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Download MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) Important Topics Anatomy Imp Topics for MBBS 1st Year Important Topics, MBBS 2nd Year Important Topics, MBBS 3rd Year Important Topics & MBBS Final Year Important Topics.

ANATOMY
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Digastric Triangle
Nasal Septum*
Thyroid Gland ? Blood Supply*, Applied Anatomy
Carotid Sheath
Muscles of Mastication
Cavernous Sinus*
Carotid Triangle
Little?s Area of Nose ? Clinical Significance
Lateral Rectus Muscle of Eyeball
. Hyoid Bone
. Palatine Tonsil ? Applied Anatomy*
. Dangerous Area of Face
. Nasal Meatus
. Tongue ? Applied Anatomy
. Ansa Cervicalis
. Falx Cerebri
Parotid Gland****
Tongue**
Scalp
Thyroid Gland**
Middle Ear
Upper Limb
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Cubital Fossa**
Klumpke?s Paralysis*
Abduction at Shoulder Joint
Rotator Cuff
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome**

6. Mammary Gland ? Lymphatic Drainage****, Applied Anatomy
7. Erb?s Paralysis*
8. Pronation and Supination
9. Clavipectoral Fascia
10. Clawhand ? Features and Causative Factors
11. Musculocutaneous Nerve
Shoulder Joint***
Ulnar Nerve*
Brachial Plexus
Cubital Fossa
Axillary Artery
Mid-Palmar Space
Radial Nerve
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Median Nerve
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Thoracic Duct
Root of Right Lung
Azygous Vein
Arch of Aorta
Typical Intercostal Nerve
Bronchopulmonary Segments of Left Lung
Left Coronary Artery*
Bronchopulmonary Segments ? Applied Anatomy*
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Coronary Sinus
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Bronchopulmonary Segments
Right Atrium**
Arch of Aorta**
Superior Mediastinum
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Neuroanatomy
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Medial Medullary Syndrome
Floor of Fourth Ventricle**
Circle of Willis
T.S. Medulla Oblongata ? Pyramidal Decussation
T.S. Midbrain ? Superior Colliculus Level*
Corpus Callosum**
Brown Sequard Syndrome
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle*
T.S. Spinal Cord ? Cervical Level
. Internal Capsule
Glossopharyngeal Nerve*
Superolateral Surface of Cerebrum**
Internal Capsule*
Pons
Occulomotor Nerve
Midbrain
Functional Areas in Frontal Lobe
Abdomen & Pelvis
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Anal Canal ? Applied Aspect
Portacaval Anastomosis* ? Applied Anatomy
Inguinal Hernia* ? Direct, Indirect
Male Urethra
Caput Medusae
Uterus ? Supports*, Applied Anatomy
Stomach Bed*
Meckel?s Diverticulum*
Inguinal Canal
. Ischiorectal Fossa*
. Lesser Omentum*
. Rectus Sheath
. Inferior Vena Cava

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Superficial Perineal Pouch
McBurney?s Point
Interior of Urinary Bladder
Umbilicus - Anatomical and Clinical Importance
Perineal Body
Contraception ? Anatomical Basis
Anterior Relations of Right Kidney ? diagram
Hysterosalphingography
Pancreas**
Ischiorectal Fossa
Kidney
Uterine Tube
Testes
Extra-Hepatic Biliary Apparatus*
Rectus Sheath
Urinary Bladder*
Prostate**
. Suprarenal Gland*
. Uterus
. Stomach**
. Ovary*
. Duodenum ? 2" Part
. Anal Canal*
. Diaphragm
. Inguinal Canal*
. Internal lliac Artery
Lower Limb
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Sartorius*
Medial Longitudinal Arch* ? Factors Maintaining
Gluteus Maximus
Foot Drop* - Anatomical Basis
Femoral Sheath
Femoral Canal*
Popliteus**

