).CurrentlythreetypesofHib(HinfluenzaetypeB)vaccinesareavailable.Thesevaryin? 1. Proteincarrierused2. Themolecularsizeofsaccharide3. Mehtodofconjugationofproteintosaccharide Thesevaccinesare- 1. HbOC(mutantdiphtheriatoxinasthecarrierprotein)2. PRP-T(Tetanustoxoidasthecarrierprotein)3. PRP-OMP(majorOMPofNmeningitidisserogroupBascarrier)
587.TrueaboutPertussisis? a)Mostoftheinfectionsaresubclinical b)MostinfectivestageisParoxysmalstage c)DrugofchoiceisErythromycin d)Cerebellarataxiamaybeacomplication CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DrugofchoiceisErythromycin[RefPark23'/ep.161]Pertussis(Whoopingcough)Pertussis,alsocalled'100daycough',iscausedbyBordetellapertussis(only5%casesarecausedbyB.parapertussis).Sourceofinfectionisacaseofpertussis.Thereisnosubclinicalcaseorchroniccarrierstate.Periodofinfectivity(communicability)extendsfromaweekafterexposusetoabout3weeksaftertheonsetofparoxysmalstage.Catarrhalstageismostinfective.Secondaryattackrateishigh,i.e.90%.Fordiagnosis,goldstandardisisolationoforganisminculturefromnasopharyngealsecretion.Erythromycinisthedrugofchoicefortreatmentofcasesaswellasforcontacts.Isolationperiodis4weeksoruntilparoxysmscease.
588.Trueaboutinfluenzainfectivity? a)Communicableperiodis5daysbeforeto5daysaftertheonset ofsymptoms b)Sourceofinfectionisclinicalcase c)Therearenosubclinicalcases d)Allarecorrect CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Sourceofinfectionisclinicalcase[RefPark23rdiep.154]InfluenzaInfluenzavirusaRNAvirus,belongstoorthomyxovirus.Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalandbirds.Incubationperiodis18-72hours.Mostoftheinfectionsaresubclinical.Clinicalcasespresentwithcough,fever,myalgiaandheadache.Complicationsincludepneumonia,encephalitis,Reye'ssyndrome(withtype-Bvirus);GBsyndromeandgastricflu/GITsymptoms(withtype-Bvirus).PeriodofCommunicabilityis1-2daysbeforeto1-2daysafteronsetofsymptoms.
589.WhatiscommoninH5N1andH7N7 strainsofinfluenza? a)Frequentendemicinfectioninman b)Havesamefrequencyofantigenicvariation c)Strainsofavianinfluenza d)Allarecorrect CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Strainsofavianinfluenza[RefEssentialsofmicrobiologyp.701;Harrison18th/ep.1494;Park23rd/ep.153]Avianinfluenza(Birdflu)ItiscausedmostlybyH5N,strainofinfluenza-A.ItwasdetectedinHongkongin1997duringapandemicinpoultry.Itisapandemicwithhighmortalityrate(60%).OthertypesofinfluenzaviruseswhichhavebeenobservedtocauseavianinfluenzaareH7N7andH9N2ofinfluenza-A.Recentlyanoutbreakofavianinfluenzawascausedby112INT,inChina,in2013.Drugofchoiceforavianinfluenzaisoseltamivir.
590.NPUforeggis? a)70 b)80 c)85 d)100 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,100Thenetproteinutilization,orNPU,istheratioofaminoacidmassconvertedtoproteinstothemassofaminoacidssupplied. NPUforegg:100 Wheat:51 Fish:77 NPUformeat:80 Pulses:45-50 Rice:65NPUformilk:81 Soyabean:55
591.Notusedfortreatmentand/or prophylaxisofseasonalinfluenza- a)Amantidine b)Rimantidine c)Oseltamivir d)Acyclovir CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,AcyclovirTwoclassesofantiviraldrugsareavailableforthetreatmentandpreventionofinfluenza. 1. Neuraminidaseinhibitors:Zanamivir,Oseltamivir,peramivir2. Adamantanes:Amantidine,rimantidine
592.Capsularpolysaccharidederivedvaccine isavailableforallmeningocciexcept? a)GroupA b)GroupB c)GroupC d)GroupY CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,GroupB[RefPark23rdiep.166]MeningococcalvaccineispreparedfromCapsularpolysaccharide.VaccinesareavailabeforgroupA,C,YandW-135.Bivalent(A,C),trivalent(A,C,W135)andtetravalent(A,C,Y,W135)vaccinesareavailable.MeningoccalgroupBvaccinewasnotavailableforlasttwodecades.Recently,groupBvaccinehasalsobeendevelopedinmanycountries(UK,Ireland)andisapartofroutineimmunizationschedule.Now,youmustbethinkingthatwhytheanswerofthisquestionisgroupBmeningococci.Thisisbecausemeningococcalvaccineisnotpreparedfromcapsularpolysaccharide.
593.Maternalmortalityrateisdefinedas? a)Maternaldeathper1000totalbirths b)Maternaldeathper1000livebirths c)Maternaldeathper1000women d)Maternaldeathper1000womenofreproductiveage CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Maternaldeathper1000womenofreproductiveage[RefPark23rd/ep.558-559]Maternalmortalityrate=Totalno.offemaledeathduetocomplicationofpregnancychildbirthorwithin42daysofdelivery/Totalno.ofwomenofreproductiveagex1000
594.Vaccinederivedpoliovirusoutbreaks aredueto? a)Type-2virus b)Type-3virus c)Type-1virus d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Type-2virus"Themaincauseofvaccinederivedpoliovirus(VDPV)outbreaksiscurrentlytype-2componentofOPV"...Park23rd/e"Currently,thetype-2componentcontainedintrivalentOPVaccountsformorethan90%ofallCVDPVcases".
595.Falseregardingpoliovaccination? a)Bothkilledandlivevaccinesareavailable b)FirstOPVisgivenat4weeks c)OPVinducesbothhumoralandintestinalimmunity d)IPVisgivenintramuscularly CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,FirstOPVisgivenat4weeks[RefPark23rd/ep.206-210]FirstOPV(zerodose)isgivenatbirth.Therearetwopoliovaccines:killed(IPV)andliveattenuated(OPV)OPVinducesbothhumoralandintestinalimmunity,whereasIPVinducesonlyhumoralimmunity.IPVisgivenintramuscularly(preferrable)orsubcutaneously.
596.Reservoirofinfectioninentericfever? a)Birds b)Cow c)Cattle d)Man CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Man[RefPark23rdlep.235]TyphoidfeveristheresultofsystemicinfectionmainlybyS.typhifoundonlyinman.Thetermentericfeverincludebothtyphoidfever(causedbyS.typhi)andparatyphoidfever(causedbyS.Paratyphi&'C').Reservoir-Manistheonlyreservoir.Carriersaremoreimportantthancases.SourceofinfectionPrimaryFeces,UrineSecondary-Water,food,fingers,flies.
597.Rideal-walkercoefficientfordisinfectant usedforcholerastoolshouldbe? a)2 b)4 c)7 d)10 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,10[RefPark23'1/4p.129-30&22"/ep.120]Forcholerastool:?"Themosteffectivedisinfectantforgeneraluseisacoal-tardisinfectantwithaRideal-Walker(RW)coefficientof10ormoresuchascresol".-Park250
598.Inacommunityof1000000population 105childrenwereborninayearoutofwhich5wasstillbirths,and4diedwithin6monthsafterbirth.TheIMRis? a)40 b)90 c)120 d)150 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,40[Ref:Readbelow]Inthegivenquestionoutof105deliveries,5werestillbirths-3Thus,livebirthsare100.Infantdeathsare4.
599.WomentravelingfromBihartoDelhiis suspectingtohaveKala-azar.Suitableinvestigationis? a)P24antigen b)Rk-39test c)ComboRDT d)HRP-2antigen CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,rk-39test[RefPark23rdlep.305,306;Essentialsofmicrobiologyp.785]LaboratorydiagnosisofKala-azarThedemonstrationofparasiteLDbodiesintheaspiratesofthespleen,liver,bonemarroworlymphnodeisonlywaytoconfirmvisceralleishmaniasis.Hematologicalfindings:TESR,anaemia,reversedalbumin-globulinratio&leucopenia.AldehydetestofNapierisasimpletestwidelyusedinIndiaforthediagnosisofKala-azar.Serologicaltest:Directagglutinationtest,rk39dipsticktest,ELISA&Indirectfluorescentantibodytest.Leishmanintest:Thistestisbasedonskinreaction.
600.Whatisexponentialgrowth? a)Rapidgrowthinpopulationthatleadstodisbalanceinbirthand deaths b)Slowgrowthrate c)Growthlimitedbylimitingfactors d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Rapidgrowthinpopulationthatleadstodysbalanceinbirthanddeaths[RefO.P.Ghai7Vep.93]ExponentionalVslogisticpopulationgrowthThepopulationgrowthofaspeciesisregulatedbylimitingfactors(resources)thatexistwithinthespeciesenvironment.Populationgrowthmaintainsequilibriuminallspeciesundernormalconditionsbacauseoftheselimitingfactors.Apopulationsoverallgrowthrateisaffectedbythebirthrateanddeathrate.Therateofincreasewithinapopulationsisrepresentedbythebirthrateminusdeathrate.Whenthegrowthrateinapopulationisrepresentedbythebirthrateminusthedeathrate,thepopulationremainsataconstantlevel.
601.Vitalstatisticsinapopulationare? a)Sexratio b)Agecomposition c)Birthrate d)Dependencyratio CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,BirthrateVitalstatisticsarestatisticsconcerningtheimportanteventsinhumonlife,suchasbirth,death,marriagesandmigration.Theseare-BirthratesDeathratesInfantmortalityrateFertilityrateMortalilityrates(perinatalmortalityrate,MMR,CMRetc)
602.Inatownthereare2500livebirthwithin sixmonth.Duringsameperiod5womendiedduetoperipartuminfection,5diedduetoelectrocution,2diedduetoobstructedlaborand3diedduetoPPH.WhatistheMMR? a)4per1000livebirth b)6per1000livebirth c)40per1000livebirth d)60per1000livebirth CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,4per1000livebirth[RefPark23rd/ep.559]Inthisquestion,pregnancyrelateddeathsare10(infection,obstructedlaborandPPH).Electrocutionisnotapregnancy/laborrelateddeathsoexcludedfromnumerator..
603.Grossreproductionrateis? a)Numberofgirlsborntoamotherinherreproductiveage b)Numberofboysborntoamotherinherreproductiveage c)Numberoftotalchildrenborntoamotherinherreproductive age d)Numberoflivesbirthsper1000women CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Numberofgirlsborntoamotherinherreproductiveage[RefPark23'/ep.489]GrossreproductionrateAveragenumberofgirlsthatwouldbeborntoamarriedwomanifsheexperiencesthecurrentfertilitypatternthroughoutherreproductivespan(15-44or49year)assumingnomortality.GRRinIndiais1.1(1.2inruralareasand0.8inurbanareas).
604.Mostcommonrouteofnosocomial infection[Hospital-acquiredinfection]? a)Droplettransmission b)Directcontact c)Indirectcontact d)Vehicletransmission CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`B'i.e.,Directcontact[RefTextbookofEnvironmentalmicrobiologyp.819]Therearefollowingtypesofmodesoftransmissionofhospital-acquiredinfections.ContacttransmissionItisthemostcommonandmostpreventablemeansoftransmission.Itisdividedintotwotypes-Directcontact:Itinvolvescontactofbodysurfacetobodysurfacewithaphysicaltransferofmicroorganisms.Handcontactismostcommonmodeoftransmission.Indirectcontact:Itinvolvesbodysurfacecontactwithacontaminatedintermediateobject.
605.WhichstatehaslowestIMR? a)UttarPradesh b)Kerala c)Maharashtra d)TamilNadu CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Kerala[RefPark23rd/ep.563-561Keralahaslowest- 1. Infantmortalityrate2. Neonatalmortalityrate3. Postneonatalmortalityrate4. Childmortalityrate
606.Behavioralsurveillancesurveyisdonein ? a)Malaria b)Filaria c)AIDS d)TB CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,AIDS[Refwww.cdc.gov/hiv]BehavioralsurveillancesurveyisdoneinpersonswhoareathighriskforHIVinfection.Surveillanceisconductedinrotating,annualcyclesinthreedifferentpopulationsatincreasedriskforHIV:? 1. Gay,bisexualandothermenwhohavesexwithmen(MSMcycle).2. Personswhoinjectdrugs(IDUcycle).3. HeterosexualsatincreasedriskforHIVinfection(HETcycle).
607.DrugofchoiceforMasstherapyunder filariacontrolProgramme? a)Albendazole b)Ivermectin c)DEC d)Mebendazole CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DEC[Refnvbdcp.gov.in]Everypersonabove2yearsofagelivingintheendemicarea(exceptforpregnentwomen&seriouslyillperson)shouldbegivenDiethylcarbamazinecitrate(DEC)tablets.0-2yearsN.1.t.,2-5years1tabletof100mg6-14years2tabletsof100mg15years3tabletsof100mg
608.Whichofthefollowinglarvicideisused underurbanMalariaScheme? a)Malathion b)Parathion c)DDT d)Abate CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Abate[Refnvbdcp.gov.in]FollowingchemicallarvicidesareusedintheUrbanMalariaSchemeProgramme 1. Temephos(Abate)2. Bti(WPey,12AS)Bacillusthuringiensisisraelensis.
609.Regularinsectisidalsprayisdonewhen APIis? a)>1 b)>2 c)<1 d)<2 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,>2[Ref:Park20lep.384]AreawithAPI<2focalspayingAreawithAPI>2regularsprayAreashavingAnnualParasiteIndex(API)>2Regular2roundsofinsecticidalspraywithDDT/Malathion/SyntheticPyrethroidsatthedoseof1,2,0.5mg/sqmeterrespectively.EntomologicalassessmentforvectorbehavioranddevelopmentofinsecticidalresistanceActiveandpassivesurveillanceiscarriedoutonregularbasiseveryfortnight.PresumptiveTreatmenttoallfevercasesandradicaltreatmenttoallslidepositivecasesisgiven
610.MainfunctionofsodiumcitrateinORS? a)Toincreaseabsorptionofglucosebycotransport b)Tocorrectelectrolyteimbalance c)TocorrectAcidosis d)Tocorrectdehydration CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,TocorrectAcidosisThemainfunctionofsodiumcitrateistocorrectacidosis?"ThecitrateinORSisneededforthetreatmentofacidosis,whichfrequentlyoccurswithdehydration""Efficacyofsodiumcitrateequalstosodiumbicarbonateforcorrectionofacidosisindiarrhea"
611.ForpostexposureprophylaxisforHIV theregimenis? a)Zidovodin+lamivudinfor4weeks b)Lamivudin+ritonavirfor4weeks c)Zidovudin+lamivudin+Indinavirfor4weeks d)Singledosezidovudin+lamivudin+Indinavir CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Zidovudin+lamivudin+Indinavirfor4weeksPostexposureprophylaxisAnti-retroviraldrugforpost-exposureprophylaxisshouldbeinitiatedassoonaspossibleaftertheexposurewithinthefirstfewhoursandnolaterthan72hours.Usuallycombinationoftwonucleosidereversetranscriptaseinhibitors(zidovudinandlamivudin)plusaproteaseinhibitor(ritonavirorindinavir)isgivenfor4weeks.Toproventmothertochildtransmission,thepreferredregimenissingledoseofnevirapinetomotheratonsetoflabourandtochildwithin72hoursofbirth.Zidovudineisalsoused,butrequiresmultipledosage.Caesareansectionreducestheriskoftransmissionby50%.
612.Accordingfemalesterlization2014 guidelines,eligibilitycriteriaforfemalesterilizationareallexcept? a)Agebetween22-49years b)Shouldhaveatleast1child c)Unmarriedwoman d)Partnerisnotsterilized CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Unmarriedwoman[Refwww.tvhealth.org]Followingaretheeligibilitycriteriaforfemalesterilization(2014)? 1. Clientsshouldbeever-married.2. Femaleclientsshouldbeabovetheageof22yearsandbelowthe ageof49years. 3. Thecoupleshouldhaveatleastonechild,whoseageisaboveone year,unlessthesterilizationismedicallyindicated. 4. Clientsortheirspouses/partnersmustnothaveundergone sterilizationinthepast(notapplicableincasesoffailureofprevioussterilization). 5. Clientsmustbeinasoundstateofmind,soastounderstandthefull implicationsofsterilization. 6. Mentallyillclientsmustbecertifiedbyapsychiatristandastatement shouldbegivenbythelegalguardian/spouseregardingthesoundnessoftheclient'sstateofmind. 7. Arelevantmedicalhistory,physicalexaminationandlaboratory investigationsneedtobecompletedtoascertaineligibilityforsurgery.
613.Trueaboutpost-exposureprophylaxisin HIV? a)Shouldbegivenin5daysofexposure b)Singledosenevirapinepreventsmothertochildtransmission c)Givenfor2weeks d)StandardprotocolistouseAnyTwoNRTIswithnootherdrugs CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Singledosenevirapinepreventsmothertochildtransmission[RefHasbeenexplained]
614.Smokingispreventivefor? a)Lungcancer b)Chronicbronchitis c)Ulcerativecolitis d)CHD CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,UlcerativecolitisSmokinghasbeenshowntohavesomeprotectiveeffectin- 1. Ulcerativecolitis2. Parkinson'sdisease3. Endometrialcanceranduterinefibroid4. Pre-eclampsia5. Thyroidcancer6. Skincancer(melanoma)7. Psychiatricsymptoms8. Aphthousstomatitis
615.Newborncarecornerispresentin? a)NICU b)OPD c)Labourroom d)Wardssideroom CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Labourroom[Refdghs.gov.bd]Newborncarecornerisaspacewithinthedeliveryroomwhereimmediatecareisprovidedtoallnewborns Healthfacility Allnewbornsatbirth Sicknewborns MCHlevelI: Newborncarecorner Promptreferral PHC,Subcentre (NBCC)inlabourroom Newborn MCHlevel11: NBCCinlabourroomand stabilizationunit CHC,First operationtheatre (NBSU) referralunit NBCCinlabourroomand Specialnewborn (FRU) operationtheatre careunit(SNCU) MCHlevelDistricthospital
616.Totalcommunicationmeans? a)Useofallmethodsofcommunicationforadvertisment b)Useofallmethodsofcommunicationforschoolteaching c)Useofallmethodsofcommunicationforcommunity participation d)Usingeverycommunicationoptiontoteachdeafchild CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Usingeverycommunicationoptiontoteachdeafchild[RefDevelopment-behavioralpediatricsp.392]Totalcommunicationisphilosophyofeducatingchildrenwithhearingloss(deafchildren)thatincorporatesallmeansofcommunication,i.e.formalsigns,naturalgestures,fingerspelling,bodylanguage,listening,lipreadingandspeech.
617.RuleofHalvesisrelatedto? a)Obesity b)Burns c)Blindness d)Hypertension CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Hypertension[RefPark23'/ep.376]RuleofHalves:Hypertensionisan'Icebergdisease'.Onlyabouthalfofhypertensivesubjectsingeneralpopulationofmostofthedevelopedcountriesareawareofcondition,onlyhalfofthoseawareoftheproblemwerebeingtreatedandonlyhalfofthosetreatedwereconsideredadequatelytreated.
618.Maximumrelativeriskattributedby obesitytowhichcondition? a)Hypertension b)CHD c)DM d)Cancer CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DM[RefObesityclinicalmanagementp.712]"Recently,ameta-analysisof89studiesexaminingtherelativeriskofobesity-relatedco-morbiditiesshowedthatthestrongestassociationwaswithtype2diabetesmellitus""ProportionoftypeIIdiabetesthatisattributabletoobesitywasapproximately61%whereastheproportionofCHDthatwastattributabletoobesitywasapproximately17%"
619.AccordingtoMDGchildmortalityhasto bereducedbyhow,muchby2015? a)Onethird b)Half c)Twothird d)Onefourth CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Twothird[RefPark20th/ep.834]3of8goalsofMDG(Goal4,5,6),8of18targetsand18of48indicatorsare'directly'healthrelated. 1. Goal1:Eradicateextremepovertyandhunger.2. Goal2:Achieveuniversalprimaryeducation.3. Goal3:Promotegenderequalityandempowerwomen.4. Goal4:Reducechildmortality(Reducebytwo-thirdstheunder-five mortalityrate). 5. Goal5:Improvematernalhealth(Reducebythree-quartersthe maternalmortalityratio. 6. Goal6:CombatHIV/AIDS,malariaandotherdiseases.7. Goal7:Ensureenvironmentalsustainability.8. Goal8:Developaglobalpartnershipfordevelopment.
620.SA-14-14-2? a)Diploidcellinactivated b)Killedvaccine c)Livevaccine d)Primaryimmunization2doses CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Livevaccine[RefPark22"/ep.260,261;Environmentalmedicinep.1812]SA-14-142isacell-culture-derivedliveattenuatedvaccineforIE.Primaryimmunizationisgivenbyasingledosefollowedbyaboosterafter1years.Iamnotsureaboutoptionc,becausenotextbookhasmentionedwhether,SA-14-14-2vaccineprovideslifelongimmunityornot.But,almostallliveattenuatedvaccinesprovidelifelongimmunity,thereforeitmayprovidelifelongimmunity."Protectionfor10-12yearsmaybeachievedwithasingledoseofthisvaccine".
621.CADprimodialpreventionisby? a)Lifestylechange b)Coronarybypass c)TreatmentofCAD d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Lifestylechange[RefPark22"dlep.339-341]Primordial/primarypreventionisthebestpolicyforCHDaswellasothernon-communicablediseases.Itincludesfollowing: 1. Changeinlifestyle2. BPmonitoring3. Saltrestriction4. Exercise5. Dietarymodification(prudentdiet
622.Whichofthefollowingisastomach poison? a)DDT b)Pyrethrum c)Parisgreen d)Malathion CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Parisgreen[RefPark22"/ep.728]Inectisidesaredividedinto:? 1. Fumigants:Hydrogencyanide,SO2,methylbromide,carbon disulphate. 2. Stomachpoisons:Parisgreen,Sodiumfluoride.3. Contact(nerve)poisons:Thesearedividedinto4. Natural:Pyrethrum,rotenone,Derris,nicotine,mineraloil. Synthetic:TheseareOrganophosphates:Malathion,parathion,fenthion,diazinon,fenitrothion,abate,chlorthion,dioxathion,chlorpyrifos,trichlorfon.Carbamates:Carbaryl,propoxur,dimetilan,pyrolon.Organochlorine:DDT,BHC(HCH),dieldrin,aldrin,chlordane,lindane,heptachlor.Syntheticpyrethroid(pyrethrumderivatives):Pothrin,resmethrin,permethrin,biopermethrin,cypermethrin,cyphenothrin,cycloprothrin,deltamethrin,cyfluthrin,etofenprox.
623.Thenumberoftimestheairinaliving roomshouldberecycledis? a)2-3times b)Morethan6times c)4times d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,2-3times[RefPark22"d/ep.685]StandardsofventilationCubicspace:-Freshairsupply3000cubicfeetperpersonperhour(rangeis300-3000c.ft).Airchange:-2to3timesperhourinlivingroomand4to6timesperhourinworkroomsandassemblies.Floorspace:-50-100Sq.ft.perperson(heightsover10to12feetarenottakenintoaccount).
624.NoofinpatientbedsinPHC? a)6 b)10 c)20 d)25 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,6[RefPark22"d/ep.845]PHC6bedsCHC30beds
625.PQLIis a)Objectivecomponentoflevelofliving b)Subjectivecomponentoflevelofliving c)Objectivecomponentofqualityoflife d)Subjectivecomponentofqualityoflife CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,SubjectivecomponentofqualityoflifeSubjectivecomponentThesubjectivecomponentofwellbeingisqualityoflife.Theleveloflivingandstandardoflivingareobjectivecriteriaofwellbeing,whilethequalityoflifecomprisestheindividual'ssubjectiveevaluationofthese.Therecentdefinitionofqualityoflifeisasfollows"acompositemeasureofphysicalmentalandsocialwellbeingasperceivedbyeachindividualorgroupofindividuals."WHOdefinitionisasfollows"theconditionofliferesultingfromthecombinationoftheeffectsofthecompleterangeoffactorssuchasthosedetermininghealth,happiness,education,etc."Theindexforqualityoflifeis"Physicalqualityoflifeindex(PQLI)".ThePQLIisanattempttomeasurethequalityoflifeorwell-beingofacountry.Physicalqualityoflifeindexconsolidatesthreeindicators:-LiteracyrateInfantmortalityrateLifeexpectancyatage1year(LEI)PQLIrangesfrom0to100.PQLIinIndiais65.
626.Onlydiseasewhichiseradicated worldwide? a)Smallpox b)Polio c)Diphtheria d)Measles CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,SmallpoxEradicationimpliesterminationofalltransmissionofinfectionbyexterminationofinfectiousagent.Itisanabsoluteprocess,i.e.allornonephenomenon.Itliterallymeans"tearingoutbyroots".Eradicationisa"globalterm"usedonlycessationofinfectionfromthewholeworld.Smallpoxistheonlydiseasethathasbeeneradicated.OtherdiseaseswhicharecandidatesforglobaleradicationPolio,measles,dracunculiasis,diphtheria.
627.Category4biomedicalwasteinclude? a)Humananatomicalwaste b)Animalwaste c)Cytotoxicdrug d)Wastesharps CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Wastesharps[RefPark23"1/ep.793-794]BMWsinIndiaaremanagedunder'BiomedicalWasteManagementandHandlingRules1998'withexercisingpowers6,8,25ofEnvironmentalProtectionAct1986(underMinistryofEnvironmentandForests).Schedulesare:- 1. ScheduleI:CategoriesofBMW,theirtreatmentanddisposal.2. ScheduleII:ColorcodingandtypeofcontainerforBMWdisposal.3. ScheduleIII:LabelsforBMWcontainers/bags.4. ScheduleIV:LabelsfortransportofBMWcontainers/bags.5. ScheduleV:StandardsfortreatmentanddisposalofBMW.6. CategoryNo.7Solid(wastegeneratedfromdisposalitemsother thanthewastesharpssuchastubings,catheters,intravenoussetsetc.)
628.Medianincubationperiodis? a)Maximumtimefromexposuretodevelopmentofsymptomsin allcases b)Minimumtimefromexposuretodevelopmentofsymptomsinall cases c)Timefromexposuretodevelopmentin50%ofcases d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Timefromexposuretodevelopmentin50%ofcasesIncubationperiodisthetimeintervalbetweeninvasionbyaninfectiousagentandappearnaceofthefirstsignandsymptom.'Medianincubationperiod'isthetimerequiredfor50%casestooccurfollowingexposure.
629.Safetyofficerisrecommendedwhere factoryhashowmanyworkers[InfactoryAct]? a)250ormore b)500ormore c)1000ormore d)2000ormore CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,1000ormore[RefPark24th/ep.852]Followingstandardsarerecommended: 1. Aminimumof500Cuftofspaceforeachworker(nottakinginto accountspacemorethan14feetabovethegrouplevel). 2. Forfactoriesinstalledbeforethe1948Act,aminimumof350Cuft ofspaceperworker. 3. Asafetyofficerineveryfactorywherein1000orworkersare employed 4. Awelfareofficerineveryfactorywherein500ormoreworkersare employed. 5. Acanteenwhereinmorethan250ormoreworkersareemployed.6. Crecheswhereinmorethan30womenworkersareemployed
630.Standpipeinruraloreasisanexampleof whichprincipleofprimaryhealthcare? a)Equitabledistribution b)Communityporticipation c)Intersectoralcoordination d)Appropriatetechnology CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Inter-sectoralcoordination[RefPrimaryheathcareonline;Park23'/ep.742]Publicworks,eg.ensuringanadequatesupplyofsafewater(Standpipe)andbasicsanitation,comesunderinter-sectoralcoordination(multi-sectoralapproach).IntersectoralcoordinationTheprimaryhealthcareisnotprovidedbyhealthsectoralone.Itinvolvesallotherrelatedsectorsofnationalandcommunitydevelopment,inparticularagriculture,animalhusbandry,food,industry,education,housing,publicworks(e.g.anadequatesupplyofsafewaterandbasicsanitation),communicationandothersectors.
631.Apopulationof50childrenishaving10 immunizedagainstchickenpox.5childrendevelopedchickenpoxonmarch2017.Other28childrendevelopedchickenpoxwithinnext2weekwhatistheSARofchickenpox? a)60% b)70% c)80% d)90% CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,80%[Ref:ParkMllep.105-107&23ra/ep.100]Primarycasesinthequestion5(developingchickenpoxonsameday)Immunechildren10SusceptiblecontactsTotalchildren-(Primarycases+immunizedchildren)=50-(5+10)=35No.ofsusceptibledevelopingdesease=28Noofsusceptibledevelopingdiseasex100=80%Totalnumberofsusceptiblesx
632.Minimumfloorspacerecommendedfor workeraccordingtoFactoriesAct? a)1000Cuft b)500Cuft c)200Cuft d)100Cuft CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,500Cuft[RefPark24th/ep.852]ThefirstIndianFactoriesactdatesasforbackas1881.Theactwasrevisedandamendedseveraltimes,thelatesbeingthefactories(Amendment)act,1987.Followingstandardsarerecommended 1. Aminimumof500Cuftofspaceforeachworker(nottakinginto accountspacemorethan14feetabovethegrouplevel). 2. Forfactoriesinstalledbeforethe1948Act,aminimumof350Cuft ofspaceperworker. 3. Asafetyofficerineveryfactorywherein1000orworkersare employed 4. Awelfareofficerineveryfactorywherein500ormoreworkersare employed. 5. Acanteenwhereinmorethan250ormoreworkersareemployed.6. Crecheswhereinmorethan30womenworkersareemployed.
633.Denominatorinunder-5proportional mortalityrate? a)Numberofdeathunder5yearsofage b)Mid-yearunder-5population c)Totaldeaths d)Mid-yearpopulation CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Totaldeaths
634.Worldheartdayiscelebratedon? a)29thSeptember b)28thSeptember c)8thSeptember d)1stDecember CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,29thSeptember[RefInternet]29thSeptemberWorldheartday28thSeptemberWorldrabiesday8thSeptemberWorldliteracydayPhDecemberWorldAIDSday
635.Berkesonianbiasisatypeof? a)Admissionratebias b)Intervieverbias c)Informationbias d)Recallbias CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Admissionratebias[Ref:Park24thlep.78-79]BerkesonianbiasBerksonianbiasresultsfromthegreaterprobabilityofhospitaladmissionforpeoplewithtwoormorediseasethanforpeoplewithonedisease.So,itisalsoknownasadmissionratebias.