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Inversion and Eversion* - Inverters and Everters with Nerve Supply
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Femoral Hernia
Longitudinal Arches of Foot
Gastrocnemius
Great Saphenous Vein
Hip Joint*
Venous Drainage of Lower Limb
Intra-Articular Structures of Knee Joint*
Sciatic Nerve
Femoral Triangle
Knee Joint**
Popliteal Fossa*
Lateral Longitudinal Arch of Foot
Veins of Inferior Extremity
Structures Under Gluteus Maximus ? diagram
General Anatomy
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Synovial Joint** - diagram, classification, examples
Classification of Fibrous Joint
Sesamoid Bone
Cartilaginous Joint - classification, example
Epiphysis
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint
Pivot Joint
Blood Supply of Long bone
Histology
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Adrenal**
Muscular Artery*
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Testes**
Ovary
Compact Bone

7. Spleen**
8. Kidney
9. Lymph Node
Embryology
Notocord
Mesonephric Duct
Primitive Streak
Phases of Fertilisation
Pancreas*
Neural Tube Defects
Vitello-intestinal Duct
Urinary Bladder
Descent of Testes*
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10. Developmental Anomalies of Kidney
11. Rotation of Gut
12. Fate and Derivatives of Yolk Sac
Genetics
Barr Body*
Lyons Hypothesis
Turner's Syndrome*
Karyotyping*
Monosomy of Sex Chromosome
Down's Syndrome*
Structural Chromosome Abnormalities
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
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Structural and Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities with example

PHYSIOLOGY
Paper 1
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Circulatory Shock - define, classify, stages, physiological principles of management
Connections of Unipolar and Bipolar Limb Leads while regarding ECG
ECG Trace in Lead II* - draw, label, mark intervals
CNS Ischemic Response
Baroreceptor Reflex Mechanism
Ventricular Diastole - events
Properties of Cardiac Muscle*, lonic Basis of Autorhythmicity in SA Node, Why Heart
Muscle Cannot be Tetanized
Role of JGA in Regulation of Blood Pressure
Coronary Circulation - peculiarities, Angina Pectoris
Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism
Heart Block - enlist types, explain AV Nodal Block
Heart Rate - explain increase in heart rate in muscular exercise
Fick Principle
ECG - diagram, Bipolar Limb Leads
Venous Return
Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
Effect of Isotonic Exercise on Blood Pressure
Cardiac Cycle** - define, pressure and volume changes in left ventricle*, diagram;
Third and Fourth Heart Sound*
Coronary Circulation - physiologic anatomy, factors affecting, special features;
Angina Pectoris
Blood Pressure - define, long-term regulation
Circulatory Shock** - define, classify; Compensatory Stage of Circulatory Shock,
Progressive Stage, Hemorrhagic Shock Physiological Basis of its Management
ECG - define; Explain ECG in Lead Il - diagram; Heart Block

GIT
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Mean Arterial Blood Pressure - define, enumerate mechanisms regulating;
Baroreceptor Mechanism - describe
Regulation of BP - classify mechanism; Short Term Regulation
Define - Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Cardiac Index, Stroke Volume Index; Factors
Affecting Cardiac Output
Heart Rate - define, factors affecting and regulating
Functions of Bile Salts**, Composition
Peptic Ulcer*** - etiology, physiological basis of treatment
Regulation of Gastric Emptying*
Phases of Deglutition - enlist, Pharyngeal Phase** - explain
Mechanism of Secretion of HCl by Parietal Cells, Gastric Glands
Movement of Small Intestine, Peristaltic Rush
Mechanism of Secretion of HCI*
Importance of Deglutition Reflex
Movement of Large Intestine, Defecation Reflex*
. Enumerate GIT Hormones, Note on Gastrin, CCK
. Regulation of Gastric Motility
. Absorption of Fat
Deglutition, Achalasia Cardia
Pancreatic Juice - composition, function, regulation of secretion
Gastric Glands - enumerate, secretion, function; Treatment of Peptic Ulcer*
Gastric Juice - composition; HCI Secretion - mechanism, factors regulating***
Endocrine System
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Functions of Insulin
Diabetes Mellitus and Insipidus* - compare and contrast
Parathyroid hormone - functions, regulation
Growth Hormone* - metabolic action
Insulin Secretion - factors increasing, effect in promoting growth