636.Trueabouticebergofdisease? a)Clinicianisconcernedwithhiddenportionoficeberg b)Tipoftheicebergrepresentclinicalcases c)Tetanusisclassicalexample d)ScreeningisdoneforTipoftheiceberg CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,TipoftheicebergrepresentclinicalcasesIcebergofdisease*Diseaseinacommunitymaybecomparedwithaniceberg.*Thefloatingtipoftheicebergrepresentswhatthephysicianseesinthecommunity,i.e.clinicalcases(Diagnosedcase,symptomaticcaseoftheclinicallyapparentcase).*Thevastsubmergedportionoftheicebergrepresentsthehiddenmassofdisease,i.e.latent,inapparent,presymptomaticandundiagnosedcasesandcarriersinthecommunity.-The"waterline"representsthedemarcationbetweenapparentandinapparentdisease.-Anepidemiologistisconcernedwiththehiddenportionoftheicebergwhereastheclinicianisconcernedwiththetipoftheiceberg.-ScreeningisdoneforaHiddenportionoftheicebergwhereasdiagnosisisdoneforthetipoftheiceberg.*TheicebergphenomenonofdiseaseisnotshownbyRabies,Tetanus,Rubella,andMeasles.*Theclinicianconcernedonlywiththetipoficeberg,i.esymptomaticcasesthatareseeninclinicaltreatment,thiscanresultininaccurateviewofthenatureandcausesofadiseaseresultsbecausetheminorityofthecasesarestudied(hiddencases:-
submergedportionoficebergisnotstudied)-->Clinician'sFallacy.
637.WhichofthefollowingisSocratic methodofcommunication? a)Lectures b)Groupdiscussion c)Groupdiscussion d)Massmedia CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Groupdiscussion[RefPark24thlep.892Two-waycommunication(socraticmethod)Itismethodofcommunicationinwhichboththecommunicatorandtheaudiencetakepartandtheinformationistransferredinbothdirection.ExamplesGroupdiscussion,Paneldiscussion,symposium,workshop,conferences.
638.Liveinfluenzavaccineisgivenbywhich route? a)Intradermal b)Subcutaneous c)Intramuscular d)Intranasal CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Intranasal[RefPark24thiep.168]Theroutesofimportantvaccinesare:?Subcutaneous:Measles,rubella,killedinfluenza,killedcholera,IPV,yellowfever.Intramuscular:Mumps,killedinfluenza,typhoidVi-polysaccharide,DPT(deepintramuscular),rabies,IPV.iii)Intradermal:BCG,rabies.Nasal:Liveinfluenza.Oral:OPV,oralcholera,oraltyphoid(typhoral).
639.PERTiswhichtypeofmanagement technique? a)Basedonbehavioralscience b)Qualitative c)Quantitative d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,QuantitativeManagementinhumanorganizationactivityissimplytheactofgettingpeopletogethertoaccomplishdesiredgoalsandobjectives.Therearetwomajortypesofmethodsofmanagement. 1. Methodsbasedonbehaviouralsciences.2. Quantitativemethods.
640.Whichofthefollowingistrue? a)Twolivevaccinesshouldnotbegiventogether b)Liveandkilledvaccineshouldnotbegiventogether c)Immunoglobolinshouldnotbegivenforatleast6weekswhen alivevaccineisadministered d)Livevaccineshouldnotbegivenfor12weeksifimmunoglobin hasbeengiven CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Livevaccineshouldnotbegivenfor12weeksifimmunoglobinhasbeengiven.Twolivevaccinescanbegivensimultaneously,buttheyshouldbegivenatdifferentsites.Otherwisetheyshouldbegivenatanintervalofatleast3weeks(ifadministeredatsamesite).Liveandkilledvaccinecanbegiventogether.Livevaccinesshouldnotnormallybegivenfor12weeksafteraninjectionofnormalhumanIgandifalivevaccinehasalreadybeengiven,HumanIginjectionshouldbedeferredfor2weeks.
641.InRNTCPmicroscopiccenteris recommendedforhowmuchpopulation? a)5000 b)10000 c)50000 d)100000 CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,100000TheRNTCPdesignated'Microscopycentre'isestablishedfor100000populationinplanes(50000inhillyandmoutainareas).Forevery5microscopycenters(500000population),thereisoneSeniorTBlaboratorysupervisor(STLS).STLSrechecksallpositiveslidesand10%ofallnegativeslides.Sputummicroscopicexaminationduringcasefindingisdoneindesignatedmiroscopycenters.Onetuberculosisunitisestablishedfor500000populationinplanes(250000populationinhilly/tribalareas).Thereisonestatedrugstore(SDS)forevery50millionpopulation.
642.HALEisusedtomeasure a)Disabilityadjustedlifeexpectancy b)Healthylifeexpectancy c)Qualityadjustedlifeexpectancy d)Expectancyfreeofdisability CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,HealthylifeexpectancyHealth-Adjustedlifeexpectancy(HALE)HALEistheindicatorusedtomeasureahealthylifeexpectancy.HALEisbasedonthelifeexpectancyatbirthbutincludesanadjustmentfortimespentinpoorhealth.Itistheequivalentnumberofyearsinfullhealththatanewborncanexpecttolivebasedoncurrentratesofillhealthandmortality.
643.Duringinvestigationofanepidemic,the areaisdeclaredfreeofepidemicwhen? a)Twicetheincubationperiodofthediseasesinceoccurrenceof thelastcase b)Thricetheincubationperiodofthediseasesinceoccurrenceof thelastcase c)Thelongestincubationperiodforthedisease d)Incubationperiodforthediseaseplustwostandarddeviations CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Twicetheincubationperiodofthediseasesinceoccurrenceofthelastcase[RefPark22"d/ep.123]Therearefollowingstepsintheinvestigationofanepidemic:? 1. Verificationofdiagnosis:Thisisthefirststepininvestigationofan epidemic. 2. Confirmationofexistenceofanepidemic:Bycomparingwith diseasefrequenciesduringsameperiodinpreviousyears. 3. Definingthepopulationatrisk.4. Rapidsearchforallcasesandtheircharacteristics:Searchfornew casesiscarriedouteveryday,tilltheareaisdeclaredfreeofepidemic;thisperiodisusuallytakenas"twicetheincubationperiodofthediseasesincetheoccuranceoflastcase". 5. Dataanalysis.6. Formulationofhypothesis.
644.ColoredkitforSTDtreatmentiswhich typeofapproach? a)Preventive b)Symptomatic c)Syndromic d)Rehabilitative CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Syndromic[RefPark23'/e.p.332-336]In1988,WorldHealthOrganizationintroducedtheconceptofSyndromicmanagement'.Insyndromicmanagement,diagnosisandtreatmentisnotbasedonspecificdiseasesidentifiedbytestingbutratheronsyndromes,whichisagroupofclinicalfindings.Treatmentisgenerallygivenforalloratleastmostcommonlyseendiseasesororganismsthatcouldcausethatsyndrome.Pre-packedcolourcodedSTI/RTIkitshavebeenprovidedforfreesupplytoalldesignatedSTI/RTIclinics.Kit1Grey,forurethraldischarge,ano-rectaldischarge,cervicitis.Kit2Green,forvaginitisKit3White,forgenitalulcersKit4Blue,forgenitalulcersKit5Red,forgenitalulcersKit6Yellow,forlowerabdominalpainKit7Black,forscortalswelling.
645.Specificcontentinmalariavaccineis? a)Gametocyticprotein b)Polysaccharidesheath c)Sporozoiteprotein d)Lipoproteinenvelop CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Sporozoiteprotein[RefInternet]Circumsporozoiteprotein(CSP)isasecretedproteinofthesporozoitestageofthemalariaparasite(plasmodiumsp)andtheantigenictargetofRTS,S,apre-erythrocyticmalariavaccinecurrentlyundergoingclinicaltrails.Theamino-acidsequenceofCSPconsistsofanimmunodominantcentralrepeatregionflankedbyconservedmotifsattheN-andC-terminithatareimplicatedinproteinprocessingastheparasitetravelsfromthemosquitotothemammalianvector.ThestructureandfunctionofCSPishighlyconservedacrossthevariousstrainsofmalariathatinfecthumansnon-humanprimatesandrodents.ItcanfirstbedetectedinlargequantitiesassporozoitesareformingwithinoocystsresidingthemidgutwallsofinfectedmosquitoesUponegressionfrommatureoocysts,sporozoitsbeginmigratingtothesalivaryglands,andCSPisknowntobeanimportantmediatorofthisprocess.AdditionallyCSPisinvolvedinhepatocytebindinginthemammalianhost.HeretheN-terminusandcentralrepeatregioninitiallyfacilateparasitebinding.Oncethehepatocytesurfaceproteolyticcleavageatregion1oftheN-terminusexposestheadhesivedomianoftheC-terminus,therebyprimingtheparasitesforinvasionoftheliver.
646.JaiVigyanNationalMissionisfor? a)Adolescentgirlshealth b)Mother&childhealth[MCH] c)Science&technology d)Childlabourprevention CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Science&technology[RefInformationp.1997-98]TheUnionMinisterforhumanresourceDevelopment,Dr.MurliManoharJoshi,hassaidthatscientificInstitutionswouldtakeup21importantdevelopmentprojectsaspartoftheJaiVigyanNationalMissionwithfocusonscienceandtechnology.Theseprojectswouldbeinareassuchasfoodsecurity,energyconservations,healthcare,disastermanagementandbio-diversity.ScientificandRandDinstitutionswouldtakeuponeprojectin1999.Alltheprojectswouldbegivengreenchanneltreatmentwithproceduresrelaxedhesaidwhileparticipatingattheannualsessionsofthe86t5IndianScienceCongressinChennalonJan.3.TheministersaidhehaddirectedthedepartmentofBio-technologytoinstitute10awardseveryyearforoutstandingyoungscientistsinbiosciences.Thiswouldencouragehighqualityresearchofexcellenceandrelevance.Asachievingexcellencewasdependentininnovativetalentswhichinturnneededidentificationandnurturingfromanearlyage,anewschemetoselectunder18youngstersofoutstandingtalentandtoprovidethemwithnecessaryambienceandopportunitiesforharnessingtheirtalentandbeeninstituted.
647.Roleofmagnesium[Mg]inOPV? a)Adjuvant b)Preservative c)Stabilizar d)Antiinfective CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Stabilizer[Refwww.who.int]"PolioSabin(oral)vaccineisamagnesiumchloridestabilizedpreparationofliveattenuatedpoliovirusesofsabinstrainstype1,2,er3"StabilizersTheseareusedtoconfirmproductqualityorstability.Examplesarepotassiumorsodiumsalts,lactose,humanserumalbumin,gelatinandbovineserumalbumin
648.Thedifferencebetweendescriptiveand analyticstudies? a)Descriptivestudiesareusedtotesthypothesis b)Analyticstudiesareusedtoformulateahypothesis c)Descriptivestudiesarefirstphaseinepidemiology d)Analyticstudiesobservedistributionofdisease CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Descriptivestudiesarefirstphaseinepidemiology[RefPark24thiep.67-75]Descriptivestudiesarefirstphaseofanepidemiologicalinvestigation.Thesestudiesareconcernedwithobservingthedistrubutionofdiseaseintime,placeandperson.Descriptivestudiesareusedtoformulateeitologicalhypothesis.Analyticalstudiesarethesecondmajortypeofepidemiologicalstudies(afterdescriptivestudies).Itcontrasttodescriptivestudiesthatlookatentirepopulation,inanalyticstudies,thesubjectofinterestistheindividualwithinthepopulation(exceptinecologicalstudy).Theobjectisnottoformulate,buttotesthypothesis.Inexperimentalstudies,epidemiologistactivelyintervenetochangeadiseasedeterminantorprogressionofdisease.Experimentalstudiesareusedfortestinghypothesis.
649.Whichofthefollowingdefines movementacrossscioeconomicstatus. a)Socialequality b)Socialupliftment c)Socialmobility d)Socialinsurance CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,SocialMobility[RefPark23'lep.688&22"d/ep.639]Socialmobilityisthedegreetowhichanindividual'sfamilyorgroup'ssocialstatuscanchangethroughoutthecourseoftheirlifethroughasystemofsocialhierarechy,i.e.Socialmobilityreferstomovementofindividuals/familiesacrossdifferentsocioeconomiclevels.
650.Strengthofassociationofoutcomeand riskfactorismeasuredby? a)Relativerisk b)Attributablerisk c)Populationattributablerisk d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Relativerisk[Ref:Park24`Vep.83]Relativeriskisadirectmeasureofthestrengthofassociationbetweensuspectedcauseandeffect.Forexamplearelativeriskof2meansthattheincidencerateis2timeshigherintheexposedgroupascomparedwithunexposed->i.e.,a100%increaseinrisk.Ontheotherhand,attributableriskindicatestheextentwhichisattributedbyriskfactor(exposure)todisease.Forexampleattributableriskof90%means90percentofdiseaseamongexposedisduetoexposuretoriskfactor.Insimplewords:?Relativeriskindicatestheincreasedpercentageofriskofdevelopingadisease,ifpersonisexposedtoriskfactor.Attributableriskindicatesthepercentageofdiseasewhichisattributedbyriskfactoramongtheexposed.Relativeriskisabetterindexthanisattributableriskforassessingtheetiologicalroleofafactorindisease.
651.ImportantmeasureforNationalhealth policy? a)Relativerisk b)Oddsratio c)Incidence d)Attributablerisk CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Attributablerisk[RefPark24th/ep.83]RelativeriskVsAttributableriskRelativeriskisadirectmeasureofthestrengthofassociationbetweensuspectedcauseandeffect.Forexamplearelativeriskof2meansthattheincidencerateis2timeshigherintheexposedgroupascomparedwithunexposed-i.e.,a100%increaseinrisk.Ontheotherhand,attributableriskindicatestheextentwhichisattributedbyriskfactor(exposure)todisease.Forexampleattributableriskof90%means90percentofdiseaseamongexposedisduetoexposuretoriskfactor.Insimplewords:-Relativeriskindicatestheincreasedpercentageofriskofdevelopingadisease,ifpersonisexposedtoriskfactor.Attributableriskindicatesthepercentageofdiseasewhichisattributedbyriskfactoramongtheexposed.Relativeriskisabetterindexthanisattributableriskforassessingtheetiologicalroleofafactorindisease.Ontheotherhand,attributableriskgivesabetterideathandoesrelativeriskoftheimpactofsuccessfulpreventiveorpublichealthprogrammemighthaveinreducingtheproblem.Thatmeansattributableriskreflectthepublichealthimportancebetterthan
relativerisk.
652.RangeofflightofAedesmosquitois? a)1km b)Lessthan100m c)400m d)10kms CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Lessthan100m[RefPark23'/ep.771&22"d/ep.715]Aedesdonotflyoverlongdistances;usuallylessthan100metres(110yards).Anopheles3-5KmsCulex11KmsAedes100m
653.Astudythatgivestheprevalenceof delusionintheelderlyatagivenpointoftime? a)Case-controlstudy b)Cohortstudy c)Cross-sectionalstudy d)Ecologicalstudy CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Cross-sectionalstudyCross-sectionalstudiesAcross-sectionalstudyisthesimplestformofanobservationalstudy.Itisalsoknownasaprevalencestudy.Itisbasedonasingleexaminationofacross-sectionofthepopulationatonepointoftime.Theresultsofthisexaminationcanbeprojectedonthewholepopulation.Thecross-sectionalstudytellsaboutthedistributionofadiseaseratherthanitsetiology.Cross-sectionalstudiescanbethoughtofasprovidingasnapshotofthefrequencyandcharacteristicofadiseaseinapopulationataparticularpointintime.Across-sectionalstudyismoreusefulforchronicdisease,asthepopulationisstudiedatonce,nofollow-upisrequired.