Diabetes Insipidus, Cushing Syndrome
Tetany, Signs of Tetany, Treatment
Cushing Syndrome*, Clinical Features
Glucocorticoids - regulation of secretion, mechanism of action, function, effect of
deficiency
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Release - enumerate steps, diagram; Anti-Thyroid
Drugs - action
Hormonal Regulation of Growth*, Dwarfism, Pituitary & Thyroid Dwarf Differences
Thyroid* - synthesis, mechanism of action, regulation of secretion, function; Endemic
Goitre, Hypothyroidism
Calcium* - importance, regulation; Tetany, Osteoporosis
Adrenal Cortex - enumerate hormones; Factors Regulating Secretion of Aldosterone
Anterior Pituitary - enumerate hormones secreted; Physiological Actions of Growth
Hormone*, Dwarfism
Reproductive System
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Indicators of Ovulation, Clinical Significance
Methods of Contraception*** - temporary, Physiological Basis of Oral
Contraceptives, Safe Period
Spermatogenesis* - describe stages, enlist factors affecting it
Physiological Changes in Pregnancy
Maternal Changes in Last Trimester of Pregnancy
Mechanism of Ovulation, Contraception - rhythm method
Menstrual Cycle - phases
Circulatory Changes at Birth
Menstrual Cycle - hormonal and uterine changes, diagram
. Parturition - explain, role of oxytocin
Menstrual Cycle - phases, hormonal control
Cyclical Changes in Uterus during Reproductive Life, Its Hormonal Regulation

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Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve** - draw, label, factors affecting, Bohr's
Effect, factors shifting curve to right, what is Pso, role of 2,3-BPG
Characteristics of Pulmonary Circulation
Acclimatization to High Altitude - enumerate physiological changes, significance of
changes
Heat Stroke
Heat Loss*** - enumerate methods, mechanism, mechanism of sweating
Peripheral Chemoreceptors - characteristics, functions
Factors Affecting Composition of Alveolar Air
Oxygen Debt*
Hypoxia*** - define, classify, describe Hypoxic Hypoxia
. Ways of Heat Loss, Heat Stroke
. Surfactant* - functions, note on RDS
. Transport of Carbon dioxide, Haldane Effect
. Response of Body when exposed to Extreme Cold**, Hypothermia, Use of Induced
Hypothermia
Effect of Exercise on Respiration, what is VO2 max
Explain Work of Breathing*, Applied Importance, Enumerate Muscles of Respiration
Functional Residual Capacity - physiological significance
Acclimatization to High Altitude - various changes, Acute Mountain Sickness
Haldane Effect
Role of Hypothalamus in Temperature Regulation
Neural Regulation of Breathing**, Periodic Breathing, Ondine's Curse*
Transport of CO2, Haldane Effect, Its Significance
Lung Compliance* - describe, factors affecting; Hyaline Membrane Disease
Respiratory Membrane* - describe, factors affecting gaseous exchange; Principle of
CO Method
Pulmonary Ventilation - mechanism; Positive Pressure Breathing
Oxygen Transport - describe method
Chemical Control of Respiration

Paper 2
CNS
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Receptor** - enumerate properties, any two properties in detail
Referred Pain*, Enumerate Different Types of Pain
Lesions of Upper and Lower Motor Neuron
Functions of Basal Ganglia*
Middle Ear - functions
Parkinsonism**
i. Pathway of Proprioceptive Sensations from Periphery to Cortex
ii. Sensory Ataxia - define, difference from Cerebellar Ataxia
REM Sleep**, Narcolepsy
Muscle Spindle* - diagram, function
Speech
Descending Pain Inhibiting System
Aphasia - define, different types
Different types of Pain, Transmission of Pain through Neospinothalamic Pathway
Ascending Tracts - name; Labelled Diagram of Pain Pathway
Lower Motor Neuron - define, features of LMN paralysis
Important Areas of Frontal Lobe - diagram, Functions of Prefrontal Lobe
Sensory Receptors, Adaptation and Intensity Discrimination
Fast and Slow Pain
Memory - define, types; Alzheimer's
Ascending Tracts** - enumerate;
i. Dorsal Column System - origin, course, termination; Phantom Limb
ii. Pathway for Touch Sensation - describe
iii. Pathway for Line Touch Sensation, Law of Projection
Muscle Spindle - diagram; Role of Stretch Reflex in Controlling Muscle of Tone
Functions of Hypothalamus** - enumerate, explain any three in detail
Basal Ganglia* - connections, functions; Parkinsonism - clinical features
Cerebellum** - functions, connections, applied importance
Complete Transaction of Spinal Cord - effects
Pyramidal Tracts* - origin, course, termination, function, applied
Lobes of Neocortex ? functions