654.100individualsarediagnosedwithlung cancerinapopulationof100000.Outof100patients,80weresmokersand20000weresmokersintotalspopulation.WhatisPAR? a)60 b)75 c)80 d)90 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,75[RefPark241thlep.83]Inthegivenquestion:Incidenceintotalpopulation=100per1lacNumberofexposed=20000(Allexposed)Numberofnon-exposed=80000(100000-20000)Non-exposedhavinglungcancer=20(outof100patients80weresmoker.Thus20arenoneexposed)Incidenceamongnon-exposed=20per80000or25per100000
655.Numberofholesinmosquitonet[persq. inch]? a)50 b)150 c)100 d)200 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,150[RefPark24th/ep.810&23'/ep.773]Thebestpatternofmosquitonetistherectangularnet.Thereshouldnotbeasinglerentinthenet.TheSizeofopeningsinthenetisofutmostimportance,thesizeshouldnotexceed0.0475inchinanydiameter.Thenumberofholesinonesquareinchinusually150.
656.Notaprimaryairpollutant? a)SO2 b)CO, c)Ozon d)VOCs CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Ozone[RefPark24tVep.770]Airpollutionistheintroductionofchemicalsparticulatematter,orbiologicalmaterialintotheatmospherethatcauseharmordiscomforttohumansorotherlivingorganisms,ordamagesthenaturalenvironment.Anairpollutantisknownasasubstanceintheairthatcancauseharmtohumansandthe-environment.
657.Trueaboutstandardizationareall except? a)Mostcommonlyusedforagedifferences b)Directstandardizationisusedwhenpopulationislarge c)Agespecificratesarerequiredinindirectstandardization d)Allarecorrect CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Agespecificratesarerequiredinindirectstandardization[Ref:Park23"/ep.58]IndirectstandardizationWhenthepopulationissmall(oroutcomeisrare)thenumberofeventsobservedcanbesmall.Inthatcircumstance,indirectstandardizedmethodscanbeusedtoproduceastandardizedmortalityrate(SMR)orastandardizedincidencerate(SIR).Inindirectstandardization,onecomputesthenumberofevents(mortality)thatwouldhavebeenexpectediftheeventrates(mortalityrate)fromthestandardpopulationhadappliedinthestudypopulation,i.e.agespecificratesofstandardpopulationareappliedtostudypopulation(oppositetodirectstandardization).Studypopulationisusedtoprovideagespecificdeathrates.Withineachagestratum,onemultipliestheagespecificrateofstandardpopulationbythenumberofpeopleinthestudypopulationtodeterminethenumberofcasesthatwouldhaveexpectedifthatweretherateinthestudygroupTheseexpectednumbersareaddedupacrossallagegroupsanddividedintotheobservednumbertoyieldtheSMR.Advantageofindirectstandardizationisthatagespecificratesof
studypopulationarenotrequired.
658.Standardizationismostimportantfor? a)Sexdistribution b)Agedistribution c)Diseasedistribution d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Agedistribution[RefPark23ralep.58]Standardizationismostcommonlyusedforage.Astandardizateddeathrate(ASDR)isthebestmortalityindicator.'Crudedeathrate'istobestandardizedforageforcomparisonoftwopopulation,asagecompositionisdifferent.
659.Standardizeddeathratesareused becausehealth? a)Forvalidcomparisomoftwogroupsofdifferenthealth determinants b)Calculationsaremoreaccurate c)Toavoidselectionbias d)Alloftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Forvalidcomparisonoftwogroupsofdifferenthealthdeterminants[RefPark23rd/ep.58]Standardization(oradjustment)ofratesisusedtounablethevalidcomparisonofgroupsthatdifferregardinganimportanthealthdeterminant(mostcommonlyage).Forexample,ifwewanttocomparethedeathratesoftwodifferentpopulationswithdifferentagecomposition,thecrudedeathrateisnotrightyardstickbecauseratesareonlycomparableifthepopulationsuponwhichtheyarebasedarecomparable.
660.Pulsesaredeficientin? a)Methionirfe b)Lysine c)Threonine d)All CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Methionine[Ref:Park23'/ep.628&21"/ep.578]Someaminoacidsaredeficientinaparticularfood,calledlimitingaminoacids.Forexample,cerealsandwheataredeficientinthreonineandlysine,pulsesaremainlydeficientinmethionineandcysteine,andmaizeisdeficientintryptophanandlysine.Supplementaryactionofproteins:Iftwoormorefooditemseatentogether,theirproteinssupplementthedeficientaminoacidofeachother.Forexamplecerealsaredeficientinthreonineandlysine,whereaspulsesaredeficientinmethionineandcystein.Ifbotharetakentogether,theirproteinscomplementeachotherandprovideamorebalancedandcompleteproteinintake.
661.Allaretrueaboutnaturalexperiments, except? a)Researcherhasnocontrolovertheallocationofsubjects b)Jameslindexperimentisanexample c)IncludesRandomizedcontrolledtrials[RCTs] d)Allarecorrect CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,IncludesRandomizedcontrolledtrials[RCTs][RefModernepidemiologyp.397]Naturalexperimentsarethoseinwhichexposuretotheeventorinterventionofinteresthasnotbeenmanipulatedbyresearcher.Theindividualsexposedtotheexperimentalandcontrolconditionsaredeterminedbynatureorbyotherfactorsoutsidethecontroloftheinvestigators.Whenanaturallyoccurringeventorsituationisexploitedbyaresearchertohelpansweraresearchquestion,itiscalledanaturalexperiment.Theresearcherhaslittleornocontroloverthesituationthatisbeingobserved.AgoodexampleofnaturalexperimentisonebyJamesLindin1747onthepreventionofscurvyamongsailors.Hecomparedtheeffectsofdifferentacidicsubstances,rangingfromvinegartocidr,ongrupsofafflictedsailors,andfoundthatthegroupwhofromvinegartocidr,ongroupsofafflictedsailors,andfoundthatthegroupwhoweregivenorangesandlemonshadlargelyrecoveredfromscurvyafter6days.OtherimportantexampleisJohnSnow'snaturalexperimentoncholeralinkedwithcontaminatedwater.RCTisnotnaturalexperimentasresearcherallocatetheindividualsinstudyandcontrolgroupbyrandomization.
instudyandcontrolgroupbyrandomization.
662.Mostcommonnutritionalproblemin India? a)Lowbirthweight b)Fluorosis c)Irandeficiencyanemia d)VitaminAdeficiency CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Irondeficiencyanemia[RefPark24thlep.677,661-667]ThemajornutritionalprobleminIndiaare: 1. Lowbirthweight2. Iodinedeficiencydisorders(IDD)3. Proteinenergymalnutrition4. Endemicfluorosis5. VitaminAdeficiency6. Lathyrism7. Irondeficiencyanemia Irondeficiencyanemiaisthemostwidspreadamongthese.
663.Inastudyapatientdoesnotknowthe natureofdrug[whetheraplaceboorcurativedrug]heistaking.Theresearcherknowsthedrugtypetobegiventotheindividualsinstudy.Typesofblindinginthisstudyis? a)Single b)Double c)Triple d)Combineddouble/triple CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Single[RefPark24'1*p.78] Single Studysubjectsarenotawareof blinding thetreatmenttheyarereceiving Studysubjectsaswellas Double investigatorarenotawareofthe blinding treatmentstudysubjectsare Tripleblinding receiving Studysubjects,investigatoraswellasanalyzerarenotawareofthetreatmcstudysubjectsarereceiving
664.An70kgfarmerisconsuming56grams proteins,275gramscarbohydrateand60gramslipids.Heconsuming? a)Lesscalories b)Morecalories c)Adequatecalories d)Connotbecommented CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Lesscalories[RefReadbelow]Proteinandcarbohydratebothprovide4calpergramandfatprovides9calpergram.Thusthefarmeristaking(calorKcalperday)=(56x4)+(275x4)+(60x9)=1864
665.Midyearpopulationisestimatedon? a)1stMarch b)1stJuly c)1stApril d)15thAugust CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,1StJuly[RefPark22"/ep.58&21"/ep.52]Denominatorincrudedeathrateismidyearpopulation,whichisestimatedonfirstofJulyofanyear.
666.Poorman'sironsourceis? a)Almond b)Grapes c)Soya d)Jaggery CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Jaggery[RefPark24th/ep.661&23rd/ep.623]Therearetwomajorformsofiron:?1)Haem-ironItisbetterabsorbedbutislessimportantsourceofironinIndiandiet.Itismainlyfoundinfoodsofanimalorigin,e.g.liver,meat,poultryandfish.2)Non-haemironItispoorlyabsorbedbutistheimportantsourceofironinIndiandiet.Itismainlyfoundinfoodsofvegetableorigin,e.g.cereales,greenleafyvetetables,legumes,nuts,oilseeds,juggery,anddriedfruits.Amongdryfruits,cashewnuthasmaximumiron(9%)followedbyalmonds(7%),andpistachos(7%).Ironofmilkislowinallmammalianspecies.Jaggeryisconsideredaspoorman'sironsource.Itcontainsagoodamountofironalongwithvitamin-A.
667.Meningococcalvaccinecontains? a)50mcgofpolysccharideofeachstrain b)100mcgofpolysccharideofeachstrain c)1000mcgofpolysccharideofeachstrain d)5000mcgofpolysccharideofeachstrain CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,50mcgofpolysaccharideofeachstrain[RefPark24th/ep.176]VaccinesareavailableforgroupA,C,YandW-125.ThereisnogroupBvaccineavailableatpresent.Vaccinesarepreparedfromcapsularpolysaccharide.Bivalent(A,C),trivalent(A,C,W135),andtetravalent(A,C,W135,Y)vaccinesareavailable.Thevaccinescontain50mcgofpolysaccharideofeachindividualstrain.
668.Dualrecordsystemisusefulfor estimationof? a)Literacy b)Fertility c)Populationdensity d)Sexratio CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Fertility[RefPark24th/ep.878]Sampleregistrationsystem(SRS),initiatedinmid1960sprovidesreliableestimatesofbirth(fertility)anddeath(mortality)ratesatstateandnationallevels.Itisadualrecordsystem,consistingofcontinuousenumerationofbirthanddeathbyanenumeratorandanindependentsurveyevery6monthsbyaninvestigatorsupervisor.MainobjectiveofSRSistoprovidereliableestimatesofbirthrate,deathrateandinfantmortalityrateatthenaturaldivisionlevelforruralareasandatstatelevelforurbanareas.Infantmortalityrateisthedecisiveindicatorforestimationofsamplesizeatnaturaldivision.SampledesignforSRSisuni-stagestratifiedsimplerandomsample.SRSnowcoversentirecountry.
669.Howmanydosesofmonovalent meningococcal'C'vaccineisgiveninInfants? a)One b)Two c)Three d)Four CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Two[RefPark24th/ep.176]MonovalentMenAconjugatevaccineshouldbegivenasasingledosetoindividuals1-29yearsofage.FormonovalentMenCconjugatevaccine,onesingleintramusculardoseisrecommendedforchildrenaged>12months,teenagersandadults.Children2-11monthsofagerequire2doseadministrationatanintervalofatleast2monthsandaboosterabout1yearthereather.Quadrivalentvaccinesareadministeredasasingledosetoindividualsaged2years.
670.WhichdoesnothaveLivebirthsas denominator? a)Infantmortalityrate b)Neonatalmortalityrate c)Childmortalityrate d)Childdeathrate CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Childdeathrate[RefPark24thlep.608-612]CDR=No.ofdeathsofchildrenaged1-4years/TotalNo.ofchildrenaged1-4years.
671.Secondaryattackrateofmumps:? a)75% b)85% c)95% d)<50% CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,85%[RefPark23'/ep.147&22"d/ep.139-140]SARofsomeimportantinfectiousdiseases Measles 80% Rubella 90-95% Chickenpox 90%Pertussis 90% Mumps 86%
672.JaiVigyanMissionmodeprojectinIndia isfor? a)Measles b)TB c)Rheumaticfever d)STD CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Rheumaticfever[RefPark24tVep.397]JaiVigyanMissionModeprojectonCommunityControlofRF/RHDinIndiaisbeingcarriedoutwithfourmaincomponents,viz.tostudytheepidemiologyofstreptococcalsorethroats,establishregistriesforRFandRHD,vaccinedevelopmentforstreptococcalinfectionandconductingadvancedstudiesonpathologicalaspectsofRFandRHD.
673.IsolationperiodofTB? a)2daysaftertreatment b)1weekaftertreatment c)2weeksaftertreatment d)3weeksaftertreatment CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,3weeksaftertreatment[RefPark24th/ep.129]PeriodofisolationrecommendedTuberculosis(sputum+)2weeksadult,6weekspaediatric.
674.PrevalenceofRHDinIndiain5-15years agegroup? a)1-2per1000 b)5-7per1000 c)10-12per1000 d)13-15per1000 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,5-7per1000[RefPark24th/ep.397]InIndia,RHDisprevalentintherangeof5-7perthousandin5-15yearsagegroupandthereareabout1millionRHDcasesinIndia.RHDconstitutes20-30%ofhospitaladmissionsduetoCVDinIndia.Streptococcalinfectionsareverycommonespeciallyinchildrenlivinginunder-privilegedconditions,andRFisreportedtooccurin1-3percentofthoseinfections.
675.Sensitivityofascreeningtesttellsabout a)Percentageofdiseasepeopleamongthosewithapositivetest b)Percentageofdiseasepeopleamongthosewithanegativetest c)Percentageofhealthypeopleamongthosewithanegativetest d)Percentageofhealthypeopleamongthosewithapositivetest CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PercentageofdiseasepeopleamongthosewithapositivetestSensitivity:Abilityofascreeningtesttoidentifycorrectlyallthosewhohavethedisease(Cases).Specificity:Abilityofascreeningtesttoidentifycorrectlyallthosewhodon'thavethedisease(healthy).Positivepredictivevalue(PPV):Abilityofascreeningtesttoidentifycorrectlyallthosewhohavethedisease,outofallthosewhotestpositiveonascreeningtest.Negativepredictivevalue(NPV):Abilityofascreeningtesttoidentifycorrectlyallthosewhodon'thavethedisease,outofallthosewhotestnegativeonascreeningtest.Whenascreeningtestisusedtodiagnoseadisease,thetestoutcomecanbepositive(diseased)ornegative(healthy),whiletheactualhealthstatusofthepersonmaybedifferent.Inthatsetting:TruepositiveDiseasedpeoplecorrectlydiagnosedasdiseased.FalsepositiveHealthypeoplewronglyidentifiedasdiseased.TruenegativeHealthypeoplecorrectlyidentifiedashealthy.FalsenegativeDiseasedpeoplewronglyidentifiedashealthy.
676.Ifeffectivetreatmentforadiseaseis introducedinacommunity,whatwillbetheeffectonincidence[I]andprevalence[P]? a)NochangeinP&I b)BothP&Iwilldecrease c)Pwilldecrease&Iwillincrease d)Pwilldecrease&Iwillremainsthesame CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Pwilldecrease&Iwillremainsthesame[RefPark24th/ep.66&23rdiep.62]Neweffectivetreatmentwillcurethepatientandtherebydecreasethedurationofdisease.So,neweffectivetreatmentwillaffectthedurationofdisease.Incidencemeasurestherateatwhichnewcasesareoccurringinapopulation,Itisnotinfluencedbyduration.So,neweffectivetreatmentwillhavenoeffectonincidence.Ontheotherhand,prevalencewilldecreaseduetodecreaseindurationofdisease.
677.WHOVISION2020initiativeincludes? a)Cornealulcer b)Trachomablindness c)Diabeticretinopathy d)VernalkeratoConjunctivitis CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,TrachomablindnessAftertherealizationthatunlessblindnesscontroleffortsareintensified,theprevalenceofblindnesswilldoubleby2020AD,theWHOalongwithanInternationalPartnershipcommitteelaunchedtheVision2020Initiativein1995.Thediseasesidentifiedforglobaleliminationinclude:? 1. Cataractblindness2. Trachomablindnessandtransmission3. Onchocerciasis4. Avoidablecausesofchildhoodblindness5. Refractiveerrorsandlowvision Indianvisionof2020includesthefollowingsevendiseases. 1. Cataractblindness2. Glaucoma3. Trachomablindnessandtransmission4. Diabeticretinopathy5. Childhoodblindness6. Cornealblindness7. Refractiveerrorsandlowvision
678.Ascreeningtesthassensitivityof90% andspecificityof99%.Theprevalenceofdiseaseunderinvestigationis5per1000population.WhatisthePPVofthegivenscreeningtest? a)10 b)70 c)33 d)99 CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,33[RefPark23rd/ep.139&22"dlep.132;Hopefieldbiostatistics4thlep.49]Positivepredictivevalueisrelatedtosensitivityspecificityandprevalence.ThisrelationshipisrepresentedbyBaye'stheorem:-
679.MajorreservoirofKFD? a)Human b)Squirrels c)Cattle d)Monkey CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,SquirrelsKFD,alsoknownas'monkeydisease'isahemorrhagicfevercausedbyflavivirusbelongingtogroup-Barbovirus.DiseaseiscommoninfourdistrictsofKarnataka:Shimoga,NorthKannda,SouthKanadaandChikamagaloor.KFDwasfirstrecognizedin1957inShimogadistrictofKarnataka.MajorvectorfortransmissionofKFDishardtick(HaemophysalisspinigeraandH.turtura).But,softtickcanalsotransmitthedisease,especiallyoutsidetheIndia.Ratsandsquirrelsarethemajorreservoir.Monkeyactsasamplifyinghostandmanisincidentaldead-endhost,thereisnoman-to-mantransmission.
680.Colorofboxcontainingdrugsfor treatmentofcategoryIofTB- a)Red b)Blue c)Yellow d)Green CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Red[RefPark24th/ep.199]
681.BestindicatorforspreadofTBina community? a)Annualinfectionrate b)Prevalenceofinfection c)Caserate d)Incidenceofnewcases CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Annualinfectionrate[RefPark24thlep.191-195&23'/ep.177]Thefollowingepidemiological-indicesareusedintuberculosisproblemmeasurementandprogrammestrategy1.PrevalenceofinfectionItisthepercentageofindividualsshowingpositivetuberculintest.2.Incidenceofinfection(Annualinfectionrate)ItisthepercentageofpopulationunderstudywhowillbenewlyinfectedbyM.tuberculosisamongthenon-infectedoftheprecedingsurveyduringthecourseofoneyear.Itexpressestheattackingforceoftuberculosisandisalsoknownastuberculinconversionindexi.e.percentegeofnewpeoplebecomingtuberculinpositive.Indevelopingcountries,every1%ofannualinfectionrateissaidtocorrespondto50newcasesofsmearpositivepulmonaryTB,peryear,for100000generalpopulation.ItisthebestindicatorforevalutionofTBproblemanditstrend.InIndia,annualinfectionrate/tuberculinconversionindexis1.7%.3.PrevalenceofdiseaseorcaserateItisthepercentageofindividualswhosesputumispositivefortuberclebacillionmicroscopicexamination.
Itisthebestavailablepracticalindextoestimatethenumberofinfectiouscasesorcaseloadinacommunity.4.IncidenceofnewcasesItisthepercentageofnewTBcases(confirmedbybacteriologicalexamination)per1000populationoccurringduringoneyear.5.PrevalenceofsuspectedcasesThisisbasedonX-rayexaminationofchest.6.PrevalenceofdrugresistantcasesItistheprevalenceofpatientexcretingtuberclebacilliresistanttoanti-tuberculardrugs.7.MortalityrateThenumberofdeathsfromtuberculosiseveryyearper1,000population.
682.Antiboioticofchoiceforsevere pneumoniain1yearallchild? a)Cotrimoxazole b)Ciprofloxacin c)Benzylpenicillin d)Tetracycline CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Benzylpenicillin[RefPark24`h/ep.181,182]Antibioticsofchoicefortreatmentofacuterespiratoryinfectionsinchildrenaged2months-5years 1. Nopneumonia(Coughorcold)Noantibiotic2. Pneumonia(notsevere)-scotrimoxazole3. Severepneumonia-Benzylpenicillinorampicillinor chloramphenicol 4. Veryseveredisease4Chloramphenicol Antibioticsofchoicefortreatmentofacuterespiratoryinfectionsininfantsyoungerthan2months 1. Nopneumonia(Coughorcold)4Noantibiotic2. Allpneumonia(severeornotsevere)4(Benzylpenicillinor ampicillin)plusgentamycin.
683.Healthycarrierisseenin? a)Measles b)Rubella c)Meningococcalmeningits d)Influanza CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Meningococcalmeningitis[RefPark24th/ep.103-106&23"1/ep.95,96]TemporarycarrierTemporarycarriersshedtheinfectiousagentforshortperiodoftime.Thiscategorymayinclude Incubatory Measles,mumps,polio,pertussis carriers: (whoopingcough),influenza,diphtheria,HepatitisB. Convalescent Typhoid,cholera,diphtheria,Pertussiscarriers: (whoopingcough),dysentery. Healthy Polio,Cholera,meningococcal carriers: meningitis,Salmonellosis,diphtheria ChroniccarrierChorniccarriersexcretetheinfectiousagentforindefiniteperiod.Examples:Typhoid,hepatitisB,dysentery,malaria,gonorrhoea,cerebrospinalmenigitis,Diphtheria.
684.Infectivityofconvalescentcarrierof choleralastsfor? a)1-5days b)1-2weeks c)2-3weeks d)4-5weeks CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,2-3weeksTherearefollowingtypesofcarrierincholera:Incubatory:Shedvibriosonlyinthebriefincubationperiodof1-5days.Convalescent:Shedvibriosfor2-3weeks.Healthyorcontactcarrier:Hashadsubclinicalinfectionandshedvibriosforlessthan10days.Chroniccarriers:Canshedvibriosformonthsoryearsandmayhavepersistentinfectioningallbladder
685.Whichvaccineisusedtopreventdeath frompneumoniainchildren? a)Measlesvaccine b)Rubellavaccine c)Chickenpoxvaccine d)Influenzaviralvaccine CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Measlesvaccine[RefPark24th/ep.182]Threevaccineshavepotentialofreducingdeathfrompneumonia:-MeaslesvaccineHIBvaccine(HaemophilusinfluenzeetypeB)PneumococcalvaccineThesevaccinesworktoreducetheincidenceofbacterialpneumonia.
686.Diagnosisoffilariasisisconfirmedmost commonly? a)Clinicalfeatures b)Detectionofmicrofilariae c)PCR d)Seralogicaltest CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Detectionofmicrofilariae[RefEssentialsofclinicalmicrobiology-188]Detectionofmicrofilariae(MOThemostcommonlyusedmethodfordiagnosisoffilariasisisdetectionofmicrofilariaeinbloodsmear.ThebloodcollectionshouldbedoneatnightbecauseofnocturnalperiodicityofmicrofilariaeThemicrofilariaeofW.bancroftiandB.malayioccuringinIndiadisplayanocturnalperiodicity,i.e.,theyappearinlargenumberatnightandretreatfromthebloodstreamduringtheday.Thisisabiologicaladaptationtothenocturnalbitinghabitsofvectormosquitoes.Themaximumdensityofmicrofilariaeinbloodisreportedbetween10pmand2am.Whenthesleepinghabitsofthehostarealtered,areversalinperiodicityhasbeenobserved.Thickfilmismostcommonlyusedmethodfordetectionofmicrofilariae.Concentrationtechniquebymembranefilterconcentration(MFC)methodisthemostsensitivemethodwhichcandetectlowdensityofmicrofilariaeinblood.
687.Maximumspreadofmalariaoccursin whichmonth? a)March-April b)January-February c)April-May d)September-October CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,September-October[RefPark24th/ep.272-276]MalariaisaprotozoaldiseasecausedbyinfectionwithparasiteofgenusplasmodiumandtransmittedtomanbycertainspeciesofinfectedfemaleAnophelinemosquito.Definitivehost-Mosquito(sexuallifecycle).IntermediatehostMan(Asexualcycle).SeasonInIndiamaximumprevalenceisfromJulytoNovember.Reservoir-WithpossibleexceptionofchimpanzeesintropicalAfrica,whichmaycarrytheinfectionwithP.malariae,nootheranimalreservoirisknowntoexist.Manharbouringsexualforms(gametocytes)istheonlyreservoir.Extrinsicincubationperiod(inmosquito)10to20days.Itistheperiodoftimerequiredforthedevelopmentofparasitefromgametocytetosporozoitestage(infectivestagetoman)inthebodyofmosquito.
688.Nottrueaboutdiphtheriavaccine? a)Canbegivenaspentavalentvaccine b)ForinfantDPTisthevaccineofchoice c)Firstdoseisgivenat6weeksofage d)allofthese CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'DAllofthese,[RefPark24thiep.172]Diphtheriavaccineisatoxoid.ItisgivenastrivalentvaccineDPT-PreparationofchoiceforimmunizationofinfantFirstdoseisgivenat6weeksofagePentavalentvaccineprovidesprotectiontoachildfrom5lifethreateningdisease-diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,hepatitisBandhaemophilusinfluenzatypeb(Hib).Givingpentavalentvaccinereducesthenumberofprickstoachild.Whenused,itreplacesHepatitisBandDPTprimaryvaccinationscheduleat6,10and14weeksintheimmunizationprogramme,exceptthatthebirthdoseofhepatitisBandboosterdosesofDPTarecontinued.
689.FordiagnosisofTB,Sputummicroscopy has? a)Highsensitivity&highspecificity b)Highsensitivity&lowspecificity c)Lowsensitivity&highspecificity d)Lowsensitivity&lowspecificity CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Lowsensitivity&lowspecificityMostrapidmethodofdiagnosisforTBSputummicroscopy.But,sputummicroscopyhaslowsensitivityandspecificity.MostreliablemethodfordiagnosisofTB->Cultureoftubercularbacilli.
690.Varicellazostervirusinfectionismore likelytooccurinwhichofthefollowingmonth? a)March b)August c)October d)November CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,March[Ref:CECILVol.1,p.1840]"Varicellaoccursmostcommonlyduringthelatewinterandspringmonths,thepeakbeingaboutinMarch"
691.Mostcommoninfluenzaviruscausing disease? a)TypeA b)TypeB c)TypeC d)TypeD CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,TypeA[RefPark24th/ep.163-166]Therearethreeviralsubtypes:TypeA(causesallpandemicsandmostepidemics);typeB;andtypeC(notcirculatingcurrently).Currentlytheinfluenzavirusescirculatingintheworldare:H,N,oftypeA(causesswineflu);H2N2oftypeA;H3N2oftypeA;H5N,oftypeA(causesbirdfluoravianinfluenza);117N9oftypeA(causedepidemicofavianinfluenzainChinain2013);andtypeB.Influenzashowscyclictrendwithepidemicoccuringevery2-3yearsincaseofinfluenza-Aandevery4-7yearsincaseofinfluenza-B.Pandemicsarecausedbyonlyinfluenza-Aevery10-15years.Influenzaaffectsallagesandbothsexes.Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalandbirds.
692.Minimumacceptedintervalbetweentwo dosesofDPTvaccine? a)2weeks b)4weeks c)6weeks d)8weeks CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,4weeks[RefPark24th/ep.172]Totalthreedosesaregiveninprimarlyimmunizationwithanintervalof4weeksbetweenthreedoses.Firstboosterisgivenat16-24monthswithsecondboosterat5-6years.DPT,6weeksofageDPT,10weeksofageDPT,14weeksofageDPTim,,16-24monthsofageterDPTB5yearsofage
693.MammalianreservoirforR.prowazekii? a)Rodents b)Dog c)Cattle d)Humans CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Humans[RefPark24th/ep.316,319] Insect Mammalian Disease Agent vector reservoir Typhusgroup R.prowazekii a)Epidemictyphus Louse Humans R.typhi b)Murinetyphus Flea Rodents R. (Endemictyphus) Mite Rodents Tsutsugamushi c)Scrubtyphus
694.'Secreteofnationalhealthliesinthe homesofpeople'statementby? a)IndiraGandhi b)Abhrahamlincon c)Bhore d)FlorenceNightingale CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,FlorenceNightingale[RefHousingandplanningreviewp.35]FlorenceNighingalepointedoutnearlyahundradeyearsago,"thesecretofnationalhealthliesinthehomesofpeople".
695.Whichoccupationalexposuremaycause sterilityinfemales? a)Lead b)Carbonmonoxide c)Mercury d)Agriculturalinsecticides CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Agriculturalinsecticides[RefHandbookofpesticidetoxicologyp.787Pesticidesexposurecancause- 1. Cancers:-Inmultipleorgansystems2. Endocrineabnormalities3. Infertilityandsterility4. Braindamage5. Birthdefects:-Oralclefts,neuraltubedefects,heartdefects,limb defects 6. Respiratorydisorders:-Wheezing,bronchitis,asthma7. Organfailure:-Chronickidneydiseaseorinterstitialnephritis8. Skinirritation
696.Worksampling? a)Samplingdoneforindividualwork b)Assessmentoftimespentbyworkersinwork c)Doneinveryshortperiod d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,AssessmentoftimespentbyworkersinworkWorksamplingisatechniqueusedtoinvestigatetheproportionoftotaltimedevotedtothevariousactivitiesthatconstituteajoborworksituation.
697.Schoolhealthcheckupcomesunder- a)Disricthospital b)PHC c)CHC d)Schoolhealthcommittee CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Schoolhealthcommittee[RefPark22"d/ep.534,535]Theschoolhealthcommittee(1961)inIndiarecommendedmedicalexaminationofchildrenatthetimeofentryandthereafterevery4years.
698.Allareoccupationalcancersexcept? a)Lung b)Bladder c)Breast d)Liver CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,BreastAsbestosMesotheliomaArsenicSkin,Lung,LiverBenzeneLeukemiaBenzidineUrinarybladderBeryliumLungCadmiumLungChromiumNasalSinus,Lung
699.M/CHeavyMetalpoisoninginThe World? a)Lead b)Arsenic c)Mercury d)Cadmium CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Lead[RefPark22"'Ilep.752]Moreindustrialworkersareexposedtoleadthananyothertoxicmetal.
700.Organizedgroupofpeoplewithsocial relationship? a)Community b)Association c)Society d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.Society[RefPark22'/ep.622]Asocietyisabodyofindividualsofspecies,generallyseenasacommunityorgroup,thatisoutlinedbytheboundsoffunctionalinterdependence,comprisingalsopossiblecharactersorconditionssuchasculturalidentity,socialsolidarityoreusociality.Humansocietiesarecharacterizedbypatternsofrelationshipsbetweenindividualsthatshareadistinctivecultureorinstitution.Theimportanceofsocietyliesinthefactthatitcontrolsandregulatesthebehaviouroftheindividualbothbylawandcustoms.
701.DALEisreplacedby? a)DALY b)HALE c)OALY d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,HALE[RefPark20th/ep.24]HALE(Health-Adjustedlifeexpectancy):-Thenameoftheindicatorusedtomeasurehealthylifeexpectancyhasbeenchangedfromdisabilityadjustedlifeexpectancy(DALE)tohealthadjustedlifeexpectancy(HALE).HALEisbasedonthelifeexpectancyatbirthbutincludesandadjustmentfortimespentinpoorhealth.Itismosteasilyunderstoodastheequivalentnumberofyearsinfullhealththatanewborncanexpecttolivebasedoncurrentratesofillhealthandmortality.