Renal Physiology
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JGA - diagram, functions**
Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism
Role of Kidney in Acid-Base Balance
i. Transport Maximum - define
ii. Mechanism of Glucose Reabsorption in Renal Tubules
GFR - define, factors***; Tubular Glomerular Feedback, Glomerular Tubular Balance
Cystometrography
PCT - functions
Countercurrent Mechanism
Innervation of Urinary Bladder, Micturition Reflex
GFR** - define, enumerate factors affecting, methods of measurement, regulation
Physiology of Micturition*; Cystometrogram
DCT - functions
Milleu Interior - define; Role of Kidney in Maintaining Osmolarity of Body Fluid
Special Senses
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Visual Pathway* - diagram, lesions, heteronymous hemianopia
Dark Adaptation** - define, significance
Organ of Corti
Accommodation of Eye*, Accommodation Reflex* - describe, significance;
Presbyopia
Place Principle, Explain Role of Basilar Membrane in Perception of Sound*
Colour Vision
Impedance Matching, Causes of Conductive Deafness
Olfactory Pathway
Errors of Refraction; Myopia, Astigmatism - features, correction
. Taste Sensation Pathway, Basic Modalities of Taste, Types of Papillae
Mechanism of Hearing - describe; Pitch Discrimination
Colour Vision - mechanism; Colour Blindness

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Accommodation - define, mechanism, neural pathway; Presbyopia
Photochemistry of Vision*, Dark Adaptation
Middle Ear - role; Organ of Corti
Nerve-Muscle Physiology
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Action Potential - define, compare ionic basis of large myelinated nerve fibre and
SAN**
NMJ - diagram*, Myasthenia Gravis, End Plate Potential - define, generation
Properties of Never Fibres
Factors Regulating Force of Skeletal Muscle Contraction, Motor Unit - define
Refractory Period
Sarcotubular System
Red Muscle and Pale Muscle, Isotonic and Isometric Contraction
Saltatory Conductions, Factors Affecting Conduction Velocity
. Compare, Contrast AP and Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential Neurons
. RMP - define, explain ionic basis of RMP in nerve fibre
. Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction
. Neuron - diagram, Nerve Impulse - define
Genesis of Action Potential - describe; Properties of AP - enumerate
Sarcomere* - define, diagram; Sliding Filament Theory - explain
RMP - define, factors contributing; Phases of AP
NMJ* - diagram; Describe Neuromuscular Transmission; Myasthenia Gravis*
Synaptic Transmission - mechanism; Synapse - two properties
Molecular Basis of Skeletal Muscle Contraction*
Muscle Tone - define, regulation
i. RMP - define
ii. lonic Basis for Development of RMP and AP
Blood
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Role of B Lymphocytes
Blood Group - classify, Erythroblastosis Foetalis
Mismatched Blood Transfusion
Functions of Plasma Proteins*
Immunity* - define, primary and secondary immune response and its role in
vaccination, role of T cells
Landsteiner's Law, Importance of Rh Blood Group*
CD4 Cells
Platelets - normal count, functions
Erythroblastosis foetalis - features, treatment
Bleeding Time, Clotting Time - define, Intrinsic Pathway - describe
Coagulation - define, flowchart; Bleeding and Clotting Disorders - differences,
examples
Immunity* - define, classify; Cell Mediated Immunity; Humoral Immunity,
Vaccination
Clotting - define; Mechanism of Blood Coagulation - flowchart; Anticoagulants -
name
WABC - classify, morphology, function
General Physiology
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Homeostasis** - define, compare between feedback systems
Transport Mechanism Across Cell Membrane, Secondary Active Transport*
Osmosis
Transport Mechanism - describe, examples

BIOCHEMISTRY
Paper 1
Protein Metabolism
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Metabolism of Tyrosine (pg 345)
Biogenic Amines (pg 375)
Metabolism of Glycine (pg 341)
Alkaptonuria (pg 352)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism of Tyrosine* and Phenylalanine
Formation and Fate of Ammonia**
Urea Cycle and Abnormalities***
Alkaptonuria - Biochemical Basis, Tests for Diagnosis
Glycine - synthesis, inhibition, specialised products formed
Transamination, Deamination, Ammonia Toxicity
Nucleotide Metabolism
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Purine Salvage Pathway** (pg 391)
Hyperuricemia (pg 394)
Gout** (pg 394)
Catabolism of Purines (pg 392)
Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobinopathies and examples (pg 203)
Abnormal Hemoglobin** - changes in AA sequence (pg 202)

LAQ
1. Catabolism of Heme*, Hemolytic Jaundice
2. Formation and Fate of Bilirubin; Jaundice
3. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Heme
4. Heme - biosynthesis, regulation*; Intermittent Porphyria
Vitamins
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1. Coenzymes of Thiamine of Pyridoxine - two biochemical functions of each
2. Functions of Folic Acid (pg 150)
3. Deficiency Manifestation of Vitamin A (pg 118)
4. Coenzyme Function of Folic Acid and B12 (pg 150)
5. Wald's Visual Cycle (pg 129)
6. Activation of Cholecalciferol, Justification as a Hormone (pg 124)
LAQ
1. Vitamin D
2. Vitamin A**
3. Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid
4. Vitamin C
5. Thiamine*
Enzymes
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1. Isoenzymes and Clinical Application*** (pg 109)
2. Enzymes and Isoenzymes in Myocardial Infarction** (pg 112)
3. Enzymes of Diagnostic, Analytic and Therapeutic Importance* (pg 105)
4. Km Value (pg 88)
5. Activation Energy of Enzyme - E-S Complex (pg 98)
LAQ
1. Enzymes - definition, factors affecting enzyme activity*
2. Enzyme Inhibition - Competitive and Non-Competitive
3. Enzymes - classification, examples, Isoenzymes
4. Types of Enzyme Inhibitors

Biological Oxidation
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Substrate Level Phosphorylation (pg 224)
Oxidative Phosphorylation*** and Thermogenin (pg 228)
Malate Aspartate Shuttle* (pg 234)
Inhibitors of ETC (pg 232)
Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation (pg 233)
Difference between Oxidative and Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Explain ETC, Mention Sites of
ATP Synthesis and Inhibitors of ETC**
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Explain ETC, Inhibitors and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Molecular Biology
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Genetic Code*** (pg 551)
Mutation* - Causes and Types (pg 535)
Recombinant DNA Technology Application*
Reverse Transcription (pg 550)
DNA Replication (pg 524)
PCR (pg 534)
Lac Operon (pg 567)
Protein Biosynthesis* and Inhibitors, Regulation
DNA Replication, Two Inhibitors of Replication
Genetic Code- salient features, Wobble's Hypothesis
Transcription, Post-Transcriptional Modification, Two Antibiotics Inhibiting the
process

Proteins
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Biologically Important Peptides* (pg 65)
Secondary and Tertiary Structure of Proteins** (pg 56)
tRNA And Its Functions*** (pg 81)
Secondary Structure of Protein (pg 56)
Functional Classification of Proteins (pg 63)
Conjugated Proteins (pg 64)
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Nucleotides
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1. Four Biochemical Functions of Nucleotides*
Free Radicals and Antioxidants
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1. Antioxidants (pg 655)
2. Antioxidant Enzymes*, Vitamins and Minerals
3. Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Nutrition
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Explain the Role of Dietary Fibres* (pg 508)
BMR - definition, factors (pg 504)
Protein Energy Malnutrition*** (pg 516)
Kwashiorkor* - Biochemical Alterations and Treatment (pg 516)
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Plasma Proteins
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1. Immunoglobulin - diagram, describe any one Ig in detail* (pg 186)
2. Functions of Albumin (pg 183)