702.Socialpsychologyis? a)Humanrelationships&behaviour b)Psychologyofindividualsinsociety c)Culturalhistoryofman d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Psychologyofindividualsinsociety[Ref:Park22"/ep.622]StudyofhumanrelationshipsandhumanbehaviourSociologyPsychologyofindividualslivinginhumansocietySocialpsychologyStudyofphysical,socialandculturalhistoryofmanAnthropology
703.Beststudyfordefinitivecauseofdisease ? a)Case-control b)Cohort c)Ecological d)Cross-sectional CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CohortAmongstthegivenoptionsCohortstudyisbesttotesttheassociationbetweenriskfactoranddisease.Herearethedifferentepidemiologicalstudieswithdecreasingorderofaccuracytotesttheassociationbetweenriskfactoranddisease:-Systematicreviewandmeta-analysis-->OverallmostreliableRandomizedcontrolledtrials(controlledclinicaltrails)-->Mostreliableindividualstudy.Retrospective(Non-concurrent/historic)Cohortstudy.Prospective(concurrent)Cohortstudy.CasecontrolstudyCross-sectionalstudyEcologicalstudy
704.Resultsofanystudyarebetterdefinedin ? a)Costeffectiveness b)Costbenefit c)Botharesame d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Costeffectiveness[Ref.Park22"dlep.814]Thestudyresultscanbeevaluatedbycost-benefitanalysisandcost-effectivenessanalysis.Incost-benefitanalysisallcostsandbenefitsareevaluatedintermsofmoney,i.e.economicbenefitsoftheprogramme/studyarecomparedwiththecostofprogramme.Themaindrawbackwiththistechniqueisthatthebenefitsinthehealthfieldcanotalwaysbeexpressedinmonetaryterm.Forexamplebirthordeathprevented,orillnessavoidedetc.Hencethescopeofapplyingthismethodisrathervague.Cost-effectiveanalysisismorepromisingtoolforapplicationinthehealthfield.Itevaluateshowbesttospendagivenamountofmoneytoachievespecificgoals,i.e.benefitsareexpressedintermsofresultsachieved,e.g.numberoflivessaved,orthenumberofdaysfreefromdisease.
705.Sourceofenvironmentalradiationareall except? a)CO b)Radium c)Uranium d)Radon CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CO[RefPark22'/ep.690]Environmentalratiationareoftwotypes? 1. Terrestrial2. Atmospheric TerrestrialradiationRadioactiveelementssuchasthorium,Uranium,radiumandanisotopofpotassium(K40)arepresentinman'sinvironment,e.g.,soil,rocks,boiling.Itisestimatedthatmanderivesabout50mradperyearfromterrestrialradiation.Areaexists(KeralainIndia)wheretherockformationcontaininguranium,itcanbeashighas2000,mradayear.AtmosphericradiationTheseareradioactivegasesradonandthoron
706.Propagativecycleisseenin? a)Plague b)Filaria c)Malaria d)All CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Plague[RefPark22"/ep.94]PropagativePlaguebacilliinratfleasCyclo-developmentalMicorfilariainmosquito.Cyclo-propagativeMalarialparasiteinmosquito.
707.Fenthionis? a)Spacespray b)Residualspray c)Stomachpoison d)Fumgant CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Spacespray[RefPark22"dlep.727]ResidualsprapyInresidualspray,sprayingofhouseswithresidualinsectisidesisdone.Residualinsectisidesremainsactiveoverextendedperiodsi.e.,theyhaveresidualactionevenafterthetimeofspray.CommonlyusedresidualinsectisidesareMalathion,DDT,Lindane,propoxure(OMS-33)SpacespraySpacespraysarethosewheretheinsecticidalformationissprayedintotheatmosphereintheformofamistorfogtokillinsect.Actionisshortlivedandtemporarysincethereisno.residualaction.ThemostcommonlyusedspacesprayinsecticideisPyrethrum.Nowresidualinsectisidesarealsobeingusedasresidualspraybynewequipmentforultra-lowvolume(ULV)spacespraying.Melathionandfenthionareusedforthispurpose.
708.Itwastecontaintoxicsubstances, organicloadismeasuredby? a)Biologicaloxygendemand b)Chemicaloxygendemand c)Suspendedsolid d)None CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Chemicaloxygendemand[RefPark22"d/ep.708]"Thestrengthofsewageisexpressedintermsof: 1. Biochemicaloxygendemand2. Chemicaloxygendemands3. Suspendedsolidsdemand BiochemicalOxygendemandItisthemostimportanttestdoneonsewage.Itisdefinedastheamountofoxygenabsorbedbyasampleofsewageduringaspecifiedperiod,generally5days,ataspecifiedtemperature,generally20deg.C,fortheaerobicdestructionoruseoforganicmatterbylivingorganisms.BODvaluerangesfromaboutImgperlitrefornaturalwaterstoabout300mgperlitreforuntreateddomesticsewage.IftheBODis300mg/1andabove,sewageissaidtobestrong;ifitis100mg/I,itissaidtobeweak."Chemicaloxygendemand(COD)TheCODmeasurestheoxygenequivalentofthatportionoftheorganicmatterinasamplewhichissusceptibletooxidationbyastrongchemicaloxidiser.Ifwastescontaintoxicsubsances,CODmaybetheonlymethodfordeterminingtheorganicload.SuspendedsolidsIftheamountofsuspendedsolidsis100mg/1,thesewageissaidto
beweak,iftheamountis500mg/dlthesewageissaidtobestrong
709.Argemainoilcontaminationofmustard oilcanbedetectedby? a)Phosphatasetest b)Nitricacidtest c)Coliformcunel d)Methylenebluetest CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Nitricacidtest[Ref.Park22"d/ep.610]DetectionofArgemoneoil: 1. Nitricacidtest:brownorangeredcolour/ringshowsitispresent minimumconcentrationofArgemoneoilrequiredisabout0.2%. 2. Paperchromatographytest-Themostsensitivetest
710.Avidinhasaffinityfor? a)Folicacid b)Thiamine c)Biotin d)Riboflavin CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Biotin[Ref.Harper29iVep.539]Peoplewhoeatabnormallylargeamountofuncookedeggwhitemayhavebiotindeficiencybecauseitcontainsavidin,aproteinthatbindsbiotinandpreventsitsabsorption
711.DalyrequirmentofvitaminK? a)3mg/kg b)0.3mg/kg c)0.03mg/kg d)1mg/kg CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,0.03mg/kg[Ref.Park22"d/ep.572]VitaminA600mcgretinolVitaminB7(Thiamine)-->0.5mgper1000KcalofenergyintakeVitaminB,(Riboflavin)0.6mgper1000KcalofenergyintakeVitaminB,(Niacin)6.0mgper1000KcalofenergyintakeVitamin135(PantothenicAcid)10mgVitaminB6(Pyridoxine)2mgVitaminB,(FolicAcid)200mcgVitaminB12(Cobalamin)1mcgVitaminD100IU(2.5mcgcalciferol)VitaminE(Tocopherol)0.8mgpergmofessentialfattyacidsVitaminK0.03mgperkg
712.Maximumlinolenicacidispresentin? a)Coconutoil b)Soyabeanoil c)Groundnutoil d)Saffloweroil CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Saffloweroil[RefPark22"d/ep.566]Therichestsourceoflinoleicacidissaffloweroil.Sourcesoflinoleicacidindecreasingorderaresaffloweroil>cornoil>Sunfloweroil>Soyabeanoil>Sesameoil>groundnutoil.
713.Bitot'sspotprevalenceaspublichealth problem- a)>1% b)>2% c)>0.5% d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.isi.e.,c.>0.5%[RefPark22"d/ep.571] Nightblindness Bitot'sspots >0.5% Cornealxerosis/cornealulceration/keratomalacia >0.01%Cornealulcer >0.05% Serumretinol(lessthan10mcg/dl) >5%
714.Bloodscreeningisnotdonefor? a)HIV b)HBV c)EBV d)HCV CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,EBV Screeningrecommendedinall Selectivescreeninginsome countries countries HIV Malaria HBV HTLV HCV CMV Syphilis Chagasdisease
715.Mostcommonmethodofsterilisation practisedinIndia? a)Femalesterilization b)Malesterilization c)Both d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Femalesterilization[RefPark22"/ep.454]During2010-2011Totalsterilization-5.0millionFemalesterilization(tubectomy)4.78millionMalesterilization(vasectomy)0.219million
716.AmountofdiphtheriatoxoidinDTis? a)5Lf b)10Lf c)15Lf d)25Lf CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,25Lf[Ref.Park22"dlep.153]Oridinary(Pediatric)DPT/DTvaccinescontain25Lfofdiphtheriatoxin.Forimmunizingadultsandolderchildren(>12years),dTisusedwhichcontains2Lfofdiphtheriatoxin.DPTvaccineItcontainscomponentsforimmunizationagainstthreediseases,i.e.,toxoidofdiphtheriaandtetanus,andkilledB.pertussis.Pertussiscomponentenhancesthepotencyofdiphtheriatoxoid.Aluminiumsalts(hydroxideorphosphate)areusedasadjuvanttoincreaseimmunogenicity.Thiomersalisusedaspreservative.UsualstoragetemperatureforDPTvaccineincoldchainis+2to+8?C,storedinrefrigerator.Itshouldneverbestoredindeepfreezer(shouldnotbefrozen)andifitgetsfrozenaccidently,vaccineshouldbediscarded.Exposuretosunlightshouldbeavoided.Openvialswhichhavenotbeenfullyusedshouldbediscardedattheendofsession.Vaccineisgivenbyintramuscularrouteinthemiddlethirdofanterolateralaspectofthigh.OptimumagetostartDPTvaccinationis6weeksafterbirth.Totalthreedosesaregiveninprimarlyimmunizationwithanintervalof4weeksbetweenthreedoses.Firstboosterisgivenat16-24
monthswithsecondboosterat5-6years.
717.Highestfundingforreproductivehealth isby- a)UNFPA b)UNICEF c)ILO d)None CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,UNFPA[RefMaternalhealthfifthreportsession2007-2008]UNFPAworkswitharangeofpartnerstopromotereproductivehealthinIndia.ItpoolsasignificantproportionofitscountryprogrammeresourcesinthereproductiveandchildhealthII(RCHII)programme,aimedatreducingmaternalmortalityandchildmortality,aswellasprovisionofrangeofcontraceptiveservices.UNFPAalsodeliverstechnicalassistanceforeffectiveimplementationofRCH-IIprogrammeatthenationalaswellasstatelevelparticularlyinthestateofRajasthan,M.P.Maharashtra,OrrisaandBihar.
718.1955HepatitisoutbreakinDelhi? a)A b)B c)C d)E CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,E[RefInternet]HepatitisEwasfirstdocumentedinNewDelhiin1955when29000casesoficterichepatitisoccured.
719.ForAsianpopulationB.M.I.trueis? a)Differentfrominternationalvaluestodefineobesity b)Increasedmorbidityatlowervalues c)Increasedmorbidityathighervalues d)Obesityis>25kg/m2 CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Increasedmorbidityatlowervalues[RefWHOexpertconsultation]AWHOexpertconsulationaddressedthedebateaboutinterpretationofrecommendedbody-massindex(BMI)cut-offpointsfordeterminingoverweightandobesityinAsianpopulations,andconsideredwhetherpopulationspecificcut-offpointsforBMIarenecessary.TheyreviewedscientificevidencethatsuggeststhatAsianpopulationshavedifferentassociationsbetweenBMI,percentageofbodyfatandhealthrisksthandoEuropeanpopulation.TheconsultationconcludedthattheproportionofAsianpopulationwithahighriskoftype2diabetesandcardiovasculardiseaseissubstantialatBMI,lowerthanexistingWHOcut-offpointsforoverweight(25mg/kg2).AndAsiansgenerallyhaveahigherpercentageofbodyfatincomparisontowhitepeopleofthatsameage,sexandBMI.However,availabledatadonotnecessarilyindicateaclearBMIcut-offpartforallAsiansforoverweightorobesity.Thecut-offpointforobservedriskvariesfrom22kg/m2to25kg/m2indifferentAsianpopulation,forhighriskitvariesfrom26kg/m2to31kg/m2.FormanyAsianpopulations,additiondtriggerpointsforpublic
healthactionwereidentifiedas- 1. 18.5kg/m24Underweight2. 18.5-23kg/m2Increasedbutacceptablerisk3. 23-27.5kg/m2Increasedrisk4. 27.5kg/m2Higherhighrisk
720.WhichisthemainvectorofDengue? a)A.aegypti b)Aschleri c)Culex d)Anopheles CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,A.aegypti[RefPark22"/ep.225]Denguefeveriscausedbyarboviruses(atleast4serotypeshavebeenrecognized)ItistransmittedbyAedes(Aedesaegyptiisthemainvector).Thereservoirofinfectionisbothmanandmosquito.ThetransmissioncycleisMan-mosquito-manDenguefeveroccursbothepidemicallyandendemically.Epidemicsstartsinrainyseasonandareusuallyexplosive.Aedesmosquitobecomesinfectivebyfeedingonapatientfromthedaybeforeonsettothe5thdayofillness
721.Nicotineresponsiblefororalcanceris? a)10% b)40% c)90% d)60% CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,90%[RefPark22"/ep.358]Approximately90%oforalcancersinSouthEastAsiaarelinkedtotobaccochewingandtobaccosmoking"--Park
722.SecondmostcommonSTDafter gonococcus? a)Chylamydia b)HSV c)HIV d)Syphilis CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Chlamydia[RefPark2151/ep.304]FiveclassicalSTDsaresyphilis(T.pallidum),gonorrhoea(N.gonorrhoeae),chanchroid(H.ducreyi),lymphogranulomavenerum(chlamydiatrachomatis),anddonovanosis(calymmatobacteriumgranulomatosis).MostcommonSTDinIndiaisherpesgenitalis(20%)followedbychancroid(11%),viralwarts/HPV(11%),syphilis(11%)andgonorrhoea(9%).Overall(inworld)mostcommonSTDischlamydiafollowedbygonorrhoea.
723.Whichofthefollowingstudieshave givencoronaryriskfactor? a)Framingham b)Stanfordstudy c)NorthKerala d)MONICA CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Framingham[RefPark22"diep.342]Optiona,b&callthreeareriskfactorinterventiontrials.However,optionaisthebestanswer:?"Since1951,oneofthebestknownlargeprospectivestudies,theFraminghamstudy,hasplayedamajorroleinestablishingthenatureofCHDriskfactorsandtheirrelativeimportance.Standford-threecommunitystudy.Todeterminewhethercommunityhealtheducationcanreducetheriskofcardiovasculardisease,thisstudywasundertakenin1972.TheNorthKereliaProject:ThisisamultipleriskfactorinterventiontrialestablishthenatureofCHDriskfactorsandtheirrelativeimportance.Largestprospectivestudywhichstartedsince1951.
724.ChandlersindexforHookworm,whenit ishealthproblem? a)>300 b)>200 c)>100 d)>50 CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,>300[RefPark21"/ep.221]Below200Hookworminfectionisnotmuchofsignificance200-250Potentialdanger250-300--MinorpublichealthproblemAbove300Importantpublichealthproblem
725.Whichindexofobesitydoesnotinclude height? a)BMI b)Ponderal'sindex c)Broca'sindex d)Corpulenceindex CorrectAnswer-DAns.isi.e.,D.Corpulenceindex[RefPark22ndlep.369,370]Differentindicesusetodetermineobesityarei)Bodymassindex(Qetelet'sindex)Itisusedinternationallyasreferencestandardforassessingtheprevalenceofobesity.Itisdependentbothonheightandweight(hasbeenexplainedearlier).ii)PonderalindexItisdependentbothonheightandweight.Itisdefinedasheight(cm)dividedbycuberootofweight(kg).iii)Brocaindex?dealweight=Height(cms)-100iv)Corpulenceindex?Itisdependentonlyonweight(heightindependent.Itshouldbe1.2.