Paper 2
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Significance of HMP Shunt* (pg 270)
Rapaport Leubering Cycle, Significance (pg 251)
Glycogen Storage Disease* - enzyme defects, clinical manifestation (pg 269)
Glycolytic Pathway in Erythrocytes, Significance, Difference from Glycolysis (pg 251)
Glycogenolysis, Regulation, Glycogen Storage Diseases* (pg 265)
TCA Cycle, Amphibolic Nature* (pg 252)
HMP Shunt*, Significance (pg 270)
Metabolism of Glycogen, Hormonal Regulation* (pg 263)
Lipid Metabolism
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Cholesterol - biomedical importance (pg 315)
Cholesterol - metabolism, function (pg 309)
Lipoproteins* (pg 317)
Fatty Liver* and Lipotroptic Factors* (pg 322)
Ketosis (pg 296)
Cholesterol Synthesis*** - name regulatory enzyme, normal level, functions, explain
role in Atherosclerosis (pg 308)
Ketosis, Synthesis and Fate of Ketone Bodies (pg 293)
Beta Oxidation of Palmitic Acid, Regulation, Energetics** (pg 290)
Roles of LDL, HDL in Cholesterol Transport, Role in Atherosclerosis (pg 320, 326)
Fate of Acetyl CoA, Fatty Acid Synthesis (pg 297)

Mineral Metabolism
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Regulation of Serum Calcium Level (pg 407)
Role of Calcium as Second Messenger (pg 405)
Absorption of Iron (pg 414)
Plasma Calcium Level - hormonal regulation, function, deficiency manifestation (pg
407)
Iron* (pg 414)
Calcium* (pg 404)
Calcium and Phosphorus (pg 404, 409)
Copper and Zinc (pg 416, 419)
Iron and lodine (pg 414, 418)
Factors Influencing Calcium Absorption, Functions (pg 404)
Integration of Metabolism
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Short Term Starvation - metabolic changes (pg 383)
Biochemical Changes in Starvation** (pg 383)
Most Severe Phase of Starvation - biochemical changes (Pankaja - pg 276)
Starvation Metabolism* (pg 383)
Acid-Base Balance
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Buffers** (pg 475)
Role of Kidney in Acid Base Balance (pg 477)
Any Two Buffer Systems (pg 475)
Metabolic Acidosis*, Its Compensation (pg 481)

LAQ
1. Metabolic Acidosis* - causes, explain compensatory role of blood buffers and kidney
(pg 481)
2. Blood pH - maintenance, disorders associated with acid base balance (pg 474)
3. Water and Electrolyte Balance (pg 469)
4. Acid Base Balance, Imbalance, Causes (pg 474)
Insulin, Glucose Homeostasis and DM
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1. DM - metabolic changes* (pg 681)
LAQ
1. Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Level**, Significance, Note on Glycosuria (pg
674, 681)
Organ Function Tests
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Creatinine Clearance Test**, Explanation, Significance (pg 461)
Urea Clearance (pg 461)
LAQ
1. Liver Function Tests** - enumerate, describe LFT based on excretory function (pg
453)
Carbohydrates
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1. Hyaluronic Acid - biomedical importance (pg 23)
2. GAGS, Significance*** (pg 25)

Lipid
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1. Phospholipids - classify, examples, one importance of each
2. Essential Fatty Acids (pg 31)
Digestion and Absorption
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1. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids (pg 173)
Hormones
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Group Il Hormones - diagram, mechanism, example (pg 428)
Name Different Types of Messenger Hormones, Role of cAMP* (pg 430)
Mechanism of Hydrophilic Hormones
Mechanism of Steroid Hormones*
PwinNPRE
Cancer
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1. Tumour Markers*** - four examples (pg 691)
2. Oncogenes** and Proto-oncogenes* (pg 687)
3. Chemical Carcinogens* (pg 686)
Detoxification
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1. Conjugation** - examples (pg 640)
2. Detoxification by Oxidation and Hydrolysis (pg 639)
3. Metabolism of Xenobiotics - phase 1 reaction* (pg 638)

LCD
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1. Electrophoresis* - application, principle
2. Chromatography* - principle, application, type*
3. Flame Photometer - principle, parts, importance
Overview of Biophysical Chemistry
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1. Radioisotopes - diagnostic, therapeutic significance, application** (pg 717)