726.HIVpostexposureprophylaxisshouldbe startedwithin? a)1-2hrs b)14hrs c)18hrs d)72hrs CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,1-2hrsAnti-retroviraldrugforpost-exposureprophylaxisshouldbeinitiatedassoonaspossibleaftertheexposurewithinthefirstfewhoursandnolaterthan72hours.So,thebestanswerhereis1-2hours(firstfewhours).
727.WhatshouldbethevalueofBMItobe consideredas"Lethal"inmen? a)12 b)18 c)13 d)14 CorrectAnswer-CAnswer:C?13BMIValueof13isconsideredas"Lethal"inmen.Bodymassindex(BMI)isanestimateoftotalbodyfatmassSimplyanindexofweightforheight.Formula:Weightinkilogramsdividedbythesquareofheightinmeters.Bodymassindex=Weight(kg)/(Height)2(m)Uses:Usedtoclassifyanddefineunderweight,overweight&obesityinadults.Classification&Metrics:WorldHealthorganizationcategorizedBMIvaluesinto: Classification BMIvalue Normalweight 18.5to24.9kg/m2 Underweight <18.5 Pre-obesity(Pre-OB) 25to29.9kg/m2 Obesity(OB) >30kg/m2 ClassIobesity 30.0-34.9kg/m2 ClassIIobesityClassIIIobesity(Morbidform)
ClassIIIobesity(Morbidform) 35.0-39.9kg/m2Morethan40kg/m2 BMIvalueconsideredlethalforMenis13FemaleswithstandandsurviveevenatlowerBMIrateupto11.
728.Incidenceofadiseaseis4per1000of populationwithdurationof2years.Calculatetheprevalence? a)8/1000 b)4/1000 c)2/1000 d)6/1000 CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.8/1000Prevalence=(IncidenceRate)x(AverageDurationofDisease)
729.Cytotoxicandexpireddrugdisposalis donebywhichmethod? a)Dumping b)Autoclave c)Landfill d)Burning CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Landfill Colour Typeof Treatment WasteCategory coding Container options Humanandanimalwastes,Microbialand Incineration/ Yellow PlasticBags Biologicalwastesand DeepBurial soiledwastes(Cat1,2,3and6)Microbiologicaland Autoclave/ Disinfected Biologicalwastes, Microwave/ Red container/ Soiledwastes,Solid Chemical Plasticbags wastes Treatment) (Cat3,6,7) Autoclave/Microwave/ Plasticbag, Wastesharpsand Blue/White/ Chemical Punctureproof solidwaste Transparent Treatment container (Cat4&7) DestructionandShredding Discarded
medicines, Disposalin Black Plasticbag Cytotoxicdrugs, securedland Incinerationashand fills chemicalwaste(Cat5,9&10)Generalwastesuch Disposedin Plastic Green asofficewaste,food secured Container waste&gardenwaste landfills
730.ForNRRtobe1coupleprotectionrate shouldbe? a)50% b)60% c)55% d)75% CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.60%CoupleProtectionRate(CPR)ItisanindicatoroftheprevalenceofcontraceptivepracticeinthecommunityDefinition:thepercentageofeligiblecoupleseffectivelyprotectedagainstchildbirthbyoneortheotherapprovedmethodsoffamilyplanningSterilizationIUDCondomOCP'sNRR=1canbeachievedonlyiftheCPR>60%
731.NewRNTCPsoftwareonlinetomonitor TBcontrolprogrammeis- a)NIKSHAY b)NICHAY c)E-DOTS d)NIRBHAI CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.NIKSHAYTokeepatrackoftheTBpatientsacrossthecountry,theGovernmentofIndiahasintroducedasystemcalledNIKSHAY.ThewordiscombinationoftwoHindiwordsNIandKSHAYmeaningeradicationoftuberculosis.NIKSHAY(www.nikshay.gov.in)isawebenabledapplication,whichfacilitatesmonitoringofuniversalaccesstoTBpatientsdatabyallconcerned.ThesystemhasbeendevelopedjointlybytheCentralTBDivisionoftheMinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfareandNationalInformaticsCentre(NIC)anditwaslaunchedbytheGovernmentofIndiainJune2012withissueofrequiredadministrativedirectionsfromCentralTBDivisionforuseofNIKSHAY
732.Studyunitofecologicalstudyis a)Population b)Patient c)Community d)Case CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.PopulationInecologicalstudiestheunitofobservationisthepopulationorcommunity.Diseaseratesandexposuresaremeasuredineachofaseriesofpopulationsandtheirrelationisexamined.Oftentheinformationaboutdiseaseandexposureisabstractedfrompublishedstatistics.
733.InascreeningtestforDMoutof1000 population,90werepositive.Thenthegoldstandardtestwasdoneinwhich100werepositive.Calculatethesensitivity? a)90/100 b)100/110 c)80/100 d)100/100 CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.90/100 So,Truepositive(a)=90Falsenegative(c)=10Sensitivity=a/(a+c)=90/100
Sensitivity=a/(a+c)=90/100
734.Whatisthemasschemoprophylaxisfor meningococcalmeningitis? a)Rifampicin b)Chloramphenicol c)Tetracycline d)Penicillin CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.RifampicinRecommendedChemoprophylaxisforHigh-RiskCloseContacts: Age Dose Duration Cautions RIFAMPICIN:<1 5mg/kg Oralevery12hrs month 2days >1 10mg/kg Oralevery12hrs Notrecommendedforusein month 2day pregnancy CEFTRIAXONE:<15 125mg IMsingledose years>15 250mg IMsingledose yearsCIPROFLOXACIN>18 500mg Oralsingledose Notrecommendedforusein years pregnancy
735.Whichamongthefollowingisanactive formofchlorination? a)Hypochloriteion b)Hydrogenchloride c)Hypochlorousacid d)Chlorideion CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.HypochlorousacidThedisinfectingactionofchlorineispredominantlyduetohypochlorousacid.Hypochlorousacidisthemosteffectiveformofchlorineanditisalmost70-80timesmoreeffectivethanhypochloriteions.
736.Kala-Azarisfoundinallendemicareas except. a)WestBengal b)UP c)Bihar d)Assam CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.AssamUP,WestBengalBiharAndJharkhandaretheendemicstatesofkalaAzar
737.Riskamongexposedtoriskamongnon exposedisdefinedtobe? a)Relativerisk b)Oddsratio c)Attributablerisk d)Noneoftheabove CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Relativerisk Peventwhenexposed RR= Peventwhennotexposed Instatisticandepidemiology,relativeriskorriskratio(RR)istheratiooftheprobabilityofaneventoccurring(forexample,developingadisease,beinginjured)inanexposedgrouptotheprobabilityoftheeventoccurringinacomparison,non-exposedgroup.RR=1meansthatexposuredoesnotaffecttheoutcomeRR<1meansthattheriskoftheoutcomeisdecreasedbytheexposureRR>1meansthattheriskoftheoutcomeisincreasedbytheexposure
738.Pasteurizationisdoneat- a)73oCFor20min b)63oCFor30min c)72oCFor30seconds d)63oCFor30seconds CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.63oCFor30minPasteurizationofmilk,widelypracticedinseveralcountries,notablytheUnitedStates,requirestemperaturesofabout63?C(145?F)maintainedfor30minutesor,alternatively,heatingtoahighertemperature,72?C(162?F),andholdingfor15seconds(andyethighertemperaturesforshorterperiodsoftime).
739.Idealtimegapbetween2livevaccination - a)2weeks b)4weeks c)8weeks d)12weeks CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.4weeksIfliveparenteral(injected)vaccines(MMR,MMRV,varicella,zoster,andyellowfever)andliveintranasalinfluenzavaccine(LAIV)arenotadministeredatthesamevisit,theyshouldbeseparatedbyatleast4weeks.
740.Susceptiblepersondevelopeddisease withinrangeofIPaftercomingincontactwithprimarycase- a)Secondaryattackrate b)Casefatalityrate c)Primaryattackrate d)Tertiaryattackrate CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.SecondaryattackrateSecondaryAttackRate(SAR)Numberofexposedpersonsdevelopingthediseasewithintherangeoftheincubationperiod,followingexposuretoprimarycase.
741.Outof100womenwhowereofferedocp forcontraception10womengotpregnantwhenfollowedfor24months.WhatisPearl'sindex? a)10 b)5 c)4 d)2 CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.5 NumberofPregnancies*12 Pearl-Index= *100 NumberofWomen*NumberofMonths PearlIndex=10x12x100/100x24=5
742.Whichofthefollowingdonotcause hardnessofwater? a)Calciumcarbonate b)Calciumsulphate c)Calciumbicarbonate d)Magnesiumbicarbonate CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.CalciumcarbonateTemporaryhardnessisatypeofwaterhardnesscausedbythepresenceofdissolvedbicarbonateminerals(calciumbicarbonateandmagnesiumbicarbonate).Permanenthardnessiscausedbydissolvedcalciumsulfate(whichisnotremovedbyboiling).
743.Whichofthefollowingisnotanexample ofdirecttransmissionincommunicablediseases? a)Transplacental(vertical) b)Soil c)Respiratory d)STD CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.RespiratoryThemodesoftransmissionofinfectiousdiseasescanbeclassifiedas:DirectTransmission.Directcontact;Dropletinfection;Contactwithsoil;Inoculationintoskinormucosa;Transplacental(vertical)transmission.IndirectTransmission.Vehicle-borne;Water;food/milk;Vector-borne.Mechanical;Biological.Airborne.
744.Whichofthefollowingstatementisfalse aboutMRvaccinationcampaignlaunchedbyWHO? a)Childrenfrom9monthstolessthan15vaccinated b)Congenitalrubellasyndrome(CRS),responsibleforirreversible birthdefects c)Indiahasnotyetlaunchedthiscampaign d)Willreplaceroutineimmunizationformeaslesvaccine CorrectAnswer-CAnswer:C.IndiahasnotyetlaunchedthiscampaignOneoftheworld'slargestvaccinationcampaignagainstmeasles,amajorchildhoodkillerdisease,andcongenitalrubellasyndrome(CRS),responsibleforirreversiblebirthdefects.India,alongwithtenotherWHOSouthEastAsiaRegionmembercountries,haveresolvedtoeliminatemeaslesandcontrolrubella/congenitalrubellasyndrome(CRS)by2020Allchildrenfrom9monthstolessthan15yearsofagewillbegivenasingleshotofMeasles-Rubella(MR)vaccinationduringthecampaignFollowingthecampaign,MRvaccinewillbecomeapartofroutineimmunizationandwillreplacemeaslesvaccine,currentlygivenat9-12monthsand16-24monthsofageofchild.Forthosechildrenwhohavealreadyreceivedsuchvaccination,thecampaigndosewouldprovideadditionalboostingtothem.
745.UnderRNTCP,DOTSprovidergetshow muchhonorariumaftercompletionoftreatment? a)150Rs b)250Rs c)500Rs d)1000Rs CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'bi.e.,250Rs[Refwww.pbnrhm.org]HonorariumtoDOTproviderforcureorcompletedTBpatienttreatmentis250Rspercare.
746.Blackdeath a)Plague b)Dengue c)TB d)Cholera CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.PlagueWhitediseaseAIDSPovertydiseaseCholeraHundreddaycough:Pertussis(Whoopingcough)5dayfever:Trenchfever8"daydisease:TetanusBlacksickness:KalaazarBlackdeath:Plague
747.Wherewillyouputchemicalliquid biomedicalwaste a)White b)Yellow c)Blue d)Red CorrectAnswer-BAns.ByellowChemicalwasteiscategorizedintotheyellowcategory.thehazardouschemicalandcytotoxicwasteisayellowcategorywithaspecialsignof"CYTOTOXIC"waste.Anotherliquidwasteasbodysecretionsiscategorizedintotheyellowcategoryofbiomedicalwasteguidelines,2016Park'sPSM24thed.Pageno.831
748.Maximumworkhoursforaperson includingovertimeunderthefactoriesact: a)48 b)50 c)60 d)100 CorrectAnswer-CAns:C.60hours.Factoriesactpermitsworkfor48hoursperweekwith2hoursofovertimeeveryday.makingitapproximately60hoursofmaximumworkasperthefactoriesactofIndiaPark'sPSM24thed.Pageno.852
749.Thevaccinetobegivenafterdisaster a)vaccinationagainsttyphoid b)vaccinationagainstcholera c)vaccinationagainsttyphoidandcholera d)vaccinationagainsttetanus CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.vaccinationagainsttetanus.Themajorconcernforanyoneexposedtounsanitaryconditionsisthattheyshouldbeuptodatewiththetetanus-containingvaccinebecauseiftheyareinjured(asiscommonindisastersettings)theinjuryislikelytobecontaminated.Routinelyrecommendedvaccinesarerecommendedforevacuees,justliketheyareforeveryoneelse.CholeraandtyphoidvaccinedonothaveanyevidenceformassvaccinationduetothelowlevelofexposureandpreventionTetanusandHepBvaccineisrequired.
750.WhatistheMONICAproject? a)Multinationalmonitoringoftrendsanddeterminantsin CardiovascularDisease b)Multinationaloftrendsanddeterminantsincerebrovascular disease c)Multinationalmonitoringoftrendsanddeterminantsindiabetes d)Multinationalmonitoringoftrendsanddeterminantsin congenitalheartdisease CorrectAnswer-AAns:A.MultinationalmonitoringoftrendsanddeterminantsinCardiovascularDiseaseTheWHOhascompletedaprojectknownasMONICA"(multinationalmonitoringoftrendsanddeterminantsincardiovasculardiseases)"toelucidatethisissue.Forty-onecentersin26countrieswereparticipatinginthisproject,whichwasplannedtocontinuefora10yearperiodendingin1994.Park'sPSM24thed.Pageno.385
751.Extendedsicknessbenefitfor tuberculosisundertheESIActis: a)91days b)1-year c)2years d)4years CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.2yearsEXTENDEDSICKNESSBENEFIT:Inadditionto91daysofsicknessbenefitinsuredpersonssufferingfromcertainlong-termdiseasesareentitledtoExtendedSicknessBenefitasshownbelow,foramaximumperiodoftwoyears.ExtendedSicknessBenefitwitheffectfrom1.1.2000ispayable,inthecasewheretheinsuredpersonhasbeenincontinuousemploymentfor2yearsTuberculosisPark'sPSM24thed.Pageno.854
752.Apersonreports4hoursafterhavinga cleanwoundwithoutlaceration.HehadtakenTT10yearsbefore.thenextstepinmanagementis: a)FullcourseTetanusvaccinetobegiven b)FulldoseTTwithTIG c)Single-doseTT d)Noneedforanyvaccine CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Single-doseTTApatientwithwoundlessthan6hoursoldifclean,non-penetratingandwithnegligibletissuedamageifhadacompletecourseoftoxoidoraboosterdosemorethan10yearsago(categoryC)shouldbetreatedwithToxoid1dose.Park'sPSM24thed.Pageno.331
753.RecentInfluenzaPandemicwasdueto: a)H1N1 b)H5N1 c)H7N7 d)H3N2 CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.H1N1H1N1?swineflu?causethemajorfluPandemic(1918and2009)H5N1?avianinfluenza.maycausesporadicoutbreaksorepidemics.Itisassociatedwithhighmortality.
754.MissionIndradhanushisfor: a)Non-communicablediseases b)Universalimmunization c)Familyplanning d)Safewaterandsanitation CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.UniversalimmunizationTheMinistryofHealth&FamilyWelfarehaslaunched"MissionIndraDhanush",depictingsevencoloursoftherainbowinDecember2014,tofullyimmunizemorethan89lakhchildrenwhoareeitherunvaccinatedorpartiallyvaccinated;thosethathavenotbeencoveredduringtheroundsofroutineimmunizationforvariousreasons.Theywillbefullyimmunizedagainstsevenlife-threateningvaccine-preventablediseaseswhichincludediphtheria,whoopingcough,tetanus,polio,tuberculosis,measles,andhepatitis-B.Inaddition,vaccinationagainstJapaneseEncephalitisandHaemophilusinfluenzatypeBwillbeprovidedinselecteddistricts/statesofthecountry.Pregnantwomenwillalsobeimmunizedagainsttetanus.Ref.Park'sPSM24thed.Page462
755.Astudyhadanormaldistributionwith themedianvalueas200andstandarddeviation20.68%willfallbetween a)160-240 b)170-230 c)180-220 d)190-210 CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.180-220Asthemedianvalueis200andthestandarddeviationis20,thenormaldistributionis:68%ofthepopulationwillhavevaluesbetween?median+/-1SD=220+/-20=180-22095%ofthepopulationwillhavevaluesbetween?median+/-2SD=220+/-40=160-240Note:intheMCQ,asthedatashowsanormaldistribution,themedianwillbeequaltomeanandthemode.Park'sPSMEd.24thpageno.885
756.Whichofthefollowingisa technique/methodbasedonbehaviouralsciences a)Managementbyobjectives b)Networkanalysis c)Systemsanalysis d)Decisionmaking CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.ManagementbyobjectivesThemethodsbasedonbehaviouralsciencesincludeorganizationaldesignpersonalmanagementManagementbyobjectivesinformationsystemscommunicationTheQuantitativemethodsinclude:cost-benefitanalysiscost-effectiveanalysisinput-outputanalysisnetworkanalysisasPERTandCPMPlanningprogrammingbudgetingsystemsdecisionmakingRef:Park's25ed,PAgeno.934
757.Asperthesustainabledevelopment goals,ThetargetforMMRistoachievematernaldeathsof a)<70/Laclivebirths b)<100/laclivebirths c)<7/1000livebirths d)<10/1000livebirths CorrectAnswer-AAns:A.<70/LaclivebirthsBy2030,reducetheglobalmaternalmortalityratiotolessthan70per100,000livebirths.Park'sPSM24thed.Pageno.28Table:4
758.Thebestmethodforroutinemonitoring ofairpollution a)Sulphurdioxide,smoke,andparticulatematter b)Sulphurdioxide,Hydrogensulphide,carbonmonoxide c)Carbondioxide,hydrogensulphide,lead d)Sulphurdioxide,Leadandparticulatematter CorrectAnswer-DAns.DSulphurdioxide,LeadandparticulatematterAirqualityindexconsistsof:Particulatematter(lessthan2.5micrometersand10micrometer?PM2.5andPM10)Nitrogendioxide(NO2)Sulphurdioxide(SO2)Carbonmonoxide(CO)Ozone(O3)Ammonia(NH3)Lead(Pb)Reference:https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=110654
759.Thevariationindataiscomparedwith anotherdatasetby: a)Variance b)Coefficientofvariation c)Thestandarderrorofmean d)Standarddeviation CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.CoefficientofvariationVariance:IsthesquareofSDwhichtellsaboutthestandarddeviationCoefficientofvariation:ItmayhelpbycomparingthevariationsinthedatasetThestandarderrorofthemean:Itistocomparethemeansofthedatasetswhichhaveadifferentsamplesize,centraltendency,andstandarddeviationsStandarddeviation:ItisthedeviationofvaluesfromthemeanRef.FundamentalsofBiostatistics-7thEdition(Pg20,21)
760.Inwhichofthefollowingmethodsof managementisthebenefitmeasuredinnaturalunits? a)Programbudgetingsystem b)Networkanalysis c)Cost-effectiveanalysis d)Cost-benefitanalysis CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Cost-effectiveAnalysisIncost-effectiveanalysis(CEA),benefitsaremeasuredinnaturalunitsoftheoutcomesoftheprograms(life-yearsgained,casesprevented,etc.)andthecostsaremeasuredinmonetaryunits.ThemostcomprehensiveindicatorofCEAisQuality-AdjustedLifeYears(QALYs).Park'sPSM24thed.Pageno.908
761.Thedifferencebetweentheincidencein theexposedandnon-exposedgroupisbestgivenby: a)Relativerisk b)Attributablerisk c)Populationattributablerisk d)Oddsratio CorrectAnswer-BAns.BAttributableRiskAttributableRiskAttributableRiskisthedifferenceinincidenceratesorproportionsofdiseaseordeathbetweenanexposedandnon-exposedgroup. Itisexpressedinpercentageandgivestheextenttowhichthediseasecanbeattributedtotheexposureinacohortstudy.Reference:Park25thEdition,pageno:86
762.Ifonevariableisgiventhenyoucanfind anothervariableby a)Coefficientofvariation b)Coefficientofcorrelation c)Coefficientofregression d)Coefficientofdetermination CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.CoefficientofregressionThecoefficientofcorrelationtellsaboutthestrengthofassociationbutnotaboutquantity.Ontheotherhand,thecoefficientofregressionisusedforquantification.Ifwewishtoknowinanindividualcasethevalueofonevariable,knowingthevalueoftheother,wecalculatewhatisknownastheregressioncoefficientofonemeasurementtotheother.Itiscustomarytodenotetheindependentvariablebyxandthedependentvariablebyy.
763.Prospectivescreeningisdoneincase of? a)Neonateforthyroiddiseases b)Immigrantscreening c)Papsmearfor45-yearfemale d)Diabetesmellitusfor40-yearmale CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.ImmigrantScreeningScreeningofimmigrantstoacountryisanexampleofprospectivescreening.Prospectivescreening:PeoplescreenedforothersbenefitTheessentialpurposeiscasedetectionRequestedforscreeningfordiseasecontrol;specificrequestfromtheauthority
764.Aresearcherwantedtoprovethe relationbetweenCOPDandsmoking.Hecollectedpatientsrecordsfromgovernmenthospitalsandrecordsofcigarettesalesfromthefinanceandtaxationdepartment.Thisisanexampleofwhichstudydesign: a)Cross-sectional b)Posologicalstudy c)Ecologicalstudy d)Operationsresearch CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.EcologicalstudydesignThisisanexampleofanecologicalstudy.AnecologicalstudyisatypeofObservationalstudywhereinformationiscollectedonagroup(orpopulation)ratherthanonindividualmembersandthenanalyzed.Heretheassociationbetweenasummarymeasureofsaleofcigarettes(riskfactor)andasummarymeasureofthenumberofcasesofCOPD(outcome)isstudied.
765.Astudywasdonetoassessmalnutrition amongyoungchildren.100childrenwereselectedeachfromruralandurbanareas.Outofthese,30amongruraland20amongurbanwerefoundtobemalnourished.whichofthefollowingstatisticaltestisusedtocomparethedatasets? a)Pairedt-test b)Chi-square c)Thestandarderrorofmean d)ANOVA CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Chi-squaretestChi-square(x2)Testoffersanalternatemethodoftestingthesignificanceofthedifferencebetweentwoproportions.Ithastheadvantagethatitcanalsobeusedwhenmorethantwogroupsaretobecompared.Park'sPSM24thed.Pageno.889
766.Theactivedisinfectantpropertyof bleachingpowderisdueto: a)Chlorine b)Hypochloricacid c)Hypochlorousacid d)Chloramines CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.HypochlorousacidHypochlorousacidisthemosteffectiveformofchlorineforwaterdisinfection.Theactivecomponentofbleachingpowder,CaOCl2,ishypochlorousacid.Thedisinfectingactionofchlorineismainlyduetohypochlorousacid,andtoasmallextentduetothehypochloriteions.Park'sPSM24thed.Pageno.138
767.Motherdoesnottransmitwhatantibody tothebaby? a)Polio b)Diphtheria c)Diphtheria d)Tetanus CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.PolioWhengivenduringpregnancy,theTdapvaccineboostsantibodiesinthemother,whicharetransferredtoherdevelopingbaby.Earlythird-trimesteradministrationoptimizesneonatalantibodylevels.Ref.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4168293/pdf/ciu327.pdf1)
768.Voluntaryadmissioncanbedone maximumuptohowmuchtimeaccordingtoMHA2017 a)48hrs b)7Days c)30Days d)90Days CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.90DaysIfadmissionrequiresmorethan30daysorreadmissionwithin7days(section90),theyshouldbeexaminedbytwopsychiatristsandcanbeadmittedforamaximumperiodof90daysiftheysatisfynormsasperthissectionoftheactandhavetoinformtheboardforpermission,takingaccountofADandconsentshouldbereviewedfortnightlyalongwithplanningforcommunity-basedtreatment.http://www.amhonline.org/article.asp?issn=2589-9171;year=2018;volume=19;issue=1;spage=9;epage=14;aulast=Neredumilli
769.Bloodbagsaredisposedofin a)Yellowbag b)Blackbag c)Redbag d)Whitebag CorrectAnswer-CAns:C.RedbagTheblackbagisusedforcollectingdrywastematerialwhichisnotinfectious.Materialslikepaper,plastics,cardboardboxes,andotherdrywastegeneratedinthehospitalofficeorinthewardsaredisposedofinthisbag.Thisisnotbiomedicalwaste.Theredbagisusedforthedisposalofplasticscollectedfromoperationtheaters,ICUsandwards.Theyellowbagisusedforhighlyinfectiousitemslikeapathologicalwaste,humananatomicalwastesuchasbodyparts,amputatedparts/organs,tumors,placentas,abortedordeadfetuses,blood-soakedcottonbandages,animaltissues,organs,carcasses,etc.BlueorWhiteopaquebagisusedforcollectingthesegregatedmetalsharpssuchasneedles,blades,saws,scalpels,andglasspieces.RefPark23'/ep.793-794]
770.AbsolutecontraindicationforIUD(Intra UterineContraceptiveDevice)areallexcept? a)Pregnancy b)Undiagnosedvaginalbleeding c)Pelvicinflammatorydisease d)Uterinemalformation CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'di.e.,UterinemalformationContraindicationsABSOLUTE:SuspectedpregnancyPelvicinflammatorydiseaseVaginalbleedingofundiagnosedetiologyCancerofthecervix,uterusoradnexaandotherpelvictumoursPreviousectopicpregnancyRELATIVE:AnaemiaMenorrhagiaHistoryofPID(PelvicInflammatoryDisease)sincelastpregnancyPurulentcervicaldischargeDistortionsoftheuterinecavityduetocongenitalmalformations,fibroidUnmotivatedperson
771.InVision2020,thetargetforSecondary Sevicecenterisforhowmuchpopulation? a)10000 b)50000 c)1lac d)5lac CorrectAnswer-DAnsis'd'i.e.5lacVision2020:TheRighttoSight,isaglobalinitiativelaunchedbyWHOin1999inabroadcoalitionwitha'TaskForceofInternationalNon-GovernmentalOrganisations(NGOs)'tocombatthegiganticproblemofblindnessintheworld.Theobjectiveistoeliminateavoidableblindnessbytheyear2020andtoreducetheglobalburdenofblindness.ThegovernmentofIndiahasadopted'Vision2020:RighttoSight'undertheNationalProgrammeforControlofBlindness.BasedontherecommendationsofWHO,thereisaneedtodeveloptheinfrastructurepyramidwhichincludesI.PrimarylevelVisionCentresThereisaneedtodevelop20000visioncenters,AnEachwithoneOphthalmicAssistantorequivalent(Community-basedMLOP),Coveringapopulationof50000.2.ServiceCentres.Thereisaneedtodevelop2000servicecentersatthesecondarylevel.Eachwithtwoophthalmologistsand8paramedics(Hospital-based
MLOP),andoneeyecaremanager,Coveringapopulationof5lacs.3.TrainingCentresThereisaneedtodevelop200'TrainingCentres'forthetrainingofOphthalmologists,Coveringapopulationof50lacs.4.CentreofExcellence(COE)Thereisaneedtodevelop20COEwithwelldevelopedallsub-specialtiesofOphthalmology,Coveringapopulationof5crores.
772.Admissionratebiasis? a)Reportingbias b)Responsebias c)Berkesonianbias d)None CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,BerkesonianbiasSelectionbiasSelectionbiasisdistortionthatresultsfromtheprocedureusedtoselectsubjectsandfromfactorsthatinfluencestudyparticipation.Groupstobecomparedaredifferentiallysusceptibletotheoutcomeevenbeforetheexperimentalmaneuverisperformed.Selectionbiasmaybeofthefollowingtypes.1.Surveillance/detectionbiasApotentialartifactinepidemiologicdatacausedbytheuseofaparticulardiagnostictechniqueortypeofequipment.Forexample,cancerratesmayvaryindifferentregionsorperiods,notbecauseofanactualdifferenceintheincidenceofdiseasebutbecauseofdifferentdiagnostictechnologies.Ifthediagnostictestisbeingusedinoneregionismoresensitivethanotherregions,thecancerrateswillbehighinthatregionevenwithouttheexistenceofanactualdifference.2.Neymansurvivalbias(Incidence-Prevalencebias)Thistypeofbiasisduetomissingfatalcases,mildcasesorcasesofshorterdurationfromthestudy.Forexample,inastudyofbreastcancer,wecanchoosetwodifferenttypesofcases:?IncidentcasesAllbreastcancerpatientsnewlydiagnosedduring
agiventime.PrevalentcasesAllbreastcancerpatientswhoarealiveduringagiventimeframe.Thesecanleadtodifferentresultsbecausetheprobabilityoffindingacaseinagiventimeframeisrelatedtomortalityrisk.Thosepatientswhohayamildformofthediseaseandsurviveforarelativelylongtimehaveagoodchanceofbeingaroundonthedateofdatacollection.Thosepatientswhodiequicklyareunlikelytobearoundonthatdate.3.ReferralbiasorvolunteerbiasVolunteerorreferralbiasoccursbecausepeoplewhovolunteertoparticipateinastudy(orwhoarereferredtoit)areoftendifferentthannon-volunteers/non-referral.Thisbiasusuallyfavoursthetreatmentgroup,asvolunteerstendtobemoremotivatedandconcernedabouttherehealth.4.ResponsebiasThisoccurswhenthosewhorespondtoasurveydifferinimportantwaysfromthosewhodonotrespond.Thisbiascanworkineitherdirection,i.e.,ifbiasoccurs,whenthosewhodonotrespondtoasurveydifferinimportantwaysfromthosewhorespond,itiscallednonrespondentbias.5.BerkesonianbiasBerkesonianbiasresultsfromthegreaterprobabilityofhospitaladmissionforpeoplewithtwoormorediseasesthanforpeoplewithonedisease.So,itisalsoknownasadmissionratebias.Forexample,Ifbreastcanceristheexposureofinterest(diseasesareoftentreatedasexposuresinhospital-basedcase-controlstudies)andmeningiomaisthecasediseasethenpeoplewithbothbreastcancerandmeningiomacouldbehospitalizedforeitherbreastcancerormeningiomaorboth.However,peoplewithonlybreastcancerorwiththeonlymeningiomacouldbehospitalizedbecauseofoneofthesediseases.Therefore,agreaterproportionofpeopleinthecommunitywithbothbreastcancerandmeningiomawouldbeadmittedtothehospitalthanpeoplewithmeningiomaonly.So,Berkesonianbiasoccurswhenbothexposure(e.g.,breast
cancerintheaboveexample)anddisease(e.g.,meningiomainaboveexample)affecttheselection
This post was last modified on 23 November 2021